P2 Chapter 2: Energy Question •

Progress •
Succe ed

Knowledge organiser
Energy adds up Particles Energy and power
The law of conversation of energy states that energy cannot be Thermal energy can be transferred by conduction, convection or radiation. Power is the rate of energy transfer – how much energy is transferred
created or destroyed, only transferred. each second.
Conduction
total energy before = total energy after
• Particles collide into others when they vibrate. Energy bills
• Occurs in solids. • Energy bills are measured in 1 kilowatt per hour (kWh).
Transferring energy For example, a 2 kW device uses 4 kWh.
Light, sound, and electricity are ways of transferring energy
• A bill covers the cost of the fuel used at the power station, the power station,
between different stores.
staff, and infrastructure.
thermal thermal • To convert kWh this to joules, convert the time to seconds.
store at store at
Energy and temperature a high a low
For example, 2000 J/s × 7200 s = 14 400 000 J
temperature temperature
• Thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
Reducing bills
• Temperature measures the average energy.
• Use fewer appliances or more efficient ones.
• Thermal energy measures the total energy.
• Insulated houses lose less thermal energy so don’t need to use as much power.
A warm bath has more thermal energy than a heated kettle, even though
the kettle has a higher temperature. Convection
• Occurs in liquids or gases.
Heating solids, liquids, and gases • T
 he part in contact with the heat source gets hotter. The particles move faster,
Work energy and machines
 s we heat things the particles gain more kinetic energy, and vibrate
• A causing them to become further apart, and a decrease in density. Work done (J) = force (N) × distance (m)
more or faster. • T
 he hot part then rises, and cooler, denser parts fall and take its place at the  imple machines like levers and gears can make it easier to do work but you
S
• The energy needed to heat an object depends on the mass, material bottom. still get the energy out that you put in.
and temperature rise. • They now heat, so the cycle continues. We call this a convection current.

Equilibrium Radiation
Equilibrium is when objects have the same thermal energy.
• Infrared radiation transfers energy without particles – it is a wave.
• All objects emit radiation.
Energy and power • The amount depends on their temperature and the surface (colour and
rough/smooth).
Renewable resources
• Radiation can be absorbed or reflected.
Renewable resources produce greenhouse gases when built, not when used,
and will not run out.
For example, wind, tidal, wave, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, and
solar powers. Non-renewable resources
Non-renewable resources include the Food and fuels The energy in food varies.
The energy used when
fossil fuels coal, oil, and gas. These For example:
 here is energy in the chemical stores
• T • apple – 200 kJ per we do things varies too.
The current created is sent to our offices, Fossil fuels are burned to heat were formed millions of years ago from
factories, and homes down long cables. water, which produces steam. fossilised remains. associated with food and fuel. 100 g For example:
These are non-renewable because • Energy is measured in joules (J). • chips – 1000 kJ per • sitting – 6 kJ per
you cannot reuse them, and they will 100 g minute
• Y
 ou need different amounts of energy for
eventually run out. • running – 60 kJ per
These fossil fuels produce greenhouse The steam turns a turbine, which different activities. minute
gases, such as carbon dioxide. spins a generator. Coal, oil, or gas are used to run
thermal power stations.

Key terms Make sure you can write definitions for these key terms.

absorb chemical store conduction convection convection current equilibrium fossil fuel gear greenhouse gas infrared radiation insulator joule kilowatt kinetic energy
law of conservation of energy lever non-renewable power station radiation renewable reflect thermal energy thermometer work