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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

MODULE 1
Introduction to Electrical and Electronic

Engineering
CONTENT

• History of Electrical Engineering

• Evolution of EEE
• Duties of EEE Engineers
• Areas of specialization and work environment

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HISTORY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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HISTORY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

In 2750 BCE, Long before any knowledge of electricity existed,

people were aware of shocks from electric fish by Ancient Egyptian.
This was later attested to this by ancient Greek and Roman.
That the electric shocks delivered by electric catfish and electric rays
could travel along conducting objects

In 600 BCE, Thales of Miletus, an ancient Greek philosopher

described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on
various substances, such as amber, would cause a particular attraction
between the two.

At around 450 BCE Democritus, a later Greek philosopher,

developed an atomic theory that was similar to modern atomic theory.
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In 1600, the English scientist, William Gilbert extended the study
of Cardano on electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the
lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber.

By 1705, Francis Hauksbee discovery was the basis of the gas-

discharge lamp, which led to neon lighting and mercury vapor
lamps.

In 1791, Italian Luigi Galvani published his discovery of

bioelectricity, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by
which nerve cells passed signals to the muscles.
In 1800, Alessandro Volta developed Alessandro Volta's battery, or
voltaic pile which was made from alternating layers of zinc and
copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical
energy than the electrostatic machines previously used.

In 1816, Francis Ronalds created a working electric telegraph system

In 1825, William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet.

Electromagnetism was the first application of electricity that was put
to practical use.

In the 1830s, Georg Ohm also constructed an early electrostatic

machine.

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In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction.

Around 1832, Robert Anderson develops the first crude electric

vehicle, but it isn't until the 1870s or later that electric cars become
practical.

In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell published on Electricity and

Magnetism with several theorists described by Maxwell's equations.
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone.
In 1878, Thomas A. Edison invented incandescent lamp
In 1882, Thomas Edison built the world's first large-scale electrical
supply network. Using what was considered a relatively safe 110
volts direct current system to supply customers.

In 1888, Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the existence of

electromagnetic waves (radio waves).

In 1904, John Fleming invented the first radio tube.

In 1906, Robert von Lieben and Lee De Forest independently
developed the amplifier tube, called the triode

In 1941 – Konrad Zuse introduces the first ever Programmable

Computer

In 1947 – transistor was invented by John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain,

and William B. Shockley

In 1958, Jack Kilby developed Integrated Circuit

In 1968 – First microprocessor was developed

EVOLUTION OF EEE

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What is Electrical Engineering?

Electrical engineering is one of the newer branches of engineering,

and dates back to the late 19th century. It is the branch of
engineering that deals with the technology of electricity. Electrical
engineers work on a wide range of components, devices and
systems, from tiny microchips to huge power station generators
The Dynamo

The invention of the crude electric generator known as the

electrical dynamo in 1831 by Michael Faraday made it possible for
the industrial use of electricity. Faraday’s electrical dynamo was
able to generate stable electric current, which was a major problem
by then. The dynamo also enabled the invention of other
conversion devices that were powered by electricity.
The Light Bulb

Two scientists, Thomas Edison, an American, and a British

scientist Joseph Swan invented the light bulb in 1878. The duo
developed incandescent light bulbs in their respective nations,
which saw the electric lighting of houses and later streets. In
1882, Edison further improved the light bulb by relying on his
previous direct current system to illuminate the first electric street
lamp in the New York.
The Motor

Nikola Tesla is well known for discovering alternating current (AC),

and the polyphase distribution system, which is particularly useful for
transmitting power to electric AC motors. Tesla was America’s super
hero for his invention.
Television

The now most famous and important Philo Farnsworth invented

household electronic gadget in 1928.Farnsworth made the first public
demonstration of an electric television in this year. The public display
led to a few countries making televised broadcasts in the early 1930′s.
However, the end of the First World War saw a rapid rise in the
televised broadcast subscription throughout the world
Radar and Radiolocation

The First World War saw an increase in the risk of aerial attack.
Nations were more concerned and took deliberate measures to
develop technologies that would identify the aerial attacks. Through
the radar technology, nations would simulate the aerial attacks.
Heinrich Hertz is the one who invented radar.
Computer

It was not until 1941 when Konrad Zuse developed the world’s first
programmable computer dubbed the Z3.These developments were
vital as they saw the development of other land breaking
technologies including the NASA Apollo mission. Scientists relied
on the great arithmetical prowess of the Z3 to make their
inventions.
Transistor and Microprocessor

The compact devices rely on these transistors to perform. A trio of

William B. Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain brought the
transistors to life in 1947. The breakthrough of the transistors led to
the development of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby in1959. The
personal computers we used in the modern day are attributed to the
development of the microprocessors, which were invented in 1968 by
Marcian Hoff at Intel.
Satellite

The modern day long distance telephone services were made

possible by the invention of satellites in 1979. The modern-day
satellite advances enhanced the establishment of the satellite
communication launched in Tokyo in the 1990′s.
Internet Protocol

In 1981, the RFC 791 introduced version 4 of the internet protocol

(IP) while RFC 793 introduced the Transmission Control protocol
(TCP). These two enabled the creation of the TCP/IP that is heavily
relied upon by the current day internet.
Optical Fibers

The late 1990′s and early 21st century saw a rapid increase in
demand for the internet. Consequently, demand for higher
communication bandwidth increased. The internet protocol traffic
saw an unprecedented rate of increase than that of the integrated
circuit in Moore’s law. The optical fiber cables saw an increasing
usage, as they are able to carry up to 100 times more information
than the conventional cables suited electronic amplifiers. The fiber
optic cables have seen an increase in internet access to billions of
people across the world.
Wi-Fi and Smartphones

The early years of The 21st century saw a rise in the development and
use of Smartphone. These phones were first used in Japan in 1999 but
saw a global penetration in mid-2000 to become the standard type of
mobile phones today. The development of portable internet access
and the Wi-Fi continues to supply users with access to the flow of
information.
Space Exploration

Electrical engineers play a critical role in space exploration,

designing and developing systems and technologies for spacecraft,
satellites, and other space-related missions

Between 2004 and 2012 scientist have been studying the

environmental condition of the hostile Planet mars. This is possible
through the invention of modern day engineering marvel Mars
opportunity and the Curiosity rovers.
 FIELD OF STUDY

• Power: Creation, Storage, and Distribution

of Electricity

• Control: Design of Dynamic systems and

controllers for the systems

• Electronics/Microelectronics: Design of
integrated circuits, microprocessors, etc.

• Signal Processing: Analysis of signals

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 FIELD OF STUDY contd.

• Telecommunications: Design of transmission

systems (voice, data)

• Computer: Design and development of

computer systems

• Instrumentation: Design of sensors and data

acquisition equipment

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TODAY THE FOLLOWING BRANCHES HAVE EMERGED
FROM THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

• Electronics

• Digital Computers

• Power plant engineering

• Radio Frequency Engineering

• Control Systems

• Signal Processing and

• Telecommunication

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 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS

• The electrical engineers are usually concerned with the use

of electricity to transmit electric power

• The electronic engineers are generally interested in using

electricity for the purpose of processing information.

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 QUOTE FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

• Give us any form of energy, we (the electrical engineers) covert it

into useful Electrical Energy

• Electrical Engineering [The profession for Intelligent people]

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GEORGE SIMON OHM

In 1827, he quantified the relation between Electrical current and

potential difference between conductors – leading to OHMS LAW.

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 MICHAEL FARADAY

The discoveries of Michael Faraday framed the foundation for electric

motor.

His main inventions are:

• Electromagnetic induction
• Diamagnetism
• Electrolysis

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 NIKOLA TESLA

Nikola Tesla developed transformers and induction motors used in AC.

His inventions includes
• Induction motor
• Alternating current
• Tesla coil
• Neon lamp
• Remote control
• Wireless telegraphy

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CHANGES OCCURRED IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRICITY:

In the beginning of 1830s, efforts were made to apply electricity in the

practices of telegraph

By the end of the 19th century the word had been forever changed by the
rapid communication made possible, by engineering developments of
land-lines, submarine cables, and wireless telegraphy.

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STANDARDISATION OF UNITS:

Practical applications and advances in the field created an increasing

need for standardized units to measure.

It led to the international standardization of the units volt, ampere,

coulomb, ohm, farad, and Henry.

This was achieved at an international conference in Chicago 1893.

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During these decades the use of electrical engineering increased
dramatically.

In 1882, Thomas Edison switched on the world’s first large-scale

electric power network that provided 110 volts– direct current (DC)
– to 59 customers on Manhattan Island in New York City.

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 THOMAS EDISON

Thomas Edison builds world large scale electric supply network.

• Incandescent light bulb
• Phonograph
• Mimeograph
• Electricity Distribution
• Carbon microphone
• Quadruplex telegraph
• Movie camera

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DUTIES OF EEE ENGINEERS

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The Definition Of Electrical Engineering

Depending on who you ask.

• Electrical engineers would agree that it is the branch of
engineering that deals with the technology of electricity, of
course, but it is so much more than that.

• On a fundamental level, Electrical engineers combine the

physics and mathematics of electricity, electromagnetism, and
electronics and apply them to information processing and
energy transmission.

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 Advancements in Electrical Engineering

• Great advancements have been made in electrical engineering

since the School of Electrical Engineering was established in
Darmstadt.

• Since then, radar, smartphones, and computers have all been

invented. Faraday would be astonished!
• Vast improvements in electronic technologies have also been
made, like with the television.

• Today, television screens are massive. They can show lush

colors in stunning resolution and are more affordable than
ever.

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• Other major advancements in electrical engineering include Wi-Fi,
lasers, microwave ovens, and smart home products. Electrical
engineering has come a long way since Faraday’s time!
• The world would cease to function as it does today without
electrical engineers.
• Global positioning systems are a great example of their contributions.
• Electrical engineers helped to develop the components for these
systems.

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WHAT DO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS DO?

• In short, electrical engineers help keep our world running.

• From the tiny microchips inside our cell phones to large aircraft
electrical systems, electrical engineers not only create these devices
and navigation systems, but keep them running smoothly.

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 Duties for electrical engineers may include:

• Evaluate electrical systems, products, components and applications

• Design new ways to use electrical power to develop or improve

existing products and systems
• Perform detailed calculations to develop manufacturing,
construction and installation standards and specifications

• Direct the manufacture, installation and testing of electrical

equipment to ensure that products meet specifications and codes

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 Duties for electrical engineers may include contd:

 Investigate complaints from customers or the public, evaluate

problems and recommend professional electronic engineering
solutions

 Work with project managers on production efforts to ensure that

projects are completed satisfactorily, on time and within budget

 Stay up-to-date on the latest research and technologies

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AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION AND WORK ENVIRONMENT

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WHAT KIND OF JOBS DO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS DO?

Today, there are countless industries that rely on electronic

components and machines, making the profession of electrical
engineering very promising for the future. As a result,
electrical engineers can find work in a variety of industries such
as:

 Aerospace
 Automotive
 Engineering services

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 Manufacturing
 Telecommunications
 Government Parastatals
 Research and development
 Utilities and construction

In these fields, there are a multitude of roles electrical

engineers can choose to be.

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• For many jobs, electrical engineers tend to work indoors in
offices.

• However, at times they also may visit sites to assist with

any electric power outages or oversee equipment.

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