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The document discusses the Automatic Load-Frequency Control (ALFC) system, which consists of primary and secondary loops designed to maintain power balance in a generator network. The primary loop responds quickly to frequency changes, while the secondary loop addresses residual frequency errors and manages power interchange among network members. The functioning of these loops is crucial for ensuring stable operation and efficiency in power generation and distribution systems.

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Teddy Pahlewi
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7 views1 page

w04-16_6

The document discusses the Automatic Load-Frequency Control (ALFC) system, which consists of primary and secondary loops designed to maintain power balance in a generator network. The primary loop responds quickly to frequency changes, while the secondary loop addresses residual frequency errors and manages power interchange among network members. The functioning of these loops is crucial for ensuring stable operation and efficiency in power generation and distribution systems.

Uploaded by

Teddy Pahlewi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9. The Automatic Load-Frequency Control decrease will accelerate the unit.

In either case the


generator frequency will undergo a change, Af, which thus
Actually there is not one ALFC loop but two, designated becomes an indicator of the existing power unbalance.
“primary“ and “secondary“ in fig. 5. The purpose of both The ALFC loops are designed to maintain power balance
theseloopsis to achieverealpowerbalance, or “load by an appropriateadjustment of theturbinetorque. By
tracking,” in the system. Just asthe AVR loopachieves means of the “primary” loop a relatively fast but coarse
Q-balance by maintainingaconstantvoltage,the ALFC frequency control is achieved. Theresponsetime of this
loopsachieveP-balance by maintainingaconstantfre- loop is limited by the inherent speed of the turbine and is
quency. typically measured in seconds.
Thereisanimportantdifference,however.The AVR The “secondary” ALFC loop works in a slow reset mode
loopisable tomaintainperfectQ-balanceonly at those to eliminate the small frequency errors which still remain
buses that are voltage controlled. The ALFC loops maintain after the actionsof the primary loop. This loop also controls
primarily P-balance at the generator buses but because rhe the power interchange between poolmembers.We now look
frequencyis the samethroughout the systemthey thus at these two loops in more detail.
collectively, achieve P-balance on a system wide-basis.
To understand the functioningof the ALFC loopswe need 10. The Primary ALFC Loop-
to brieflyreviewthemechanismwherebythegenerator Mathematical Modeling
supplies power to the network. Consider thus the generator
The purpose of this loop is to achieve the fastest possible
in Fig. 5 to operate initsnormalstate.Itdeliversthe
adjustment of the turbine power in response to a change in
constant electrical power, PC’ megawatts, to the network. frequency. To this endthe speed governor measures
Through a rather intricate mechanism (ref. 3, chap. 4) the
continuously the frequency(or speed) and produces a power
generatorcurrentsand therotormagneticfieldcreatea
command, P C ,of the linear form
constant electro-mechanical decelerating torque TG’ which
is related to the generator power through the equation

PG O
TGO= 7
wrn (Ref. 3 gives hardware details)
Pre. is areferencepowersetting.Theconstant Kg has
isthemechanicalrotationalspeed
amo dimension MW/Hz. Its inverse value (Hz/MW) is referred
of theturbine-
generator expressed in radtsec. to as“regulation” andinforms of the staticdrop in
The turbine delivers a constant accelerating torque, TTo frequency as caused by increased power output. In USA the
which if expressed in turbine power, amounts to regulation is typically set at 5% meaning that the frequency
would drop 5% ( = 3 Hz) for a change in power between zero
PT’ = w, TTo ’ and full load.
Thecommand, AP,., is fed into a hydraulicamplifier
The torques T G o and TTo(and the powers P G o and P r o ) which causes a position change, A P v , of the steam control
are in complete balance and the speed andfrequency,P, are valve (or control gate in the case of a hydrogenerator).
thus constant. The hydraulic amplifier typically has a transfer function
This equilibrium is suddenly upset by an electrical load
change, A P G , (Fig. 5 ) dueeither to achange, AP,,
in the local load or a change, AP , , in the line* power or
both. The load incrementAPL due, for example,to an added
motor will be referred to as “new” load, in contrast to where the time constant TH lies in the range 0.1-0.2 sec’s.
changes in already connectedor “old” loads (see also Sect. The change in valve (or gate) opening translates in the
11C). As a result of these load changes the generator power turbine into a power increment, A P T .
changes instantaneously with the amount of AP,. Electrical We can now readily assemble the block diagram shown in
power balance requires that
Fig. 7. (Disregard for the time being the dotted portion.) The
portions labeled “network” and “turbine“ require further
elaboration.
In the moments following this electrical loadchange no 11. Network Dynamic Representation
change takes place in the turbine torque, and the turbine-
generator thus experiences a slight torque or power im- The turbine power, A P T , will be used for four different
purposes:
balance.
If the electrical load change is positive signifying a load 1 . To supply the demanded “new” load APL.
increase theturbine-generatorwill
decelerate.
Aload 2. To accelerate the turbine-generator, thus increasing the
kinetic energy, Wkin, of the unit.
*For simplicity we assume only one outgoing line in Fig. 5 . 3. To increase the powers in outgoing lines, i.e., A P , .

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