“TRANSFORMER”

PROJECT REPORT

IN

PHYSICS

FOR CLASS XII

(2024 – 25)

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of CBSE, Delhi

By

K.NITHYASRI

Under the guidance of

SHAIK IFTHEQUAR AHMED

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project entitled

“TRANSFORMER ” is a record of bonafide work carried
out by “ K.NITHYASRI” in partial fulfilment of the
requirements in PHYSICS prescribed by CBSE for SSCE
2024 -25 in the school of Edustar International School,
Kovilpatti 628502.

Roll No : Principal
Date :

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DECLARATION
I declare that the project titled “TRANSFORMER” was
completely conducted by me with the help of my subject
teacher. I hereby declare that this project was done only out of
my interest and effort and all the information provided is true
to my knowledge.

DATE :
KOVILPATTI: K.NITHYASRI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset I would like to express my humble thanks to get

grace showed on me to complete the project successfully. We
would like to thank and express our gratitude and express our
heartfelt thanks to the MANAGEMENT of Edustar
International School, Kovilpatti for providing us with
exhibit skills in completing this project.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to our beloved
PRINCIPAL for commendable support in achievement of this
project.
I would like to convey my immense gratitude to my internal
project guide SHAIK IFTHEQUAR AHMED Department of
Physics for his scholarly guidance encouragement, valuable
support throughout the period of my project.

Finally, I thank my parent who gave support to fulfil my

project.
Thank you once again to everyone who contributed to the
success of this project.

Sincerely
[K.NITHYASRI]
 CONTENTS
 Transformer-Introduction
 Transformer Types
 Working Principle Of A Transformer
 Parts Of A Single-Phase Transformer
 Transformer's Ratio:
 EMF Equation Of Transformer
 Voltage Transformation Ratio
 Transformer Efficiency
 Applications Of Transformer
 Transformer-Related Solved Examples
 Bibliography
 TRANSFORMER--INTRODUCTION:
A transformer is a
device used in the power
transmission of electric
energy. The transmission
current is AC. It is
commonly used to
increase or decrease the
supply voltage without a
change in the frequency of
AC between circuits. The transformer works on the basic
principles of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.
TRANSFORMER TYPES: TYPES
Transformers are used in various fields like power generation
grid, distribution sector, transmission and electric energy
consumption. There are various types of transformers which are
classified based on the following factors:
 Working voltage range
 The medium
dium used in the core
 Winding arrangement
 Installation location
Transformer

As per Phase As per Core As per cooling System

Single Three Core Shell Self Air Oil

Phase Phase Type Type Cooled Cooled Cooled
BASED ON VOLTAGE LEVELS:
Commonly used transformer types, depending on the voltage,
are classified as follows:
 Step-up Transformer: They are used between the power
generator and the power grid. The secondary output voltage
is higher than the input voltage.
 Step-down Transformer: These transformers are used to

convert high-voltage primary supply to low-voltage

secondary output.
The relationship between the input and output of a
transformer is that the electrical power output is equal to the
input power in an ideal transformer. This is because there is no
loss of energy in an ideal transformer. The equation for this is
EsIs=EpIp
In practice, the output power is usually less than the input
power due to power loss. This is because of losses like copper
loss and iron loss. Transformer efficiency is often more than
99%.
In a step-down transformer, the output voltage is less than
the primary voltage, and the output current is more than the
input current.
Lenz's law: The conservation of energy is a very
fundamental principle: the energy shifted from one store is equal
to the energy shifted to other stores. Power in pathways also
respects this principle, in that no device can do more than switch
pathways: the output power can be no more than the input
power.
BASED ON THE MEDIUM OF CORE USED:
In a transformer, we will find different types of cores that are
used.
 Air Core Transformer: The flux linkage between primary
and secondary winding is through the air. The coil or
windings wound on the non-magnetic strip.
 Iron Core Transformer: Windings are wound on multiple
iron plates stacked together, which provides a perfect
linkage path to generate flux.

BASED ON THE WINDING ARRANGEMENT:

 Autotransformer: It will have only one winding wound
over a laminated core. The primary and secondary share the
same coil. Auto means “self” in the Greek language.

BASED ON INSTALL LOCATION:

 Power Transformer: It is used at power generation
stations, as they are suitable for high voltage application
 Distribution Transformer: It is mostly used at
distribution lanes for domestic purposes. They are designed
for carrying low voltages. It is very easy to install and
characterized by low magnetic losses.
 Measurement Transformers: They are mainly used for
measuring voltage, current and power.
 Protection Transformers: They are used for component
protection purposes. In circuits, some components must be
protected from voltage fluctuation, etc. Protection
transformers ensure component protection.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A TRANSFORMER:

The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s

law of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.
There are usually two coils – primary coil and
secondary coil – on the transformer core. The core
laminations are joined in the form of strips. The two coils have
high mutual inductance. When an alternating current passes
ary coil, it creates a varying magnetic flux. As
through the primary
per Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this change in
magnetic flux induces an EMF (electromotive force) in the
secondary coil, which is linked to the core having a primary coil.
This is mutual induction.
ction.
Overall, a transformer carries out the following operations:
1. Transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another
2. Transfer of electrical power through electromagnetic
induction
3. Electric power transfer without any change in frequency
4. Two circuits are linked with mutual induction

The figure shows the formation of magnetic flux lines around

a current-carrying wire. The normal of the plane containing the
flux lines is parallel to the normal of a cross-section of a wire.
 The figure shows the formation of varying magnetic flux
lines around a wire wound. The interesting part is that the
reverse is also true; when a magnetic flux line fluctuates around
a piece of wire, a current will be induced in it. This was what
Michael Faraday found in 1831, which is the fundamental
working principle of electric generators, as well as transformers.
PARTS OF A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER:

The major parts of a single-phase transformer consist of

1. Core
The core acts as a support to the winding in the transformer. It
also provides a low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux.
The winding is wound on the core, as shown in the picture. It is
made up of a laminated soft iron core in order to reduce the
losses in a transformer. The factors, such as operating voltage,
current, power, etc., decide core composition. The core diameter
is directly proportional to copper losses and inversely
proportional to iron losses.
2. Windings
Windings are the set of
copper wires wound over the
transformer core. Copper wires
are used due to the following:
 The high conductivity of
copper minimizes the loss
in a transformer because
when the conductivity
increases, resistance to
current flow decreases.
 The high ductility of copper is the property of metals that

allows it to be made into very thin wires.

There are mainly two types of windings: primary windings
and secondary windings.
 Primary winding: The set of turns of windings to which
the supply current is fed.
 Secondary winding: The set of turns of winding from

which output is taken.

The primary and secondary windings are insulated from each
other using insulation coating agents.
3. Insulation Agents
Insulation is necessary for transformers to separate
windings from each other and to avoid short circuits. This
facilitates mutual induction. Insulation agents have an influence
on the durability and stability of a transformer.
The following are used as insulation mediums in a transformer:
1.Insulating oil 2.Insulating tape
3.Insulating paper 4.Wood-based lamination

IDEAL TRANSFORMER:
The ideal transformer has no losses. There is no magnetic
leakage flux, ohmic resistance in its windings and no iron loss in
the core.
TRANSFORMER'S RATIO:
A transformer's ratio is the ratio of the number of turns in
the secondary coil to the number of turns in the primary coil. It
can also be defined as the ratio of the transformer's output
voltage to its input voltage.
The transformer ratio affects the transformer's predicted
functioning and the voltage required on the secondary
winding. For example, if the secondary voltage needs to be
lower than the primary voltage, then the number of turns on the
secondary must be lower than the primary. This is called a step-
down transformer.
The equation for the transformer ratio is:
 E2/E1 = N2/N1 = k
 k > 1: for a step-up transformer, where the secondary turns
are more and the voltage is higher
 k < 1: for a step-down transformer, where the secondary
turns are less than the primary and the voltage is lower
EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER:

N1 – Number of turns in the primary

N2 – Number of turns in the secondary
Φm – Maximum flux in the weber (Wb)
T – Time period. It is the time taken for 1 cycle.
The flux formed is a sinusoidal wave. It rises to a
maximum value of Φm and decreases to a negative maximum of
Φm. So, flux reaches a maximum in one-quarter of a cycle. The
time taken is equal to T/4.
Average rate of change of flux = Φm/(T/4) = 4fΦm
Where, f = frequency
T = 1/f
Induced EMF per turn = Rate of change of flux per turn
Form factor = RMS value / average value
RMS value = 1.11 (4fΦm) = 4.44 fΦm [form factor of a sine
wave is 1.11]
RMS value of EMF induced in winding = RMS value of EMF
per turn x No. of turns
Primary Winding
RMS value of induced EMF = E1 = 4.44 fΦm * N1
Secondary Winding
RMS value of induced EMF = E2 = 4.44 fΦm * N2

This is the EMF equation of the transformer.

For an ideal transformer at no load condition,
E1 = Supply voltage on the primary winding
E2 = Terminal voltage (theoretical or calculated) on the
secondarywinding.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION RATIO:

K is called the voltage transformation ratio, which is a constant.

Case 1:If N2 > N1, K>1, it is called a step
step-up transformer.
step down transformer.
Case 2: If N2< N1, K<1, it is called a step-down

TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY:
Comparing system output with input will confirm transfor
mer efficiency. The system is called better when its efficiency is
high.
Efficiency(η)=OutputpowerInputpower
η)=OutputpowerInputpower×100
Efficiency(η)=PoutPout+Ploses
Efficiency(η)=PoutPout+Ploses×100
Efficiency(η)=V2I2cosθV2I2cosθ+Pc+Pcm
Efficiency(η)=V2I2cosθV2I2cosθ+Pc+Pcm×100
Where, Pcu = Psc
Pc = Poc
η(fullload)=VAcosθVAcosθ+Pc+Pcm
η(fullload)=VAcosθVAcosθ+Pc+Pcm×100
η(loadn)=nVAcosθnVAcosθ+Pc+n2Pcm
η(loadn)=nVAcosθnVAcosθ+Pc+n2Pcm×100

APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER:
 The
transformer transmits electrical energy through wires over l
ong distances.
 Transformers with multiple secondaries are used in radio
and TV receivers, which require several different voltages.
 Transformers are used as voltage regulators.
TRANSFORMER-RELATED SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A transformer has 600 turns of the primary winding and
20 turns of the secondary winding. Determine the secondary
voltage if the secondary circuit is open and the primary
voltage is 140 V.
Given
Total number of turns of the primary coil (N1) = 600 turns
Total number of turns of the secondary coil (N2) = 20 turns
Primary voltage (V1) = 140 V
Solution:
The voltage on the primary coil = N1V1
The voltage on the secondary coil = N2V2
The voltage on one turn
Vt=V2N2=V1N1
k=V2N2=V1N1
k is a transformation ratio.

V2=N2N1×V1
V2=20*600××140
V2 = 4.6 V
2. A transformer has a primary coil with 1600 loops and a
secondary coil with 1000 loops. If the current in the primary
coil is 6 Ampere, then what is the current in the secondary
coil?
Given:
Primary coil (N1) = 1600 loops

Secondary coil (N2) = 1000 loops

The current in the primary coil (I1) = 4 A

Solution :

I2I1=N1N2
I24=16001000
I2 = 6.4 A

The current on the secondary coil is 6.4 Ampere.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 www.slideshare.net
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.electronics-tutorials.ws
 byjus.com
 www.scribd.com
 NCERT Textbook
 Physics Lab Manual