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3 viewsAwp unit 4 numericals
The document discusses the array factor of two-element antenna arrays, detailing the conditions for maxima and nulls in the array factor. It provides mathematical derivations for the directions of maxima and nulls, as well as examples of designing arrays with specific side lobe levels using Chebyshev polynomials. Additionally, it includes calculations for the peak locations of side lobes and their levels in decibels.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 viewsAwp unit 4 numericals
The document discusses the array factor of two-element antenna arrays, detailing the conditions for maxima and nulls in the array factor. It provides mathematical derivations for the directions of maxima and nulls, as well as examples of designing arrays with specific side lobe levels using Chebyshev polynomials. Additionally, it includes calculations for the peak locations of side lobes and their levels in decibels.
Uploaded by
Vaibhav vermaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 7
EXAMPLE 5.1
Show that the directions of maxima of the array factor of a two-clement
3, with excitations L) = e*4/? and Ig = e~*4/?, are
+2mn a
Om = cos ( oe Ady, m=0,1,5
and the array factor has at least one maximum along @ = 0.
array shown in Fig.
given by
hapter 5 Antenna Arrays
Solution: ‘The array factor of the two-element a
with excitations / and Jy is given by
ray shown in the figure
AF = Kyedk$080 4 Jypib cos
= eika/2 jkd /2
Substituting
and [2
+ we get
AF = clk $(1-con8) 4. gah $(1-cos)
{ \
2eos | (1 — cos) f
7 217/411
‘The array factor reaches a maximum when the argument of the cosine 4
tion is equal to an integer multiple of x
kd
(1 = c080),) = ma
2
Therefore the directions of the maxima are
8m = cos (Aa) m=0,1
M% = cos“*(1) =0
Thus, there is always one maximum along @ = 0.
© scanned with OKEN Scanner 5.2 Two-element Array 207
Substituting 2) = —A/8, 9 = A/8, fy = e~*/4 and Jz = e/7/4, the array fac-
tor can be simplified to
AF = e737/4e— ak} C080 4 git/Apik% cos
= pnd F(lte0s0) 4 65 F(I+e080)
7 rT
= 2cos G + Fos)
‘The maxima of the array factor occur when
; + = C08 Om =+mr m=0,1,2,...
which can be rearranged to get an expression for the directio. 218/ 411
Am as
Om = cos! (+4m — 1)
This has only one solution corresponding to m= 0 and the direction of the
maximum is @,, = 7.
The nulls of the array factor are along @,, which is obtained by solving
7
7 T
7 + eon = +(2n+ Ny n=0,1,2,
which gives
On = cos” *(+(2n + 1)2—1)
This also has only one solution corresponding to n = 0, which gives the
direction of the null as 8, = cos~!(1) = 0.
The array factor is shown in Fig. 5.7(b).
© scanned with OKEN Scanner EXAMPLE 5.3
Show that for a 2-element array with a = kd the condition for the nulls to
appear in the array factor is
A 4
Solution: Null in the pattern along 6, satisfies the condition
cos (3 kdcos On 4 id)) =0
Chapter 5 Antenna Arrays
This condition is satisfied if
1 T
5 [kdcos0 + kd] = +(2n — 1S n=1,2,...
which results in the following expression for 4,
2n-1)A
On = COS [a
For the mulls to occur along real angles
which gives
219/411
or
© Scanned with OKEN Scanner EXAMPLE 5.4
Show that the peaks of the array factor of an N-element uniform array are
given by the solution of the equation
v\_ (>
Ntan($) = tan **)
Solution: The array factor of an N-element uniform array is given by
Eqn. (5.40) as
an’?
|AF(#)| = |,
7
Nsin 2
Equating the derivative of AF(y) with respect to / to zero we get
Nain($) a. cos(—*) = xin(™*) v ws(5)
d(AF())) _ 2/2 2 \ 2/2 2} _9
ay N? sin? :
Upon rearranging, it reduces to
Nsin($) cos(~*) = sin(%*) cos($)
Dividing both the sides by cos(N/2) cos(¥:/2) we get the desired result.
The peak of the first side lobe adjacent to the m 227/411
approximately midway between the two zeros (27/N) a
at Wx (37/N) and the amplitude of the normalized array tactor can be
© scanned with OKEN Scanner EXAMPLE 5.5
For a uniform 7-clement array with a = 0, calculate the exact location of the
peak of the first side lobe by solving the transcendental equation [Eqn (6.45)
and calculate its level (in dB) with respect to the main lobe peak
Solution: ‘The transcendental equation [Eqn (5.45)] to be solved to compute
the location of the peaks of the array factor is
won($) (22)
For N =7 and a =0 this reduces to
von($)
