What is a noun?

• person place thing

On the dry erase board…write down some

examples of nouns!
 NOUN
• Names of people, places, or things
• Nouns name things that can be seen and
touched, as well as those that cannot be seen
or touched.
CATEGORIES OF NOUNS EXAMPLES
People Brother Prof. Lloyd
Places Town Albay
Visible things Food Chicken
Ideas Liberty Love
Actions Condemnation Reprimand
Conditions Hunger Envy
Qualities Cheerfulness Misery
 NOUN
KINDS OF NOUNS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES
1. Common In general Teacher
2. Proper Specific Mr. Clemente
Can be seen,
3. Concrete touched, smelled, or Perfume
tasted
Ideas, emotions, and
4. Abstract Love, beauty
qualities
5. Collective Names of groups Audience
6. Count Can be counted Pencil
Can be measured but
7. Mass sugar
not counted
 NOUN
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
Singular Nouns- name of words that indicate ONE
Plural Nouns- more than one
Singular Plural
Adding –s
fruit fruits
bus buses
sandwich sandwiches
Adding –es to words brush brushes
ending in s, ss, z, sh, or ch,
and some that end in o dress dresses
quiz quizzes
tomato tomatoes
 NOUN
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
Singular Nouns- name of words that indicate ONE
Plural Nouns- more than one
Singular Plural
Changing –y to I and technology technologies
adding –es (exceptwhen atrocity atrocities
y is preceded by an e) strawberry strawberries
monkey monkeys
knife knives
Changing –f or –fe to v elf elves
and aadding -es thief thieves
self selves
 NOUN
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
Singular Nouns- name of words that indicate ONE
Plural Nouns- more than one
Singular Plural
child children
goose geese
Changing the spelling
datum data
mouse mice
person people
fish fish
The same singular and
deer deer
plural form
equipment equipment
 NOUN
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
Singular Nouns- name of words that indicate ONE
Plural Nouns- more than one
Singular Plural
The same singular and
furniture furniture
plural form
sheep sheep
maid-of-
maids-of-honor
honor
Adding –s to the first word
brother-in-
in compound brothers-in-law
law
hyphencated nouns
lady-in-
ladies-in-writing
writing
 What is a verb?
• There are two types of verbs that we will look
out closely:
– Action Verb
– Linking Verb
 Action verbs
• Action verbs express action, something
that a person, animal, force of nature, or
thing can do

Playing Driving
 Linking/ Helping Verb
• Linking verbs, on the other hand, do not express
action. Instead, they connect the subject of a verb
to additional information about the subject.
• Any form of the verb “Be”
– Am
– Were
– Has
– Been
– Are being
– is
 VERBS PRACTICE
• Identify the verbs in the following sentences:
Remember…verbs can show action or link one part of
the sentence to the next.
1. Marion was the first woman to become Vice President.
2. I love him.
3. There is a large group of students in the hallway.
4. She danced all night long.
5. I will be 18 next month.
*Your turn! Write two sentences with action verbs and 2
sentences with linking verbs. Identify them!
 THREE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE VERBS
Present Past Past Participle
Eat Ate Eaten
Read Read Read
Write Wrote Written
Cut Cut Cut
 Tenses of the Verb- tells when the action takes
place (PRESENT, PAST, FUTURE)
A. Simple- actions that take place in the past, present,
or future time
TENSE TIME VERB FORM
Present Now Present
Past In the Past Past
Will or
Future In the Future
shall+present
Ex. Ed (cooks/cooked/will cook) sinigang.
 PRACTICE-SIMPLE PRESENT
1. The food in Japan is expensive. It (cost/costs/costing) a lot to live
there.
2. His job is great because he (meet/meets/is meeting) a lot of people.
3. He always (wash/washes/is washing) his car on Sundays.
4. My watch is broken and it (need/needs/needed) to be fixed again.
5. I (love/loves/loving) to watch movies.
6. I (go/goes/went) to the cinema at least once a week.
7. They never (drink/drinks/drunk) tea in the morning.
8. We both (listen/listens/listened) to the radio in the morning.
9. He (want/wants/wanted) a big wedding.
10. George (eat/eats/eaten) too much so he’s getting fat.
 PRACTICE-SIMPLE PAST
1. Linda (stay/stayed/stayd) in my house last week.
2. I (buyed/nawt/bought) the bunny at Nordstrom’s.
3. He just (said/sayed/sought) “Hi.”
4. I (read/red/readed) the article in the newspaper.
5. She (choosed/chosed/chose)10 gifts.
6. The water rise during the 1962 floods (rised/rise/rose) about 10
feet.
7. Andy (fried/freed/freid) four chicken legs and one chicken breast.
8. He (broke/brake/broked) the glass by accidentally knocking it over
with his elbow.
9. How did they send the letter? They (saint/sent/sunt) the letter by
airmail.
10. I (knew/know/knowed) that Japanese would be hard for me to
learn.
 PRACTICE-SIMPLE FUTURE
1. I will (buy/bought/buys) a computer
tomorrow.
2. Shall we (dance/danced/dances)?
3. I shall (returned/return/returns).
4. Will you (help/helps/helped) me?
5. I will not (gone/goes/go) with you.
 Tenses of the Verb- tells when the action takes place (PRESENT, PAST,
FUTURE)

B. Perfect- actions that were completed or will be completed by a certain time.

TENSE TIME VERB FORM

Began in the past,

Present Perfect Has/have+past participle
completed now
Began in the past,
Past Perfect had+past participle
completed in the past
Began in the past or
Will/shall+have+past
Future Perfect present, completed in the
participle
future
Ex. Precious has graduated from college.
Before travelling abroad, Precious had graduated from college.
By next year, Precious shall have graduated from college.
 PRACTICE-PRESENT PERFECT
1. My friend Claire (has been, have been, was) in
England for six months.
2. Many policemen (have died, has died, died) in
the Mindanao siege.
3. The army (has attacked, have attacked, attacked)
that city five times.
4. The principal (has been, have been, was) in the
meeting since this morning.
5. The baby (has grown, have grown, grew) so fast!
 PRACTICE-PAST PERFECT
1. We (waited, had waited) at the mall for half an hour
when my friend (came, had came) into view.
2. The family of the fallen policemen (receive, had
received) financial help from NGOs before the
government (announced, had announced) its monetary
assistance.
3. Josefa (had worked, worked) as a secretary before she
(became, had become) the company president.
4. Rumors about the wedding (had come, came) out when
people (saw, had seen) them together from the church.
5. There (was, is) heavy traffic because it (had rained,
rained) so much the whole day.
 PRACTICE-FUTURE PERFECT
1. They (graduate) from college by April 2025.
2. Melissa (turn) 40 by the end of the year.
3. The students (submit) the report until the
teacher (arrive).
4. I (complete) the needed reports by the time
the president (need) them.
5. A better model of cellular phones (release) in
the market by next month.
 Tenses of the Verb- tells when the action takes place (PRESENT, PAST,
FUTURE)

D. Progressive- ongoing.

TENSE TIME VERB FORM

Continuing action; Going

am / is + verb –ing
Present Progressive on at the time of
are +verb – ing
speaking
Something was going on 1st : was/were + verb – ing
Past Progressive before another action 2nd: simple past (talked,
happened walked, etc)
Action going on in future
Future Progressive before another starts at a Will/shall be + verb –ing
certain time
Ex. Maria and Mila are dancing at the center stage.
Mila was practicing when Maria called their mom.
Mila will be buying costumes for them.
PRACTICE-PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
1. Charina (speak) as a representative of the faculty
members.
2. The Filipinos (express) their frustration over the
death of the 44 SAF members. T
3. There are rumors that some militant groups
(want) the president’s resignation.
4. Claire (expect) her fiancé to come home in two
weeks’ time.
5. The teacher (call) Nancy to recite the Desiderata.
 PRACTICE-PAST PROGRESSIVE
1. Melissa (sing) her contest piece when the audience
(shout) delightfully at her performance.
2. The GLEE Club members (prepare) their repertoire
when the adviser (ask) them to revise the list.
3. The ballerina (practice) her routine when her partner
accidentally (slip) on the floor.
4. The news reporter (deliver) the news when a storm
surge (reach) his place.
5. The militant groups (ask) for a signature campaign
against the president when the presidential spoke
person (call) for a press conference.
 PRACTICE-FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
1. By the time she (finish) cleaning the yard, the
unexpected visitors (arrive) to give her a surprise
birthday party.
2. Students (flock) the public schools a few months from
now.
3. The family (expect) another baby by the year ends.
4. By the time the candidate (file) his protest, the people
(elect) a new president.
5. By the time she (submit) the report, the fact-finding
committee (release) its own report of the probe.
 Tenses of the Verb- tells when the action takes place (PRESENT, PAST,
FUTURE)

D. Perfect Progressive- expresses continuing action that began in the past.

TENSE TIME VERB FORM

Present Perfect Began in the past, Has been/have been+ing

Progressive continuing until now form of verb
Began in the past,
Had been+ing form of
Past Perfect Progressive continued and completed
verb
in the past
Begun in the past or Will have/shall
Future Perfect
present, continuing into have+been+ing form of
Progressive
the future verb
Ex. Ed has been waiting for Precious for an hour.
Ed had been waiting for Precious for an hour before she arrived.
By four o’clock this afternoon, Ed will have been waiting for Precious for two
hours.
 PRACTICE-PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
1. The president (express) sympathy over the imminent
execution of the convicted Filipina since last week.
2. Different countries all over the world (donate) to help
Nepal on the road to their recovery since the strong
earthquake happened.
3. The couple (pray) to have a child for six years now.
4. The students (submit) requirements to avail of the
scholarship grants since last month.
5. My Canadian friend (travel) Asian countries for five
years now.
 PRACTICE-PAST PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
1. The Philippine government (try) diplomatic tactics to
solve territorial dispute over China when Visiting
Forces Agreement (begin) its “Balikatan Exercises”.
2. The people (support) the call for peaceful settlement
when the opponent country (start) aggressive action
towards our military.
3. Before my brother (join) the band, he (sing) in a five
star hotel.
4. When the rain (pour), my family (pack) our things to
go home.
5. I (do) my laundry when my sister (ask) me to
accompany her to the mall.
 PRACTICE-FUTURE PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
1. By tomorrow, the patient (recover) from the
trauma.
2. Four years from now, my friend (complete) her
papers to Australia.
3. By the next decades, scientists (explore)
different planets.
4. A few weeks from now, teachers (train) for the
K12 seminar for this coming school year.
5. By tomorrow, Myrna (visit) her sick mother for a
long time.
 PREPOSITIONS
• A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases
to other words in a sentence. Some
common prepositions are:
• at, under, over, of, to, in, out, beneath, beyond, for, among, after, before,
within, down, up, during, without, with, outside, inside, beside, between, by,
on, out, from, until, toward, throughout, across, above, about, around.
– The book is on the table.
– The book is beneath the table.
– The book is leaning against the table.
– The book is beside the table.
– She held the book over the table.
– She read the book during class.
 Object of the preposition
• The Object of the Preposition
• Recognize an object of the preposition when you
see one.
• Prepositions often begin prepositional phrases. To
complete the phrase, the preposition usually teams up
with a noun, pronoun, orgerund, or the object of the
preposition. Here are some examples:
– At noon
• At = preposition; noon = noun or the object of the preposition.
– Behind them
• Behind = preposition; them = pronoun or the object of the
preposition.
 Tenses of the Verb- tells when the action takes
place (PRESENT, PAST, FUTURE)
A. Simple- actions that take place in the past, present,
or future time
TENSE TIME VERB FORM
Present Now Present
Past In the Past Past
Will or
Future In the Future
shall+present
Ex. Ed (cooks/cooked/will cook) sinigang.
 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
• Subject-verb agreement means that the subject
and verb endings agree in number.
• The subject of every sentence is either singular or
plural, and that determines the ending of the
verb.
• Determining singular or plural endings can be
confusing because…
– an -s ending on a noun indicates plural,
– whereas an -s ending on a verb indicates
singular form.
In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 1: Singular nouns (usually without s) take

singular verbs (usually with s). Plural nouns (usually
with s) take plural verbs (usually without s).
EXAMPLES

The bee buzzes every night. (One bee = singular verb)

The bees buzz every night. (More than one bee = plural verb)
-The stamps stick.
-Time flies so fast.

Note: The nouns “I” and “you” always take a plural verb.
I eat a lot.
You are so beautiful.
In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 2: Compound subjects or subjects joined by

‘and’ take a plural verb.

EXAMPLE

My father and my brother visit me every year.

In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 3: The conjunction ‘or’ does not conjoin like

‘and.’ When you use or, the verb takes the the
number of the closest subject.
EXAMPLE

Your father or his sisters are going to take care of Anna.

Your sisters or your father is going to take care of Anna.
In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 4: : Just like in Rule 3, when the subject words are

joined by either … or, neither . . . nor, or not only … but
also , the verb agrees with the subject closest to it.
EXAMPLES

Either her friend or her mother has the money.

Neither her uncle nor her aunts have the money.

In sentence 1, the verb “has” which is singular agrees

with the subject “mother” (singular).
In the second sentence, the verb “have” (plural) agrees
with the subject “aunts” (plural).
In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 5: The indefinite pronouns no one, anyone,

everyone, someone, anybody, everybody, somebody,
and nobody are always singular. They take singular
verbs.
EXAMPLES

No one is above the law.

Everyone was happy.
In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 6: When word groups or modifiers separate the

subject and the verb, locate the subject word to
determine whether to use a singular or plural verb.
EXAMPLES

The flowers in the pot on the

balcony need watering.

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 7: Phrases starting with the following words

are normally not part of the subject: along with,
together with, accompanied by, in addition to, as
well as, except, with, no less than.
EXAMPLES

Risa, together with her friends, goes to a party every weekend.

Dana and Gemma, together with their father, go to church every weekend.
That’s all for now, we will discuss more rules in the next post.
In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 8: Modifiers between the subject and the

verb does not affect the number of the subject.
EXAMPLES

Jason, who is a father of four, is currently

suffering liver cancer.

In this sentence, the phrase “who is a father of four”

is a modifier of Jason. It does not affect Jason as a
subject and therefore takes a singular verb ‘is.’
In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 9: Some nouns (collective nouns) can be used as

singular or plural depending on the context and
usage.
EXAMPLE

Rica’s family plans to go on a vacation this summer.

The staff have gone their separate ways after the meeting.

In the first sentence, the family is a collective noun

and functions as one group.
In the second sentence, the staff refers to the
persons individually.
In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 10: Uncountable nouns or nouns that can’t be

counted takes singular verbs.

EXAMPLES

Too much sugar was put in this coffee.

Money is the root of all evils.”

In this sentence, sugar is an uncountable noun, so we

used ‘was’ instead of ‘were.’
It is the same with the second sentence.
In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 11: There are words that end in -s that are

always considered as singular.

EXAMPLES

The news about her death is spreading very fast.

Mathematics is a very difficult subject.
Diabetes is not a curable disease.
In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 12: Fractional expressions ‘half of,’ ‘part of,’

‘portion of’ may take singular or plural verbs
depending on the context.
EXAMPLES

Half of the audience are asleep because of his boring speech.

A portion of his wealth was donated to cancer patients.
In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

Rule 13: In inverted sentences especially those that

use here and there, the subject follows the verb.

EXAMPLES

Here are the towels.

A good snack is a salad.
In the examples below, the subjects in the sentences are underlined the verbs are italicized.

General Rule: If the subject is singular the verb

should have “s” at the end. If the subject is plural
there is no “s” at the end of the verb, except for the
word “I” which always take the plural form of the verb.
EXAMPLES

Jenna writes a poem.

We visit our grandparents every Sunday.

In sentence 1, the subject Jenna is singular, so the

verb writes has “s” at the end.
In sentence 2, the subject we is plural, so the verb visit has no
“s.”
Subject-Verb Agreement Practice
1. Yen (call, calls) Socks the cat to come inside the house.
2. Gaute (cook, cooks) his own dinner.
3. They (come, comes) in time for the movie.
4. She (eat, eats) apple for breakfast.
5. Mickey and Minnie (is, are) on the cover of the Kleenex
tissue.
6. I (love, loves) cheesecake.
7. Ryan (run, runs) to the nearest exit.
8. Justin (go, goes) for work again.
9. Vivian (offer, offers) me a drink.
10. We (celebrate, celebrates) the fourth on July with a
barbeque on the front porch.
 1. Misplaced
2. Dangling
COMMON 3. Squinting
4. Fragment
ERRORS IN 5. Run-On
6. Comma Splice
WRITING 7. Faulty
Coordination
8. Faulty Parallelism
9. Redundancy
10.Verbosity
 MISPLACED MODIFIER
• is placed too close to some other
word that it does not intend to
modify:
–I only speak one language.
–All you ever do is speak one
language?
I speak only one language.
 DANGLING MODIFIER
• are words or phrases which “dangle”
because they have no word in the
sentence to describe:
–While taking a shower , the doorbell
rang.
– The doorbell was taking a shower?
The doorbell rang while i was taking a shower.
 SQUINTING MODIFIER
• are misplaced modifiers which seem to
modify two words:
– Patty who was walking quickly reached the
club.
– Is Patty walking quickly, or is she quickly
reaching the club?
Patty, who was quickly walking, reached the
club.
Patty who was walking reached the club
quickly .
 FRAGMENT
• A fragment is NOT a sentence because it
cannot stand alone.
• It either lacks a subject, verb, or a complete
thought.
– When I thought I was mistaken?
• (What?)
– Eating hot dogs, sitting in the sun on a warm
day, and feeling the cool of the ocean on my
toes.
• (What about those three things?)
 Run-on Sentence
• A sentence containing 2 or more
independent clauses (sentences)
punctuated incorrectly.
–I ate an entire ice cream cone by
myself but Jerry ate nothing.
• This sentence needs a comma before
the conjunction to make it correct.
I ate an entire ice cream cone by myself,
but Jerry ate nothing.
 Comma Splice
• Two sentences combined with a comma
but without a connecting word.
– Everyone likes concerts, there is nothing
better than feeling the drum beat inside my
chest.
• This is two sentences joined by a comma. They
need to be separated by a period to be correct.
Everyone likes concerts. There is nothing better than
feeling the drum beat inside my chest.
Everyone likes concerts, because there is nothing
better than feeling the drum beat inside my chest.
 Faulty Parallelism
• Items listed in a sentence must be
grammatically identical.
– I need to run to the store, pick up my
groceries, and be home by noon.
• TO RUN, TO PICK, TO BE—are all infinitives
mainly followed by prepositions. The
parallel structure is appropriate here.
I need to run to the store, to pick up my
groceries, and to be home by noon.
 Faulty Coordination
• Incorrect use of a conjunction like “and”
– I will go and Mickey will stay. (CORRECT)
– I saw the movie “Fantastica” last night and
the popcorn tasted so good!
• What does the movie have to do with the
popcorn?
To use “and” the ideas connected must be
related and of equal importance.
 REDUNDANCY & VERBOSITY
• “Redundant phrases are those that unnecessarily
repeat information,”(grockit.com)
• “Our rough drafts are full of extra words, because that’s
the way most of us speak and think,” (ISU.edu)
• “In both academic and business writing, conciseness is
important. Concise writing expresses ideas without
unnecessary wordiness. Wordiness not only increases
the length of your work without adding meaning, but
also makes your writing harder to understand. This
(wordiness) is a natural result of trying to get your
ideas down clearly on paper…” (Douglas College)
Not: She is the best swimmer of the three
Romanian swimmers.

But: She is the best of the three Romanian

swimmers.
Not: She threw away the broken stereo that
didn't work.

But: She threw away the broken stereo.

 Not: They had never seen a dead corpse.

But: They had never seen a corpse.
 How to spot redundancy?
• Spotting Redundancy can be TRICKY.
• For instance:
• I have to use the ATM machine, but I forgot
my PIN number.
machine and number
• ATM= Automatic Teller MACHINE
• PIN = Personal Identification NUMBER
• I have to use the ATM, but I forgot my PIN.
 In the beginning…
• Often we will begin a sentence with a phrase.
– In the beginning,
– At first,
– Initially,
• We may tend to follow this introductory
phrase with a word or phrase that means the
same thing.
– At first, I initially was afraid of flying.
 Super Extraordinary Modifiers!

• Sometimes we are so determined to find the

right word(s) to describe something that we
over-do it.
– Each and Every
– Uniquely different
– Completely done
• Select the word that best fits, not a combination!
I worked hard on the project until I was completely done!
 Trying to Sound Faaaancy
• Sometimes we think certain phrases just sound
better than the way we usually speak.
– during the course of
– regardless of the fact that
– due to the fact that
• Don’t try to overwork language. Speaking and
writing should have a sense of flow. If it doesn’t,
you be doin’ too much.
Due to the fact that I didn’t study, I failed the test.
 Just Shut Up Already!
• Sometimes people like to talk, so they add all
kinds of words that aren’t necessary!
– Expensive in price
– Heavy in weight
• Chances are if you’re questioning whether you
need a word, you probably don’t.
The new Jordan’s came out and man are they
expensive in price.
 Therefore…
• Due to the fact that you just listened to this
PowerPoint with your ears and probably took
some notes in your notebooks, you definitely
certainly should have learned a bit of
knowledge about redundancy and wordiness,
right?
VOCABULARY
 VOCABULARY PART 1
1. alleviate – lessen, 11. abdicate – to give up a throne or
2. amicable – friendly right
3. benevolent – helpful 12. candor –frank, honest
4. inevitable – unavoidable 13. connive – to conspire; to secretly
5. scrutinize – examine in detail help someone do something
dishonest
6. tenacious – persistent
14. eloquent –use the language
7. disdain – to scorn clearly and effectively
8. evident – clear 15. forsake – to quit or abandon
9. frugal – thrifty 16. inhibit – to restrain or prohibit
10. superficial – shallow 17. modicum – small amount or
portion
18. nuance – small difference
19. penchant- fondness
20. zenith – the highest point or state
1.
VOCABULARY
boisterous – noisy
PART
11. arid – dry
2
2. camaraderie – friendship, 12. conformist – a person who
brotherhood complies or follows tradition and
3. conundrum – a difficult problem, a usual practices
riddle or puzzle 13. deleterious – harmful
4. divergent – different 14. elucidate – clarify
5. foster – to help grow or develop 15. ephemeral – lasting for a short
6. intuitive – having to understand by time
means of feelings (and not by facts) 16. intrepid – brave, fearless
7. mundane – ordinary 17. jeopardy – exposure to harm
8. opulent – expensive and luxurious 18. prudent – careful
9. procrastinate –to delay doing 19. subtle – not obvious
something out of laziness 20. tactful – kind, considerate to others
10. spontaneous – done or said
without lots of thoughts and
planning
 VOCABULARY PART 3
1. affable – friendly 11.brusque – unfriendly, rude, rough
2. docile – obedient 12.deprive – to take something away
3. enthrall – to captivate or charm 13.exploit – a notable deed or heroic act
4. fraud – a deception or trickery (noun), to utilize especially for profit
5. lucrative – money making, profitable (verb), to use selfishly for one’s own
gain (verb).
6. reclusive – a person who lives alone
and withdrawn from society 14.endeavor –to strive to achieve or
reach
7. refurbish – to make neat or clean, to
renovate 15.grumble – to utter complain in a low
voice
8. shatter – to break something into
pieces 16.insatiable – incapable of being
satisfied
9. sycophant – a person who uses
flattery to win favor 17.meddle – to involve in a matter
10. vindicate – to clear from accusation, 18.obese – very fat, overweight
blame, or suspicion 19.presumptuous – to be confident in a
way that is rude
20. tantalize – to tempt
 VOCABULARY PART 4
1. diligent – hardworking 11. bias – unfairness
2. emulate – to try to equal or excel 12. contradiction – a disagreement
3. haughty – proud, snobbish, 13. debris – the remains of something
arrogant broken or destroyed
4. incompatible – not able to be used 14. elicit – to draw or bring out
together 15. mediocre – ordinary, of moderate
5. novice – starter quality
6. orator – an eloquent public speaker 16. mendicant – someone who asks
7. prosperity – success people whom they do not know for
8. resilient – recovering readily from money
illness, depression, etc. 17. nuisance – someone annoying
9. submissive – obedient 18. provocative – serving to provoke or
10. substantiate – to establish proof excite
19. redundant – unnecessary repetition
20. sporadic – happening sometimes,
not regularly
 VOCABULARY PART 5
1. affliction – state of pain 11. belligerent – angry and aggressive
2. cajole – to persuade someone 12. convergent – tending to come
3. drought – a long period of dry together
weather 13. delusion – belief in something that
4. dumbfounded – so shocked that is not true
you cannot speak 14. gullible – easy to deceive or trick
5. extol – to praise highly 15. juxtapose – to put things that are
6. illicit – not legally authorized; not not similar next to each other
allowed 16. maxim – a saying
7. harangue – a scolding 17. nullify – to cause something to
8. reverberate – to continue in a have no value or effect
series of repeated sounds 18. odyssey – a long journey
9. succumb – to give away to a 19. pacify – to calm, to restore peace
superior force; 20. recant – to announce in public that
10. vehement – strongly emotional, the past beliefs or statements were
passionate, zealous wrong
 VOCABULARY PART 6
1. appease – to ease, to calm, to satisfy 11. Abate – lessen, reduce
2. coerce – to force someone to do 12. Bilk – to defraud, cheat, to illegally
something by threat obtain money by deception
3. confidante – somebody entrusted 13. Chagrin –humiliated,
with secrets disappointment
4. demure – shy, modest, reserved 14. Dank – unpleasantly moist or humid
5. erudite – characterized by great 15. Emulate – copy, imitate
knowledge; learned or scholarly 16. Filch – steal (esp. something of
6. fabricate – to fake or forge small value)
7. jubilant – showing great happiness 17. Garrulous –talkative, chatty,
8. nadir –point of greatest adversity or loquacious, wordy
despair 18. Humdrum – monotonous, dull,
9. parody – a piece of writing, music, boring
etc. that imitates someone else in a 19. Incessant – uninterrupted
funny way 20. Jaunt – short journey, trip
10. vex – to annoy or irritate
 VOCABULARY PART 6
1. Knave – Untrustworthy person,
rogue, scoundrel
2. Laggard – Slow, sluggish, dilatory
3. Marred – Damaged, disfigured,
scarred
4. Nadir – Lowest point
5. Ornate- Excessively or
elaborately decorated, flowery
6. Pariah – Outcast, castaway
7. Quell – Put down, extinguish, put
an end, suppress
8. Rapacious – Excessively greedy
9. Sham –Pretend, fake
10. Tether – Tie with a rope, attach
 CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES
(TYPE I, II, III, IV )
 Conditional Sentence Type I
• We use conditional sentences
Type I to talk about something
that is likely to happen in the
present or in the future.
 Conditional Sentences Type I

• E.g. If it is sunny, I will go for a picnic.

• E.g. If you cook the dinner, I will wash the
dishes.
• E.g. If Susan leaves Hong Kong, Peter will
be sad.
Form of Conditional Sentences Type I

If-clause (simple present Main clause (simple future

tense) tense)

If it rains, we will stay at home.

If you break a mirror, you will have bad luck.

 Conditional Sentences Type II

• We use conditional sentences Type

II to talk about something that is
untrue, unreal or unlikely to
happen in the present or the
future.
 Conditional Sentences Type II

• E.g. If I had 1 million dollars, I would

travel around the world.
• E.g. If I were you, I would donate
money to the environmental groups.
 Form of Conditional Sentences Type II

Main clause (would +bare

If-clause (simple past tense)
infinitive)

If I had $500, I would buy you a watch.

If dogs had wings, it would be able to fly.

 Summary
Conditional Type I Conditional Type II
Something likely to happen Something unreal, untrue or
in the present or the future unlikely to happen
If-clause: Simple present
tense If-clause: Simple past tense

Main-clause: Simple future Main clause: Would + bare

tense infinitive
E.g. If she studies harder, she e.g. If she had money, she
will get good results. would buy a new car.
 Conditional Sentence Type III
• We use the conditional sentence type
III to describe something which
could have happened in the past but
didn’t. Usually it is used to express
regret.
Conditional Sentences Type III
• E.g. If I had done my homework, I would
have left school earlier.
• E.g. If I had studied hard, I would have
passed the examination.
• E.g. If Susan had listened to my advice, she
would not have punished.
Form of Conditional Sentences Type III

Main clause (would have +

If-clause (past perfect tense)
past participle)

I would have won the

If I had been more careful,
competition.

you would have met Andy

If you had arrived earlier,
Lau.
 Summary
Conditional Type I Conditional Type II Conditional Type III
Something did not happen
Something likely to
Something unreal, untrue in the past and showing
happen in the present
or unlikely to happen regret
or the future

If-clause: Simple
If-clause: Simple past tense If-clause: past perfect tense
present tense

Main-clause: Simple Main clause: Would + bare Main clause: would have +
future tense infinitive past participle
E.g. If she studies e.g. If she had known his
e.g. If she had money, she
harder, she will get birthday, she would have
would buy a new car.
good results. sent a gift to him.
 Conditional Sentence Type IV:
MIXED CONDITIONALS
• There are two mixed types of sentences of unreal condition:
1. If – clause refers to the present and the main clause
refers to the past.
e.g. If he were a fast runner, he would have won the
race.
2. If – clause refers to the past and the main clause refers
to the present.
e.g. If he had found a job, he wouldn’t be searching for
one now.
• Sometimes we make sentences which mix Second and
Third Conditionals, especially when a past event has an
effect in the present.
 Conditional Sentences Type IV
A. If you hadn’t invited me, I wouldn’t have gone to the party.
(=I did go to the party – Third Conditional).
If you hadn’t invited me, I wouldn’t be here now.
(=I’m at the party now. – Third + Second Conditionals)
B. If you had planned things properly, you wouldn’t have got
into a mess.
(=You didn’t plan – Third Conditional)
If you had planned things at the start, we wouldn’t be in this
mess now
(=We are in trouble now – Third + Second Conditionals)
 Form of Conditional Sentences Type IV
(THIRD/SECOND CONDITIONAL)
-present result of a past condition
Main clause- Present Conditional
If-clause (past perfect tense) (would/wouldn’t+ Verb (bare
form)

If I had listened to your

I wouldn’t be in the mess.
advice,

If he had checked the map, you wouldn’t be lost.

 Form of Conditional Sentences Type IV
(SECOND/THIRD CONDITIONAL)
-past result of a present or continuing condition
Main clause- Perfect Conditional
If-clause+past simple (would/wouldn’t+ past
participle)

I would have invited them

If I were a good cook,
to dinner.
you would have gotten a
If you weren’t such a poor
job in the chorus line at
dancer,,
the musical.
 Idiomatic Expressions
Idioms are words and phrases that have
figurative meaning, separate from their
literal meaning like proverbs and sayings.
EXAMPLES
 Burning the midnight oil – means working or studying late into
the night
 Don’t judge the book by its cover – means don’t judge something
by its appearance
 Blessing in disguise – something unexpectedly turned out good
 It takes two to Tango – means actions or communications need
more than one person.
 Break a leg – means do your very best
 PRACTICE- IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS 1
1. If you don’t spill the beans now, you might 4. His new Ferrari costs an arm and a leg so
regret it. he is now looking for another job.
a. spread rumors a. very expensive
b. let out a secret b. got fired
c. plant some seeds c. met an accident
d. none of the above d. was stolen
2. Hey, man, you are absolutely barking up 5. He married a woman who was born with
the wrong tree here because I’m innocent. a silver spoon in her mouth.
a. choosing the wrong dog a. born very beautiful
b. giving up a fight b. born very poor
c. accusing the wrong person c. born from a very rich family
d. setting up an event in a tree d. born very talkative
3. One proven way to beat an enemy is find
his Achilles heel.
a. secret strategy
b. amulet
c. strong point
d. weak spot
 PRACTICE- IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS 2
1. She has different investments because she 4. My father always reminds us, “don’t count
doesn’t want to put all eggs in one basket. your chickens before the eggs have
a. doesn’t want to put all resources in one hatched.”
possibility a. Don’t eat your eggs before they are
b. doesn’t want to cook everything at once cooked.
c. doesn’t want to go bankrupt b. Don’t make plans for something that
d. none of the above might not happen.
2. Whenever his crush passes by the hallway, c. Don’t deal with your problems before
he’s having butterflies in his stomach. they are solved.
a. he feels sick d. All of the above.
b. he feels nervous 5. Iphones became so popular not only to teens,
c. he feels like flying even my grandparents jumped on the
d. he feels so handsome bandwagon and bought some.
3. Even though they had a nasty fight, they a. ride on the gadget and sell Apple
decided to bury the hatchetand move on. b. jump for technology and sell iphones
a. kill the enemy c. joined the new trend and bought
b. remember the past iphones
c. bury the dead d. bought Android and Apple
d. forget the past quarrel