EFFECTS OF SPORTS BETTING ON THE YOUTHS IN BAUCHI LOCAL

GOVERNMENT AREA, BAUCHI STATE

BY

HYELLAGZIYA WILFRED
(BASUG/PUG/SMS/SOC/19/0595)

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY,
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE,
SA’ADU ZUNGUR UNIVERSITY, GADAU

AUGUST, 2024

i
 EFFECTS OF SPORTS BETTING ON THE YOUTHS IN BAUCHI LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREA, BAUCHI STATE

BY

HYELLAGZIYA WILFRED
(BASUG/PUG/SMS/SOC/19/0595)

BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY,

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, SA’ADU ZUNGUR UNIVERSITY, GADAU IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCES (B.Sc.) DEGREE IN SOCIOLOGY

AUGUST, 2024

ii
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project entitled “EFFECTS OF SPORTS BETTING ON THE
YOUTHS IN BAUCHI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, BAUCHI STATE” is a product of
my own research effort. It has not been presented or published anywhere by any person,
institution or organization for any previous application for a degree or any other qualification.
All sources of information used has been duly acknowledged by means of references.

HYELLAGZIYA WILFRED
(BASUG/PUG/SMS/SOC/19/0595 SIGN & DATE________________________

iii
 CERTIFICATION

This project entitled “EFFECTS OF SPORTS BETTING ON THE YOUTHS IN BAUCHI

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, BAUCHI STATE”, meets the regulations governing the

award of the Bachelor of Science Degree in Sociology of Sa’adu Zungur University, Gadau, and

is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation.

DIQSON BISHUGAD YUNANA SIGN/DATE…………………………

(Supervisor)

DR. JIBRIL SUALIMAN BABAYO SIGN/DATE…………………………

(Head of Department)

____________________________ SIGN/DATE…………………………
External Examiner

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 DEDICATION

This Research work is dedicated to the memory of my late Daddy Pst. Wilfred M. Katsala. May
his gentle soul continue to rest with the Lord.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I give all thanks and glory to God, my Heavenly Father, for His abundant grace, strength, and
ability, which have enabled me to complete this academic study. Without His guidance and
provision, this journey would not have been possible.
I am deeply grateful to my project supervisor, Mr. Diqson Yunana Bishugad, for his invaluable
support, guidance, and encouragement throughout this study. Sir, I sincerely appreciate your
commitment to my academic growth.
My heartfelt thanks also go to my friends and colleagues who have supported me in countless
ways during this journey. Your encouragement and assistance have been truly invaluable.
A special acknowledgment goes to the Wilfred family, especially my mother, Mrs. Rejoice
Wilfred, for their unwavering support and kindness. I am forever grateful for your constant
encouragement and belief in me.
I am also thankful to the entire staff of the Department of Sociology. Your dedication and tireless
efforts have greatly contributed to my learning and development, and for that, I am sincerely
appreciative.

Table of Contents

vi
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1.0 Background to the Study........................................................................................................1
1.1 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................................3
1.2 Objectives of the Study..........................................................................................................5
1.3 Research Questions................................................................................................................5
1.4 Purpose of the Study..............................................................................................................5
1.5 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................................6
1.6 Scope of the Study.................................................................................................................7
1.7 Limitations of the Study.........................................................................................................8
1.8 Definition of Terms................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO:..........................................................................................................................11
LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................................11
2.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................11
2.1 Review.................................................................................................................................11
2.1.1 Conceptual Review...........................................................................................................11
2.1.2 Empirical Review..............................................................................................................15
.2.2 Theoretical Framework.......................................................................................................26
2.2.1 Behavioral Addiction Theory...........................................................................................26
2.2.2 Social Learning Theory.....................................................................................................28
2.2.3 Economic Theory of Gambling........................................................................................29
2.2.4 Theory of Planned Behavior.............................................................................................30
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................32
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................32
3.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................32
3.1 Description of the Study Area..............................................................................................32
3.2 Research Design...................................................................................................................32
3.3 Population of the Study........................................................................................................33
3.4 Sample Size..........................................................................................................................33
3.5 Sampling Technique............................................................................................................34
3.6 Methods of Data Collection.................................................................................................37
3.7 Instrument of Data Collection..............................................................................................40
3.8 Methods of Data Presentation and Analysis........................................................................44
3.9 Ethical Consideration...........................................................................................................44

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 3.10 Problems Encountered.......................................................................................................44
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................46
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS...............................................................................46
4.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................46
4.1 Demographic Information....................................................................................................46
4.1 Objective 1: Prevalence and Patterns of Sports Betting......................................................49
4.2 Objective 2: Socio-Economic and Psychological Effects of Sports Betting.......................50
4.3 Objective 3: Coping Strategies Employed by Youths.........................................................52
4.2 Discussion of Findings.........................................................................................................52
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................55
SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS................55
5.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................55
5.1 Summary of Key Findings...................................................................................................55
5.2 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................56
5.3 Recommendations................................................................................................................56
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................58
APPENDIX I.................................................................................................................................63
QUESTIONNAIRE.......................................................................................................................63
APPENDIX II................................................................................................................................67
SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW GUIDE..............................................................................67

viii
 ABSTRACT
Sports betting has increasingly become a significant activity among youths, raising concerns
about its effects on their financial stability and mental health. This study investigates the
prevalence, patterns, socio-economic impacts, psychological effects, and coping strategies
related to sports betting among youths in Bauchi Local Government Area, Bauchi State.
The study aimed to understand how prevalent sports betting is among youths, explore its socio-
economic and psychological impacts, and assess the coping mechanisms they employ. To achieve
this, a mixed-methods design with a concurrent approach was utilized. A sample of 400 youths
aged 18 to 35 years was selected through stratified random sampling. Data collection involved
structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, with quantitative data analyzed using
descriptive and inferential statistics, and qualitative data subjected to thematic analysis.
The results revealed that 45.0% of the respondents participated in sports betting on a weekly
basis, with football being the most frequently bet-on sport, chosen by 60.0% of the participants.
Online platforms were the preferred medium for betting, used by 70.0% of the respondents. A
significant number, 75.0%, reported financial losses due to betting, and 62.5% noted changes in
their spending habits. Psychological impacts were notable, with 35.0% of participants
experiencing stress and anxiety, and 30.0% feeling addicted to betting. Common coping
strategies included discussing issues with friends or family (40.0%) and self-regulation (25.0%),
while professional help was sought by only 15.0% of respondents.
In conclusion, the study underscores the widespread nature of sports betting among youths in
Bauchi Local Government Area and highlights its substantial socio-economic and psychological
effects. These findings are consistent with global trends but also reflect unique local patterns and
coping strategies. The study calls for the development of educational programs on responsible
gambling, improvement of mental health support services, stricter regulation of online betting
platforms, community engagement, and further research to assess the effectiveness of
intervention strategies.

Keywords: Sports Betting, Youths, Socio-Economic Effects, Psychological Effects, Coping

Strategies, Bauchi Local Government Area

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background to the Study

Sports betting have emerged as a significant global phenomenon, particularly gaining traction

among youths. This surge in popularity is largely driven by the increasing accessibility of online

betting platforms, the integration of sports betting into mainstream media, and aggressive

marketing strategies employed by betting companies (Hing et al., 2015). The proliferation of

digital technology has facilitated easier access to betting opportunities, enabling individuals to

place bets from their smartphones or computers. Furthermore, sports betting has become a staple

feature in sports broadcasting and advertising, which continuously reinforces its appeal (Binde,

2013). As a result, sports betting has not only revolutionized the sports industry but has also had

profound impacts on the lives of young people, especially in developing countries like Nigeria.

In Nigeria, the rise of sports betting has been striking. The country has witnessed a significant

increase in the number of young individuals engaging in betting activities as a form of

entertainment and a potential avenue for financial gain. This trend reflects broader global

patterns where betting has become an integral part of youth culture (Akanle, Adesina, &

Nwaobiala, 2020). The accessibility of online platforms and the prevalence of promotional offers

have made sports betting particularly attractive to youths, who often face economic challenges

such as unemployment and low income. According to Adebayo et al. (2021), the allure of

immediate financial rewards often overshadows the potential risks associated with betting,

leading many youths to participate without fully understanding the consequences.

Despite its appeal, sports betting presents several social, economic, and psychological

challenges. Studies have highlighted that while some youths engage in sports betting as a casual

activity, others view it as a desperate attempt to escape economic hardship (Ede, 2022). This

1
shift from recreational betting to compulsive gambling can lead to severe consequences,

including addiction, financial instability, and social problems such as increased crime rates and

family breakdowns. Research by Okunna (2021) indicates that betting addiction can have

detrimental effects on mental health, leading to issues such as depression, anxiety, and stress.

Additionally, the financial strain caused by unsuccessful betting can exacerbate existing

economic difficulties, further entrenching individuals in poverty (Hing et al., 2016).

Bauchi Local Government, situated in northeastern Nigeria, is a microcosm of these broader

trends. The region is characterized by a significant youth population, many of whom are

unemployed or underemployed. This economic vulnerability heightens their susceptibility to the

temptations of sports betting as a potential source of income (Ibrahim & Aliyu, 2022). The rapid

growth of betting activities in Bauchi Local Government underscores the need for a

comprehensive understanding of its impacts. As sports betting becomes increasingly entrenched

in local culture, it is crucial to evaluate both the positive and negative effects on the youth in this

area.

Understanding the dynamics of sports betting in Bauchi Local Government is essential for

several reasons. Firstly, it provides empirical evidence on how betting affects youth behavior,

social relationships, and economic stability. This evidence is vital for developing targeted

interventions and policies aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of betting. As highlighted by

Adebayo et al. (2021), effective interventions require a nuanced understanding of the local

context and the specific challenges faced by youths. Secondly, the study contributes to the

broader discourse on youth development and the socioeconomic challenges in Nigeria. By

focusing on a specific locality, the research offers insights that can inform national policies and

contribute to the development of more effective support systems for at-risk youth.

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Furthermore, the findings of this study can play a critical role in raising awareness among

stakeholders, including policymakers, educators, and community leaders. Increased awareness

can lead to the implementation of preventive measures and support programs designed to address

the root causes of betting addiction and its consequences (Ede, 2022). For instance, educational

campaigns targeting young people and their families can help in understanding the risks

associated with betting and promote healthier coping strategies.

The rising trend of sports betting among youths in Nigeria, and specifically in Bauchi Local

Government, presents significant challenges that require thorough investigation. This study aims

to provide a comprehensive analysis of the effects of sports betting, contributing valuable

knowledge to the field and supporting efforts to enhance youth well-being and development.

1.1 Statement of the Problem

The prevalence of sports betting among youths has emerged as a significant social concern in

many parts of Nigeria, including Bauchi Local Government. With the widespread availability of

betting platforms and aggressive marketing by betting companies, an increasing number of

youths are turning to sports betting as a source of income and entertainment. Research has shown

that while some youths engage in sports betting for leisure, many become entangled in a cycle of

gambling that leads to financial loss, addiction, and social problems (Okunna, 2021; Ede, 2022).

The allure of quick financial gain is particularly strong among unemployed and underemployed

youths, who view sports betting as a potential escape from poverty. However, the reality often

differs, as many young people find themselves trapped in a cycle of debt and despair, with the

negative consequences spilling over into their families and communities (Agada & Uduma,

2020).

More concisely, the problem is that sports betting is becoming increasingly common among

youths in Bauchi Local Government, leading to financial, social, and psychological challenges

3
that negatively impact their well-being and future prospects. The rise in sports betting is creating

a generation of young people who are increasingly dependent on gambling as a means of

survival, potentially undermining their long-term development and contributing to broader social

issues, such as crime and poverty (Ojo, 2023; Ndubuisi, 2021).

This problem primarily affects the youth of Bauchi Local Government, many of whom are

already vulnerable due to economic instability and lack of employment opportunities. It also

affects their families, who may bear the brunt of the financial and emotional consequences of

gambling addiction. Furthermore, the local community at large is impacted as the rise in

gambling-related issues can lead to an increase in crime, a decline in social cohesion, and a strain

on local support services (Ibrahim & Aliyu, 2022).

If nothing is done to address this problem, the situation is likely to worsen, with more youths

becoming ensnared in gambling addiction, leading to long-term social and economic decline in

Bauchi Local Government. The unchecked growth of sports betting could result in a significant

portion of the youth population facing financial ruin, mental health issues, and diminished

prospects for the future (Ede, 2022). This would not only affect the individuals involved but also

have a ripple effect throughout the community, exacerbating poverty and social instability (Ojo,

2023).

Given the widespread nature of the issue and its profound impact on the youth and the broader

community, it is appropriate to investigate this problem further. Research into the effects of

sports betting on youths in Bauchi Local Government is essential to understanding the full scope

of the issue and to developing effective strategies to mitigate its negative consequences. By

shedding light on this problem, the study can contribute to the development of targeted

4
interventions and policies that support the well-being of youths and foster a healthier, more

stable community.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

1. To assess the prevalence and patterns of sports betting among youths in Bauchi Local

Government.

2. To examine the socio-economic and psychological effects of sports betting on youths in

Bauchi Local Government.

3. To evaluate the coping strategies employed by youths involved in sports betting in Bauchi

Local Government.

1.3 Research Questions

1. What is the prevalence and what are the patterns of sports betting among youths in Bauchi

Local Government?

2. What are the socio-economic and psychological effects of sports betting on youths in Bauchi

Local Government?

3. What coping strategies do youths involved in sports betting in Bauchi Local Government

employ?

1.4 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to explore and understand the effects of sports betting on youths in

Bauchi Local Government. Specifically, the study aims to assess the prevalence and patterns of

sports betting among these youths, examine the socio-economic and psychological impacts of

their involvement in sports betting, and identify the coping strategies they employ. Through this

research, the study seeks to provide insights that can inform the development of interventions

and policies aimed at mitigating the negative consequences of sports betting and supporting the

well-being and future prospects of youths in Bauchi Local Government.

5
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons. First, it addresses a growing social issue in Bauchi

Local Government, where sports betting has become increasingly popular among youths. By

examining the prevalence, patterns, and effects of sports betting, the study provides valuable

insights into the socio-economic and psychological challenges faced by young people engaged in

this activity. Understanding these challenges is crucial for stakeholders, including policymakers,

educators, community leaders, and health professionals, who are concerned with the well-being

and development of youths in the region.

The study also contributes to the broader academic discourse on gambling and its impacts on

youth, particularly in the context of developing countries like Nigeria. While much of the

existing literature on sports betting focuses on Western contexts, this study offers a localized

perspective, highlighting the unique factors that drive youth participation in sports betting in

Bauchi Local Government. This context-specific knowledge is essential for developing effective,

culturally relevant interventions.

Furthermore, the findings of this study have practical implications for the design of policies and

programs aimed at mitigating the negative effects of sports betting. By identifying the coping

strategies used by youths, the study can inform the development of support systems and

educational campaigns that help young people manage their gambling behaviors and avoid the

adverse consequences associated with it.

In addition, the study is significant for its potential to raise awareness among parents, educators,

and community leaders about the risks associated with sports betting. Increased awareness can

lead to more proactive measures to protect youths from the dangers of gambling addiction,

financial loss, and other related issues.

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Overall, the study's insights are expected to contribute to the improvement of youth development

strategies in Bauchi Local Government, ultimately promoting a healthier and more stable

community.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is confined to investigating the effects of sports betting on youths within

Bauchi Local Government. The study focuses specifically on youths aged 18 to 35, as this age

group is most likely to engage in sports betting activities. Geographically, the research is limited

to Bauchi Local Government, which allows for a detailed examination of the local context and

the unique factors influencing sports betting in this area.

The study explores three main aspects: the prevalence and patterns of sports betting among

youths, the socio-economic and psychological impacts of their involvement in sports betting, and

the coping strategies employed by those who participate in betting. Data will be collected

through surveys and interviews, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter

from both a quantitative and qualitative perspective.

The study does not extend to other forms of gambling or to older adults outside the specified age

range. Additionally, it will not cover the legal or regulatory aspects of sports betting, focusing

instead on the social and individual impacts. By maintaining this focus, the study aims to provide

targeted insights that are directly relevant to the youth population of Bauchi Local Government.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

This study, while providing valuable insights into the effects of sports betting on youths in

Bauchi Local Government, faces several limitations that should be considered.

1. Sample Representation: The study's findings are based on data collected from a specific

geographical area and demographic group (youths aged 18 to 35 in Bauchi Local Government).

Therefore, the results may not be generalizable to other regions or to youths outside this age

7
range. Variations in socio-economic conditions, cultural attitudes towards betting, and access to

betting platforms in other locations could influence the applicability of the findings elsewhere.

2. Self-Reporting Bias: Data collection relies on self-reported information from participants,

which can be subject to bias. Respondents may underreport or overreport their betting behaviors

and the impacts they experience due to social desirability or fear of judgment. This potential bias

could affect the accuracy of the findings.

3. Access to Participants: Engaging with participants who are actively involved in sports betting

may be challenging. Some youths might be reluctant to participate due to the stigma associated

with gambling or fear of repercussions. This reluctance may impact the depth and breadth of the

data collected.

4. Cross-Sectional Design: The study uses a cross-sectional design, capturing data at a single

point in time. This approach limits the ability to observe changes over time or to establish causal

relationships between sports betting and its effects. Longitudinal studies would be needed to

assess the long-term impacts and to track changes in betting behaviors.

5. Scope of Research: The study focuses exclusively on the social and psychological impacts of

sports betting, excluding legal, regulatory, or broader economic factors. This narrow scope

means that some aspects of sports betting's impact on youths may not be fully addressed.

6. Resource Constraints: Limited resources and time constraints may affect the

comprehensiveness of the study. The sample size and data collection methods might be

constrained by practical considerations, which could influence the richness of the data and the

overall findings.

Acknowledging these limitations is important for contextualizing the results and understanding

the boundaries within which the study's conclusions are applicable. Future research could

8
address these limitations by expanding the scope, using longitudinal approaches, and exploring

additional factors related to sports betting.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Addiction: A psychological or physical dependence on a substance or activity, characterized by

an inability to control its use despite adverse consequences. In the context of sports betting,

addiction refers to compulsive gambling behavior that interferes with daily functioning and well-

being.

Coping Strategies: Techniques and methods used by individuals to manage and mitigate the

negative impacts of stress or challenging situations. For youths involved in sports betting, coping

strategies might include behavioral adjustments, seeking support, or avoiding betting activities.

Prevalence: The extent or frequency of a particular phenomenon within a given population. In

this study, prevalence refers to the proportion of youths in Bauchi Local Government who

engage in sports betting.

Patterns of Sports Betting: The typical behaviors and habits associated with sports betting,

including frequency, types of bets placed, and the contexts in which betting occurs. Patterns help

in understanding how and why youths participate in sports betting.

Psychological Effects: The mental and emotional impacts of an activity or behavior. In the

context of sports betting, psychological effects may include stress, anxiety, depression, or a sense

of euphoria related to betting activities.

Socio-Economic Impacts: The effects of an activity on an individual’s social and economic

status. For youths involved in sports betting, socio-economic impacts might include financial

strain, changes in social relationships, and effects on educational or career outcomes.

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Sports Betting: The act of placing a wager on the outcome of a sports event. This includes

various forms of betting, such as predicting match results, scores, or individual player

performances, with the intention of winning money based on the outcome.

Youth: Individuals typically defined as being between the ages of 18 and 35. In this study,

"youth" refers to young adults who are the primary focus of the research on sports betting

behaviors and their effects.

CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on sports betting,

with a focus on understanding its prevalence, patterns, effects, and coping strategies among

youths. The literature review is structured into three main sections: a conceptual review, an

empirical review, and an examination of relevant theoretical frameworks.

10
2.1 Review

2.1.1 Conceptual Review

Definition of Sports Betting

Sports betting involve predicting the outcomes of sports events and placing a wager on these

predictions. Traditionally, sports betting required physical presence at betting shops or through

telephone-based systems, but with technological advancements, it has transitioned to online

platforms. This shift has made sports betting more accessible, allowing participants to place bets

from virtually anywhere at any time (Binde, 2013).

The process of sports betting typically includes selecting an event, predicting its outcome, and

placing a wager. Bets can be placed on various aspects of a sporting event, including match

outcomes, scores, and individual player performances. The odds provided by bookmakers reflect

the likelihood of a particular outcome and determine the potential payout for a successful bet

(Binde, 2013).

Trends in Sports Betting

The evolution of sports betting has been marked by several significant trends:

1. Online and Mobile Betting: The rise of the internet and mobile technology has revolutionized

sports betting. Online betting platforms and mobile apps offer users unparalleled convenience,

allowing them to place bets with a few clicks. This shift has led to a surge in the number of

participants and the frequency of bets placed (Hing et al., 2015).

2. Integration with Mainstream Media: Sports betting has become increasingly integrated with

mainstream media. Live sports broadcasts, social media, and sports news websites often feature

betting odds and promotional content from betting companies. This integration helps normalize

betting and keeps it in the public eye, influencing the attitudes and behaviors of potential bettors

(Williams & Volberg, 2014).

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3. Aggressive Marketing: Betting companies employ aggressive marketing strategies to attract

and retain customers. These strategies include targeted advertising, promotional offers, and

sponsorships of sports events and teams. Such marketing practices are particularly effective in

reaching younger audiences, who are more likely to engage in sports betting (Williams &

Volberg, 2014).

Patterns of Sports Betting

Frequency and Types of Bets

Research indicates that sports betting among youths is characterized by various patterns,

including the frequency of betting and the types of sports and events wagered on. Many youths

engage in sports betting sporadically, often influenced by promotions and social circles. The

frequency of betting can vary, with some individuals placing bets regularly while others do so

occasionally (Akanle, Adesina, & Nwaobiala, 2020).

Youths often bet on popular sports such as football, basketball, and cricket. The range of

available betting options, from major leagues to niche sports and events, allows bettors to choose

from a diverse array of betting opportunities. Mobile apps and online platforms provide a wide

variety of betting types, including single bets, accumulators, and live betting, which further

contribute to the diversity in betting patterns (Ladouceur et al., 2012).

Influences on Betting Behavior

Several factors influence betting behavior among youths. Promotional offers and bonuses

provided by betting companies play a significant role in attracting new bettors and encouraging

existing ones to increase their betting activity. Additionally, peer behavior and social influences

can impact betting patterns. Young people often engage in betting as part of social activities or to

fit in with their peers (Akanle, Adesina, & Nwaobiala, 2020).

12
Socio-Economic and Psychological Effects

Socio-Economic Effects

The socio-economic impact of sports betting on youths can be profound. Financial strain is a

significant concern, as excessive betting can lead to substantial monetary losses. Many youths,

particularly those with limited financial resources, may face economic instability as a result of

their betting activities. This financial strain can lead to increased debt, difficulty meeting basic

needs, and potential criminal activities to fund betting (Binde, 2013).

The economic instability caused by sports betting can also affect educational and career

outcomes. Youths who spend excessive time and money on betting may experience a decline in

academic performance and miss out on educational and career opportunities. The financial

pressure and potential legal issues associated with betting can further hinder their future

prospects (Hing et al., 2016).

Psychological Effects

The psychological impact of sports betting is equally significant. Many youths experience stress

and anxiety related to their betting activities. The anticipation of potential wins and losses can

create emotional highs and lows, contributing to mental health issues such as depression and

gambling addiction (Binde, 2013).

Addiction to sports betting is a serious concern, characterized by an inability to control betting

behavior despite negative consequences. This addiction can lead to compulsive betting, where

individuals continue to bet in an attempt to recover losses or to experience the thrill of winning.

The psychological distress associated with addiction can strain relationships with family and

friends and impact overall well-being (Hing et al., 2016).

Coping Strategies

13
Behavioral Adjustments

Youths involved in sports betting may adopt various coping strategies to manage the negative

consequences of their betting behavior. Behavioral adjustments can include reducing the

frequency of betting, setting limits on betting amounts, and avoiding betting during periods of

financial instability. These strategies help individuals regain control over their betting activities

and mitigate financial losses (Ede, 2022).

Seeking Support

Support from friends and family can play a crucial role in managing sports betting-related issues.

Open communication and encouragement from loved ones can help youths recognize the risks

associated with betting and seek appropriate help. Support networks can provide emotional

assistance and practical advice for managing betting behavior (Ede, 2022).

Professional Help

For youths struggling with gambling addiction, professional help is often necessary. Counseling

and therapy can address underlying issues related to addiction and provide strategies for

managing betting behavior. Support groups and treatment programs specifically designed for

gambling addiction can offer valuable resources and support for individuals seeking to overcome

their addiction (Ede, 2022).

Effective coping strategies are essential for managing the negative effects of sports betting and

promoting long-term well-being among youths. By understanding and addressing the various

factors influencing betting behavior, stakeholders can develop targeted interventions to support

healthier betting practices and mitigate the adverse effects of gambling.

2.1.2 Empirical Review

Prevalence and Patterns

14
Empirical research on the prevalence of sports betting among youths illustrates a complex and

varied picture across different regions. Understanding these variations is essential for identifying

the factors driving betting behaviors and the implications for youth well-being.

Globally, the prevalence of sports betting among youths is influenced by a range of factors,

including cultural norms, economic conditions, and the availability of betting platforms.

Research conducted by Hing et al. (2015) in Australia provides a detailed examination of how

exposure to targeted advertising and prevailing social norms significantly influences betting

behaviors among youths. Their study utilized a combination of surveys and focus groups to

assess how frequent exposure to betting advertisements and the normalization of betting

behaviors through peer influence contribute to increased participation in sports betting. They

found that youths who frequently encountered betting advertisements and engaged with peers

who participated in betting were more likely to view betting as a socially acceptable and

desirable activity. This study highlights the role of marketing and social environment in shaping

betting behaviors.

In contrast, research by Akanle, Adesina, and Nwaobiala (2020) explored the prevalence of

sports betting among Nigerian youths, revealing a notable increase, especially in urban areas.

Their study examined the effects of increased accessibility to online betting platforms and the

impact of targeted promotions by betting companies. The researchers identified that the rise in

sports betting in Nigeria can be attributed to several factors:

Accessibility: The widespread use of mobile phones and the internet has made online betting

platforms easily accessible to youths. Mobile apps and websites offer a convenient way for

young people to engage in sports betting without geographical constraints.

15
Marketing Strategies: Betting companies employ aggressive marketing strategies, including

promotions, bonuses, and advertisements tailored to attract young audiences. These strategies

have successfully increased the visibility of sports betting among Nigerian youths.

Akanle, Adesina, and Nwaobiala's (2020) findings highlight that the combination of easy access

to betting platforms and targeted marketing has led to a significant rise in both the number of

participants and the frequency of betting activities among Nigerian youths. This trend

underscores the need for targeted interventions to address the growing prevalence of sports

betting in the region.

Socioeconomic Influences

The patterns of sports betting are also influenced by socioeconomic factors. A study conducted

by Ede (2022) investigated how socioeconomic status affects betting behaviors among youths.

The research revealed that individuals from economically disadvantaged backgrounds are more

likely to engage in sports betting. Key findings include:

Economic Vulnerability: Youths from lower socioeconomic backgrounds often perceive sports

betting as a potential means to achieve financial gain. The allure of quick money can be

particularly tempting for those facing financial hardships or unemployment.

Educational Level: Educational attainment also plays a role in betting behaviors. Ede (2022)

found that youths with lower educational levels are more likely to be drawn into sports betting,

potentially due to limited career opportunities and financial literacy.

These findings underscore the role of economic vulnerability and educational status in driving

betting behaviors. Economic hardships and limited job prospects can increase the appeal of

sports betting as a seemingly viable solution for financial problems.

Geographic and Cultural Differences

16
Geographic and cultural differences also play a crucial role in shaping sports betting patterns. In

different regions, cultural attitudes towards gambling and sports betting vary, influencing how

prevalent and socially acceptable these activities are. For example:

Urban vs. Rural: Urban areas, with higher population density and greater access to technology,

often exhibit higher rates of sports betting compared to rural areas. This is due to the

concentration of betting shops and the availability of online platforms.

Cultural Norms: Cultural attitudes towards gambling can affect betting behaviors. In some

cultures, betting is seen as a form of entertainment and is socially accepted, while in others, it

may be stigmatized or restricted.

Understanding these geographic and cultural variations is essential for developing context-

specific interventions and policies aimed at mitigating the negative effects of sports betting.

The empirical evidence highlights that sports betting among youths is influenced by a complex

interplay of factors, including marketing practices, socioeconomic conditions, and regional and

cultural differences. While the accessibility and appeal of sports betting are growing globally, the

specific patterns and prevalence vary by region and demographic factors. Addressing these

variations requires a multifaceted approach that considers local contexts, economic conditions,

and cultural attitudes to develop effective strategies for managing and mitigating the impacts of

sports betting on youths.

Socio-Economic and Psychological Effects

The empirical literature on the socio-economic and psychological effects of sports betting reveals

a range of significant impacts on youths. These impacts encompass both financial instability and

mental health issues, which have been studied across various contexts and populations.

Socio-Economic Effects

17
The socio-economic consequences of sports betting among youths have been extensively

documented. One of the primary findings is the financial instability that frequently accompanies

sports betting. Hing et al. (2016) provide evidence that frequent sports bettors often face severe

financial problems, including increased debt. Their study shows that many youths, in pursuit of

financial gains from betting, end up experiencing significant economic strain due to losses

incurred. This financial instability often leads to a cycle of debt and economic stress, as bettors

may borrow money or spend beyond their means to support their betting habits.

Additionally, sports betting has been linked to negative impacts on education and employment.

Delfabbro et al. (2017) found that youths who engage in sports betting regularly often see

declines in their academic performance and job productivity. The time and resources diverted

towards betting activities can detract from their focus on education and work, leading to reduced

opportunities and poorer outcomes in these areas.

The impact of sports betting extends to family dynamics as well. Stinchfield (2004) highlights

that financial problems stemming from betting can cause tensions within families, potentially

leading to economic strain and breakdowns in familial relationships. This is particularly

concerning as families may struggle to manage the financial burden and emotional stress

associated with betting-related issues.

Healthcare costs are another area impacted by sports betting. According to Maccallum et al.

(2019), the financial strain caused by betting can lead individuals to seek medical and

psychological help, which places additional burdens on healthcare systems. This strain is further

exacerbated by the need for interventions to address gambling-related problems, which can be

costly and resource-intensive.

18
Economic inequality is also a significant concern. Dowling et al. (2015) discuss how youths from

lower socio-economic backgrounds are more likely to engage in sports betting as a means of

escaping financial hardship. This tendency often results in further economic disparity, as these

youths may experience worsening financial conditions due to their betting activities.

Marketing and advertising strategies play a critical role in promoting sports betting among

youths. Griffiths et al. (2016) emphasize that aggressive marketing tactics, including targeted

advertisements and sponsorships, significantly influence youths' betting behaviors. These

strategies contribute to the normalization of betting and can lead to increased financial risk and

socio-economic consequences.

Sports betting can also lead to addiction and financial exploitation. The National Council on

Problem Gambling (2020) reports that gambling addiction often results in risky financial

behaviors as individuals attempt to recover losses, which can have severe economic

repercussions. This phenomenon underscores the need for preventive measures and support

systems to address betting-related problems.

The impact of sports betting on savings and investment is another area of concern. Leung et al.

(2019) found that frequent bettors often deplete their savings and forgo investment opportunities,

leading to long-term financial instability. This depletion of financial resources further

compounds the economic challenges faced by bettors.

Regional variations in the socio-economic impact of sports betting also warrant attention. Ladd

and Petry (2002) observed that the economic consequences of betting are more pronounced in

regions with limited access to financial support services and where betting is heavily promoted.

This regional disparity highlights the need for targeted interventions based on local contexts.

Psychological Effects

19
The psychological impact of sports betting on youths is equally concerning. The literature

reveals that frequent betting is associated with a range of mental health issues, including

depression and anxiety. Binde (2013) highlights that individuals who engage in sports betting

regularly are at a higher risk of developing psychological disorders. The excitement and

anticipation associated with betting can lead to compulsive behaviors, and subsequent losses can

exacerbate mental health problems.

Compulsive behaviors are a significant psychological concern related to sports betting. Griffiths

(2005) explains that the rewarding nature of betting can create a cycle of addiction, where

individuals continuously seek the thrill of betting despite negative consequences. This

compulsive behavior is particularly troubling for youths, who may be more susceptible to

developing gambling-related problems.

The emotional distress resulting from betting losses is another critical issue. Dowling et al.

(2016) found that the financial losses associated with sports betting often lead to severe

emotional distress, which can exacerbate mental health issues such as anxiety and depression.

The stress of managing betting-related financial problems can have a profound impact on

individuals' overall mental well-being.

Self-esteem is also affected by the psychological consequences of sports betting. Williams et al.

(2011) reported that repeated betting losses can lead to declines in self-esteem and self-worth,

particularly among youths who may already be vulnerable to self-esteem issues. This decline in

self-esteem can further contribute to psychological distress and exacerbate existing mental health

problems.

20
Social isolation is a common outcome among individuals with problematic betting behaviors.

Wenzel et al. (2017) observed that social isolation often occurs as individuals withdraw from

social activities and relationships due to their preoccupation with betting. This isolation can

further contribute to psychological distress and exacerbate mental health issues.

Stress and mental health problems related to sports betting are closely linked. Blaszczynski and

Nower (2002) found that the stress associated with managing betting-related financial issues

often leads to exacerbated mental health conditions. This stress can impact individuals' ability to

cope with everyday challenges and maintain overall well-being.

Coping mechanisms employed by youths involved in sports betting are crucial in managing

psychological impacts. Ladouceur et al. (2012) identified effective coping strategies, such as

seeking professional help and participating in support groups, as important in mitigating the

negative psychological effects of sports betting. These strategies can help individuals address

their betting-related problems and improve their mental health.

The impact of sports betting on academic performance is another area of concern. Toneatto et al.

(2008) found that students who engage in sports betting often experience declines in academic

performance due to stress and distraction caused by betting activities. This impact on education

can have long-term implications for their future opportunities and overall well-being.

Family dynamics are also influenced by the psychological effects of sports betting. Ede (2022)

reported that youths experiencing mental health issues due to betting often affect their family

relationships, leading to further emotional and psychological stress within the household. This

impact underscores the need for comprehensive interventions that address both individual and

family needs.

21
Finally, research on interventions for managing the psychological effects of sports betting

highlights the importance of mental health support. Petry et al. (2006) emphasize the need for

counseling and therapeutic interventions to address the psychological challenges faced by

individuals with betting problems. Effective support mechanisms are essential in helping

individuals manage their mental health and mitigate the negative consequences of sports betting.

Coping Strategies

Research on coping strategies among youths involved in sports betting reveals a diverse range of

responses and approaches to managing betting-related issues. As sports betting becomes

increasingly prevalent, particularly among young people, understanding and implementing

effective coping mechanisms is crucial for mitigating its adverse effects. This section delves into

various coping strategies identified in empirical research, highlighting both traditional and

contemporary approaches to managing sports betting behaviors.

1. Seeking Support from Help Groups and Professional Counseling

One of the most established coping strategies is seeking support from help groups and

professional counseling services. Studies have consistently shown that these resources play a

vital role in addressing gambling addiction. For instance, Ladouceur et al. (2012) found that

involvement in support groups, such as Gamblers Anonymous, provides a crucial support

network for individuals struggling with gambling addiction. These groups offer a non-

judgmental environment where individuals can share their experiences, receive emotional

support, and learn from others who have faced similar challenges.

Support groups are often complemented by professional counseling services, which offer

specialized treatment for compulsive gambling behaviors. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

has been shown to be particularly effective in treating gambling addiction. CBT focuses on

22
changing the maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors associated with gambling, helping

individuals develop healthier coping mechanisms (Hodgins et al., 2011). Research by Pallesen et

al. (2014) supports the efficacy of CBT and other therapeutic interventions in reducing

gambling-related problems and promoting recovery.

2. The Role of Education and Awareness

Education and awareness are critical components in managing sports betting-related issues. Ede

(2022) underscores the importance of educating youths about the risks associated with sports

betting and promoting responsible gambling practices. Educational programs that highlight the

potential negative consequences of gambling, such as financial loss, addiction, and mental health

issues, can empower individuals to make informed decisions.

Awareness campaigns, often conducted through schools, community organizations, and media

channels, play a significant role in preventing the onset of problematic gambling behaviors. For

example, the "Responsible Gambling" campaign by the UK Gambling Commission aims to

increase public awareness of the risks associated with gambling and provide resources for those

seeking help (UK Gambling Commission, 2023). Such campaigns often include informational

brochures, online resources, and workshops designed to educate individuals about safe gambling

practices and available support services.

3. Self-Help Strategies

Self-help strategies are another important aspect of coping with sports betting. These strategies

include self-imposed limits on betting activities, such as setting spending caps or time

restrictions, and using self-exclusion tools provided by betting operators. Self-exclusion

programs allow individuals to ban themselves from accessing betting platforms for a specified

period, helping to reduce gambling behaviors (Gainsbury et al., 2015).

23
Research by Parke and Griffiths (2007) highlights the effectiveness of self-help strategies in

managing gambling behaviors. The study found that individuals who actively employed self-help

techniques, such as self-exclusion and setting personal betting limits, reported lower levels of

gambling problems and improved control over their betting activities.

4. Family and Peer Support

Family and peer support also play a crucial role in managing sports betting-related issues. The

influence of family members and close friends can be significant in either exacerbating or

mitigating gambling problems. Positive support from family and peers, such as encouragement to

seek help and providing emotional support, can help individuals address their gambling

behaviors effectively (Whelan et al., 2015).

Conversely, family and peer pressure can also contribute to gambling problems. Peer influence,

particularly in social circles where sports betting is normalized, can increase the likelihood of

participation in betting activities (Binde, 2013). Research by Orford et al. (2013) emphasizes the

need for family-focused interventions that involve educating family members about gambling

addiction and providing them with strategies to support their loved ones.

5. Technological and Online Interventions

With the rise of digital technology, online interventions have become increasingly popular in

managing gambling behaviors. Online platforms offer various tools and resources, such as self-

help apps, online counseling services, and virtual support groups. For example, the "Gambling

Therapy" website provides online counseling and support for individuals struggling with

gambling problems, offering services such as chat rooms, forums, and one-on-one counseling

(Gambling Therapy, 2024).

24
A study by Kim et al. (2017) explores the effectiveness of digital interventions in managing

gambling addiction. The research highlights the advantages of online resources, including their

accessibility, anonymity, and the ability to reach a wide audience. Digital interventions can

complement traditional support methods and provide additional avenues for individuals to seek

help and manage their gambling behaviors.

6. Policy and Regulatory Measures

Policy and regulatory measures also play a role in managing sports betting-related issues.

Governments and regulatory bodies can implement policies to promote responsible gambling and

protect vulnerable individuals. For instance, regulations requiring betting operators to provide

information on responsible gambling and offer self-exclusion options are essential in reducing

gambling-related harm (Gainsbury et al., 2016).

Research by Melchers et al. (2020) examines the impact of regulatory measures on gambling

behaviors. The study finds that effective regulations, such as mandatory responsible gambling

messages and limits on advertising, can contribute to reduced gambling participation and lower

rates of gambling-related harm.

The empirical review of coping strategies among youths involved in sports betting reveals a

multifaceted approach to managing gambling-related issues. Effective coping strategies include

seeking support from help groups and professional counseling, implementing self-help

techniques, leveraging family and peer support, utilizing technological interventions, and

adhering to policy and regulatory measures. By exploring these strategies and their effectiveness,

researchers and practitioners can better understand how to address the challenges associated with

sports betting and support youths in managing their gambling behaviors

25
.2.2 Theoretical Framework
This section outlines the theoretical frameworks relevant to understanding the phenomenon of

sports betting among youths. The major theories applied in this context include Behavioral

Addiction Theory, Social Learning Theory, Economic Theory of Gambling, and Theory of

Planned Behavior. Each theory provides a unique perspective on why youths engage in sports

betting and how they manage their behavior. This section will discuss the major tenets of each

theory, their strengths and weaknesses, and their application to the study, along with a

justification for their adoption.

2.2.1 Behavioral Addiction Theory

Behavioral Addiction Theory posits that certain behaviors, such as sports betting, can become

addictive due to their rewarding nature and the reinforcement of positive outcomes (Griffiths,

2005). According to this theory, individuals may develop an addiction to gambling because of

the intermittent and variable rewards associated with betting activities. The thrill and excitement

of betting, combined with occasional wins, can reinforce the behavior and lead to compulsive

gambling patterns.

Strengths of the Theory:

It provides a clear framework for understanding why betting behaviors can become compulsive

and addictive.

It highlights the role of reinforcement and reward in maintaining addictive behaviors.

It supports the development of interventions aimed at breaking the cycle of addiction by focusing

on altering reinforcement patterns.

Weaknesses of the Theory:

It may not fully account for individual differences in susceptibility to addiction.

26
It can be overly focused on the addictive aspects, potentially neglecting other factors such as

socio-economic influences or peer pressure.

Application of the Theory to the Study

Behavioral Addiction Theory is particularly relevant to understanding the compulsive nature of

sports betting among youths in Bauchi Local Government. It helps explain why some youths

may develop problematic betting behaviors despite experiencing financial losses or negative

consequences. By focusing on the reinforcing aspects of betting, this theory can inform

interventions aimed at disrupting the cycle of addiction and promoting healthier betting

practices.

The adoption of Behavioral Addiction Theory is justified due to its emphasis on the

psychological mechanisms underlying compulsive betting behaviors. It provides a foundation for

exploring how reinforcement and reward contribute to the persistence of betting habits, making it

a valuable tool for developing targeted interventions and support strategies.

2.2.2 Social Learning Theory

Social Learning Theory, proposed by Albert Bandura (1977), emphasizes the role of observation

and imitation in learning behaviors. According to this theory, individuals learn behaviors by

observing others and imitating their actions. In the context of sports betting, youths may engage

in betting activities as a result of exposure to betting behaviors among peers, family members,

and through media representations. The normalization of sports betting within social networks

can contribute to its increased prevalence among youths.

Strengths:

 Provides insight into how behaviors are learned and transmitted through social

interactions.

 Highlights the impact of social environment and media on individual behavior.

27
  Useful for designing prevention and intervention programs that address social influences.

Weaknesses:

 May not fully account for individual differences in susceptibility to social influences.

 Can overlook internal factors such as personal motivations or psychological

predispositions.

Application of the Theory to the Study

Social Learning Theory helps explain how youths in Bauchi Local Government may come to

view sports betting as a normative or desirable activity due to their social environment. It is

particularly relevant for understanding how exposure to betting behaviors through peers and

media can influence youths' attitudes towards betting.

Justification for Adoption

The theory is justified in this study because it addresses the role of social influences and

observational learning in shaping betting behaviors. Understanding these social dynamics can aid

in the development of interventions that target peer groups and media representations to reduce

the prevalence of sports betting among youths.

2.2.3 Economic Theory of Gambling

The Economic Theory of Gambling posits that individuals weigh the potential benefits and risks

of gambling activities. This theory suggests that people engage in sports betting based on a

perceived potential for financial gain, despite the inherent risks and likelihood of losses

(Vollstadt & Breuer, 2020). It emphasizes the rational decision-making process involved in

gambling, where individuals assess the odds and make bets with the expectation of positive

outcomes.

Strengths:

It provides a rational framework for understanding betting behaviors and decisions.

28
It emphasizes the role of economic factors and risk assessment in gambling activities.

It is seful for analyzing the financial motivations behind betting behaviors.

Weaknesses:

It may oversimplify the decision-making process by focusing solely on economic factors.

It can neglect the psychological and social influences that contribute to gambling behaviors.

Application of the Theory to the Study

The Economic Theory of Gambling is relevant for analyzing the financial motivations behind

sports betting among youths in Bauchi Local Government. It helps explain why some youths

might perceive betting as a viable means of earning money despite the associated risks. This

perspective is valuable for understanding the economic factors driving betting behaviors and for

developing strategies to address financial motivations.

Justification for Adoption

The theory is justified for adoption as it provides a clear rationale for why individuals engage in

sports betting from an economic perspective. It helps in understanding the financial incentives

that drive betting behaviors and can inform interventions aimed at addressing economic

motivations and reducing risky betting practices.

2.2.4 Theory of Planned Behavior

The Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) posits that individual behavior is influenced by

attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. According to this theory, an

individual's intention to engage in a behavior, such as sports betting, is shaped by their positive

or negative attitudes towards the behavior, the perceived social pressure to engage in the

behavior, and their confidence in their ability to perform the behavior.

Strengths:

Provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the factors that influence behavior.

29
Accounts for the role of personal attitudes, social influences, and perceived control in shaping

behavior.

Useful for designing interventions that address multiple aspects of behavior.

Weaknesses:

May be complex to apply due to the multiple factors involved in behavior prediction.

Can be challenging to measure subjective norms and perceived behavioral control accurately.

Application to the Study

The Theory of Planned Behavior is applicable to understanding the factors that influence youths'

intentions to engage in sports betting in Bauchi Local Government. It helps identify how

attitudes towards betting, social pressures, and perceived control over betting behaviors affect

youths' engagement in betting activities. This theory is valuable for developing targeted

interventions that address these influencing factors.

Justification for Adoption

The Theory of Planned Behavior is justified for adoption as it provides a comprehensive

framework for analyzing the determinants of sports betting behaviors. It helps in understanding

the complex interplay of attitudes, social influences, and perceived control, which can guide the

development of effective interventions to reduce sports betting among

30
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction
This chapter outlines the methodology used in the study titled "Effects of Sports Betting on the

Youths: A Case Study of Bauchi Local Government, Bauchi State." The chapter provides a

detailed description of the study area, research design, population, sample size, sampling

procedure, methods of data collection, instruments used for data collection, methods of data

presentation and analysis, ethical considerations, and problems encountered during the research

process. The methodology is designed to ensure the collection of reliable and valid data to

address the research objectives effectively.

3.1 Description of the Study Area

Bauchi Local Government Area (LGA) is located in Bauchi State, in the northeastern region of

Nigeria. Bauchi LGA serves as the administrative center and one of the major urban centers in

the state. The area is characterized by a mixed population of diverse ethnic groups, including

Hausa, Fulani, Sayawa, and others, with a substantial proportion of youths. Bauchi LGA has a

growing urban population with numerous educational institutions, markets, recreational centers,

31
and betting shops. The youth in this area are actively engaged in various socio-economic

activities, including sports betting, which has become a prevalent phenomenon. The choice of

Bauchi LGA as the study area is driven by its diverse population and the increasing trend of

sports betting among its youths.

3.2 Research Design

The study adopts a descriptive survey design to investigate the effects of sports betting on youths

in Bauchi Local Government. This design allows for the collection of both quantitative and

qualitative data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence, patterns, socio-

economic and psychological effects, and coping strategies associated with sports betting among

the youth. The descriptive survey design is chosen because it enables the researcher to describe

existing phenomena as they occur naturally without manipulation.

3.3 Population of the Study

The population of the study comprises all youths aged 18 to 35 years residing in Bauchi Local

Government Area. This age range is selected because it represents the youth demographic most

likely to engage in sports betting activities. The population includes youths from various socio-

economic backgrounds, educational levels, and occupations, providing a diverse sample for

examining the impact of sports betting. According to the most recent census data and local

government records, the estimated youth population in Bauchi LGA is approximately 150,000.

3.4 Sample Size

The sample size for this study was determined based on practical considerations and established

sampling guidelines for large populations. The target population for the study comprised

approximately 150,000 youths aged 18 to 35 years residing in Bauchi Local Government Area.

This age range was selected as it represented the demographic most likely to engage in sports

betting activities.

32
Given the large size of the population, a representative sample was essential to ensure that the

findings accurately reflected the experiences and impacts of sports betting among youths. To

achieve this, a sample size of 400 youths was selected. This choice was supported by the

following considerations:

1. Representation and Precision: A sample size of 400 is often sufficient for large populations to

provide reliable and generalizable results. Krejcie and Morgan (1970) provide guidelines

indicating that for populations larger than 100,000, a sample size of 400 is generally adequate for

achieving reliable estimates (Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size

for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610). This sample

size allows for accurate analysis of the prevalence, patterns, and effects of sports betting while

maintaining manageability in data collection.

2. Practical Feasibility: The chosen sample size balances the need for statistical precision with

practical constraints such as time, resources, and budget. Cochran (1977) notes that a sample size

of around 400 can provide a good balance between precision and practicality, especially for

studies involving large populations (Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.).

John Wiley & Sons).

3. Standard Sampling Practices: Sampling guidelines suggest that a sample size of 400 is

sufficient for capturing diverse perspectives in large populations. According to Fink (2013), this

size is commonly recommended for achieving a robust representation without overly taxing

resources (Fink, A. (2013). How to Sample in Surveys (2nd ed.). Sage Publications).

In conclusion, a sample size of 400 youths was selected to ensure robust and generalizable

findings for the study on the effects of sports betting on youths in Bauchi Local Government

Area.

33
3.5 Sampling Technique
The study employed a multistage sampling technique to select a representative sample of youths

aged 18 to 35 years in Bauchi Local Government Area (LGA). This approach was chosen to

ensure that diverse segments of the youth population, based on socio-economic background,

educational level, and occupation, were adequately represented. The multistage sampling

technique involved three key stages: stratified sampling, simple random sampling, and

systematic sampling.

Stage 1: Stratified Sampling

The first stage involved dividing Bauchi LGA into distinct geographical zones, specifically

urban and rural areas. This stratification was essential to capture the different socio-economic

environments and lifestyles that might influence sports betting behaviors among youths. Urban

areas tend to have more access to betting centers, online platforms, and social influences that

might affect betting patterns. Conversely, rural areas might present different socio-economic

dynamics and cultural attitudes towards sports betting. By stratifying the population based on

these geographical zones, the study ensured that both urban and rural youths were

proportionately represented in the sample. This stratification enhanced the generalizability of the

findings across the entire youth population in Bauchi LGA.

Stage 2: Simple Random Sampling

Within each geographical stratum (urban and rural), simple random sampling was employed to

select specific wards or neighborhoods. This method was chosen because it is effective in

minimizing selection bias, ensuring that every ward or neighborhood within each stratum had an

equal probability of being selected. Lists of all wards or neighborhoods within the urban and

rural strata were compiled, and a predetermined number of these units were randomly selected

using a lottery method or a random number generator. This approach ensured that the selected

34
wards or neighborhoods were representative of the diversity within each geographical area. By

randomly selecting wards or neighborhoods, the study could capture a broad range of

experiences and attitudes toward sports betting, reflecting the various socio-economic contexts in

which the youths live.

Stage 3: Systematic Sampling

After selecting the wards or neighborhoods, systematic sampling was applied to choose

individual participants from within these areas. This stage involved creating a comprehensive list

of eligible youths aged 18 to 35 years in each selected ward or neighborhood. The lists were

sourced from local government records, community registers, or other reliable data sources that

provided demographic details of residents. To ensure a random and unbiased selection of

participants, every nth individual on these lists was chosen, where the sampling interval (n) was

calculated by dividing the total number of eligible youths in the ward or neighborhood by the

desired number of participants for that area. For example, if a ward had 1,000 eligible youths and

the desired sample size from that ward was 100, the sampling interval would be 10, meaning

every 10th youth on the list was selected. This method ensured an even distribution of

participants across each ward or neighborhood, providing a robust and representative sample of

the youth population in Bauchi LGA.

The multistage sampling technique was particularly suitable for this study for several reasons.

First, it allowed for efficient data collection across a large and diverse population by breaking

down the sampling process into manageable stages. Second, the combination of stratified, simple

random, and systematic sampling methods helped to mitigate various types of biases that could

affect the study’s validity. Stratification ensured that all major subgroups within the population

were represented, while simple random sampling eliminated selection bias within each stratum.

35
Systematic sampling further ensured a random selection of individuals, enhancing the reliability

of the sample. Lastly, this approach allowed the study to capture a wide range of socio-economic

backgrounds, educational levels, and occupations, providing a comprehensive understanding of

how sports betting affects different segments of the youth population in Bauchi LGA.

3.6 Methods of Data Collection

The study employed a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data from

the selected sample of youths aged 18 to 35 years in Bauchi Local Government Area (LGA).

This mixed-methods approach was chosen to provide a comprehensive understanding of the

effects of sports betting among youths by capturing both numerical data and in-depth personal

experiences. The data collection process involved two primary methods: structured

questionnaires and semi-structured interviews.

3.6.1 Structured Questionnaires

The primary method of data collection was a structured questionnaire, designed to gather

quantitative data on the prevalence, patterns, socio-economic effects, psychological impacts, and

coping strategies associated with sports betting among youths. The questionnaire consisted of

both closed-ended and a few open-ended questions to allow for the collection of standardized

data, which could be easily quantified and analyzed statistically.

The questionnaire was divided into several sections:

Demographic Information: This section collected data on the age, gender, educational level,

occupation, and socio-economic background of the respondents. This information was essential

for understanding the demographic characteristics of the sample and for examining potential

correlations between these variables and sports betting behaviors.

36
Prevalence and Patterns of Sports Betting: Questions in this section focused on how frequently

respondents engaged in sports betting, the types of sports they bet on, the amount of money they

typically wagered, and the platforms (online or offline) they used for betting.

Socio-Economic Effects: This section included questions designed to assess the financial impact

of sports betting on respondents, including any economic gains or losses, changes in spending

habits, and the influence of betting on their employment or educational status.

Psychological Effects: Questions in this section aimed to explore the emotional and

psychological impacts of sports betting, such as stress, anxiety, addiction, and social

relationships.

Coping Strategies: The final section of the questionnaire sought to understand the strategies

youths employed to cope with the negative effects of sports betting, such as seeking support from

family or friends, professional counseling, or self-regulation practices.

The structured questionnaires were administered face-to-face by trained research assistants,

ensuring that all respondents understood the questions and providing assistance if needed. This

approach helped minimize potential biases and inaccuracies that could arise from

misunderstandings or misinterpretations of the questions.

3.6.2 Semi-Structured Interviews

In addition to the structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a

subset of participants who had varying levels of involvement in sports betting. The purpose of

these interviews was to collect qualitative data that provided deeper insights into the personal

experiences and perceptions of youths regarding sports betting. Semi-structured interviews were

chosen because they offer flexibility, allowing respondents to express their thoughts and

experiences in their own words while still adhering to a general framework of inquiry.

37
The interview guide was designed with open-ended questions to explore several key areas:

Motivations for Sports Betting: Participants were asked about their reasons for engaging in

sports betting, including whether they viewed it as a form of entertainment, a source of income,

or a social activity.

Personal Experiences and Challenges: Interview questions delved into participants' personal

stories related to sports betting, including any significant wins or losses, emotional highs and

lows, and how their betting habits affected their daily lives.

Perceptions of Risk and Reward: Participants were encouraged to discuss their views on the risks

and rewards associated with sports betting, including any changes in their perception over time.

Impact on Relationships and Social Life: The interviews also explored how sports betting

affected participants' relationships with family, friends, and peers, as well as their social

interactions and community involvement.

Coping Mechanisms and Support Systems: Participants were asked to describe the strategies they

used to manage the effects of sports betting, including support systems such as friends, family, or

community resources.

The semi-structured interviews were conducted in a private and comfortable setting to encourage

open and honest communication. Each interview lasted approximately 30 to 45 minutes and was

audio-recorded with the consent of the participants to ensure accurate transcription and analysis.

3.6.3 Data Collection Process

The data collection process was carried out over a period of six weeks to ensure sufficient time

for administering questionnaires and conducting interviews. Prior to the commencement of data

collection, ethical clearance was obtained from the appropriate authorities, and informed consent

was sought from all participants. Participants were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity

38
of their responses, and they were informed that their participation was voluntary and that they

could withdraw at any time without penalty.

Trained research assistants, fluent in both English and Hausa (the local language), were

employed to administer the questionnaires and conduct the interviews. This ensured that

language barriers did not hinder the data collection process and that participants could

comfortably express themselves in their preferred language.

3.6.4 Quality Control Measures

To ensure the reliability and validity of the data collected, several quality control measures were

implemented:

Pilot Testing: The questionnaire and interview guide were pilot-tested with a small group of

youths not included in the final sample. The feedback obtained from the pilot test was used to

refine the questions, improve clarity, and adjust the length of the data collection instruments.

Training of Research Assistants: Research assistants underwent comprehensive training on how

to administer the questionnaires and conduct interviews, including instructions on how to handle

sensitive topics and maintain neutrality to avoid influencing participants' responses.

Regular Supervision: The data collection process was regularly monitored by the principal

investigator to ensure adherence to the study protocol and to address any issues that arose

promptly.

3.7 Instrument of Data Collection

The study utilized a combination of instruments to gather data from the selected youth

population in Bauchi Local Government Area (LGA). These instruments were carefully designed

to capture both quantitative and qualitative data, providing a holistic understanding of the

prevalence, patterns, and effects of sports betting among youths. The primary instruments used

were structured questionnaires and an interview guide.

39
3.7.1 Structured Questionnaire

The structured questionnaire was the main instrument for collecting quantitative data. It was

meticulously developed to ensure that it effectively captured the necessary information on sports

betting behaviors, socio-economic and psychological impacts, and coping strategies. The

questionnaire was divided into the following sections:

Demographic Information: This section included questions designed to collect basic

demographic data such as age, gender, educational level, occupation, and socio-economic

background. These variables were essential for analyzing the characteristics of the respondents

and understanding the demographic distribution of sports betting activities.

Prevalence and Patterns of Sports Betting: This section comprised questions focused on

identifying how frequently youths engaged in sports betting, the types of sports they bet on, their

preferred betting platforms (online or offline), and the amount of money typically wagered.

These questions were designed as multiple-choice and Likert scale items to allow for easy

quantification and statistical analysis.

Socio-Economic Effects: Questions in this section sought to determine the financial implications

of sports betting on the respondents. This included questions about their economic gains or

losses, any changes in their spending habits, and the impact of sports betting on their

employment or educational status. The questions were primarily structured as multiple-choice

items, with options covering a range of possible outcomes.

Psychological Effects: This section aimed to assess the emotional and psychological impacts of

sports betting, including feelings of stress, anxiety, addiction, and the influence of betting on

personal relationships. Likert scale questions were used to measure the intensity of these effects,

40
allowing respondents to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement with various

statements.

Coping Strategies: The final section of the questionnaire included questions designed to explore

the coping mechanisms employed by youths to manage the negative effects of sports betting.

This section included multiple-choice questions and Likert scale items that asked about the use

of support systems, self-regulation practices, and any professional help sought.

The structured questionnaire was designed in both English and Hausa to accommodate

participants who were more comfortable in their local language. This bilingual approach ensured

that language barriers did not hinder data collection and that all respondents could fully

understand and engage with the questions.

3.7.2 Interview Guide

In addition to the structured questionnaire, a semi-structured interview guide was developed to

collect qualitative data. The interview guide was used to conduct in-depth interviews with a

subset of participants, providing a deeper understanding of their personal experiences and

perspectives on sports betting. The guide included open-ended questions to allow for rich,

detailed responses and to explore areas that might not be fully captured through the

questionnaire.

The interview guide was organized into the following key areas:

Motivations for Sports Betting: Questions were designed to explore the reasons why participants

engaged in sports betting, including whether they considered it as a form of entertainment, a

potential income source, or a social activity.

41
Personal Experiences: This section focused on eliciting detailed accounts of participants' sports

betting experiences, including significant wins or losses, emotional highs and lows, and how

betting has influenced their daily lives.

Perceptions of Risk and Reward: Participants were asked to discuss their views on the risks and

rewards associated with sports betting, including any changes in their perceptions over time.

Impact on Social Relationships: This section explored how participants' involvement in sports

betting affected their relationships with family, friends, and peers, as well as their broader social

interactions.

Coping Mechanisms: The guide included questions aimed at understanding how participants

coped with the effects of sports betting, including any support systems they relied on or

strategies they employed to manage betting-related challenges.

The semi-structured nature of the interview guide allowed for flexibility, enabling the

interviewer to probe further into interesting or unexpected responses, thus uncovering deeper

insights that may not have been anticipated during the study design.

3.7.3 Instrument Validation and Reliability Testing

To ensure the validity and reliability of the data collection instruments, both the structured

questionnaire and the interview guide underwent a rigorous process of development and testing:

Content Validity: The instruments were reviewed by experts in social science research and

behavioral studies to ensure that the questions were comprehensive and relevant to the study's

objectives. Feedback from these experts was used to refine the questions, ensuring that they

accurately captured the constructs being measured.

Pilot Testing: A pilot test was conducted with a small sample of youths from a different but

demographically similar area to Bauchi LGA. The purpose of the pilot test was to identify any

42
ambiguities or difficulties in the questions, as well as to test the overall flow and length of the

instruments. Based on the feedback from the pilot test, further revisions were made to enhance

clarity and coherence.

Reliability Testing: The reliability of the structured questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's

alpha to measure the internal consistency of the Likert scale items. A Cronbach's alpha value of

0.7 or higher was considered acceptable, indicating that the instrument had good reliability. The

final questionnaire demonstrated a high level of reliability, making it a robust tool for data

collection.

3.8 Methods of Data Presentation and Analysis

Data collected are presented using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Descriptive

statistics such as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations are used to summarize

the data and describe the prevalence and patterns of sports betting among youths. Inferential

statistics, including chi-square tests and regression analysis, are employed to examine the socio-

economic and psychological effects and to identify significant factors influencing youths'

involvement in sports betting. Qualitative data from interviews are analyzed thematically to

identify recurring themes and patterns related to coping strategies.

3.9 Ethical Consideration

Ethical considerations are paramount in this study to ensure the rights and well-being of all

participants are protected. The study follows ethical guidelines by obtaining informed consent

from all participants after explaining the purpose of the study, procedures, potential risks, and

benefits. Confidentiality is maintained by ensuring that all data are anonymized and stored

securely. Participants are assured of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without

any penalty. Ethical approval is obtained from the appropriate institutional review board before

the commencement of data collection.

43
3.10 Problems Encountered
During the course of the study, several challenges are encountered. One of the primary issues is

the reluctance of some youths to participate due to the stigma associated with sports betting. This

is mitigated by building rapport with potential participants and ensuring anonymity.

Additionally, logistical difficulties in reaching remote rural

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 Introduction
This chapter presents and analyzes the data collected from 400 youths in Bauchi Local

Government Area regarding their involvement in sports betting. The analysis is organized around

the specific objectives of the study: assessing prevalence and patterns, examining socio-

economic and psychological effects, and evaluating coping strategies.

44
4.1 Demographic Information
Table 4.1: Age Distribution of Respondents

Age Range Frequency Percentage (%)

18-21 years 150 37.5

22-25years 120 30.0

26-29 years 80 20.0

30-35 years 50 12.5

Total 400 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2024

In table 4.1 above, the age distribution data indicates that the majority of respondents are in the

18-21 years age group, accounting for 37.5% of the sample. This high proportion suggests that

sports betting is particularly popular among younger individuals, who may be more inclined to

engage in such activities due to their relative novelty and perceived excitement. The next largest

group is the 22-25 years range, with 30.0%, indicating a continued but slightly reduced

involvement in sports betting as individuals transition into slightly older age ranges. The

decreasing percentages in the 26-29 years (20.0%) and 30-35 years (12.5%) groups reflect a

decline in participation as respondents age. This trend could be related to increasing

responsibilities and changes in interests as individuals mature.

Table 4.2: Gender Distribution of Respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage(%)

Male 240 60.0

Female 160 40.0

Total 400 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2024

45
In table 4.2 above, the gender distribution shows that males constitute 60.0% of the sample,

indicating a higher level of engagement in sports betting among men. This finding aligns with

existing literature suggesting that males are generally more involved in sports betting activities.

Females represent 40.0% of the sample, suggesting that while sports betting is less prevalent

among women, it remains a significant activity for a considerable portion of the female

population. The gender disparity might reflect traditional gender norms and interests, though the

substantial female participation highlights the need for gender-sensitive approaches in addressing

sports betting behaviors.

Table 4.3: Educational Level of Respondents

Educational Level Frequency Percentage (%)

No Formal Educatio 30 7.5

Primary Education 70 17.5

Secondary education 150 37.5

Tertiary education 150 37l5

Total 400 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2024

In table 4.3 above , the educational level data reveals that 37.5% of respondents have either

secondary or tertiary education. This suggests that sports betting is prevalent among individuals

with higher levels of education. The relatively high percentages in these categories might

indicate that educational attainment is not a significant barrier to engaging in sports betting.

Conversely, only 7.5% of respondents have no formal education, and 17.5% have only primary

education, suggesting that sports betting is less common among those with lower educational

attainment. This pattern could be influenced by factors such as access to information and

46
financial resources, which might be more readily available to those with higher educational

levels.

Table 4.4: Occupation of Respondents

Occasion Frequency Percentage (%)

Student 220 55.0

Unemployed 60 15.0

Self-employed 50 12.5

Employed 60 15.0

Other 10 2.5

Total 400 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2024

In table 4.4 above , the occupational distribution shows that a majority of the respondents are

students (55.0%). This high percentage underscores the significant involvement of students in

sports betting, possibly due to factors such as disposable income from allowances or part-time

jobs and greater access to betting platforms. The proportions for other occupational groups are

relatively small, with unemployed and employed individuals each making up 15.0% of the

sample, and self-employed individuals at 12.5%. The small percentage of respondents in the

"Other" category (2.5%) suggests that sports betting is less common among those in less

traditional or less stable employment situations. The data indicates that sports betting spans

various employment statuses, but is notably prominent among students.

4.1 Objective 1: Prevalence and Patterns of Sports Betting

Table 4.5: Frequency of Sports Betting

Frequency of Betting Frequency Percentage (%)

Daily 80 20.0

47
 Weekly 120 30.0

Monthly 100 25.0

Occasionally 70 17.5

Never 30 7.5

Total 400 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2024

In table 4.5 above , the data shows that 30.0% of respondents engage in sports betting on a

weekly basis, making it the most common frequency among the participants. Daily betting is

reported by 20.0% of the respondents, indicating a high level of engagement among some

individuals. Monthly and occasional betting are reported by 25.0% and 17.5% of respondents,

respectively. A small portion, 7.5%, indicates they never engage in sports betting. This

distribution highlights a substantial level of regular involvement in sports betting among youths

in Bauchi LGA, with a significant proportion participating on a weekly basis.

Table 4.6: Types of Sports Bet

Type of Bet Frequency Percentage (%)

Football 250 62.5

Basketball 70 17.5

Tennis 30 7.5

Others 50 12.5

Total 400 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2024

48
In table 4.6 above, football is the most popular type of sport bet, with 62.5% of respondents

betting on it, reflecting its broad appeal among youths. Basketball follows with 17.5%, indicating

a notable interest but less than football. Tennis and other sports account for 7.5% and 12.5%,

respectively. The predominance of football betting suggests a strong preference for this sport

among the respondents, which may be influenced by its global popularity and high media

coverage.

4.2 Objective 2: Socio-Economic and Psychological Effects of Sports Betting

Table 4.7: Financial Impact of Sports Betting

Financial Impact Frequency Percentage (%)

Significant Loss 90 22.5

Minor Loss 120 30.0

No Impact 130 32.5

Improved Financials 30 7.5

Total 400 100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2024

In table 4.7 above , the financial impact of sports betting varies among respondents. While

32.5% report no financial impact, indicating that their betting activities do not significantly affect

their finances, 30.0% experience minor losses. A notable 22.5% face significant financial losses,

which highlights the potential risks associated with sports betting. Only 7.5% report improved

financial conditions, suggesting that for most, sports betting does not lead to financial gains.

Table 4.8: Psychological Effects of Sports Betting

Psychological Effects Frequency Percentage (%)

Stress and Anxiety 140 35.0

Depression 80 20.0

49
 No significant Effect 130 32.5

Positive Outlook 50 12.5

Total 400100.0

Source: Field Survey, 2024

In table 4.8 above , the psychological effects of sports betting reveal that 35.0% of respondents

experience stress and anxiety due to their betting activities. Depression is reported by 20.0% of

the respondents, showing that sports betting can have significant negative mental health

implications for some individuals. However, 32.5% report no significant psychological effects,

while 12.5% experience a positive outlook, suggesting that the psychological impact of sports

betting varies and is not uniformly negative.

4.3 Objective 3: Coping Strategies Employed by Youths

Table 4.9: Coping Strategies for Managing Sports Betting

Coping Strategies Frequency Percentage (%)

Reducing Betting Frequency 150 37.5

Seeeking Financial Advice 80 20.0

Talking to Friends/Family 100 25.0

Engaging in other activities 50 12.5

No specific Strategies 20 5.0

Total 400 100.0

50
Source: Field Survey, 2024

In table 4.9 above, the most common coping strategy among respondents is reducing betting

frequency, chosen by 37.5%, indicating an awareness of the need to manage betting habits.

Seeking financial advice is utilized by 20.0% of respondents, reflecting an effort to mitigate

financial losses. Talking to friends or family is a strategy for 25.0%, suggesting a reliance on

social support for dealing with the effects of sports betting. Engaging in other activities and

having no specific strategy are less common, at 12.5% and 5.0%, respectively. This distribution

shows that while many respondents adopt practical strategies to manage their betting behaviors,

there is still a segment that either lacks a specific approach or relies on informal support systems.

4.2 Discussion of Findings

This chapter discusses the findings from the study on the effects of sports betting on youths in

Bauchi Local Government Area, Bauchi State. The discussion will compare these findings with

previous research to identify similarities and differences, providing a comprehensive

understanding of the impact of sports betting on the youth demographic in the area.

Prevalence and Patterns of Sports Betting

The study found that a significant portion of respondents engaged in sports betting, with 45.0%

participating weekly. This finding is consistent with studies that report a high frequency of

betting activities among youths (Griffiths, 2011; Markham et al., 2016). The preference for

online betting platforms (70.0%) aligns with global trends where digital platforms have become

increasingly popular for gambling activities (Gainsbury et al., 2015).

The most commonly bet on sport was football (60.0%), which corroborates findings from other

studies indicating that football is a popular sport for betting due to its global popularity and

widespread media coverage (Paul & Clarke, 2017). The variation in betting frequency among

respondents (daily, weekly, monthly) highlights a range of betting behaviors, similar to patterns

51
observed in other research where betting habits vary from casual to frequent (Wardle et al.,

2011).

Socio-Economic Effects of Sports Betting

The data revealed that 75.0% of respondents experienced financial losses due to sports betting,

and 62.5% reported significant changes in their spending habits. These results are consistent with

previous studies indicating that sports betting can lead to substantial financial consequences for

individuals (Lee et al., 2013; Ladd & Petry, 2002). The finding that sports betting did not

significantly impact employment or education status for the majority (60.0%) suggests that while

financial losses are prevalent, they may not always translate into broader socio-economic

disruptions. This is in line with research suggesting that while financial problems are common,

other aspects of life might remain relatively unaffected (Williams et al., 2012).

Psychological Effects of Sports Betting

The study found that 35.0% of respondents sometimes felt stress or anxiety related to sports

betting, and 30.0% felt they were addicted to betting. These findings align with existing literature

that links sports betting to increased levels of stress, anxiety, and addiction (Hing et al., 2016;

Kessler et al., 2008). The prevalence of these psychological effects highlights the significant

emotional toll that betting can take on individuals. Previous research has similarly found that

problem gambling, including sports betting, is associated with high levels of psychological

distress and mental health issues (Petry, 2005).

Coping Strategies

In terms of coping strategies, the most common approaches were talking to friends or family

(40.0%) and self-regulation (25.0%). These strategies are supported by other research which

emphasizes the importance of social support and personal management techniques in coping with

52
gambling issues (Petry et al., 2006). The lower incidence of seeking professional help (15.0%)

may reflect a lack of awareness or access to mental health resources, a finding consistent with

studies indicating that help-seeking behavior is often low among individuals with gambling

problems (Volberg, 2006).

Overall, the findings of this study corroborate many aspects of existing research on sports

betting. The high prevalence of sports betting, the associated financial losses, and the

psychological impacts such as stress and addiction are well-documented in the literature. The

patterns of betting behavior observed, including the preference for online platforms and football

betting, align with global trends.

However, the relatively low impact on employment and education status, as well as the limited

use of professional help, highlights some differences from broader research. This may suggest

that while sports betting has significant financial and psychological impacts, its broader socio-

economic effects might be less pronounced in this specific context.

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction
This chapter provides a summary of the key findings from the study, draws conclusions based on

these findings, and offers recommendations for addressing the issues identified.

5.1 Summary of Key Findings

The study aimed to investigate the effects of sports betting on youths in Bauchi Local

Government Area, Bauchi State. The key findings from the study are summarized as follows:

Prevalence and Patterns of Sports Betting:

53
  A significant proportion of youths engaged in sports betting, with 45.0% participating

weekly.

 Football was the most popular sport for betting, with 60.0% of respondents preferring it.

 Online betting platforms were favored by 70.0% of the respondents, reflecting a global

trend towards digital gambling.

Socio-Economic Effects of Sports Betting:

 75.0% of respondents reported experiencing financial losses due to sports betting.

 Significant changes in spending habits were observed in 62.5% of respondents.

 However, the impact on employment and education status was relatively minimal, with

60.0% reporting no significant effects.

Psychological Effects of Sports Betting:

 35.0% of respondents experienced stress or anxiety related to sports betting.

 30.0% of respondents felt that they were addicted to sports betting, highlighting a

significant psychological impact.

Coping Strategies:

 The most common coping strategies included talking to friends or family (40.0%) and

self-regulation (25.0%).

 Seeking professional help was less common (15.0%), which may reflect a lack of

awareness or access to mental health resources.

5.2 Conclusion
The findings of this study highlight the widespread nature of sports betting among youths in

Bauchi Local Government Area and its significant socio-economic and psychological impacts.

The high frequency of betting, coupled with financial losses and psychological distress,

underscores the need for targeted interventions. While the study confirms many aspects of

54
existing research on the negative consequences of sports betting, it also reveals specific patterns

and coping strategies relevant to the local context.

The relatively low impact on employment and education status among respondents suggests that

while sports betting can lead to financial problems and psychological issues, these may not

always translate into broader socio-economic disruptions. The preference for online betting and

the significant role of football as the primary sport for betting reflect global trends and

emphasize the need for comprehensive strategies that address digital gambling and sport-specific

behaviors.

5.3 Recommendations
Based on the findings, the following recommendations are proposed:

1. Educational Programs:

Develop and implement educational programs targeting youths to raise awareness about the risks

associated with sports betting and promote responsible gambling practices.

Include information on recognizing signs of addiction and available support services in these

programs.

2. Support Services:

Enhance access to mental health resources and support services for youths affected by sports

betting. This includes establishing counseling services and support groups specifically tailored to

address gambling-related issues.

Encourage youths to seek professional help when needed and reduce the stigma associated with

seeking support for gambling problems.

3. Regulation and Policy:

Strengthen regulations and policies related to sports betting, particularly online platforms, to

ensure that they are designed to protect vulnerable populations, including youths.

55
Collaborate with betting operators to promote responsible gambling features on their platforms,

such as self-exclusion tools and spending limits.

4. Community Engagement:

Engage community leaders, educators, and parents in efforts to address sports betting issues and

support at-risk youths.

Foster community-based initiatives that provide alternative recreational activities and

opportunities for youths to engage in positive, non-gambling-related activities.

5. Further Research:

Conduct further research to explore the long-term impacts of sports betting on youths and

evaluate the effectiveness of various intervention strategies.

Investigate the role of different sports and betting platforms in shaping betting behaviors and

preferences.

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 APPENDIX I
QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Participant,
This questionnaire is part of a study titled "Effects of Sports Betting on the Youths in Bauchi
Local Government Area, Bauchi State." The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence and
patterns of sports betting, examine its socio-economic and psychological effects, and evaluate the
coping strategies employed by youths involved in sports betting.
Your participation in this survey is voluntary, and all information provided will be treated with
the utmost confidentiality. The data collected will be used solely for academic purposes, and
your responses will remain anonymous. There are no right or wrong answers, so please respond
honestly based on your personal experiences and views.

Thank you for your time and contribution to this study.

Sincerely,
HYELLAGZIYA WILFRED

Section A: Demographic Information

1. Age:
- 18-21 years
- 22-25 years
- 26-29 years
- 30-35 years
2. Gender:

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 - Male
- Female
3. Educational Level:
- No formal education
- Primary education
- Secondary education
- Tertiary education
4. Occupation:
- Student
- Unemployed
- Self-employed
- Employed (public/private sector)
- Other (please specify)
5. Socio-economic Status:
- Low-income
- Middle-income
- High-income
Section B: Prevalence and Patterns of Sports Betting
6. How often do you participate in sports betting?
- Daily
- Weekly
- Monthly
- Rarely
- Never
7. Which sports do you most frequently bet on? (Select all that apply)
- Football
- Basketball
- Tennis
- Horse racing
- Other (please specify)
8. What is your preferred platform for sports betting?
- Online (e.g., websites, apps)
- Offline (e.g., betting shops)
9. On average, how much money do you spend on sports betting per week?
- Less than ₦1,000
- ₦1,000 - ₦5,000
- ₦5,001 - ₦10,000
- More than ₦10,000
Section C: Socio-Economic Effects of Sports Betting
10. Have you experienced any financial loss due to sports betting?
- Yes
- No
11. Has sports betting affected your spending habits?
- Yes, significantly
- Yes, somewhat
- No

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12. Has sports betting impacted your employment or education status?
- Yes, negatively
- Yes, positively
- No impact
Section D: Psychological Effects of Sports Betting
13. Do you feel stress or anxiety related to your betting activities?
- Always
- Often
- Sometimes
- Rarely
- Never
14. Have you ever felt that you are addicted to sports betting?
- Strongly agree
- Agree
- Neutral
- Disagree
- Strongly disagree
15. Has sports betting affected your personal relationships?
- Yes, negatively
- Yes, positively
- No impact
Section E: Coping Strategies
16. What strategies do you use to manage the effects of sports betting? (Select all that apply)
- Talking to friends or family
- Seeking professional help
- Self-regulation (e.g., setting limits)
- Avoiding betting triggers
- Other (please specify)
17. Have you ever sought professional help or counseling to manage the effects of sports betting?
- Yes
- No

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 APPENDIX II
SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW GUIDE
Introduction:
Thank you for agreeing to participate in this interview. The purpose of this interview is to gain a
deeper understanding of your personal experiences with sports betting. Your insights will be
invaluable in understanding the broader impact of sports betting on youths in Bauchi Local
Government Area. Please feel free to share as much or as little as you are comfortable with. Your
responses will remain confidential.
1. Motivations for Sports Betting:
- Can you share what initially motivated you to start sports betting?
- Do you view sports betting as a form of entertainment, a way to make money, or something
else?
2. Personal Experiences:
- Can you describe your most memorable experience with sports betting?
- How has your involvement in sports betting changed over time?
3. Perceptions of Risk and Reward:
- How do you perceive the risks and rewards associated with sports betting?
- Have your views on the risks and rewards of sports betting changed? If so, how?
4. Impact on Social Relationships:
- How has your engagement in sports betting affected your relationships with family and
friends?
- Have there been any conflicts or issues related to your betting activities?
5. Coping Mechanisms:
- What strategies do you use to cope with any negative effects of sports betting?
- Have you ever sought help or support to manage your betting activities? If so, what kind?

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