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The document discusses the operational states of a power system, including normal, alert, emergency, and restorative states, and the controls necessary to maintain stability. It highlights the importance of managing power flows and the potential consequences of disturbances, such as overloads and cascading failures leading to blackouts. Additionally, it emphasizes the noninteraction property of power systems, which allows for localized analysis of disturbances and the role of controllers in maintaining normal state conditions.

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Teddy Pahlewi
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16 views1 page

w04-16_4

The document discusses the operational states of a power system, including normal, alert, emergency, and restorative states, and the controls necessary to maintain stability. It highlights the importance of managing power flows and the potential consequences of disturbances, such as overloads and cascading failures leading to blackouts. Additionally, it emphasizes the noninteraction property of power systems, which allows for localized analysis of disturbances and the role of controllers in maintaining normal state conditions.

Uploaded by

Teddy Pahlewi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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withluck, we couldoperate in this state indefinitely. The four Jacobian submatrices J , ...

J4 have as elements
However, by preventive controls (for example start-up of thepartialderivativescomputed in thenormalstate.The
reserve generators) we would seek to return the systemto its matrices are sparse.
normal state. We can write eq (20) in “component” fornx
Withthesystemstill in thealertstatesomeadditional
disturbance may occur, for example the tripping of a tie-line A P z J l A 6 + J , A I VI
or the loss of an additional generator. The resulting power
+ J , A l VAl Q z J 3 A 6 (2 1)
shift may then overload a line. The system remains intact,
i.e., “E” is still satisfied but “ I ” is negated. The system
now enters the emergency state. By means of emergency In a typical power networkthe impedance elements are
controls, we would now try to relieve the overload almost purely reactive which means that the angles yij of the
situation. For example, by lowering the bus voltages, one Ybus elements are close tof90”.In addition we seldom operate
would force a reduction in the loads (“brownouts”). with linepower angles, 6 j - t i i , above 30”. Underthese
Should the emergency controlsfail then the overloaded line circumstances it is easy to show that the submatrices J , and J4
must be tripped. We may then see a series of cascading events dominate over 52 and J3 and in a first approximation eq’s (21)

which may lead to the extremis state. Typically, the system thus canbe written in simpler form:
would nowbreakup into islands, each ofwhichwould be
operating attheir own frequencies. Both “E” and “I” are now APzJlA6
negated. Eachisland would typically be characterized by severe
power imbalance and“heroic” control measures like load AQ z J 4 A l V I (22)
shedding or generator tripping would be tried to saveas much as
In words: A change in the reactive bus power components
possible of the system. On rare occasions, however, the efforts
will result in changes in the bus voltage magnitudes with
might fail and the system would end up in a total “blackout.”
onlyminor effects
onthebusvoltage
phase angles.
The restorativestate involvesgeneratorrestarts,re- Similarly, changes in the real bus power components bring
synchronizationandgradualloadpickup.Thisisaslow about changes in bus voltage phase angles with very minor
process and can in severe cases last for hours and days. effects on the voltage magnitudes.
6. Normal State Control-A Noninteraction We make these additional important observations:
Property
1 . Assumethat we manipulatethebuspower at one bus,
Maintaining a power system in its normal state is a high #k,only. As a resultthevoltages of all buses will
priority control function. The job is made relatively simple change.Thechanges will be largestatbus k and
by noninteraction
a property
characterizing all
power diminish with the distance from this bus. However, all
systems. We presently discuss this property. changes AIVi( and a S i will be of the same polarity as
Considerasystem operating initsnormal state. Small AQk and A P k respectively. For example, if we increase
changes AP and AQ are now made in the control vectors p AQk thenthevoltagemagnitudes of a f f buses will
and Q. As a result the state vectors 6 and IVl will undergo increase with the largest increase measured at bus k .
small changes A6 and AlVl respectively. Eq’s(14) yield the 2 . The increments APk and AQk added at bus k will divide
followingrelationships
between
the
control
andstate and flow out on the nk lines terminating in bus k . At the
changes: ends of these lines there will be a further subdivision,
etc. Powerinjection at a bus thus dissipates as it flows
out in the network. This “dissipation effect” makes it
possible toanalyzephenomena in powersystems by
modelingonlythelocalportion of thenetwork.For
example, the Florida and California grids are electrically
interconnected, but anetworkdisturbance in Florida,
even amajorone, will have no measurableeffects in
California.

7. The Normal State Controllers


In sect. 4 we stated the four conditions that must be met
for the system to remain in its normal state. The obvious
way to maintain a perfect power balance at each bus would
for i = 1 .-, N
~
be to continuously keep the generated powers, PGi and QGi
Wecanwritetheselinearrelationships in thecompact in balance with the changing load powers PLiand QLi.This
vector-matrix form then would maintain allAPi and AQi at zero levels and thus
all busvoltages and line powers at constant values.
This, of course,isneitherdesirable nor possible. It is
undesirable because constant line powers would defeat the
real purpose of transmission lines which is to make possible
7

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