भूजल सूचना पुस्तिका

पलामू स्जला, झारखंड

Ground Water Information Booklet
Palamu District, Jharkhand State

केन्द्रीय भसू मजल बोर्ड Central Ground water Board

जल िंिाधन मंत्रालय Ministry of Water Resources
(Govt. of India)
(भारि सरकार) State Unit Office,Ranchi
राज्य एकक कायाालय, रााँची Mid-Eastern Region
मध्य-पूर्वी क्षेत्र Patna
पटना

सितंबर 2013
September 2013
 भूजल सूचना पुस्तिका
पलामू स्जला, झारखंड
Ground Water Information Booklet
Palamu District, Jharkhand State

Prepared By

रोज अनीता कूजरू

(वैज्ञाननक ग )

Rose Anita Kujur

(Scientist C)

राज्य एकक कायाालय, रााँची

मध्य-पूर्वी क्षेत्र,पटना

State Unit Office, Ranchi

Mid Eastern Region, Patna
 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF PALAMU DISTRICT,
JHARKHAND STATE

CONTENTS

Sl.No. Details Page No.

PALAMU DISTRICT AT A GLANCE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Administration 1
1.2 Drainage 1
1.3 Studies/Activities Carried Out By CGWB 1
2.0 HYDROMETEROLOGY
2.1 Rainfall 3
2.2 Climate 3
3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL TYPES
3.1 Geomorphology 3
3.2 Soil 3
4.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO
4.1 Hydrogeology 4
4.1.1 Depth to Water Level 4
4.1.2 Water Level Trend 6
4.1.3 Aquifer Parameters 8
4.2 Ground Water Quality 9
4.3 Ground Water Resource 10
5.0 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
5.1 Ground Water Development 10
6.0 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS 13
7.0 AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY
7.1 Mass Awareness Program(MAP) & Water 13
Management Programme(WMTP) by CGWB
8.0 AREAS NOTIFIED BY CGWB / CGWA 13
9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 13
Plate.No. Details Page No.
I Administrative Map of Palamu 2
II Drainage 2
III Hydrogeological Map 5
IV Pre & Post monsoon Depth to Water Level 7
V Location of exploratory wells 8
VI Stage of ground water development-2009 12
VII Ground water development potential and 12
artificial recharge prospects

Table.No. Details Page No.

1 Depth to Water Level- May – 2012 4
2 Depth to Water Level- November – 2012 4
3 Trend of Groud Water Level- Jan 2003- Jan 6
2012
4 Hydrogeological data of exploratory drilling 8
5 Samples exceeding permissible limit 9
6 Major chemical parameters of ground water 9
samples
7 Dynamic Ground Water Resource of Palamu 10
district as on 31st March 2009 as per GEC 97
(ham)
 PALAMU DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

Sl. No. ITEMS Statistics

1. GENERAL INFORMATION
i) Geographical area (SqKm) 5043.8
Administrative Division (As on 2011)
i) Number of Tehsil/ Block 12
ii) Number of Panchayat/Villages 283/1918
iii) Population (As on 2011 Census) 1939869
iv) Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 1335
2. GEOMORPHOLOGY
Major physiographic unit: Hills, Plateau and narrow valleys
Major Drainages: Koel, Auranga and Amanat
3. LAND USE (Sq. Km)
a) Forest area: 1407.764
b) Net area sown: 877.91
c) Fallow Land: 849.53
d) Area not suitable for culivation 486.93
4. MAJOR SOIL TYPE Alfisols/Ultisols
5. AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS Area Production Productivity
(2010-2011) (HA) (MT) (KG/HA)
a) Kharif 95921 198872 2073.289
b)Rabi 38439 42533 1106.506
6. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT Numbers Area(Ha)
SOURCES (Areas in Ha and Number of
Structures) 4th MI census
Dugwell 77715 12783
Tubewell / Borewell 228
Tank/ponds
Canals 8675
Other sources Malay River 11446
scheme, Jinjoi
and Sonare
irrigation
schemes
Net irrigated area(ha) 34124
Gross irrigated area 67028
7. NUMBER OF GROUND WATER 20
MONITORING WELLS OF CGWB ( As
on 31-3-2012)
No of Dug wells 20
No of Piezometers 00
9. HYDROGEOLOGY
 Major Water bearing formation Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss,
Vindhyan Limestone, Shale, Recent
Alluvium, Gondwana Sandstone &
Shale
(Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during 3.15-13.5
2012) m bgl.
(Post-monsoon Depth to water level during 2.8 – 8.85
2012) m bgl.
Long term water level trend in 10 yrs (2003 Rise 0.798 - 1.189
- 2012) in m/yr Fall 0.015 - 0.558
10. GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY
CGWB (As on 31-07-2007)
No of wells drilled (EW, OW, PZ, SH, 6 (EW), 8( OW)
Total)
Depth range (m) 80-200
11. GROUND WATER QUALITY
Presence of Chemical constituents more F and NO3
than permissible limit (e.g EC, F, As, Fe)
Type of water Potable
12. DYNAMIC GROUND WATER
RESOURCES(2009)- in bcm
Annual Replenishable Ground water 0.39
Resources
Net Annual Ground Water Draft 0.11
Projected Demand for Domestic and 0.037
industrial Uses up to 2034
Stage of Ground Water Development 32.40%
13. AWARENESS AND TRAINING -
ACTIVITY
Mass Awareness Programmes organized -
Date: -
Place: -
No of participant : -
Water Management Training Programmes 01
organized
Date 28/02/07
Place Gandhi Smriti Town Hall, Daltonganj
14. EFFORT OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE
& RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Project completed by CGWB(No & -
Amount spent)
Project under technical guidance of CGWB -
(Numbers)
15. GROUND WATER CONTROL AND
REGULATION
Number of OE Blocks Nil
Number of Critical Blocks Nil
 Number of Blocks notified Nil
18 MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS Fluoride and Nitrate concentration
AND ISSUES above permissible limit in patches
 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET
PALAMU DISTRICT

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Administrative Details

Palamu district spreading over an area of 5246.8 sq.km lies between North latitudes
23° 20´ 00´´ : 24° 40´ 00´´ and East longitudes 83° 20´ 00´´ : 85° 00´ 00´´ with it’s
headquarter at Daltonganj. The district is divided into 12 blocks namely i) Hussainabad
ii)Hariharganj iii) Chhatarpur iv) Bishrampur v)Patan vi) Manatu vii) Panki viii)
Lesliganj ix) Satbarwa x)Daltonganj xi) Chainpur xii)Pandu.( Plate – I) The district is
bounded in the north by Rohtas and Aurangabad district of Bihar, in the south by
Lohardaga and Gumla districts and east by Gaya(Bihar), Chatra and part of Ranchi
district, in the west by Surguja district of Chattisgarh and Garhwa district . The total
population of Palamu district as per the 2011 census is 19,39,869 persons with urban
population of 2,26,003 persons and the rural population of 17,13,866 persons.

1.2 Drainage
The drainage of the district is mainly controlled by the river North Koel and its
tributaries viz the Auranga and Amanat. The Koel, Auranga and Amanat have the upper
reaches characterized by high bank and rocky beds while the lower reaches by sandy
beds.(Plate-II). The general line of drain is from south to north towards river Sone.

1.3 Studies/Activities carried out by CGWB

Central Ground Water Board has carried out hydrogeological surveys and ground water
exploration in the district. Ground water regime monitoring is carried out 4 times
annually from 20 HNS wells in the district. Water samples are collected during the month
of May to study the changes in water quality along with monitoring of pre-monsoon
water level.
 Plate – I Plate-II

Source: Jharkhand Provisional Census Report 2011

2.0 HYDROMETEROLOGY
2.1 Rainfall
The district falls under unassured rainfall zone and hence receives monsoon rainsduring
June to September. The average annual rainfall of the district is less than1200 mm as
it comes under the rain shadow part. More than 80% of the
precipitation is received during the monsoon months. Annual normal rainfall of the district is
1163.4 mm of which about 85 % is received between June and October.
2.2 Climate
The district is characterized by warm climate in March to June and later on there is a
gradual decline in temperature from October onwards to December. January is the coolest
month of the year. March, April and May are the hot and dry months of the district. The
temperature varies from 5.6°C to 46.7°C. The district witnesses dust storms between March
and June associated with low humidity, high temperature and fast blowing wind.
During winter season the district records temperature between 6 to 18 degrees centigrade and
during summer the temperature increases upto 47 degrees centigrade.

3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL TYPES

3.1 Geomorphology
The topography of Palamu district is characterized by highly rugged landscape with green forest
all over the area. The elevation of the hill ranges in southern part of the district varies from 360-
1110 m above msl. The master slope of the area in general tends towards north and east. In
terms of the physoigraphy the district shows the following four broad categories of landforms
i) East-West trending hill ranges, consisting of crystalline and
metamorphic rocks in the southern part
ii) Flat topped hills in the south-eastern
iii) The sub-plateau area lying south of the plains are separated by narrow valleys in
parts of Bishrampur block.
iv) Narrow valleys along the course of the major rivers.
3.2 Soil
Three soil orders namely Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were observed in Palamu district.
Alfisols were the dominant soils covering 53.9 percent of total gross area followed by Entisols
(21.5 %) and Inceptisols (20.0 %). Alfisols amongst which Red sandy soils are common and
Ultisols of which red and yellow soils are common.
4.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO
4.1 Hydrogeology
The district is covered by three major geological formations viz, the Precambrian crystallines,
the Vindhyans and the Gondwanas. Besides, the tertiary laterite and alluvium also cover part of
the district. The Alluvium cover of considerable thickness occurs in the northern part of the
district along the Son and North Koel rivers. Ground water occurs mostly under phreatic
condition in all the lithological units and locally under semiconfined and confined
condition.(Plate-III)

4.1.1 Depth to Water level

During May 2012, the depth to water levels in Ground Water Monitoring wells tapping shallow
aquifer ranged from 3.5 to 13.5 m bgl. Depth to ground water levels during the post monsoon
(November 2012) varied between 2.8 and 8.85 m bgl. Categorization of depth to water level of
pre-monsoon period ( May 2012) for Ground Water Monitoring wells in Palamu district is
presented in table-1
Table-1 Well Frequency for Different Ranges of Depth to Water Level- May – 2012

No. of Depth to No. / Percentage of Wells Showing Depth to Water Table (mbgl) in the
Wells Water level Range of
analysed (mbgl)
Min Max 0.0- % 2.0- % 5.0- % 10.0- % 20.0- %
2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0
16 3.5 13.5 0 0 2 7.1 10 64.3 4 28.6 0 0
Categorization of depth to water level of post-monsoon period (November 2012) for Ground
Water Monitoring wells in Palamu district is presented in table-2
Table-2 Well Frequency for Different Ranges of Depth to Water Level- Nov – 2012
No. of Depth to No. / Percentage of Wells Showing Depth to Water Table (mbgl) in the
Wells Water level Range of
analysed (mbgl)
Min Max 0.0- % 2.0- % 5.0- % 10.0- % 20.0- %
2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0
20 2.8 8.85 0 0 8 40 12 60 0 0 0 0
Plate-III
 JHARKHAND STATE
HYDROGEOLOGY
PALAMU DISTRICT

HARIHARGANJ
HUSAINABAD

CHHATARPUR
PANDU

BISHRAMPUR
MANATU
PATAN

DALTANGANJ LESLIGANJ
PANKI

CHAINPUR

SATBARWA

SCALE
0 10 20 Kms

LITHOLOGY AGE GROUP HYDROGEOLOGICAL SYMBOL GROUNDWATER

CONDITION POTENTIAL
Recent alluvium overlying Quaternary Alteration of Sand, Silt & Clay. Moderate with a discharge
weathered granite gneiss Ground water under unconfined of 10 - 15 LPS
conditions.
Sandstone, Shale, Coal Gondvana Groundwater restricted to Moderate with a discharge of
seams, Boulder beds Supper Weathered Zone Occurs under 5 - 10 LPS
Group Semi - Consolidated conditions
Limestone Vindhyan Groundwater under semi Moderate to High with a
Supper Confined conditions within dischage of 10 - 15 LPS
Group fractured joints and cavities
Pegmatites, Dolomites Archeians Groundwater within Fractures Poor to Moderate with a
zones and Weathered Residium discharge of 5 LPS
Chhotanagpur granite Archeians Groundwater within Weathered Moderate to High with a
gneiss complex mantle and within secondary dischage of 10 - 15 LPS
porosity zone of the consolidated
part.
Older Metamorphies - Mica Archeians Groundwater restricted to Poor to Moderate with a
Schist Hornblends Schist, Weathered Unconsolidated Zone. discharge of 5 LPS
Graphite Schist
The Depth to water level map (Plate-IV) has been prepared based on the analysed water level
data of pre and post monsoon. In general during premonsoon, 2012 , depth to water level varies
between 5 and 10 mbgl in 64.3% wells and > 10 mbgl in 28.6% wells,shallow water level also
recorded in 2 wells out of 16 analysed wells. In general during postmonsoon, 2012 , depth to
water level varies between 5 and 10 mbgl in 60% wells and 2 - 5 mbgl in 40% wells, which
represents the water level within 10 mbgl.

4.1.2 Water Level Trend

Trend of Ground Water Level for the period 2003 to 2012 shows declining trend in 15 wells out
of 17 in the range of 0.015 – 0.558 m/yr. The data is presented in table-3
Table-3 - Trend of Ground Water Level
Period 01-Jan-03 to 01-Jan-12
Tahsil/Taluk Location Well No No of Rise Fall
Data
(meter/yr.) (meter/yr.)
Barwadih Mandal BPL13 5 1.189 -
Bishrampur Bishrampur BPL09 31 - 0.295
Bishrampur Kajri BPL27 29 - 0.086
Bishrampur Rajhara BPL08 31 - 0.032
Chhatarpur Chhatarpur BPL05 33 - 0.265
Nawa BPL33 9 0.798 -
Chhatarpur Sandha BPL29 17 - 0.050
Daltonganj Daltonganj BPL07 35 - 0.304
Hariharganj Hariharganj BPL19 29 - 0.234
Husainabad Japla BPL23 18 - 0.174
Lesliganj Lesliganj BPL26 23 - 0.251
Panki Panki BPL22 11 - 0.379
Patan Kanda BPL25 30 - 0.015
Patan Nawadih BPL18 24 - 0.558
Patan Patan BPL21 23 - 0.081
Satbarwah Betla BPL04 28 - 0.426
Satbarwah Satbarwa BPL24 34 - 0.026
Fig IV: Pre & Post Monsoon Maps of Palamu District-2012
 4.1.3 Aquifer Parameters
A total of 6 exploratory wells(Plate-V) and 8 observation wells have been constructed down to
depth of 200 m in hard rock formation to decipher the potential fracture zones with their yields. The
exploratory data reveals presence of potential fractures between 30 and 100 mbgl. The yield of the
well in general as evident from the exploratory data has been found to vary between 1 and 62
m3/hr. The piezometric level varies between 4 and 9.3 m bgl. Aquifers lying between the depth
range of 30-100 m have moderate prospects of ground water development. The summarised
hydrogeological data of exploratory drilling in the district has been given in table-4.
Table-4 Summarised hydrogeological data of exploratory drilling of Palamu district
Rock Type Depth No.of Depth zone within Static Water Yield
range (m fractures which fractures level (m bgl) (m3/hr)
bgl) tapped confined
Granite 76.8-199.3 1-5 11-183.9 4-9.30 0.9-61.30
gneiss

Plate-V: Location of Exploratory wells in Palamu

district
 4.2 Ground Water Quality
Ground water in the phreatic aquifers in Palamu district is alkaline in nature. The specific electrical
conductance of ground water in phreatic zone during May 2011 was in the range of 439 -2380
µS/cm at 25ºC. The suitability of ground water for drinking purpose has been evaluated on the basis
of pH, Total hardness (T.H), Ca, Cl, F and NO3. The chemical concentration of these constituents,
when compared with the drinking water specification recommended by IS:10500,1991 as presented
in table-4 below, indicates that in six samples pH exceeded the permissible limit of 8.5 .(Table-5)
Table-5 Number of samples exceeding permissible limit in the district.
Quality IS:10500, 1991 No. of samples in the district
Desirable limit Permissible limit exceeding permissible limit
pH 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2
T.H 300 600 0
Ca 75 200 3
Cl 250 1000 0
Mg 30 100 0
Na 60 120 3
K 10 10 0

Table-6 Major chemical parameters of ground water samples of GWMS collected during May 2011
Block Location Well E.C. micro pH CO3 HCO3 Cl Ca Mg TH as Na K
No.
Siemens/cm CaCO3
at 25o C mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Chhatarpur Chhatarpur BPL-5 1030 8.4 12 451 78 36 57 325 55 3.8
Daltonganj Daltonganj BPL-7 2380 8.39 6 586 277 46 84 460 225 4.1
Bishrampur Rajhara BPL-8 1040 8.44 12 348 114 32 72 375 47 3.2
Bishrampur Bisarampur BPL-9 1437 8.72 30 561 149 14 67 310 167 1.7
Patan Nawadih1 BPL18 439 8.86 24 165 25 18 22 135 40 5.2
Hariharganj Hariharganj BPL19 1728 8.43 12 482 305 112 63 540 140 9.6
Satbarwa Satbarwa BPL- 636 8.7 24 317 14 44 34 250 30 6.7
24
Patan Kanda BPL- 612 8.81 36 287 7.1 20 33 185 53 1.6
25
Lesliganj Lesliganj BPL26 1263 8.32 6 226 216 80 40 365 90 2.6
Bishrampur Kajri BPL- 480 8.6 24 226 7.1 16 40 205 17 0.6
27
Chhatarpur Sandha BPL29 460 8.51 18 207 18 14 25 140 41 4.1
4.3 Ground Water Resource
As per the latest resource estimation carried out following GEC 97 methodology, the overall stage
of ground water development in Palamu district is 32% indicating sufficient scope of development.
All blocks are under safe category. (Plate-VI).The ground water resource of Palamu district is
shown in the table-7.
Table-7 : Dynamic Ground Water Resource of Palamu district as on 31st March 2009 as per
GEC 97 (ham)

5.0 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

5.1 Status of Ground Water Development
In the rural areas the entire water supply is dependent on ground water. Ground water

Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resource Natural

Total Discharge
Monsoon Season Non-monsoon during
Block Recharge Recharge Recharge Recharge from non-monsoon
from from other from other sources season
rainfall sources rainfall

1 2 3 4 5 6

Bishrampur 4170.08 6.67 530.59 41.82 4749.16 474.92

Chainpur 3434.64 49.66 617.74 40.42 4142.46 414.25
Chhatapur 4469.71 92.10 580.57 35.66 5178.04 258.90
Daltonganj 2084.19 1.91 265.19 14.11 2365.41 236.54
Hariharganj 1175.35 2.66 209.73 16.32 1404.07 70.20
Husainabad 2252.57 115.23 390.97 25.60 2784.37 139.22
Lesliganj 1845.58 1.91 234.83 20.98 2103.30 210.33
Manatu 4601.50 5.33 561.98 23.92 5192.73 519.27
Pandu 1138.58 385.06 201.99 17.26 1742.88 87.14
Panki 4056.38 206.98 516.13 19.95 4799.44 479.94
Patan 2560.27 672.28 461.69 44.94 3739.19 373.92
Satbarwah 1051.83 1.74 200.75 16.78 1271.11 127.11

32840.67 1541.53 4772.16 317.78 39472.15 3391.75

Unit : ham
Net Annual Annual Ground Water Draft Projected Ground Stage of
Ground Demand for Water Ground
Water Domestic and Availability Water
Availability Industrial for future Development
uses upto irrigation (%)
2034
Irrigation Domestic and Total
Industrial uses
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
4274.25 1268.11 226.60 1494.71 339.41 2666.73 34.97
3728.22 1117.31 299.00 1416.31 447.85 2163.06 37.99
4919.14 866.75 281.66 1148.41 421.87 3630.51 23.35
2128.87 457.97 216.33 674.30 325.26 1345.64 31.67
1333.86 489.98 148.48 638.46 222.39 621.49 47.87
2645.15 583.25 366.49 949.74 549.41 1512.49 35.91
1892.97 763.28 134.45 897.73 201.38 928.31 47.42
4673.45 591.14 165.24 756.38 247.50 3834.81 16.18
1655.74 439.87 125.58 565.45 188.10 1027.77 34.15
4319.49 448.69 209.57 658.26 313.89 3556.91 15.24
3365.27 1563.68 247.67 1811.35 370.96 1430.63 53.82
1144.00 592.06 88.80 680.86 133.00 418.93 59.52
36080.40 9182.10 2509.87 11691.97 3761.03 23137.27 32.40

development is mainly carried out in the district through dug wells and Hand pumps. Dug wells are
in general of 2 m diameter and between 8 to 15 m depth, depending on the thickness of the
weathered zone, tapping the shallow
ground water in the weathered zone and uppermost slice of the basement. Large number of dug
wells used for drinking water is under private ownership for which there is no reliable data. Over
the years Mark II/ Mark III hand pumps are being drilled in large numbers for ground water
development. These hand pumps have the following two major advantages i) are less susceptible to
contamination from surface sources and ii) they tap fractures between 20-60m depth which have
been found to be less affected by seasonal water level fluctuation and thus have lesser chances of
failure even during extreme summer. In rural areas of Palamu district the number of hand pumps
drilled by PHED is 20065 of which 17171 are under working condition as on April 2012. There are
7715 dug wells, 213 shallow tube wells and 15 tubewells as per minor irrigation census 2006-07. In
the urban areas ground water plays a supplementary role in water supply, the major supply being
made through dams, reservoirs or weirs across rivers or streams. No authentic data is available on
the number of ground water structures catering the urban water supply.
Plate-VI Plate-VII
6.0 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES & PROBLEMS

Some of key ground water related issues are

1) Long term water level decline has been observed to the tune of 0.558 m/year at Nawadih,
Patan Block.
2) Locating suitable sites for bore wells
3) Suitable design of dug wells and hand pumps
4) Taking up artificial recharge projects to augment the resource availability in Palamu
district
5) Optimal development of irrigation intensity by developing ground water available for
future uses:
6) Creating public awareness for conserving ground water through awareness camps, NGO’s
and mass media.

7.0 AWARENESS & TRAINING ACTIVITY

7.1 Mass Awareness Campaign (MAP) & Water Management Training Programme
(WMTP) by CGWB

One training programme was organized at Gandhi Smriti Town Hall, Daltonganj on
28/02/07 in which over 50 persons participated.

8.0 AREA NOTIFIED BY CGWB/SGWA

None

9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

In the hard rock areas, pin pointing suitable sites for bore wells is always a challenge.
Considering the anisotropy in distribution of fractures at deeper level, proper selection of
sites can be arrived at making use of remote sensing techniques in association with
geophysical and hydro-geological investigations.
For deriving optimal benefit from aquifers in areas under fissured formation the dug wells
should be so designed that it penetrates the weathered zone as well as top part (1-2 m) of
the underlying bed rock so as to derive the benefit of the shallow aquifer. For hand pumps
and shallow tube wells the casing provided against the weathered zone should be slotted at
the bottom so that the well can extract shallow ground water also. In urban areas use of
shallow aquifers should be encouraged.
The surface run off in urban areas and its peripheral parts should be harnessed to augment
the ground water resource through appropriate techniques. For urban areas roof top rain
water harvesting and artificial recharge is most suitable. Location and design of the
structures should be guided by hydro-geophysical surveys. Sites for artificial recharge should
be taken up if fractures are available and the depth of the recharge well should be governed
by the depth of occurrence of fractures. De-saturated or partially de-saturated fractures /
aquifers should be properly demarcated.