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 Contents
Preface xi
Applications Index xviii

Chapter 1 Statistics, Data, and Statistical Thinking 1

1.1 The Science of Statistics 2
1.2 Types of Statistical Applications 3
1.3 Fundamental Elements of Statistics 5
1.4 Types of Data 9
1.5 Collecting Data 11
1.6 The Role of Statistics in Critical Thinking and Ethics 14
Statistics in Action: Social Media Networks and the Millennial Generation 2
Using Technology: Accessing and Listing Data 22

Chapter 2 Methods for Describing Sets of Data 25

2.1 Describing Qualitative Data 27
2.2 Graphical Methods for Describing Quantitative Data 37
2.3 Summation Notation 49
2.4 Numerical Measures of Central Tendency 50
2.5 Numerical Measures of Variability 61
2.6 Interpreting the Standard Deviation 66
2.7 Numerical Measures of Relative Standing 73
2.8 Methods for Detecting Outliers: Box Plots and z-Scores 78
2.9 Graphing Bivariate Relationships (Optional) 87
2.10 Distorting the Truth with Descriptive Statistics 92
Statistics in Action: Body Image Dissatisfaction: Real or Imagined? 26
Using Technology: Describing Data 103

Chapter 3 Probability 106

3.1 Events, Sample Spaces, and Probability 108
3.2 Unions and Intersections 121
3.3 Complementary Events 124
3.4 The Additive Rule and Mutually Exclusive Events 126
3.5 Conditional Probability 133
3.6 The Multiplicative Rule and Independent Events 136
3.7 Random Sampling 148
vii
viii CONTENTS

Statistics in Action: Lotto Buster! Can You Improve Your Chance of Winning? 107
Using Technology: Generating a Random Sample; Combinations and Permutations 160

Chapter 4 Random Variables and Probability Distributions 162

4.1 Two Types of Random Variables 164
4.2 Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables 167
4.3 The Binomial Random Variable 177
4.4 Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables 188
4.5 The Normal Distribution 189
4.6 Descriptive Methods for Assessing Normality 202
4.7 Approximating a Binomial Distribution with a Normal Distribution
(Optional) 209
4.8 Sampling Distributions 215
4.9 The Sampling Distribution of x̄ and the Central Limit Theorem 222
Statistics in Action: Super Weapons Development—Is the Hit Ratio Optimized? 163
Using Technology: Binomial Probabilities, Normal Probabilities, Simulated Sampling Distributions
and Discrete Random Variables 238

Inferences Based on a Single Sample:

Chapter 5 Estimation with Confidence Intervals 242
5.1 Identifying and Estimating the Target Parameter 243
5.2 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean: Normal (z) Statistic 245
5.3 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean: Student’s t-Statistic 254
5.4 Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion 264
5.5 Determining the Sample Size 271
5.6 Confidence Interval for a Population Variance (Optional) 278
Statistics in Action: Medicare Fraud Investigations 243
Using Technology: Confidence Intervals 290

Inferences Based on a Single Sample:

Chapter 6 Tests of Hypothesis 293
6.1 The Elements of a Test of Hypothesis 294
6.2 Formulating Hypotheses and Setting Up the Rejection Region 300
6.3 Test of Hypothesis about a Population Mean: Normal
(z) Statistic 305
6.4 Observed Significance Levels: p-Values 311
6.5 Test of Hypothesis about a Population Mean: Student’s t-Statistic 317
6.6 Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis about a Population Proportion 324
6.7 Test of Hypothesis about a Population Variance (Optional) 331
 CONTENTS ix

6.8 A Nonparametric Test about a Population Median (Optional) 336

Statistics in Action: Diary of a KLEENEX® User—How Many Tissues in a Box? 294
Using Technology: Tests of Hypotheses 347

Chapter 7 Comparing Population Means 350

7.1 Identifying the Target Parameter 351
7.2 Comparing Two Population Means: Independent Sampling 352
7.3 Comparing Two Population Means: Paired Difference Experiments 369
7.4 Determining the Sample Size 380
7.5 A Nonparametric Test for Comparing Two Populations: Independent
Sampling (Optional) 383
7.6 A Nonparametric Test for Comparing Two Populations: Paired Difference
Experiment 392
7.7 Comparing Three or More Population Means: Analysis of Variance
(Optional) 400
Statistics in Action: On the Trail of the Cockroach: Do Roaches Travel at Random? 351
Using Technology: Comparing Means 424

Chapter 8 Comparing Population Proportions 429

8.1 Comparing Two Population Proportions: Independent Sampling 431
8.2 Determining the Sample Size 437
8.3 Testing Categorical Probabilities: Multinomial Experiment 439
8.4 Testing Categorical Probabilities: Two-Way (Contingency) Table 449
Statistics in Action: College Students and Alcohol: Is Amount Consumed Related to Drinking
Frequency? 430
Using Technology: Categorical Data Analyses 471

Chapter 9 Simple Linear Regression 474

9.1 Probabilistic Models 476
9.2 Fitting the Model: The Least Squares Approach 479
9.3 Model Assumptions 491
9.4 Assessing the Utility of the Model: Making Inferences about
the Slope ß1 495
9.5 The Coefficients of Correlation and Determination 503
9.6 Using the Model for Estimation and Prediction 513
9.7 A Complete Example 521
9.8 A Nonparametric Test for Correlation (Optional) 524
Statistics in Action: Can “Dowsers” Really Detect Water? 475
Using Technology: Simple Linear Regression 544
x CONTENTS

Appendices
Appendix A Tables 547
Table I Random Numbers 548
Table II Binomial Probabilities 551
Table III Normal Curve Areas 555
Table IV Critical Values of t 556
Table V Critical Values of x 2
557
Table VI Critical Values of TL and TU for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test:
Independent Samples 559
Table VII Critical Values of T0 in the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 560
Table VIII Percentage Points of the F-Distribution, a = .10 561
Table IX Percentage Points of the F-Distribution, a = .05 563
Table X Percentage Points of the F-Distribution, a = .025 565
Table XI Percentage Points of the F-Distribution, a = .01 567
Table XII Critical Values of Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient 569

Appendix B Calculation Formulas for Analysis of Variance 571

Short Answers to Selected Odd Exercises 573

Index 581

Photo Credits 587

 Preface
A First Course in Statistics is an introductory text designed for one-semester courses
that emphasizes inference and sound decision-making through extensive coverage of
data collection and analysis. As in earlier editions, the eleventh edition text stresses
the development of statistical thinking, the assessment of credibility, and value of the
inferences made from data, both by those who consume and those who produce them. It
assumes a mathematical background of basic algebra.
The text incorporates the following strategies, developed from the American
Statistical Association’s (ASA) Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics
Education (GAISE) Project:
• Emphasize statistical literacy and develop statistical thinking
• Use real data in applications
• Use technology for developing conceptual understanding and analyzing data
• Foster active learning in the classroom
• Stress conceptual understanding rather than mere knowledge of procedures

New in the Eleventh Edition

• More than 1,200 exercises, with revisions and updates to 20%. Many new and
updated exercises, based on contemporary studies and real data, have been added.
Most of these exercises foster and promote critical thinking skills.
• Updated technology. All printouts from statistical software (SAS®, IBM® SPSS®,
MINITAB®, and the TI-83/84 Plus Graphing Calculator) and corresponding in-
structions for use have been revised to reflect the latest versions of the software.
• New and Revised Statistics in Action Cases. More than one-third of the Statistics
in Action cases are new or revised, each based on real data from a recent study.
• Redesigned end-of-chapter summaries. Summaries at the end of each chapter
have been redesigned to make them better study aids for students. Important points
are reinforced through flow graphs (which aid in selecting the appropriate statistical
method) and boxed notes with key ideas, terms, symbols/notation, and formulas.
A supplementary exercise section and a hands-on activity are also included at the
end of each chapter.
• Emphasis on ethics. Where appropriate, boxes have been added emphasizing the
importance of ethical behavior when collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data.
• Learning objectives. Chapter opening Where We’re Going bullet points include
section numbers that correspond to where that concept is discussed in the chapter.

Content-Specific Changes to This Edition

• Chapter 5 (Confidence Intervals). The methodology for finding a confidence
interval for a population mean is developed based on using either a normal (z)
statistic (Section 5.2) or a Student’s t-statistic (Section 5.3). Also, we added an
optional section (Section 5.6) on estimating a population variance.
• Chapter 6 (Tests of Hypothesis). A new section emphasizing the formulation of
the null and alternative hypotheses (Section 6.2) has been added.
• Chapter 8 (Comparing Population Proportions). A subsection on contingency
tables with fixed marginals as been added to Section 8.4.

xi
xii PREFACE

Hallmark Strengths
We have maintained or strengthened the pedagogical features that make A First Course
in Statistics unique among introductory statistics texts. These features, which assist the
student in achieving an overview of statistics and an understanding of its relevance in
the world and everyday life, are as follows:
• Use of examples as a teaching device. Almost all new ideas are introduced and
illustrated by data-based applications and examples. We believe that students bet-
ter understand definitions, generalizations, and theoretical concepts after seeing an
application. All examples have three components: (1) Problem, (2) Solution, and
(3) Look Back (or Look Ahead). This step-by-step process provides students with a
defined structure by which to approach problems and enhances their problem-solv-
ing skills. The Look Back feature often gives helpful hints to solving the problem
and/or provides a further reflection or insight into the concept or procedure that is
covered.
• Now Work. A Now Work exercise suggestion follows each example. The Now
Work exercise (marked with the icon NW in exercise sets) is similar in style and con-
cept to the text example. This provides students with an opportunity to immediately
test and confirm their understanding.
• Statistics in Action. Each chapter begins with a case study based on an actual con-
temporary, controversial or high-profile issue. Relevant research questions and data
from the study are presented and the proper analysis demonstrated in short Statistics
in Action Revisited sections throughout the chapter. These motivate students to
critically evaluate the findings and think through the statistical issues involved.
• Applet Exercises. The text is accompanied by a resource CD containing applets
(short JAVA computer programs). These point-and-click applets allow students to
easily run simulations that visually demonstrate some of the more difficult statisti-
cal concepts (e.g., sampling distributions and confidence intervals.) Each chapter
contains several optional applet exercises in the exercise sets. They are denoted
with the following icon:
• Real data-driven exercises. The text includes more than 1,000 exercises based on
a wide variety of applications in various disciplines and research areas. Nearly all
of the applied exercises use current, real data extracted from newspapers, magazines,
current journals, and the Internet. Some students have difficulty learning the
mechanics of statistical techniques when all problems are couched in terms of realistic
applications. For this reason, all exercise sections are divided into four parts:
Learning the Mechanics. Designed as straightforward applications of new
concepts, these exercises allow students to test their ability to comprehend a
mathematical concept or a definition.
Applying the Concepts—Basic. Based on applications taken from a wide vari-
ety of journals, newspapers, and other sources, these short exercises help students
begin developing the skills necessary to diagnose and analyze real-world problems.
Applying the Concepts—Intermediate. Based on more detailed real-world
applications, these exercises require students to apply their knowledge of the
technique presented in the section.
Applying the Concepts—Advanced. These more difficult real-data exercises
require students to utilize their critical thinking skills.
• Critical Thinking Challenges. Placed at the end of the Supplementary Exercises
section only, students are asked to apply their critical thinking skills to solve one or
two challenging real-life problems. These exercises expose students to real-world
problems with solutions that are derived from careful, logical thought and selection
of the appropriate statistical analysis tool.
• Exploring data with statistical computer software and the graphing calculator.
We demonstrate each statistical analysis method presented using output from three
 PREFACE xiii

leading statistical software packages: SAS, SPSS, and MINITAB. These outputs
appear throughout the text in examples and exercises, exposing students to the out-
put they will encounter in today’s high-tech world. In addition, we provide output
and keystroke instructions for the TI-83/84 Plus Graphing Calculator in the Using
Technology section at the end of appropriate chapters.
• Using Technology tutorials. At the end of each chapter we’ve included statisti-
cal software tutorials with instructions and screen shots for MINITAB and, where
appropriate, the TI-83/84 Plus Graphing Calculator. These step-by-step tutorials
are easily located and show students how to best use statistical software.
• Biographies. Brief descriptions of famous statisticians and his/her achievements are
presented in-text and in marginal boxes. With these profiles, students will develop an
appreciation for the statistician’s efforts and the discipline of statistics as a whole.
• CD-ROM. New copies of the text are accompanied by a resource CD that contains
files for all of the text examples, exercises, Statistics in Action, and Real-World case
data sets marked with a . Data sets are provided in multiple formats. The CD also
contains a set of applets that illustrate statistical concepts.
Supplements
Student Resources Online Test Bank is a test bank derived from TestGen®.
It includes multiple-choice and short-answer questions
Student’s Solutions Manual, by Nancy Boudreau (Bowling for each section of the text, along with the answer keys.
Green State University), includes complete worked out Available for download from Pearson’s online catalog at
solutions to all odd-numbered text exercises (ISBN-13: www.pearsonhighered.com/irc.
978-0-321-78343-1; ISBN-10: 0-321-78343-3). The Pearson Math Adjunct Support Center (http://www.
pearsontutorservices.com/math-adjunct.html) is staffed by
Excel ®Manual (download only), by Mark Dummeldinger
qualified instructors with more than 100 years of combined
(University of South Florida). Available for download
experience at both the community college and university
from www.pearsonhighered.com/mathstatsresources.
levels. Assistance is provided for faculty in the following
MINITAB®Manual (download only), by Keith Bower, areas:
available for download from www.pearsonhighered.com/
mathstatsresources. • Suggested syllabus consultation
• Tips on using materials packed with your book
Graphing Calculator Manual (download only), by Susan
Herring (Sonoma State University), available for down- • Book-specific content assistance
load from www.pearsonhighered.com/mathstatsresources. • Teaching suggestions, including advice on classroom
strategies
Study Cards for Statistics Software. This series of study
cards, available for Excel, MINITAB, JMP®, SPSS, R,
StatCrunch®, and TI-83/84 Plus Graphing Calculators pro- Technology Resources
vides students with easy step-by-step guides to the most
common statistics software. Visit myPearsonstore.com for A companion CD-ROM is bound in new copies of A First
more information. Course in Statistics. The CD holds a number of support
materials, including:
Instructor Resources • Data sets formatted as .csv, .txt, and TI files
• Applets (short JAVA computer programs) that allow
Annotated Instructor’s Edition contains answers to text students to run simulations that visually demonstrate
exercises. Annotated marginal notes include Teaching Tips, statistical concepts
suggested exercises to reinforce the statistical concepts dis-
cussed in the text, and short answers to exercises and exam- Data sets are also available for download from www.
ples (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-78304-2; ISBN-10: 0-321-78304-2). pearsonhighered.com/mathstatsresources.
Instructor’s Solutions Manual (download only), by Nancy MathXL® for Statistics Online Course (access code required)
Boudreau (Bowling Green State University), includes MathXL® is the homework and assessment engine that runs
complete worked-out solutions to all even-numbered text MyStatLab. (MyStatLab is MathXL plus a learning manage-
exercises Careful attention has been paid to ensure that ment system.) With MathXL for Statistics, instructors can:
all methods of solution and notation are consistent with
those used in the core text. Available for download from • Create, edit, and assign online homework and tests
Pearson’s online catalog at www.pearsonhighered.com/irc. using algorithmically generated exercises correlated
at the objective level to the textbook.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides include figures and tables
from the textbook. Available for download from Pearson’s • Create and assign their own online exercises and
online catalog at www.pearsonhighered.com/irc. import TestGen tests for added flexibility.
• Maintain records of all student work, tracked in
TestGen® (www.pearsoned.com/testgen) enables instruc-
MathXL’s online gradebook.
tors to build, edit, print, and administer tests using a com-
puterized bank of questions developed to cover all the With MathXL for Statistics, students can:
objectives of the text. TestGen is algorithmically based,
allowing instructors to create multiple but equivalent ver- • Take chapter tests in MathXL and receive person-
sions of the same question or test with the click of a but- alized study plans and/or personalized homework
ton. Instructors can also modify test bank questions or add assignments based on their test results.
new questions. The software and test bank are available • Use the study plan and/or the homework to link directly
for download from Pearson Education’s online catalog. to tutorial exercises for the objectives they need to study.
xiv
 PREFACE xv

• Students can also access supplemental animations and sets, conduct online surveys, perform complex analyses
video clips directly from selected exercises. using the powerful statistical software, and generate
• Knowing that students often use external statisti- compelling reports.
cal software, we make it easy to copy our data sets, • Integration of Statistical Software. Knowing that stu-
both from the ebook and the MyStatLab questions, dents often use external statistical software, we make
into software like StatCrunch, MINITAB, Excel, and it easy to copy our data sets, both from the ebook and
more. MyStatLab questions, into software like StatCrunch,
MINITAB, Excel and more. Students have access to
MathXL for Statistics is available to qualified adopters. a variety of support—Technology Instruction Videos,
For more information, visit our website at www.mathxl. Technology Study Cards, and Manuals—to learn how to
com, or contact your Pearson representative. effectively use statistical software.
MyStatLab™ Online Course (access code required) • Expert Tutoring. Although many students describe
MyStatLab is a course management system that delivers the whole of MyStatLab as “like having your own per-
proven results in helping individual students succeed. sonal tutor,” students also have access to live tutoring
from Pearson. Qualified statistics instructors provide
• MyStatLab can be successfully implemented in any tutoring sessions for students via MyStatLab.
environment—lab-based, hybrid, fully online, tradi-
tional—and demonstrates the quantifiable difference And, MyStatLab comes from a trusted partner with educa-
that integrated usage has on student retention, subse- tional expertise and an eye on the future.
quent success, and overall achievement.
Knowing that you are using a Pearson product
• MyStatLab’s comprehensive online gradebook
means knowing that you are using quality content.
automatically tracks students’ results on tests, quizzes,
That means that our eTexts are accurate, that our
homework, and in the study plan. Instructors can use
assessment tools work, and that our questions are
the gradebook to intervene if students have trouble
error-free. And whether you are just getting started
or to provide positive feedback. Data can be easily
with MyStatLab, or have a question along the way,
exported to a variety of spreadsheet programs, such as
we’re here to help you learn about our technologies
Microsoft Excel.
and how to incorporate them into your course.
MyStatLab provides engaging experiences that personalize,
To learn more about how MyStatLab combines proven
stimulate, and measure learning for each student.
learning applications with powerful assessment, visit www.
• Tutorial Exercises with Multimedia Learning Aids. mystatlab.com or contact your Pearson representative.
The homework and practice exercises in MyStatLab StatCrunch
align with the exercises in the textbook, and they re- StatCrunch is powerful web-based statistical software that
generate algorithmically to give students unlimited allows users to perform complex analyses, share data sets,
opportunity for practice and mastery. Exercises offer and generate compelling reports of their data. The vibrant
immediate helpful feedback, guided solutions, sam- online community offers more than 13,000 data sets for
ple problems, animations, videos, and eText clips for students to analyze.
extra help at point-of-use.
• Collect. Users can upload their own data to StatCrunch
• Getting Ready for Statistics. A library of questions now
or search a large library of publicly shared data sets,
appears within the MyStatLab assessment manager to
spanning almost any topic of interest. Also, an online
offer the developmental math topics students need for
survey tool allows users to quickly collect data via
the course. These can be assigned as a prerequisite to
web-based surveys.
other assignments, if desired.
• Crunch. A full range of numerical and graphical meth-
• Conceptual Question Library. In addition to algo-
ods allow users to analyze and gain insights from any
rithmically regenerated questions that are aligned
data set. Interactive graphics help users understand
with your textbook, there is a library of 1,000
statistical concepts, and are available for export to
Conceptual Questions available in the assessment
enrich reports with visual representations of data.
managers that require students to apply their statisti-
cal understanding. • Communicate. Reporting options help users create a
wide variety of visually-appealing representations of
• StatCrunch. MyStatLab includes a web-based statisti-
their data.
cal software, StatCrunch, within the online assessment
platform so that students can easily analyze data sets Full access to StatCrunch is available with a MyStatLab
from exercises and the text. In addition, MyStatLab kit, and StatCrunch is available by itself to qualified
includes access to www.statcrunch.com, a web site adopters. For more information, visit our website at www.
where users can access more than 13,000 shared data statcrunch.com, or contact your Pearson representative.
xvi PREFACE

The Student Edition of MINITAB is a condensed edi- JMP Student Edition is an easy-to-use, streamlined
tion of the professional release of MINITAB statistical version of JMP desktop statistical discovery software
software. It offers the full range of statistical methods and from SAS Institute Inc. and is available for bundling
graphical capabilities, along with worksheets that can in- with the text (ISBN-13: 978-0-321-67212-4; ISBN-10:
clude up to 10,000 data points. Individual copies of the 0-321-67212-7).
software can be bundled with the text (ISBN-13: 978-0-
321-11313-9; ISBN-10: 0-321-11313-6).

Acknowledgments
This book reflects the efforts of a great many people over a number of years. First, we
would like to thank the following professors, whose reviews and comments on this and
prior editions have contributed to the 11th edition:

Reviewers Involved with the Eleventh Edition of A First Course in Statistics

Ali Arab, Georgetown University
Jen Case, Jacksonville State University
Maggie McBride, Montana State University—Billings
Surajit Ray, Boston University
JR Schott, University of Central Florida
Susan Schott, University of Central Florida
Lewis Shoemaker, Millersville University
Engin Sungur,University of Minnesota—Morris
Sherwin Toribio, Universitiy of Wisconsin—La Crosse
Michael Zwilling, Mt. Union College

Reviewers of Previous Editions

Bill Adamson, South Dakota State; Ibrahim Ahmad, Northern Illinois University;
Roddy Akbari, Guilford Technical Community College; David Atkinson, Olivet
Nazarene University; Mary Sue Beersman, Northeast Missouri State University;
William H. Beyer, University of Akron; Marvin Bishop, Manhattan College;
Patricia M. Buchanan, Pennsylvania State University; Dean S. Burbank, Gulf
Coast Community College; Ann Cascarelle, St. Petersburg College; Kathryn
Chaloner, University of Minnesota; Hanfeng Chen, Bowling Green State
University; Gerardo Chin-Leo, The Everygreen State College; Linda Brant
Collins, Iowa State University; Brant Deppa, Winona State University; John
Dirkse, California State University—Bakersfield; N. B. Ebrahimi, Northern
Illinois University; John Egenolf, University of Alaska—Anchorage; Dale
Everson, University of Idaho; Christine Franklin, University of Georgia; Khadiga
Gamgoum, Northern Virginia CC; Rudy Gideon, University of Montana;Victoria
Marie Gribshaw, Seton Hill College; Larry Griffey, Florida Community College;
David Groggel, Miami University at Oxford; Sneh Gulati, Florida International
University; John E. Groves, California Polytechnic State University—San Luis
Obispo; Dale K. Hathaway, Olivet Nazarene University; Shu-ping Hodgson,
Central Michigan University; Jean L. Holton,Virginia Commonwealth
University; Soon Hong, Grand Valley; Ina Parks S. Howell, Florida International
University; Gary Itzkowitz, Rowan College of New Jersey; John H. Kellermeier,
State University College at Plattsburgh; Golan Kibria, Florida International
University;Timothy J. Killeen, University of Connecticut; William G. Koellner,
Montclair State University; James R. Lackritz, San Diego State University; Diane
Lambert,AT&T/Bell Laboratories; Edwin G. Landauer, Clackamas Community
College; James Lang,Valencia Junior College; Glenn Larson, University of
Regina; John J. Lefante, Jr., University of South Alabama; Pi-Erh Lin, Florida
 PREFACE xvii

State University; R. Bruce Lind, University of Puget Sound; Rhonda Magel,

North Dakota State University; Linda C. Malone, University of Central Florida;
Allen E. Martin, California State University—Los Angeles; Rick Martinez,
Foothill College; Brenda Masters, Oklahoma State University; Leslie Matekaitis,
Cal Genetics; E. Donice McCune, Stephen F. Austin, State University; Mark M.
Meerschaert, University of Nevada—Reno; Greg Miller, Steven F. Austin State
University; Satya Narayan Mishra, University of South Alabama; Kazemi
Mohammed, UNC–Charlotte; Christopher Morrell, Loyola College in Maryland;
Mir Mortazavi, Eastern New Mexico University; A. Mukherjea, University of
South Florida; Steve Nimmo, Morningside College (Iowa); Susan Nolan, Seton
Hall University; Thomas O’Gorman, Northern Illinois University; Bernard
Ostle, University of Central Florida; William B. Owen, Central Washington
University;Won J. Park, Wright State University; John J. Peterson, Smith Kline &
French Laboratories; Ronald Pierce, Eastern Kentucky University; Betty
Rehfuss, North Dakota State University—Bottineau; Andrew Rosalsky, Univer-
sity of Florida; C. Bradley Russell, Clemson University; Rita Schillaber,University
of Alberta; James R. Schott, University of Central Florida; Susan C. Schott,
University of Central Florida; George Schultz, St. Petersburg Junior College; Carl
James Schwarz, University of Manitoba; Mike Seyfried, Shippensburg University;
Arvind K. Shah, University of South Alabama; Lewis Shoemaker, Millersville
University; Sean Simpson, Westchester CC; Charles W. Sinclair, Portland State
University; Robert K. Smidt, California Polytechnic State University—San Luis
Obispo; Vasanth B. Solomon, Drake University; W. Robert Stephenson, Iowa
State University; Thaddeus Tarpey, Wright State University; Kathy Taylor,
Clackamas Community College; Barbara Treadwell, Western Michigan
University; Dan Voss, Wright State University; Augustin Vukov, University of
Toronto; Dennis D. Wackerly, University of Florida; Barbara Wainwright,
Salisbury University; Matthew Wood, University of Missouri—Columbia.

Other Contributors
Special thanks are due to our ancillary authors, Nancy Boudreau, Mark Dummeldinger,
Keith Bower, and Susan Herring. Thank you to our accuracy checkers, Engin Sungur
and Cathleen Zucco-Teveloff, who helped to insure a highly accurate, clean text. Finally,
the Pearson staff of Deirdre Lynch, Marianne Stepanian, Tracy Patruno, Dana Bettez,
Sonia Ashraf, Barbara Atkinson, Jean Choe, Kathleen DeChavez, Roxanne McCarley,
and Erin Lane, and Integra-Chicago’s Amanda Zagnoli all helped greatly with various
stages of the book and media.
Applications Index
Agricultural/gardening/farming mean/median gas mileages for neurological response-time in
applications: cars, 51–53 drug-injected rats, 306–308
chicken inspection by USDA, 119 motorcyclists and helmets, 15 nice guys finish last, 486–487, 494,
chickens with fecal contamination, 188 red light cameras and car crashes, 512, 518–519, 532
colored string preferred by chickens, 378–379, 398 panic disorder treatment, 420
252–253 satellite radio in cars, 20, 269, 329 parents who condone spanking,
dowsing to locate underground water, speed and fatal car crashes, 144 233, 346
484–485, 499–500, 509–510, speeding and teenage drivers, quit-smoking program, 233
517–518 308–309, 315–316 rats running through a maze, 67–68
fertilizers and crop yields, 380–381 unleaded fuel cost, 229 restoring self-control when
killing insects by low levels of intoxicated, 413
oxygen, 331, 435–436 Aviation applications: rudeness in the workplace,
maize seed properties, 157 battle simulation, 470 367–368, 391
pig farmer study, 468 classifying threat levels of approaching sleep and mental performance, 436
rat damage in sugarcane, 438 aircraft, 461 smoking and babies’ weights, 527–528
subarctic plant study, 461 “cry wolf” effect in air traffic social interaction of mental
trapping grain moths, 460–461 controlling, 460 patients, 311
zinc phosphide in pest control, 102 flight response of geese to helicopter songs with violent lyrics, 152
traffic, 468–469 speeding and teenage drivers, 308–309
Archaeological applications: unoccupied seats on airlines, 249 stress and diet in rats, 152
ancient pottery classification, 36, 145, swim maze study with rats, 421
285, 446–447 Behavioral study applications. See also teacher perceptions of child
cheek teeth of extinct primates, 34, 46, Psychological applications behavior, 309, 316
59, 65–66, 119–120, 282, 322–323, antidepressants to quit smoking, 469 television series on marijuana,
339–340 attention time given to twins, 253 442–444
dig site selection, 152 battle simulation, 470 undergraduate problem drinking, 253
humerus bone fossils, 310, 316 bullying in schools, 434–435 walking in circles when lost, 324
teeth defects and stress in prehistoric children’s perceptions of their when sick at home, 270
Japan, 436–437 neighborhood, 457–458
children’s recall of TV ads, 364, 390 Beverage applications:
Astronomy/space science applications: children’s use of pronouns, 420–421 alcoholic fermentation in wines,
alien spacecraft poll, 21 cigarette smoking and cancer, 379–380
astronomy students’ belief in the 134–135 bacteria in bottled water, 277
Big Bang Theory, 330 cigar smoking and cancer, 157–158 bottled water analysis, 187, 214
duration of daylight in western classifying threat levels of caffeine content of coffee, 277
Pennsylvania, 261–262, 277 approaching aircraft, 461 effects of alcohol on reactions to
lunar soil study, 330 colored string preferred by chickens, threats, 202
redshifts of quasi-stellar objects, 488, 511 252–253 restoring self-control when
satellites in orbit, 36 crime prevention plans compared, intoxicated, 413
satellites to identify urban land cover, 394–395 Starbucks coffee is overpriced, 269
309–310, 335 cyberchondriacs, 19, 119 sweetness of orange juice, 490, 495,
space shuttle disaster, 235 dating and romantic relationship 501–502, 519–520
speed of light from galaxies, 100, 101 disclosure, 21, 309 undergraduate problem drinking, 253
tracking missiles with satellite decrease in smoking over two years, wine ratings, 164
imagery, 187 433–434
effects of alcohol on reactions to Biology/life science applications:
Automotive/other vehicle applications: threats, 202 animal-assisted therapy for heart
advertised gas mileage, 195–196 employee behavior problems, 132 patients, 73, 414, 419
air bag danger for children, 288–289 executives cheating at golf, 134 antigens for parasitic roundworm
air-pollution tests for new engines, facial expression, 420–421 in birds, 263, 282
319–320 gangs and homemade weapons, 469 bacteria in bottled water, 277
ammonia in car exhaust, 99–100, 286 guilt in decision-making, 20–21, 131, beetles and slime molds, 446
car battery life-length, 69–70, 226 144, 462 belief in emitting offensive body
cell phone use by drivers, 286, 343 Internet addiction, 13 odor, 270, 277
cracks in highway pavement, 344–345 IQ and mental deficiency, 460 birds feeding on gypsy moths, 469
crash tests on new cars, 98, 154–155, jail suicide risks, 101–102, 288 birth weights of cocaine babies, 335
174, 201, 209, 377, 398–399 listening time of infants, 304 blood typing method, 90
critical part failures in NASCAR Machiavellian traits in body fat in men, 215
vehicles, 229 accountants, 309 body length of armadillos, 45
estimated gas mileage, 203–205 masculinity and crime, 368 brood-parasitic birds, 391
gas mileage ratings for new cars, motivation of drug dealers, 71–72, 76, cell biology gene expression
37–41 166, 229, 251, 281–282, 335 profiling, 130
xviii
 APPL ICAT IO N S INDEX xix

cheek teeth of extinct primates, 34, 46, shell lengths of sea turtles, 65, 201, rudeness in the workplace,
59, 65–66, 119–120, 282, 322–323, 228–229, 252, 261, 282 367–368, 391
339–340 sleep apnea, 130–131, 145 salaries of male and female
chemical insect attractant, 155–156 snail mating habits, 419 employees, 82–83
chemical signals recognized by mice, snow geese feeding habits, 512, 520 salaries of travel professionals, 233
132, 186–187, 215 spilled liquid spreading rate, salary linked to height, 512
cockroaches and Raid, 254 491, 503, 520 scanning errors at Wal-Mart, 276
cockroach movement patterns, subarctic plant study, 461 self-managed work teams and
362–363, 387–388, 409–410 supercooling temperature of family life, 422
colored string preferred by chickens, frogs, 235 Starbucks coffee is overpriced, 269
252–253, 316–317 swim maze study with rats, 421 starting salaries of male and female
competition for bird nest holes, 98–99 training zoo animals, 59, 288 college graduates, 373–374
crab spiders hiding on flowers, 47–48, trapping grain moths, 460–461 work-life balance, 523
322, 340 water hyacinth controls, 175
“Doctorfish of Kangal,” 85, 397 weights of contaminated fish, 279–281 Chemicals/chemistry applications:
extinction patterns of New Zealand weights of parrot fish, 345 acidity of mouthwash, 377–378
birds, 19, 37, 72, 77, 145, 252 whales entangled in fishing gear, 411 Agent Orange, 421–422
eye refractive study, 60 whistling dolphins, 100 ammonia in car exhaust, 286
feeding behavior of fish, 89–90, 538 antidepressants to quit smoking, 469
fighting behavior of fallow deer Business applications: antigens for parasitic roundworm
bucks, 131, 145 ambulance response time, 146, 201 in birds, 263, 282
fish and DDT contamination of rivers analysts’ forecasts, 130, 316 arsenic in soil, 535–536
and streams, 10–11, 279–281 auditing an accounting system, 152 bacteria in bottled water, 277
flight response of geese to helicopter average salaries, 93–94 chemical insect attractant, 155–156
traffic, 468–469 best-paid CEOs and education chemical signals recognized by
glacial drifts, 414 levels/ages, 36, 99 mice, 132
guppy migration, 341 brown-bag lunches at work, 287 cockroaches and Raid, 254
habitats of endangered species, 209 buyers of televisions, 438 DDT in rivers and streams, 10–11,
ichthyotherapy treatment for buy-side vs. sell-side analysts’ 279–281
psoriasis, 85 forecasts, 316 dentists’ use of anesthetics, 72, 86, 228
identifying conifer species, 330 cable TV home shoppers, 438 dissolved organic compounds in
identifying DNA of animal species, checkout scanning errors, 130 lakes, 310
304–305 college protests of labor exploitation, drug content assessment, 208
inbreeding of tropical wasps, 287, 345 48, 90 drug content of tablets, 366
Index of Biotic Integrity, 364–365 crime rate and casino employment, drug reactions, 493–494, 497–498, 509,
inflamed earlobes of mice, 383 505–506 514–517
killing insects by low levels of oxygen, customers waiting at Subway drug reaction times compared,
331, 435–436 shop, 166 385–387
lengths of great white sharks, 324 employee behavior problems, 132 freckling of superalloy ingots,
lobster trap placement/fishing, 261, employee performance rating, 201 100, 341
276, 282–283, 321–322, 340–341, executives cheating at golf, 134 material safety data sheets, 288
365, 501, 511, 530 flour shipments and sack weights, multiple sclerosis drug, 468
maize seed properties, 157 541–542 neurological response-time in drug-
mercury levels in wading birds, 305 geography journals and their cost, injected rats, 306–308
Mongolian desert ants, 59–60, 91, 166, 90–91 organic chemistry experiment,
323–324, 335, 367, 487–488, 495, hotel guest satisfaction, 187, 215 539–540
519, 529–530 hotel water conservation, 112 pesticide in discharge water, 164–165
mortality of predatory birds, 540 illegal deductions given by welfare removing metal from water, 539
neurological response-time in workers, 137–138 skin cream effectiveness, 330–331
drug-injected rats, 306–308 IMA salary survey, 288 spilled liquid spreading rate,
oil spill impact on seabirds, 100–101, influencing choices of others, 460 491, 503, 520
155, 417, 465–466 insurance company gains from spreading rate of spilled liquid, 91
pig castration, 367 premiums, 170–171 Teflon-coated cookware hazard, 229
polluted seawater survival study, legal advertising, 524–525 toxic chemical incidents, 130
214–215 Machiavellian traits in zinc phosphide in pest control, 102
radioactive lichen, 47, 58, 262, 276, accountants, 309
323, 343–344 “Made in the USA” survey, Construction/home improvement/
rainfall and desert ants, 262 99, 286, 467 home purchases and sales
random mutation of cells, 147 most powerful businesswomen in U.S., applications:
range of women’s heights, 201–202 57, 66, 71, 86, 200, 207, 412 bending strength of wooden roof,
rat damage in sugarcane, 438 museum management, 37, 120, 447 262, 277
red snapper look-alikes, 145, 270 nice guys finish last, 486–487, 494, 512, jitter in water power system, 282, 335
reproduction in spider mites with 518–519, 532 levelness of concrete slabs, 229
bacterial infection, 263 Pepsi vs. Coca-Cola, 7–9, 344 loads on frame structures, 202
rhino population estimates, 35, 119 planning habits, 435 sale prices of homes, predicting of,
robots trained to behave like ants, 412 portable grill displays, 120, 176, 345 536–537
sea turtles and beach nourishment, 399 rating of five-star hotels, 417–418 spall damage in bricks, 542–543
sea urchin feeding habits, 422 rigged school milk prices, 368, 436 thickness of steel sheets, 219–220
xx A P P L ICATIO N S I N D E X

Dental applications: English as second language reading undergraduate problem drinking, 253
acidity of mouthwash, 377–378 ability, 500–501, 519, 538–539 visually impaired students, 234
cheek teeth of extinct primates, 34, 46, ESL students and plagiarism, 120
59, 65–66, 119–120, 282, 322–323, family involvement in homework, Elderly/older persons applications:
339–340 391–392 dementia linked to leisure
dentists’ use of anesthetics, 72, 86, 228 FCAT math scores, 233 activities, 378
jaw dysfunction, 446 FCAT scores and poverty, 489, 495, detecting Alzheimer’s disease,
new dental bonding agent, 323, 334, 501, 532 448, 460
411–412 GPAs of students, 77 homophone confusion in Alzheimer’s
teeth defects and stress in prehistoric grade point averages, 19 patients, 379
Japan, 436–437 grades given in statistics courses, 102 personal networks of older adults, 285
graduation rates of student athletes, shuffleboard, 146–147
Earth science applications: 330 wheelchair user study, 156–157
albedo of ice melt ponds, 252 heights of grade school repeaters,
alkalinity of river water, 233, 344 418–419 Electronics/computer applications:
altitude effect on climbers, 418 highest education level of hockey accuracy of price scanners at
arsenic in soil, 535–536 players, 439–440 Wal-Mart, 276, 329–330
duration of daylight in western immediate feedback to incorrect ages of cable TV shoppers, 317
Pennsylvania, 261–262, 277 answers, 187 buyers of televisions, 438
earthquake aftershocks, 55–56 improving SAT scores, 73, 253 cable TV home shoppers, 438
geographic elevation and hitting incomes of high school graduates, camera that detects liars, 304
performance in baseball, 89, 503 383–384 cell phone handoff behavior, 132
geography journals, value of, 539 insomnia and educational status, 20 charging a cell phone, 194
glacial drift age estimating, 86 language impairment in children, 158 checkout scanning errors, 130
glacial drifts, 414 laptop use in middle school, 72, 209, college tennis recruiting on the
glacier elevation estimates, 208–209 251, 282 Web, 411
ground motion of earthquakes, 18–19 late-emerging reading disabilities, 466 computer crimes survey, 20
groundwater contamination in wells, lowest passing grade on test, 188 computer-mediated
37, 99, 120 math scores of eighth-graders, 76 communication, 391
ice melt ponds, 35–36, 252, 270, 448 “name game,” 413–414, 490–491, 503, defective cell phones, 274–275
rockfall characteristics, 57, 65, 86, 282, 512–513, 520, 531 defects in semiconductor wafers, 215
334–335, 341 parents’ behavior at gym meet, 234 failure times of MP3 players, 338–339
satellites to identify urban land performance in online courses, 511 flaws in Pentium microchips, 159
cover, 309–310, 335 ranking college Ph.D. programs in Internet addiction, 13
shear strength of rock fractures, economics, 77, 209 intruder-detection systems, 146, 305
207–208 ratemyprofessors.com, 510–511 laptop use in middle school, 72
sound waves from a basketball, rating music teachers, 421 monitoring quality of power
47, 90 reading comprehension levels of equipment, 157
uranium in Earth’s crust, 229 Japanese books, 46, 57–58, 65, paper friction in photocopier, 189
76–77, 322 patent infringement of computer
Education/school applications: reading comprehension strategies of chips, 366–367
achievement test scores, 99, 155 elementary school students, 398 phishing attacks to e-mail accounts,
astronomy students’ belief in the reading levels of Japanese books, 34 49, 228
Big Bang Theory, 330 reading tongue-twisters, 419 PIN pad shipments, 34–35
Benford’s Law of Numbers, 100 red vs. blue exam scores, 77, 234 robots trained to behave like ants, 412
best-paid CEOs and education rigged school milk prices, 368, 436 satellite radio survey, 15–16
levels, 36 salaries of postgraduates, 310 scanning Internet messages, 466
blue paper vs. red paper for exams, SAT score comparisons, 48–49, 86, 89 series and parallel systems, 157
77, 234 sentence complexity study, 72, Short Message Service for cell phones,
bullying in schools, 434–435 287–288 389–390
calories in school lunches, 304 shocks given to learners for social network Web sites, 130
children’s attitude toward reading, wrong answers, 137 software file updates, 208
233–234 standardized test national software reuse success/failure, 21
children’s use of pronouns, 420–421 average, 101 teaching software effectiveness, 364
classroom pets and humane starting salaries of male and female testing electronic circuits, 421
education, 34 college graduates, 373–374 time to solve math programming
cognitive skills required for student gambling on sports, 187 problem, 287, 344
arguments, 367 switching majors in college, 467 top Internet search engines, 469
college application information, 18 teacher perceptions of child behavior, transmission delays in wireless
college entrance exam scores, 197–198 309, 316 technology, 200–201
college protests of labor exploitation, teachers and their racial intolerance, Twitter and wireless Internet, 144
48, 90, 537–538 378, 399 wear-out failure time of used display
college students and drinking, teaching methods compared, 358–361 panels, 234
444–445, 456–457 teaching software effectiveness, 364
college tennis recruiting on the teenagers’ use of emoticons in school Entertainment applications:
Web, 411 writing, 270, 330 coin toss, 109, 113, 118
delinquency of school-age children, television series on marijuana, 442–444 die toss, 112–113, 118
94–95 time to solve math programming Howard Stern and satellite radio,
effectiveness of online courses, 304 problem, 287, 344 15–16
 APPL ICAT IO N S INDEX xxi

“Let’s Make a Deal,” 159 honey as a cough remedy, 45–46, 58, Health/health-care applications:
life expectancy of Oscar winners, 419 65, 86, 283, 390–391, 413 abortion drug providers, 131
Lotto winning, 117 Hot Tamale candies per bag, 346 Agent Orange, 421–422
Monty Hall Dilemma, 463 kiwifruit as an iron supplement, 152 altitude effect on climbers, 418
“name game,” 413–414, 490–491, 503, oven cooking impact on size of indoor ambulance response time, 201, 146
512–513, 520, 531 air particles, 286–287 animal-assisted therapy for heart
prisoner’s dilemma, 486–487, 494 quality of white shrimp in storage patients, 73, 414, 419
scary movie residual anxiety, 287 on ice, 340 antidepressants to quit smoking, 469
Scrabble game analysis, 448–449 red snapper look-alikes, 145, 270 aspirin to prevent heart attacks,
selecting movies for newspaper rigged school milk prices, 368 150–151
review, 116 salmonella in ice cream bars, 288 belief in emitting offensive body odor,
“Showcase Showdown” television Starbucks coffee is overpriced, 269 270, 277
game, 176–177 steak is favorite barbecue food, 435 birth weights of cocaine babies, 335
shuffleboard, 146–147 stress and diet in rats, 152 CDC health survey, 285
20/20 survey exposés, 21–22 sweetness of orange juice, 490, 495, chickens with fecal contamination,
501–502, 519–520 188
Environmental applications: taste of Pepsi vs. Coca-Cola, 7–9, 344 child bipolar disorders, 531–532
air-pollution tests for new engines, Teflon-coated cookware hazard, 229 childhood obesity, 531
319–320 tomato as a taste modifier, 200, 229 cigar smoking and cancer, 157–158
arsenic in soil, 535–536 weight-loss diets compared, 352–356 CT scanning for lung cancer, 20
beach erosional hot spots, 155, 176 cyberchondriacs, 19, 119
cooling gas turbines, 310 Forestry applications: dance movement therapy, 541
DDT in rivers and streams, 10–11, forest fragmentation, 91, 146, 502 decrease in smoking over two
279–281 fungi in beech forest trees, 155, 234 years, 433–434
dissolved organic compounds in identifying conifer species, 330 dementia linked to leisure
lakes, 310 purchase of land containing lumber activities, 378
dowsing to locate underground water, trees, 73 drug reactions, 493–494, 497–498, 509,
484–485, 499–500, 509–510, tractor skidding distance, 263, 323, 341 514–517
517–518 dust mite allergies, 174–175
drinking water quality, 19 Gambling applications: ethnicity and pain perception, 368
droughts in Texas, 169 blackjack winnings, 158 fecal pollution at beaches, 236
fecal pollution at beaches, 236 Cash 3 and Play 4 games, 142–143 fluoride in drinking water, 345
fluoride in drinking water, 345 casino gambling, 200 gastroenteritis and beachgoers,
geography journals, value of, 539 coin toss, 109, 113, 118, 125–128, 159, 167 119, 145
glacial drifts, 414 craps game, 159, 168–169, 218–219 groundwater contamination in wells,
groundwater contamination in wells, crime rate and casino employment, 37, 99
37, 99, 120 505–506 hand washing vs. hand rubbing,
habitats of endangered species, 209 die toss, 112–113, 118, 122, 139–140, 154 72, 230
hotel water conservation, 112 horse race winnings, 158 healing heart patients with music,
ice melt ponds, 35–36, 252, 270, 448 jai alai Quinella bets, 120 imagery, touch, prayer, 459
Index of Biotic Integrity, 364–365 Lotto winnings, 117, 128, 176 healing potential of handling museum
killing insects by low levels of marbles, 118 objects, 376–377, 397–398
oxygen, 331 M&M candy colors, 118–119 health risks to beachgoers, 119, 145
lead in drinking water, 77 NBA draft lottery, 147–148 herbal medicines/therapies,
material safety data sheets, 288 Odd Man Out, 159 19, 155, 343
natural-gas pipeline accidents, 147 parlay card betting, 177 honey as a cough remedy, 45–46, 58,
oil spill impact on seabirds, 100–101, passe-dix game, 132 65, 86, 390–391, 413
155, 417, 465–466 poker chip choosing, 144 hospital admissions, 126–127
PCB in manufacturing discharge, 345 roulette winnings, 156, 176 latex allergy in health care workers,
polluted seawater survival study, student gambling on sports, 187 251, 271, 309, 316, 334
214–215 “winner’s curse” in auction laughter among deaf signers, 377, 382
radioactive lichen, 47, 262, 276 bidding, 467 lead in drinking water, 77
removing metal from water, 539 Medicare overpayment, 259–260,
removing soil contaminant, 288 Genetics/gender applications: 268, 275
subarctic plant study, 461 boys running in families, 188 multiple sclerosis and exercise,
toxic chemical incidents, 130 dominant vs. recessive traits, 121 422–423
water hyacinth controls, 175 gender in two-child families, 175, 447 physical activity of obese young
water pollution testing, 286 human earlobes, 177 adults, 228, 511
water temperatures near power ideal height of your mate, 490, 495, public perception of health risks, 533
plants, 419 501, 519–520 quit-smoking program, 233
weights of contaminated fish, 279–281 identical twins reared apart, 420 salmonella in ice cream bars, 288
inbreeding of tropical wasps, 287, 345 sanitation inspection of cruise ships,
Food applications: Korean clan family history, 35 47, 71, 76, 86
brown-bag lunches at work, 287 light-to-dark transition of genes, 379 skin cream effectiveness, 330–331
caffeine content of coffee, 277, 339 male fetal deaths following sleep and mental performance, 436
calories in school lunches, 304 9/11/2001, 331 sleep apnea, 130–131, 145
chicken inspection by USDA, 119 masculinity and crime, 368, 459–460 smoking and babies’ weights, 527–528
chickens with fecal contamination, 188 maternal age and race, 123–124 summer weight-loss camp, 376
colors and flavors of gummy bears, 330 organ transplant matches, 158 television series on marijuana, 442–444
xxii A P P L ICATIO N S I N D E X

Health/health-care applications: life span of smelter pots, 488, 495, 530 childhood obesity, 531
(continued ) lot acceptance sampling, 212–213 cigarette smoking and cancer, 134–135
Test of Knowledge about Epilepsy “Made in the USA” survey, 99, 286 cognitive impairment of
(KAE), 229–230 measuring instruments comparison, schizophrenics, 364
treating depression with St. John’s 381–382 CT scanning for lung cancer, 20
wort, 435 monitoring quality of power “Doctorfish of Kangal,” 85, 397
water pollution testing, 286 equipment, 157 drug combinations to treat
weight-loss diets compared, 352–356 PCB in manufacturing discharge, 345 nausea, 121
PIN pad shipments, 34–35 drug content assessment, 208
Legal/legislative applications: porosity of bricks, 488, 495, 530 drug reactions, 493–494, 497–498, 509,
camera that detects liars, 304 preventing production of defective 514–517
crime prevention plans compared, items, 278 drug reaction times compared,
394–395 quality control requiring destructive 385–387
eyewitnesses and mug shots, 458 sampling, 258–259 drug to reduce blood loss during
federal civil trial appeals, 132, 176, 345 robot-sensor system, 177 surgery, 29–31
firearm possession, 144 solar energy cell manufacture in dust mite allergies, 174–175
gangs and homemade weapons, 469 China, 175 eating disorder research, 48, 228,
illegal deductions given by welfare solder joint inspection, 346 263, 390
workers, 137–138 spall damage in bricks, 542–543 errors in medical tests, 344
jury trial outcomes, 305 surface roughness of pipe, 235 ethnicity and pain perception, 368
lead bullets as forensic evidence, 121 sweetness of orange juice, 490, 495, eye refractive study, 60
legal advertising, 524–525 501–502, 519–520 gastroenteritis and beachgoers, 119
lie detector test, 157 velocity of Winchester bullets, 72 hand washing vs. hand rubbing,
masculinity and crime, 368, 459–460 72, 230
motorcyclists and helmets, 15 Marine/marine life applications: heart rate during laughter, 309
polygraph test error rates, 345–346 dissolved organic compounds in herbal medicines, 19, 155, 343
racial profiling by LAPD, 435 lakes, 310 HIV vaccine, 462–463
scallop harvesting, 289 fecal pollution at beaches, 236 honey as a cough remedy, 45–46, 58,
victims of violent crimes, 267–268 guppy migration, 341 65, 86, 283, 390–391, 413
Index of Biotic Integrity, 364–365 ichthyotherapy treatment for
Library/book applications: lengths of great white sharks, 324 psoriasis, 85
checkout rate for library books, 86–87 lobster trap placement/fishing, 261, insomnia and educational status, 20
children’s attitude toward reading, 276, 282–283, 321–322, 340–341, language impairment in children, 158
233–234 365, 501, 511, 530 LASIK surgery complications, 214
English as second language reading mercury levels in wading birds, 305 length of stay in hospital, 88–89,
ability, 500–501, 519, 538–539 oil spill impact on sea birds, 100–101, 245–246, 314
geography journals and their cost, 155, 417, 465–466 lipid profiles of hypertensive
90–91 polluted seawater survival study, patients, 251
importance of libraries, 33 214–215 male fetal deaths following
late-emerging reading disabilities, 466 scallop harvesting, 289 9/11/2001, 331
library cards, 144 sea turtles and beach nourishment, melanoma deaths, 214
new-book reviews, 99, 233 399 multiple sclerosis drug, 468
reading comprehension strategies of sea urchin feeding habits, 422 nausea and vomiting after surgery, 121
elementary school students, 398 shell lengths of sea turtles, 65, 201, neurological response-time in
reading Japanese books, 46, 57–58, 65, 228–229, 252, 261, 282 drug-injected rats, 306–308
76–77, 322, 365, 418 underwater sounds, 119 new-drug testing, 343
reading levels of Japanese books, 34 weights of parrot fish, 345 organ transplant matches, 158
reading tongue-twisters, 419 whales entangled in fishing gear, 411 pain empathy and brain activity, 502,
Manufacturing applications: Medical/medical research/alternative 532–533
bursting strength of bottles, 390 medicine applications. See also pain tolerance, 513
car battery life-length, 69–70, 226 Health/health-care applications pitch memory of amusiacs, 262,
cockroaches and Raid, 254 abortion drug providers, 131 277, 323
consumer complaints, 136, 140 adult aphasias, 27–29 placebo effect and pain, 377
container filling process, 202 angioplasty benefits, 435, 438 postmortem intervals in brain
contaminated gun cartridges, 175 antidepressants to quit smoking, 469 research, 48, 86, 287
crash tests on new cars, 98 antigens for parasitic roundworm in pregnancy test accuracy, 158–159
cutting tool life span, 495, 520–521 birds, 263, 282 psoriasis, 85, 397
defective batteries, 326–328 aspirin to prevent heart attacks, risk factor for lumbar disease, 466
defective cell phones, 274–275 150–151 skin cancer chemotherapy,
defective items produced by asthma drug study, 277 172–173
machines, 437–438 birth weights of cocaine babies, 335 sleep apnea, 130–131, 145
defects in semiconductor wafers, 215 blood pressure increase with a new sleep deprivation study, 343
drug content assessment, 208 drug, 256–257 splinting of lower legs in mountain
dye dispensed for mixing paint, 235 blood typing method, 90, 487, climbing accidents, 270–271
failure times of MP3 players, 338–339 494–495 studies on treating Alzheimer’s
fill weights for cans, 332–333 bulimia research, 48, 228, 263, disease, 262–263, 271
freckling of superalloy ingots, 365–366, 382, 390 tendon pain, 400
100, 341 Caesarian births in U.S., 187, 214 Test of Knowledge about Epilepsy
levelness of concrete slabs, 229 child bipolar disorders, 531–532 (KAE), 229–230
 APPL ICAT IO N S INDEX xxiii

treating depression with St. John’s skin cream effectiveness, 330–331 ideal height of your mate, 490, 495,
wort, 435 social network Web sites, 130 501, 519–520
treating psoriasis with the “Doctorfish socks matching, 121 influencing choices of others, 460
of Kangal,” 85, 397 stereotyping in news stories, 458–459 IQ and cognitive classes, 235–236
virtual reality hypnosis to reduce pain, tax-exempt charities, 285–286 IQ and mental deficiency, 460
305 television series on marijuana, jail suicide risks, 101–102, 288
waiting time at emergency rooms, 215 442–444 late-emerging reading disabilities, 466
waking sleepers early, 263 testing a psychic’s ability, 147, 188 listening time of infants, 304
yoga as treatment for cancer, 411 testing normality in sampling, 470 Machiavellian traits in
top Internet search engines, 469 accountants, 309
Miscellaneous applications: 20/20 survey exposés, 21–22 masculine faces less attractive, 344
ages of cable TV shoppers, 317 velocity of Winchester bullets, 72 “name game,” 413–414, 490–491, 503,
ages of drivers stopped by police, 76 victims of domestic abuse, 512–513, 520, 531
aluminum cans contaminated by fire, 187–188, 215 negative emotions linked to appraisals
276–277 victims of violent crimes, 267–268 about the environment, 144
ambulance response time, 201, 146 where will you get your next pet?, nice guys finish last, 486–487, 494,
Benford’s Law of Numbers, 100 186, 214, 233 512, 518–519, 532
biometric recognition methods, 531 wind turbine blade stress, 487, 511 object recall study, 21
box plots and standard normal pain empathy and brain activity,
distribution, 202 Nuclear applications: 502, 532–533
bursting strength of bottles, 390 active nuclear power plants, 60, 66 pain tolerance, 513
buyers of televisions, 438 radioactive lichen, 47, 58, 323, panic disorder treatment, 420
cable TV home shoppers, 438 343–344, 363, 376 personalities of cocaine abusers, 420
cell phone handoff behavior, 132 personality and aggressive
Political applications:
census sampling, 151 behavior, 252
Al Qaeda attacks on the U.S., 98, 286
cognitive skills required for pitch memory of amusiacs,
countries that allow a free press, 234
arguments, 367 262, 277, 323
electoral college votes, 202
coin toss, 109, 113 placebo effect and pain, 377
exit polling, 159
conversing with the hearing post-traumatic stress of POWs, 344
Iraq War survey, 467–468
impaired, 541 racial profiling by LAPD, 435
making your vote count, 187
cooling gas turbines, 310, 335 rats running through a maze, 67–68
optimism about the economy, 266–267
coupon usage, 469 reaction times to threatening and
political representation of religious
crime prevention plans compared, non-threatening stimulus, 81–82
groups, 448
394–395 recall of TV commercials, 412–413
politics and religion, 466–467
critics’ ranking of paintings, 524–525 scary movie residual anxiety, 287
prototype gun for U.S. Army, 198–199,
dates of pennies, 98 shocks given to learners for wrong
205–206
die toss, 112–113 answers, 137
rigged elections, 470
firearm possession, 144 sleep and mental performance, 436
selecting marines for dangerous
fire damage in residential areas, sleep deprivation study, 343
mission, 116
521–523 social interaction of mental patients, 311
size of political poll, 438
geography journals, value of, 539 songs with violent lyrics, 152
Treasury deficit prior to Civil War, 19
goodness-of-fit test in sampling, 470 susceptibility to hypnosis, 13, 234–235,
trusting the president, 264–266
ideal height of your mate, 490, 495, 461–462
verifying voter petitions, 346
501, 519–520 television series on marijuana,
voting for mayor, 184–185
Korean clan family history, 35 442–444
winning a war, 146
laughter among deaf signers, 377, 382 “tip-of-the-tongue” study, 436
lie detector test, 157 Psychological applications: treating depression with St. John’s
“Made in the USA” survey, 99, attention time given to twins, 253 wort, 435
286, 467 belief in emitting offensive body odor, view of rotated objects, 512
Monty Hall Dilemma, 463 270, 277 virtual reality hypnosis to reduce
National Firearms Survey, 269–270 blue paper vs. red paper for exams, 77 pain, 305
number of questionnaires to mail, 235 child bipolar disorders, 531–532 visual attention skills of video game
number of tissues in KLEENEX® childhood obesity, 531 players, 366, 383
boxes, 303, 315, 328 children’s use of pronouns, 420–421 visual search and memory, 378
phishing attacks to e-mail accounts, 49 cognitive impairment of water-level perception test, 42–43, 74
portable grill displays, 120, 176, 345 schizophrenics, 364 when sick at home, 270
post office violence, 154 conversing with the hearing your choice for a mom, 21
public perception of health risks, 533 impaired, 541
quantitative models of music, 487, 495 cyberchondriacs, 19 Religion/faith/belief applications:
random-digit dialing, 151 dating and romantic relationship astronomy students’ belief in the Big
random sample selecting, 155 disclosure, 309, 21 Bang Theory, 330
recall of TV commercials, 412–413 empathy in young adults, 316, 340 dowsing to locate underground water,
risk of home burglary in eye and head movement related to 484–485, 499–500, 509–510,
cul-de-sacs, 276 body movement, 502–503 517–518
robot-sensor system, 177 feminized faces more attractive, 317 Do you believe in the Bible? survey,
selecting random sample of guilt in decision making, 20–21, 131, 36–37, 270, 448
households, 149–150 144, 462 marital status and religion, 454–455
Short Message Service for cell phones, healing potential of handling museum political representation of religious
389–390 objects, 376–377, 397–398 groups, 448
xxiv A P P L ICATIO N S I N D E X

Religion/faith/belief applications: single-parent families, 330 locations of major sports venues, 466
(continued ) social network Web sites, 130 long-jump takeoff error, 542
politics and religion, 466–467 victims of domestic abuse, marathon winning times, 540
religious symbolism in TV 187–188, 215 massage on boxers, effect of, 20, 502,
commercials, 436 513, 530–531
Sports/exercise/fitness applications: multiple sclerosis and exercise,
Safety applications: altitude effect on climbers, 418 422–423
ammonia in car exhaust, 99–100 baseball parents’ behavior at gym meet, 234
crash tests on new cars, 98, 154–155, batting averages, 209 passing physical fitness test, 179–183
174, 201, 209 batting averages vs. wins, 537 physical activity of Japanese adults, 541
material safety data sheets, 288 geographic elevation and hitting physical activity of obese young
National Bridge Inventory, 20 performance, 89, 503 adults, 228, 511
sanitation inspection of cruise ships, basketball salaries of professional athletes, 102
47, 71, 76, 209 free throw shooting, 156 soccer goal targets, 201
TNT detection, 146 NBA draft lottery, 147–148 sports news on local TV, 511
sound waves from a basketball, 47, student gambling on sports, 187
Science applications. See Biology/ 90, 166, 489, 519 yoga as treatment for cancer, 411
life science applications; Earth stacking, 156
science applications bowling hot hand, 400 Temperature applications:
Sexuality/gender applications: college tennis recruiting on the concrete pavement response to
fertility rates in developing countries, Web, 411 temperature, 399
542–543 dance movement therapy, 541 supercooling temperature of frogs, 235
gender and memory, 21 drug tests for Olympic athletes, 436 water temperatures near power
Hite Report on permissive executives cheating at golf, 134 plants, 419
attitudes, 102 exercise workout dropouts, 287
football Travel applications:
most powerful businesswomen in U.S.,
fourth down strategy, 511 cell phone use by drivers, 286, 343
57, 66, 71, 86
free-agent running backs, 383 concrete pavement response to tem-
salaries of male and female
inflation pressure of footballs, 273 perature, 399
employees, 82–83
point spreads of NFL games, 335 cracks in highway pavement, 344–345
sex composition of children in
sprint speed training, 19, 253, estimated gas mileage, 203–205
families, 158
270, 277 hotel guest satisfaction, 187, 215
sterile couples in Jordan, 154
golf luggage inspection at Newark
Sociological applications: golf ball brands compared, airport, 215
ages of television viewers, 7 405–406 rating of five-star hotels, 417–418
divorced couples, 114–115, 141–142 golf ball specifications, 188 salaries of travel professionals, 233
fertility rates in developing countries, golf ball tests, 277 sanitation inspection of cruise ships,
542–543 Play Golf America program, 304 47, 71, 76, 86, 209
fieldwork methods, 36, 119, 447 ranking driving performance of satellite radio in cars, 269, 329
IQ and cognitive classes, 235–236 professional golfers, 59, 91, 209, speed and fatal car crashes, 144
Korean clan family history, 35 488–489, 501, 519 unleaded fuel cost, 229
married-women study, 233 Ryder Cup tournament, 175–176
motivation of drug dealers, 71–72, 76, x-factor in performance, 390 Weather applications:
166, 229, 251, 281–282, 335 graduation rates of student chance of rain, 119
parents who condone spanking, athletes, 330 droughts in Texas, 169
233, 346 highest education level of hockey rainfall and desert ants, 262
racial profiling by LAPD, 435 players, 439–440 rainfall estimating, 539
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 LETTER MCXCIV.
To Miss G――, at Clifton.

London, February 3, 1758.

Dear Madam,

I WAS glad, after so long a silence, to receive a line from Clifton,

where I find by report there is like to be a total revolution. Your
two worthy friends I have neither seen nor heard from; and good
Lady H――n I have not visited, because I believe her Ladyship
desired to be entirely private. I suppose she will now be soon in
town. God comfort her under all her trials, and sanctify new
creature-partings and disappointments to your further proficiency,
dear Madam, in the divine life. There is a needs-be for all this. God
help you to sing,

―――― O happy rod,

That brought me nearer to my God.

I have been in hopes of being with him. But I cannot go, though at
present reduced to the short allowance of preaching once a day,
except thrice on a Sunday, At both ends of the town, the word runs
and is glorified. The champions in the church go on like sons of
thunder. I am to be at Clapham this evening: Mr. V―― will gladly
embrace the first opportunity. May it be a Bethel! Bristol, in all
probability, will be my first Spring excursion. O that I may begin to
begin to spring for my God! I beg, dear Madam, the continuance of
your prayers, as being, dear Madam,
 Your most obliged and ready servant in our glorious High-
priest,

G. W.

LETTER MCXCV.
To Mrs. B―― B――, at Bath.

London, February 3, 1758.

Dear Madam,

I CANNOT help acquainting you and your honoured sister, and Mrs.
G――, that the plan concerted some time ago is likely to be put in
execution. The trenches for the wall, I believe are begun, and by the
first of May, the houses are to be finished. If possible, I would furnish
them, that the poor might be sure of goods, as well as a house. All
things are possible with God. The thing hath scarce as yet taken
wind. Such secret expeditions, I trust, God will favour. Both
congregations and the divine influences increase. By thoughtfulness,
frequent preaching, and a crazy tabernacle, my nightly rests are
continually broken; but the joy of the Lord is my strength: and I hope
ere long to be where I shall keep awake for ever. I most earnestly
beg the continuance of your prayers, and you may be assured of
being always remembered in the poor addresses of, dear good
Ladies,

Your most obliged and ready servant for Christ’s sake,

G. W.
 LETTER MCXCVI.
To the Reverend Mr. Samuel S――, in Bath.

London, February 3, 1758.

Reverend and dear Sir,

Y OUR kind letter drove me to my knees, and as I do not hear of

your dear and honoured father’s release, I suppose he is yet
detained a prisoner. I shall make public and private mention of him,
until I know he is gone beyond the reach of prayer, and entered upon
his eternal work of praise. I pity the poor ministers, who will sorely
miss him, but shall rejoice in his entering into his Master’s joy. Once
more I send the good old saint my most cordial salutations and
thanks unfeigned. At the great day, before men and angels, I shall do
it openly. Then likewise, my dear Sir, I hope to see you and yours
joining in one universal uninterrupted hallelujah, and casting your
crowns before the throne of the glorious Emmanuel. In whose great
name, with most sincere condolence with Mrs. S―― and all your
afflicted family, I once more beg leave to subscribe myself, reverend
and dear Sir,

Yours most affectionately in our common Lord,

G. W.

LETTER MCXCVII.
To Professor F――.

London, March 5, 1758.

Most reverend and dear Sir,

T HOUGH I am almost ashamed to put pen to paper, yet the kind
mention (as I hear from good Mr. Z――) you have been
pleased to make from time to time of me, together with the
importunities of that venerable man of God, have at length prevailed
upon me to trouble you with this letter. O that an infinitely
condescending Redeemer may excite you thereby, most honoured
Sir, to be instant in prayer for one who is the chief of sinners, and
less than the least of all saints. Long, long before now did I think of
entering into my wish’d-for rest. Times without number hath this
tabernacle groaned; but having obtained help from God, I yet
continue, in my poor way, to preach to all that are willing to hear, the
unsearchable riches of Jesus Christ. Through grace the fields are
as yet white, and as ready to harvest as ever. In the Summer I
range, and with a table for my pulpit, and the heavens for my
sounding-board, I am enabled generally thrice a day, to call to many
thousands to come to Jesus that they may have life. In the Winter I
am confined to this metropolis; but to my great mortification, through
continual vomiting, want of rest, and of appetite, I have been
reduced for some time to the short allowance of preaching only once
a day, except Sundays, when I generally preach thrice. Thousands
attend every evening at both ends of the town, and on Lord’s-days
many, many go away for want of room. The divine presence is
apparently amongst us, and every week produces fresh instances of
the power of converting grace. Blessed be God, we meet with no
disturbances in town, and very seldom in the country: but last year,
while I was preaching in the fields in Ireland, a popish mob was so
incensed at my preaching the Lord our Righteousness, and praying
for our good old King, and the King of Prussia, that they surrounded,
stoned, and almost killed me. But we are immortal till our work is
done, and glad should I have been to have died in such a cause. Mr.
W――y hath societies in Ireland and elsewhere; and though we
differ a little in some principles, yet brotherly love continues. I
generally, when itinerating, preach among his people, as freely as
among those who are called our own. In London several new flaming
preachers are come forth; and in various parts of the kingdom we
hear of divers others, who seem determined to know and preach
nothing but Jesus Christ, and him crucified. Thousands and
thousands are now praying daily for success to the Prussian and
Hanoverian arms. Your fast-days were kept here with great
solemnity, and will be so again, God willing, when I know the day.
Our Joshua’s are in the field. Many a Moses is gone up into the
mount to pray. Nil desperandum Christo duce, auspice Christo. The
ark trembles, but underneath are the everlasting arms of an
everlasting God. He that wrought such wonders for the Prussian
monarch last year, can repeat them this. Lord, we believe, help our
unbelief! The distresses of German protestants, we look upon as our
own. We have also endeavoured to give thanks for the great mercy
vouchsafed your Orphan-house, and the protestant cause. Lord
Jesus, repeat the occasions, for thine infinite mercy’s sake! Pardon,
pardon, most worthy Sir, the length of this, and impute it to the
encouragement given by the venerable Mr. Z―― to, most honoured
Sir,

Your dutiful son and servant,

G. W.

LETTER MCXCVIII.
To Mr. K――.

London, May 13, 1758.

My very dear Mr. K――,

I HOPE this will find you rejoicing in success given to dear Mr.
A――’s labours. If he is with you, be pleased to desire him to
prepare for coming to London immediately after Whitsuntide. He and
dear Mr. D―― may be in town whilst I take my Welch and West-
country range. I am unaccountably detained here; but I trust for
good. The word seems to run and be glorified more and more. I am
somewhat surprised that I hear nothing from Mr. P――, or my dear
Mr. S――d: but all is well. My hearty love to him and all his dear
relations. Can you fix no time for coming up? I do not hear of the
cyder being arrived. When shall we be called to drink the new wine
of the kingdom? Lord, give me patience to wait! I am quite puzzled.
Mr. P―― W――, without sending me a line, is come to Bristol, and
proposes staying there some time. The consequence of his coming,
is division and uneasiness already. I care not to go and fish in
troubled waters: neither can I advise you so to do: and yet I believe
your going would be a very great blessing. I expect a line from Mr.
D―― every hour, who, I suppose, is upon the road to London. If not
set out, defer it for a few days, and you shall hear, God willing, more
particularly from, my very dear man, in great haste, but greater love,

Yours, &c. &c. in our sympathizing Jesus,

G. W.

LETTER MCXCIX.
To Mr. ――.

Gloucester, May 22, 1758.

My very dear Sir,

I HOPE you got to London in great safety. Through divine goodness

I arrived at Gloucester on Saturday afternoon, and preached
thrice and gave the holy sacrament on Sunday. Thousands
attended, and our Lord gave us a blessed opening of the Summer
campaign. I am now writing in the room where I was born. Blessed
be God, I know there is a place where I was born again. That is my
native city indeed. After finishing this, I shall set out for Bristol, where
I propose staying over Sunday: then for Wales. My very dear Sir, add
to my obligations, by following me with your prayers. This tabernacle
makes me to groan. The one-horse chaise will not do for me. As it
will not quarter I am shaken to pieces. Driving likewise wearies me,
and prevents my reading; and if the road be bad, my servant that
rides the fore-horse is dirtied exceedingly. I have therefore sent to
Mr. S――’s about the post-chaise, and desired him to beg the favour
of you, my dear Sir, to look at it, and let me know your thoughts. This
is giving fresh trouble: but you are my friend. May the friend of all
richly reward you for all labours of love. He will, he will.—You shall
have a hundred-fold in this life, and in the world to come, life
everlasting. Being about to set off, I can only add my due and most
cordial respects to all your dear relations and enquiring friends, and
to beg the continuance of all your prayers, in behalf of, my very dear
Sir,

Yours most affectionately in our glorious Head,

G. W.

LETTER MCC.
To Mr. B――.

Bristol, May 24, 1758.

My dear Mr. B――,

D O not take my seeming long silence ill. Indeed it was

unavoidable. Ever since the receipt of your kind letter, I have
been so exceedingly and yet I trust profitably busied at London, that
till I left it last week, I had not one moment to spare. However, your
affair was not quite neglected. I communicated it to the physician of
the Foundling-Hospital, who is my constant hearer, and he wrote me
the enclosed letter, and sent me also the enclosed paper. I heartily
wish your design may take effect at Edinburgh. Glad should I be to
do any thing in my power to promote it, but I have little expectation of
seeing Scotland this year. The English work is so extensive, and the
blessed prospect of abundant success at London, hath kept me so
long there, that I shall be much straitned in time;—but if friends pray,
who knows what may be done. Lord Jesus, direct my goings in thy
way! On Sunday we opened the summer campaign in
Gloucestershire. Yesterday I came hither. In both places the fields
are white ready unto harvest. Fresh labourers are raised up in
Bedfordshire. A flamer (a learned clergyman) is broke forth, and
almost a whole parish, (I think in Buckinghamshire) is lately brought
to enquire after Jesus. I know you will say, may it spread far and
near! I must conclude. Excuse my not writing to all my dear, never to
be forgotten friends, and beg them to continue to pray for, dear Mr.
B――,

Theirs and yours, &c.

G. W.

LETTER MCCI.
To Mr. R―― K――n.

Bristol, May 26, 1758.

My very dear Mr. K――n,

R EPEATED acts of kindness and love, call for repeated

acknowledgments.—Accept therefore hearty thanks for your
last Salt-Hill favour, and assure yourself, that neither this nor any
former labour of love, will be forgotten by Him, who takes notice of a
cup of cold water given in the name of a disciple. Through his divine
goodness I got safe into Gloucestershire, where I opened the
summer campaign last Sunday. Ever since Tuesday evening, I have
been preaching here twice daily. Multitudes fly like doves to the
windows. Abiding impressions seem to be made.—This is the
Lord’s doing: to Him be all the glory! On next Monday, God willing, I
set out for Wales. I know you will follow me with your prayers. I am
sure mine always attend you and yours: I love such old steady
friends. It is Christ-like, not to be given to change.—Blessed be
God for an unchangeable Jesus!

To feel his power, to hear his voice,

To taste his love, be all our choice!

I must away to my throne.—Adieu! The Lord be with you and yours!

My hearty love to Mr. J――, and all who are so kind as to enquire
after, my very dear Mr. K――n,

Yours, &c. in our common Lord,

G. W.

LETTER MCCII.
Bristol, May 28, 1758. Nine in the morning.

My very dear Sir,

I AM quite ashamed, that I should give you so much trouble:—but

you are my friend indeed. May the never-failing friend of sinners
bless and reward you a thousand fold! I have been just now
preaching the unsearchable riches of his grace, to a multitude of
souls, in a fine square.—Presently, at eleven o’clock, the blessed
talk is to be repeated at Kingswood, and then once more in the
evening here. Yesterday I went to Bath. But every thing wearies this
shattered bark. To-morrow, God willing, I go for Wales. The chaise
must be my carriage. I would part with that, and my other, and then if
I could have a good four wheel carriage for thirty or forty pounds, the
expence would not be so great. I would not lay out a single farthing
but for my blessed Master. Mr. S―― is an honest friendly soul.—I
leave it entirely, my very dear Sir, to you and him. The Lord give you
to ride daily on in the chariot of his love. I return cordial thanks to
your mother and sisters for their concern for unworthy me.—Mrs.
G―― and B―― long to see them. I had a good season of christian
conversation at Bath, and found Sir C―― H――m really converted
unto God.—I doubt not but dear Mr. D――s will enjoy much of his
blessed presence.—Be pleased to present my hearty love to him,
and all, and accept the same for yourself and family, from, my very
dear Sir,

Yours most affectionately in our glorious Head,

G. W.

LETTER MCCIII.
To Countess D――.

Bristol, June 16, 1758.

Honoured Madam,

F OR this fortnight past, I expected never to have wrote to, or seen

your Ladyship, till I saw you sitting at Christ’s right hand.
Never was I brought so low as on my late Welch circuit. But as far as
I can hear, it was one of the most prosperous I ever took. Twice
every day, thousands and thousands attended in various towns in
South-Wales, and on the Sundays the numbers were incredible.
Surely they fled like doves to the windows. Welcome, thrice welcome
death in such a cause! Here, and in Gloucestershire, like scenes
were opened. Blessed expeditions these. I hope expeditions of
another nature will not be the worse for the prayers put up on such
occasions. They must and will enter the ears of the Lord of
Sabaoth. Blessed be God, that Sir Charles is so honestly and openly
embarked in Christ’s cause. My poor prayers are for him and his,
night and day. I hope to see good Lady G―― in my way to London.
In the mean while, praying that your Ladyship may more and more
be blessed in the latter stages of your road, and at last be admitted
with triumph into your Master’s joy, is the earnest prayer of,
honoured Madam,

Your Ladyship’s most dutiful, obliged servant for Christ’s

sake,

G. W.

LETTER MCCIV.
To Lady Fanny S――.

Bristol, June 16, 1758.

Honoured Madam,

I SHALL not for a good while forget my Twickenham journey. It was

a day much to be remembered by unworthy me. Lord, why am I
thus highly favoured? And yet (O unwearied goodness!) he
continues to bless me, vile as I am, more and more. O what
delightful field gospel-scenes have been displayed in
Gloucestershire, Bristol and Wales! There I have been feebly
labouring for above a fortnight.—Thousands and thousands attended
twice every day in various places, and on Sundays the numbers
were almost incredible. A blessed influence ran through the whole
circuit, and sundry times, I humbly hoped my longing soul would
have taken its wished-for flight; but I am preserved to return hither,
as last night, and perhaps next week shall see London. The Lord
Jesus direct my goings in his ways! Your Ladyship will remember a
poor worthless, but I trust willing pilgrim. You are called to enjoy your
Bethel at home; I meet with them abroad. The same God is rich unto
all that call on him faithfully. I hope your Ladyship hath seen dear Mr.
J―― grown in grace. It will be pleasant to see Sir Charles and the
Earl striving who shall go fastest to heaven. Your Ladyship will scorn
to be outstript by any. The almighty God approves the ambition, and
angels look down with pleasure to see the event. Blessed be God,
that is certain. All believers here do run, and all hereafter shall obtain
the prize. That your Ladyship may lay hold of it with exulting joy, is
the earnest prayer of, honoured Madam,

Your Ladyship’s most dutiful, obliged, and ready servant, for

Christ’s sake,

G. W.

LETTER MCCV.
To Captain H――y.

Bristol, June 16, 1758.

My very dear Sir,

T HE Welch roads have almost demolished my open one-horse

chaise, as well as me. But it is in Jesus’s cause. Grace! grace!
I am almost ashamed to think of your being put to so much trouble,
in procuring a close chaise for unworthy me. I like the purchase
exceeding well, and send a pepper-corn of acknowledgment for this
and all other unmerited favours. The God whom I desire to serve in
the gospel of his dear Son, knows and will reward all. Though I
thought I heard the sound of my blessed Master’s chariot wheels
ready to carry me to heaven, yet it should seem I am once more to
see you, and your dear relations, and my other christian friends on
earth. Some time next week I hope to be there. The legacy is
wonderful; much better left for the poor than me. I can give it away
with a good grace: at present I think the Orphan-house shall have
the whole; it is much wanted there. See, my dear Sir, how the
christian’s blessings must be brought out of the fire. It is
inconceivable what I have undergone within these three weeks. I
never was so before. I trust some lasting blessings have been left
behind in Wales. Welcome shocks, both of body and mind. In such a
case it is worth dying for. Dear Mr. D―― hath felt them in London,
as I have done in Wales.—All for the Elect’s sake. Welcome, thrice
welcome the bitter sweets, which the all-wise and compassionate
Physician prescribes; but I am a stubborn patient. O what gripings of
the old man are discovered by such dispensations! I must away to
preach. I thank you heartily, dear Sir, for the continuance of your
prayers, and with most cordial respects to your dear and near
relations, I beg leave to subscribe myself,

Yours, &c.

G. W.

LETTER MCCVI.
To Lady H――n.

Bristol, June 17, 1758.

Ever-honoured Madam,

T HIS leaves me returned from Wales. It proved a most delightful

trying circuit. I suppose your Ladyship hath heard how low I
have been in body, scarce ever lower; not able to sit up in company
all the time, yet strengthened to travel without bodily food, and to
preach to thousands everyday. Never were the fields whiter, and
more ready to harvest. The Lord Jesus seemed to ride in triumph
through the great congregation in Haverford-west. Perhaps the
auditory consisted of near fifteen thousand. Tears flowed like water
from the stony rock. The cup of God’s people quite runs over. Many
were sick of love. Welcome then bodily pain, and bodily sickness! O
for a hearse to carry my weary carcase to the wished-for grave!
“There the wicked cease from troubling, there the weary are at rest.”
But perhaps I must see London first. With regret I turn my back on
this blessed itinerating weather, but Mr. Dav―― must be released.
O for some disinterested soul to help at the chapel during the
summer season! Spiritual, divine ambition, whither art thou fled! But I
see such honours are reserved for few. I rejoice in the increase of
your Ladyship’s spiritual routs. I can guess at the consolations such
uncommon scenes must afford to your Ladyship’s new-born soul. No
wonder you are distressed from other quarters. Indeed, my most
noble and ever-honoured patroness, thus it must be. Christ’s
witnesses must be purged at home. Inward domestic trials, fit for
outward public work. Nature recoils, when constrained to take the
cup; and it may be from a near and dear relation’s hand: but infinite
Wisdom knows what is best. O that I could be more passive! O that I
could let the good and all-wise Physician chuse my medicines, and
the hands that shall convey them to me! but I am a stubborn
reasoning creature, and thereby force almighty love frequently to
drench me. O, I am sick! I am sick! sick in body, but infinitely more so
in my mind,—to see what dross yet remains in, and surrounds my
soul. Blessed be God, there is one, who will sit as a refiner’s fire,
and purify the sons of Levi. O for an heart to bear its scorching, soul
purging heat! When I am tried, I shall come forth as gold. I write this
to your Ladyship out of the burning bush. Blessed place! Christ is
there! Christ is there! To his never-failing mercy do I most humbly
commend your Ladyship, and with ten thousand thousand thanks for
honouring such an unfruitful unworthy worm with your unmerited
patronage, I beg leave to subscribe myself, ever-honoured Madam,

Your Ladyship’s most dutiful, and ready servant, for

Christ’s sake,

G. W.
 LETTER MCCVII.
To Mr. S――.

Newcastle, July 31, 1758.

My very dear Sir,

T HUS far, a never-failing Redeemer hath brought on the most

worthless and weak pilgrim, that was ever employed in
publishing his everlasting gospel. All the last week was taken up in
preaching at Everton, Saint Neots, Kayso, Bedford, Oulney, Weston,
Underwood, Ravenstone and Northampton. Four clergymen lent me
their churches, and three read prayers for me in one day. I preached
also in Mr. Bunyan’s pulpit, and at Northampton I took the field. Good
seasons at all the places. Mr. B――e, who was lately awakened at
Everton, promises to be a burning and shining light. Yesterday we
had good times here, and to-morrow, God willing, I shall set off for
Edinburgh. My bodily strength increases but very little. Sometimes I
am almost tempted to turn back, but through divine strength I hope
to go forward, and shall strive, as much as in me lies, to die in this
glorious work. God will bless you and yours, my very dear Sir, for
strengthening my feeble hands in it, so often as you have done.
Jesus knows, and will reward all labours of love and works of faith.
They are more precious than rubies. God willing, you shall hear from
me again, when I see how the Lord deals with me in Scotland. In
the mean while, be pleased to add to my obligations by the
continuance of your prayers, and accepting of thanks unfeigned, and
cordial love to your whole self, and dear daughter, from, my very
dear friend,

Yours most affectionately in our glorious Head,

G. W.
 LETTER MCCVIII.
To the Reverend Mr. G――.

Edinburgh, August 10, 1758.

My very dear Friend,

I THANK you most heartily for your kind letter of invitation to G――.
But alas! what shall I say?—I fear it cannot be complied with. For
above these three months last past, I have been so weak in my
animal frame, that I can scarcely drag the crazy load along. With
great difficulty I came here, and if I should stay to come westward, it
would make my journey to London too far in the year, as I have
many places to call upon in the way. Blessed be God, the work
prospers in London more than ever. I am strengthened to preach
here twice a day; but alas, I grow weaker and weaker in preaching,
and in all I do for the ever-loving and altogether lovely Jesus. I
suppose you have heard of the death of Mr. Jonathan Edwards.—
Happy he!—You will add to my obligations, by continuing to pray,
that the divine strength may be magnified in my weakness, and that I
may speedily (if it be the divine will) be sent for to my wished-for
heaven!—Praying that we may have a happy meeting there, with ten
thousand thanks for all past unmerited kindnesses, I subscribe
myself, very dear friends,

Yours, &c. in our common glorious Head,

G. W.

P. S. My tender love awaits all enquiring friends.

LETTER MCCIX.
 To Mr. ――.

Edinburgh, August 15, 1758.

My very dear Sir,

N OT till last Saturday, did your first long wished-for letter come to
hand. I wonder that I―― C―― did not dispatch it
immediately. As I knew not what its contents would be, I did not write
to Staffordshire; for I was and am determined to fix upon nothing
without advising with you. And indeed, I think the whole must be put
off till we can have a free conference. In the mean while, I shall write
to our young friend, and pray that the friend of all would direct in this
important affair. He will, he will. It is not with Mr. S―― as you
imagine. He is quite free. But more of this when we meet.—When we
meet! strange words for a dying man!—But it seems I am growing
better. Within these four days I have felt a great alteration.—Perhaps
it may continue. God’s will be done. Surely, never was there so weak
a creature ever employed in such a work for God,—and yet people
flock rather more than ever. Doctor W―― and Mr. R―― often wish
you here. We have two lovely scenes every day. I hope the
Redeemer will come with dear Mr. D――. I bless him for returning
you, my dear Sir, in safety. My most cordial respects attend your
dear relations, and beg the continuance of your prayers, for, my very
dear Sir,

Yours, &c.

G. W.

LETTER MCCX.
To the Reverend Mr. T――.

Edinburgh, August 17, 1758.

 My very dear Friend,

I T is a little hard, that we should be so near, and not have a

personal interview. But our Lord orders all things well. Most of
my christian meetings must be adjourned to heaven. Thither I have
been in hopes of going for many weeks last past: but it will not do.
This preaching is a strange restorative. I wish you may take it every
day. If things are not right at home, it is well if we can take or catch
fire abroad. Would strength permit, I could tell you much good news
from London. But time is short, and this my body weighs me down. I
have thoughts of leaving Edinburgh on Tuesday next, in order to
return to England. Friends object much against it. May the friend of
all, guide and influence. I find no diminution in the auditories, and I
trust good is done. To the giver of every good gift be all the glory! I
commend you and yours to his never-failing mercy, and beg the
continuance of your prayers in behalf of, my very dear friend,

Yours most affectionately in our common Lord,

G. W.

LETTER MCCXI.
To Mr. S――.

Edinburgh, August 19, 1758.

My very dear Sir,

I CAME here a fortnight ago, very low indeed; but by preaching

about thirty times, blessed be God, I am a good deal better.
Multitudes, of all ranks, flock twice every day. A divine influence
attends the word, and though sown in so much weakness, I trust it
will meet with a divine increase. On Tuesday next, I thought to have
moved; but as it is race week, and my health is improving, friends
advise me to stay, to stir them up to run with patience the race which
is set before us. O that my sluggish soul may be quickened, and I
may begin to press forwards, for the prize of my high calling! I doubt
not but this will find my dear friend upon the wing for heaven. That
you and yours may mount higher and higher like an eagle, till you fly
into the bosom of a waiting God, is the earnest prayer of, my very
dear Sir,

Yours, &c. in our glorious Head,

G. W.

LETTER MCCXII.
To the Reverend Mr. G――.

Edinburgh, August 24, 1758.

Reverend and very dear Sir,

A FTER long meditation and earnest prayer, I cannot come to any

determination about my journey to Glasgow. For these four
months last past, I have been brought so exceeding low in my body,
that I was in hopes every sermon I preached would waft me to my
wish’d-for home. Scotland, I hoped, would finish my warfare; but it
hath rather driven me back to sea again. By force I have been
detained here this race week; but if I come to Glasgow, I shall be
detained in Scotland a fortnight longer, which will greatly hinder me
in my English work. However, I will continue to look up; and by
Saturday’s post my dear Gaius may expect a positive answer. Lord
Jesus, direct my goings in thy way! I am much obliged to you and
other dear Glasgow friends for taking notice of such a worthless
creature. All I can say is, that I am less than the least of all, but for
Christ’s sake, reverend and very dear Sir,
 Theirs and yours most affectionately in our glorious Head,

G. W.

LETTER MCCXIII.
To the Reverend Mr. T――.

Edinburgh, September 9, 1758.

My very dear Friend,

I T is strange that you and I cannot be more together. I believe

Satan doth not like it: ere long we shall get out of his reach. In
heaven we shall enjoy our God and each others company for ever.
O that I moved faster towards it! Complain not. I am the drone, the
dwarf, the all that is worthless and unworthy; but Jesus’ grace is free
and infinite. He owned my feeble labours at Glasgow. Indeed we had
good seasons: some quite remarkable. I hear of another clergyman
lately awakened in the north of England. Something uncommon is
upon the carpet. Lord, prepare us for whatever thou hast prepared
for us. Wednesday next is execution-day; I mean, I am to take my
leave. I now bid you and yours farewel. God bless you. Forget not to
pray, my very dear friend, for,

Ever yours, &c.

G. W.

LETTER MCCXIV.
To Mr. S――.
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