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CONTENTS vii
10.14 Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions 321 bons and Cancer 420
13.9 Naming Aromatic Compounds 421
11 Nuclear Chemistry 328 13.10 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds 424
11.1
11.2
Nuclear Reactions 329
The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity 330 14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur,
11.3 Stable and Unstable Isotopes 331 or a Halogen 432
11.4 Nuclear Decay 332 14.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 433
11.5 Radioactive Half-Life 337 14.2 Some Common Alcohols 434
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Medical Uses of Radioactivity 338 14.3 Naming Alcohols 436
11.6 Radioactive Decay Series 340 14.4 Properties of Alcohols 439
viii CONTENTS
15 Amines 460
15.1 Amines 461
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Knowing What You Work With: 18 Amino Acids and Proteins 548
Material Safety Data Sheets 465 18.1 An Introduction to Biochemistry 549
15.2 Properties of Amines 467 18.2 Protein Structure and Function: An Overview 551
15.3 Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds 469 18.3 Amino Acids 552
15.4 Basicity of Amines 471 18.4 Acid–Base Properties of Amino Acids 555
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Organic Compounds in Body 18.5 Handedness 556
Fluids and the “Solubility Switch” 473 18.6 Molecular Handedness and Amino Acids 557
15.5 Amine Salts 474 18.7 Primary Protein Structure 560
15.6 Amines in Plants: Alkaloids 476 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Proteins in the Diet 564
16.7
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: How Toxic Is Toxic? 499
Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals 500
19 Enzymes and Vitamins 586
19.1 Catalysis by Enzymes 587
MASTERING REACTIONS: Carbonyl Additions 506 19.2 Enzyme Cofactors 589
19.3 Enzyme Classification 590
17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives 514 19.4 How Enzymes Work 594
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Extremozymes—Enzymes from
17.1 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Properties
and Names 515 the Edge 595
17.2 Some Common Carboxylic Acids 525 19.5 Effect of Concentration on Enzyme Activity 598
17.3 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids 526 19.6 Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity 599
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Acids for the Skin 528 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Enzymes in Medical Diagnosis 601
17.4 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Ester and Amide 19.7 Enzyme Regulation: Feedback and Allosteric
Formation 528 Control 602
17.5 Aspirin and Other Over-the-Counter Carboxylic 19.8 Enzyme Regulation: Inhibition 604
Acid Derivatives 532 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs 607
17.6 Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides 534 19.9 Enzyme Regulation: Covalent Modification and
17.7 Polyamides and Polyesters 537 Genetic Control 608
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Kevlar: A Life-Saving 19.10 Vitamins and Minerals 610
Polymer 538 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Vitamins, Minerals, and Food
17.8 Phosphoric Acid Derivatives 540 Labels 615
CONTENTS ix
21.8
20 The Generation of Biochemical Energy 622 21.9
Variations on the Carbohydrate Theme 680
Some Important Polysaccharides 682
20.1 Energy and Life 623 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Cell Walls: Rigid Defense
20.2 Energy and Biochemical Reactions 624 Systems 685
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Life without Sunlight 627
20.3 Cells and Their Structure 628
20.4 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy 22 Carbohydrate Metabolism 692
Production 629 22.1 Digestion of Carbohydrates 693
20.5 Strategies of Metabolism: ATP and Energy 22.2 Glucose Metabolism: An Overview 694
Transfer 632 22.3 Glycolysis 696
20.6 Strategies of Metabolism: Metabolic Pathways and 22.4 Entry of Other Sugars into Glycolysis 700
Coupled Reactions 634 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Tooth Decay 701
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Basal Metabolism 636
22.5 The Fate of Pyruvate 701
20.7 Strategies of Metabolism: Oxidized and Reduced CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Microbial Fermentations: Ancient
Coenzymes 637 and Modern 703
20.8 The Citric Acid Cycle 639
22.6 Energy Output in Complete Catabolism
20.9 The Electron-Transport Chain and ATP
of Glucose 704
Production 643
22.7 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Energy
20.10 Harmful Oxygen By-Products and Antioxidant
Production 705
Vitamins 647
22.8 Metabolism in Fasting and Starvation 706
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Plants and Photosynthesis 649
22.9 Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus 707
21 Carbohydrates 656
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Diagnosis and Monitoring
of Diabetes 709
21.1 An Introduction to Carbohydrates 657 22.10 Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogenesis and
21.2 Handedness of Carbohydrates 659 Glycogenolysis 710
21.3 The d and l Families of Sugars: Drawing Sugar CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Biochemistry of Running 712
Molecules 661 22.11 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose from
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Chirality and Drugs 663 Noncarbohydrates 713
21.4 Structure of Glucose and Other
21.5
Monosaccharides 664
Some Important Monosaccharides 669 23 Lipids 720
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Cell-Surface Carbohydrates and 23.1 Structure and Classification of Lipids 721
Blood Type 672 23.2 Fatty Acids and Their Esters 724
21.6 Reactions of Monosaccharides 673 23.3 Properties of Fats and Oils 727
21.7 Disaccharides 676 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Lipids in the Diet 728
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Carbohydrates and Fiber in the 23.4 Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols 730
Diet 679 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Detergents 731
23.5 Phospholipids and Glycolipids 733
23.6 Sterols 738
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Butter and Its Substitutes 740
23.7 Structure of Cell Membranes 741
23.8 Transport Across Cell Membranes 743
23.9 Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes 745
24.5
24.6
Oxidation of Fatty Acids 762
Energy from Fatty Acid Oxidation 763 27 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism 824
24.7 Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis 765 27.1 Digestion of Protein 825
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Liver, Clearinghouse for 27.2 Amino Acid Metabolism: An Overview 826
Metabolism 767 27.3 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Amino Group 828
24.8 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids 768 27.4 The Urea Cycle 830
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Gout: When Biochemistry Goes
26 Genomics 804
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Plant Hormones 855
28.6 Neurotransmitters 855
26.1 Mapping the Human Genome 805 28.7 How Neurotransmitters Work: Acetylcholine, Its
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: One Genome To Represent Us Agonists and Antagonists 857
All? 808 28.8 Histamine and Antihistamines 860
26.2 A Trip Along a Chromosome 808 28.9 Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine 861
26.3 Mutations and Polymorphisms 810 28.10 Neuropeptides and Pain Relief 863
26.4 Recombinant DNA 814 28.11 Drug Discovery and Drug Design 864
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Serendipity and the Polymerase
Chain Reaction 815
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: DNA Fingerprinting 817
29 Body Fluids 870
29.1 Body Water and Its Solutes 871
26.5 Genomics: Using What We Know 818 29.2 Fluid Balance 874
29.3 Blood 876
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Blood–Brain Barrier 878
29.4 Plasma Proteins, White Blood Cells, and
Immunity 879
29.5 Blood Clotting 882
29.6 Red Blood Cells and Blood Gases 883
29.7 The Kidney and Urine Formation 887
29.8 Urine Composition and Function 888
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Automated Clinical Laboratory
Analysis 889
Appendices A-1
Glossary A-6
Answers to Selected Problems A-13
Photo Credits C-1
Index I-1
Features
CHEMISTRY Collagen—A Tale of Two Diseases 576
Prions: Proteins That Cause Disease 579
IN ACTION Extremozymes—Enzymes from the Edge 595
Enzymes in Medical Diagnosis 601
Aspirin—A Case Study 8
Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs 607
Mercury and Mercury Poisoning 15
Vitamins, Minerals, and Food Labels 615
Temperature-Sensitive Materials 31
Life without Sunlight 627
A Measurement Example: Obesity and Body Fat 35
Basal Metabolism 636
Are Atoms Real? 48
Plants and Photosynthesis 649
The Origin of Chemical Elements 56
Chirality and Drugs 663
Atoms and Light 66
Cell-Surface Carbohydrates and Blood Type 672
Ionic Liquids 78
Carbohydrates and Fiber in the Diet 679
Salt 83
Cell Walls: Rigid Defense Systems 685
Biologically Important Ions 86
Tooth Decay 701
Osteoporosis 93
Microbial Fermentations: Ancient and Modern 703
CO and NO: Pollutants or Miracle Molecules? 113
Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes 709
VERY Big Molecules 118
The Biochemistry of Running 712
Damascenone by Any Other Name Would Smell as Sweet 125
Lipids in the Diet 728
Gout and Kidney Stones: Problems in Solubility 140
Detergents 731
Batteries 147
Butter and Its Substitutes 740
Did Ben Franklin Have Avogadro’s Number? A Ballpark
Lipids and Atherosclerosis 757
Calculation 164
Fat Storage: A Good Thing or Not? 760
Anemia—A Limiting Reagent Problem? 172
The Liver, Clearinghouse for Metabolism 767
Energy from Food 185
It’s a Ribozyme! 790
Regulation of Body Temperature 195
Viruses and AIDS 794
Coupled Reactions 204
Influenza—Variations on a Theme 799
Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming 224
One Genome To Represent Us All? 808
Blood Pressure 228
Serendipity and the Polymerase Chain Reaction 815
CO2 as an Environmentally Friendly Solvent 245
DNA Fingerprinting 817
Breathing and Oxygen Transport 263
Gout: When Biochemistry Goes Awry 833
Electrolytes, Fluid Replacement, and Sports Drinks 276
The Importance of Essential Amino Acids and Effects
Timed-Release Medications 284
of Deficiencies 836
GERD—Too Much Acid or Not Enough? 299
Homeostasis 845
Buffers in the Body: Acidosis and Alkalosis 312
Plant Hormones 855
Acid Rain 320
The Blood–Brain Barrier 878
Medical Uses of Radioactivity 338
Automated Clinical Laboratory Analysis 889
Irradiated Food 345
Body Imaging 348
Surprising Uses of Petroleum 385 MASTERING
The Chemistry of Vision and Color 406
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cancer 420
REACTIONS
Ethyl Alcohol as a Drug and a Poison 446 Organic Chemistry and the Curved Arrow Formalism 382
Phenols as Antioxidants 449 How Addition Reactions Occur 414
Inhaled Anesthetics 453 How Eliminations Occur 441
Knowing What You Work With: Material Safety Data Sheets 465 Carbonyl Additions 506
Organic Compounds in Body Fluids and the “Solubility
Switch” 473
Toxicology 478
Chemical Warfare among the Insects 489
How Toxic Is Toxic? 499
Acids for the Skin 528
Kevlar: A Life-Saving Polymer 538
Proteins in the Diet 564
Protein Analysis by Electrophoresis 568
xi
Preface
This textbook and its related digital resources provide students in the allied health sci-
ences with a needed background in chemistry and biochemistry while offering a general
context for chemical concepts to ensure that students in other disciplines gain an appre-
ciation of the importance of chemistry in everyday life.
To teach chemistry all the way from “What is an atom?” to “How do we get energy
from glucose?” is a challenge. Throughout our general chemistry and organic chemistry
coverage, the focus is on concepts fundamental to the chemistry of living things and
everyday life. In our biochemistry coverage we strive to meet the further challenge of
providing a context for the application of those concepts in biological systems. Our goal
is to provide enough detail for thorough understanding while avoiding so much detail
that students are overwhelmed. Many practical and relevant examples are included to
illustrate the concepts and enhance student learning.
The material covered is ample for a two-term introduction to general, organic, and
biological chemistry. While the general and early organic chapters contain concepts that
are fundamental to understanding the material in biochemistry, the later chapters can
be covered individually and in an order that can be adjusted to meet the needs of the
students and the duration of the course.
The writing style is clear and concise and punctuated with practical and familiar
examples from students’ personal experience. Art work, diagrams, and molecular mod-
els are used extensively to provide graphical illustration of concepts to enhance student
understanding. Since the true test of knowledge is the ability to apply that knowledge
appropriately, we include numerous worked examples that incorporate consistent
problem-solving strategies.
Regardless of their career paths, all students will be citizens in an increasingly tech-
nological society. When they recognize the principles of chemistry at work not just in
their careers but in their daily lives, they are prepared to make informed decisions on
scientific issues based on a firm understanding of the underlying concepts.
Organization
General Chemistry: Chapters 1–11 The introduction to elements, atoms, the periodic
table, and the quantitative nature of chemistry (Chapters 1 and 2) is followed by chap-
ters that individually highlight the nature of ionic and molecular compounds (Chapters 3
and 4. The next three chapters discuss chemical reactions and their stoichiometry,
energies, rates, and equilibria (Chapters 5, 6, and 7). Topics relevant to the chemistry
of life follow: Gases, Liquids, and Solids (Chapter 8); Solutions (Chapter 9); and Acids
and Bases (Chapter 10). Nuclear Chemistry (Chapter 11) closes the general chemistry
sequence.
Organic Chemistry: Chapters 12–17 These chapters concisely focus on what students
must know in order to understand biochemistry. The introduction to hydrocarbons
(Chapters 12 and 13) includes the basics of nomenclature, which is thereafter kept to a
minimum. Discussion of functional groups with single bonds to oxygen, sulfur, or a hal-
ogen (Chapter 14) is followed by a short chapter on amines, which are so important to
the chemistry of living things and drugs (Chapter 15). After introducing aldehydes and
ketones (Chapter 16), the chemistry of carboxylic acids and their derivatives (includ-
ing amides) is covered (Chapter 17), with a focus on similarities among the derivatives.
More attention to the mechanisms by which organic reactions occur and the vernacular
used to describe them has been incorporated into this edition.
Biological Chemistry: Chapters 18–29 Rather than proceed through the complexities
of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acid structure before getting to the roles of
these compounds in the body, structure and function are integrated in this text. Protein
structure (Chapter 18) is followed by enzyme and coenzyme chemistry (Chapter 19). With
enzymes introduced, the central pathways and themes of biochemical energy produc-
tion can be described (Chapter 20). If the time you have available to cover biochemistry
is limited, stop with Chapter 20 and your students will have an excellent preparation
in the essentials of metabolism. The following chapters cover carbohydrate chemis-
try (Chapters 21 and 22), then lipid chemistry (Chapters 23 and 24). Next we discuss
nucleic acids and protein synthesis (Chapter 25) and genomics (Chapter 26). The last
three chapters cover protein and amino acid metabolism (Chapter 27), the function of
hormones and neurotransmitters, and the action of drugs (Chapter 28), and provide an
overview of the chemistry of body fluids (Chapter 29).
• Chapters 1 and 2 from the sixth edition have been combined; a greater emphasis is
placed on math skills. Goals were revised and updated to reflect the combined chapter.
xiv NEW TO THIS EDITION
• Chapter 3 from the sixth edition has become Chapter 2 in the seventh edition:
Atoms and the Periodic Table.
• Information on the periodic table has been updated (the 117th element has been
discovered, no longer considered a metalloid; 112th element has been named).
• Application boxes (Chemistry in Action) have been modified to enhance clarity,
relevance to the student, and connection to the text.
Chapter 3
• Chapter 3 in this edition was Chapter 4 in the sixth edition: Ionic Compounds.
• There is a new Application (Chemistry in Action) box titled “Ionic Liquids.”
• Changes have been made to the boxes to enhance clarity, relevance to the student,
and connection to the text.
Chapter 4
• Chapter 4 in this edition was Chapter 5 in the sixth edition: Molecular Compounds.
• Section 11 (Characteristics of Molecular Compounds) has been moved; it is now
Section 5.
Chapter 5
• An explanation of bond energies has been added to show how the energy of chemi-
cal reactions is related to the covalent bonds in reactants and products.
• Bond and reaction energies in units of both kcal and kJ have been consistently
included.
• A new concept map has been added at the end of chapter that shows how energy,
rates, and equilibrium are related.
• There is a new Chemistry in Action application box titled “Coupled Reactions.”
Chapter 8
• Section 8.11 (Intermolecular Forces) has been moved to Section 8.2 to help students
make the connection between these forces and the physical states and properties of
matter that are discussed in the subsequent sections.
• Chemistry in Action application boxes have been revised to strengthen the connec-
tion with chapter content.
• There is a new Concept Map relating molecular shape and polarity (Chapter 4) and
the energy of chemical and physical changes (Chapter 7) to intermolecular forces
and the physical states of matter.
NEW TO THIS EDITION xv
Chapter 9
• Section 9.7 (Units of Concentration) has been reorganized to add mass/mass units
and improve connections between units.
• A new Concept Map has been added to show the relationship between intermolecu-
lar forces (Chapter 8) and the formation of solutions and between concentration
units of molarity and mole/mass relationships of reactions in solution.
Chapter 10
• Section 10.4 (Water as Both Acid and Base) and Section 10.6 (Dissociation
of Water) have been combined to strengthen the connection between these
concepts.
• Section 10.11 (Buffer Solutions) and Section 10.12 (Buffers in the Body) have been
combined to strengthen the connection between these concepts and reduce redun-
dancy of content in later chapters.
• Content in the Chemistry in Action application boxes has been combined and
revised to strengthen connections between concepts and practical applications.
• New Concept Map has been added to show the relationships between strong/weak
electrolytes (Chapter 9) and the extent of formation of H + and OH - ions in acid/
base solutions, and between equilibrium (Chapter 7) and strong/weak acids.
Chapter 11
• One Chemistry in Action application box was eliminated and others were re-
vised to strengthen the connections between chapter content and practical
applications.
• There is a new feature box called Mastering Reactions that explains curved-arrow
formalism used in organic mechanisms.
• There is a functional group scheme map that will aid in classifying functional
groups.
• Table 1 has been substantially reworked to include line structures and sulfur
compounds.
Chapter 13
• Sixth edition section 13.7 has been converted into a Mastering Reactions box (How
Addition Reactions Occur). The content of Mastering Reactions box includes
expanded discussion of Markovnikov’s Rule.
• Chapter 13 now includes in-text references to Chemistry in Action boxes, includ-
ing in-text problems related to them. There are also several cross-references to the
Mastering Reactions boxes.
xvi NEW TO THIS EDITION
Chapter 14
• The language used to describe the classification of alcohols has been adjusted to
make it clearer for the reader.
• A Mastering Reactions box (How Eliminations Occur) has been added. Discussion
of Zaitsev’s Rule and its mechanistic explanation are included.
Chapter 15
• A new Chemistry in Action box (Knowing What You Work With: Material Safety
Data Sheets) has been added.
Chapter 16
• A Mastering Reactions box (Carbonyl Additions) has been added, with an emphasis
on hemiacetal and acetal formation.
• The discussion of formation of cyclic hemiacetals and acetals has been adjusted to
make it more clear to the reader.
Chapter 17
• The colors used in many of the illustrations were corrected and/or modified to al-
low students to easily follow which atoms come from which starting materials in
the formation and degradation of the various carboxylic acid derivatives.
Chapter 18
• There are new references to the Chemistry in Action boxes, both in the text and in
the problems.
• There is an expanded discussion of isoelectric points.
• There is a new Concept Map illustrating the organizing principles of protein struc-
ture, types of proteins, and amino acids.
Chapter 19
• A new Concept Map relating biochemical energy to chemical energy concepts dis-
cussed in earlier chapters has been added.
• Energy calculations are in both kcalories and kjoules.
• The discussion of “uncouplers” has been integrated into the text.
Chapter 21
• A new Chemistry in Action box was added, combining and updating concepts from
earlier applications discussing aspects of dietary carbohydrates.
• Many ribbon molecules were made clearer by floating the model on white rather
than black backgrounds.
• A new worked example was added to clarify how to analyze a complex molecule for
its component structures.
Chapter 22
• The text discussion was made more readable by reducing the jargon present in this
chapter.
• The discussion of glucose metabolism in diabetes and metabolic syndrome was
freshened.
NEW TO THIS EDITION xvii
Chapter 23
• The discussion of cholesterol and bile acids was moved from Chapter 28 to this
chapter.
• Dietary and obesity statistics were updated.
• Text information about medical uses of liposomes was added.
Chapter 24
• Jargon was removed and concepts were clarified by a more thorough explanation of
reactions.
• A clearer explanation of how triacylglycerides are digested, absorbed, and moved
through the body to destination cells was added.
• The discussion of energy yields from fat metabolism was extended for clarity.
Chapter 25
• This chapter, Genomics, was Chapter 27 in the sixth edition. It has been updated to
reflect the current state of genome mapping.
• The Chemistry In Action box, DNA Fingerprinting, has been updated to include
PCR fingerprinting.
Chapter 27
• This chapter, Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism, was Chapter 28 in the sixth
edition.
• Changes have been made to enhance clarity, relevance to the student, and connec-
tion to the text.
Chapter 28
• The chapter is now focused only on the messenger aspect of these peptides, amino
acid derivatives, and steroids.
• Discussions were made clearer by spelling-out terms instead of defining
abbreviations.
• The steroid-abuse section was revamped to increase relevance and enhance clarity
for the student.
Chapter 29
• Changes were made to enhance clarity, relevance to the student, and connection to
the text.
xviii K E Y F E AT U R E S
KEY FEATURES
Focus on Learning
Worked Examples Most Worked Examples include an Analysis section that precedes
the Solution. The Analysis lays out the approach to solving a problem of the given
type. When appropriate, a Ballpark Estimate gives students an overview of the rela-
tionships needed to solve the problem and provides an intuitive approach to arrive at a
rough estimate of the answer. The Solution presents the worked-out example using the
strategy laid out in the Analysis and, in many cases, includes expanded discussion to
enhance student understanding. When applicable, following the Solution there is a Ball-
park Check that compares the calculated answer to the Ballpark Estimate and verifies
that the answer makes chemical and physical sense.
BALLPARK CHECK How does this value compare with the ballpark estimate we made at the beginning? Are the final units
correct? 54.6 cm is close to our original estimate of 50 cm.
Key Concept Problems are integrated throughout the chapters to focus attention on the
use of essential concepts, as do the Understanding Key Concepts problems at the end
of each chapter. Understanding Key Concepts problems are designed to test students’
mastery of the core principles developed in the chapter. Students thus have an opportu-
nity to ask “Did I get it?” before they proceed. Most of these Key Concept Problems use
graphics or molecular-level art to illustrate the core principles and will be particularly
useful to visual learners.
Cytosine
K E Y F E AT U R E S xix
Problems The problems within the chapters, for which brief answers are given in an
appendix, cover every skill and topic to be understood. One or more problems follow
each Worked Example and others stand alone at the ends of sections.
PROBLEM 1.18
Write appropriate conversion factors and carry out the following conversions:
(a) 16.0 oz = ? g (b) 2500 mL = ? L (c) 99.0 L = ? qt
PROBLEM 1.19
Convert 0.840 qt to milliliters in a single calculation using more than one conver-
sion factor.
More Color-Keyed, Labeled Equations It is entirely too easy to skip looking at a chem-
ical equation while reading the text. We have used color extensively to call attention to
the aspects of chemical equations and structures under discussion, a continuing feature
of this book that has been judged to be very helpful.
Key Words Every key term is boldfaced on its first use, fully defined in the margin
adjacent to that use, and listed at the end of the chapter. These are the terms students
must understand to continue with the subject at hand. Definitions of all Key Words are
collected in the Glossary.
Focus on Relevancy
Chemistry is often considered to be a difficult and tedious subject. But when students
make a connection between a concept in class and an application in their daily lives, the
chemistry comes alive, and they get excited about the subject. The applications in this
book strive to capture student interest and emphasize the relevance of the scientific con-
cepts. The use of relevant applications makes the concepts more accessible and increases
understanding.
xx K E Y F E AT U R E S
CHEMISTRY
IN ACTION
Anemia – A Limiting
Reagent Problem?
Anemia is the most commonly diagnosed blood disorder, with
symptoms typically including lethargy, fatigue, poor concentra-
tion, and sensitivity to cold. Although anemia has many causes,
including genetic factors, the most common cause is insufficient
dietary intake or absorption of iron.
Hemoglobin (abbreviated Hb), the iron-containing pro-
▲ Can cooking in cast iron pots decrease anemia?
tein found in red blood cells, is responsible for oxygen trans-
port throughout the body. Low iron levels in the body result in in meat, poultry, and fish. Vitamin supplements containing folic
decreased production and incorporation of Hb into red blood acid and either ferrous sulfate or ferrous gluconate can decrease
cells. In addition, blood loss due to injury or to menstruation in iron deficiencies, and vitamin C increases the absorption of iron
women increases the body’s demand for iron in order to replace by the body.
lost Hb. In the United States, nearly 20% of women of child- However, the simplest way to increase dietary iron may be
bearing age suffer from iron-deficiency anemia compared to to use cast iron cookware. Studies have demonstrated that the
only 2% of adult men. iron content of many foods increases when cooked in an iron
The recommended minimum daily iron intake is 8 mg for pot. Other studies involving Ethiopian children showed that
adult men and 18 mg for premenopausal women. One way to those who ate food cooked in iron cookware were less likely
ensure sufficient iron intake is a well-balanced diet that includes to suffer from iron-deficiency anemia than their playmates who
iron-fortified grains and cereals, red meat, egg yolks, leafy ate similar foods prepared in aluminum cookware.
green vegetables, tomatoes, and raisins. Vegetarians should
pay extra attention to their diet, because the iron in fruits and See Chemistry in Action Problems 6.59 and 6.60 at the
vegetables is not as readily absorbed by the body as the iron end of the chapter.
NEW Feature box in this edition—Mastering Reactions include How Addition Reac-
tions Occur, How Elimination Reactions Occur, and Carbonyl Additions and discuss
how these important organic transformations are believed to occur. This new feature
allows instructors to easily introduce discussions of mechanism into their coverage of
organic chemistry.
MASTERING REACTIONS
Organic Chemistry and the The convention is to show the movement from an area of high
electron density (the start of the arrow) to one of lower electron
Curved Arrow Formalism density (the head of the arrow). Using curved arrow formalism,
we can examine the reaction of 2-iodopropane with sodium
Starting with this chapter and continuing on through the
cyanide in more detail. There are two distinct paths by which
remainder of this text, you will be exploring the world of
this reaction can occur:
organic chemistry and its close relative, biochemistry. Both of
these areas of chemistry are much more “visual” than those you Path 1
have been studying; organic chemists, for example, look at how
and why reactions occur by examining the flow of electrons. For I
+ –
example, consider the following reaction of 2-iodopropane with CH CH + I
sodium cyanide: H3C CH3 H3C CH3
I
CN
CH + NaCN + –
H3C CH3 CN CH + CN CH
H3C CH3 H 3C CH3
CH + NaI
H3C CH3
Intramolecular Forces
Focus on Studying
End of Chapter Section
Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals
The Chapter Summary revisits the Chapter Goals that open the chapter. Each of the
questions posed at the start of the chapter is answered by a summary of the essential
information needed to attain the corresponding goal.
Key Words
All of the chapter’s boldface terms are listed in alphabetical order and are cross-refer-
enced to the page where it appears in the text.
Understanding Key Concepts
The problems at the end of each chapter allow students to test their mastery of the core
principles developed in the chapter. Students have an opportunity to ask “Did I get it?”
before they proceed.
Acknowledgments
Although this text is now in its seventh edition, each revision has aspired to improve
the quality and accuracy of the content and emphasize its relevance to the student users.
Achieving this goal requires the coordinated efforts of a dedicated team of editors and
media experts. Without them, this textbook would not be possible.
On behalf of all my coauthors, I would like to thank Adam Jaworski (Editor in Chief)
and Jeanne Zalesky (Executive Editor) for building an excellent team for this project.
Thanks also to Jared Sterzer (Production Manager), Wendy Perez (Project Manager),
Eric Schrader (Photo Researcher), Lisa Tarabokjia (Editorial Assistant), and Connie
Long (Art Specialist) for their attention to detail as we moved forward. Erica Frost, our
developmental editor, deserves special recognition for providing invaluable feedback—
her painstaking perusal of each chapter and her eye for details have contributed greatly
to the accessibility and relevance of the text. Very special thanks also to Lisa Pierce, As-
sistant Editor, who patiently guided the process and worked closely with us—thank you
for your flexibility and dedication to the success of this project.
The value of this text has also been enhanced by the many individuals who have
worked to improve the ancillary materials. Particular thanks to Susan McMurry for her
efforts to ensure the accuracy of the answers to problems provided in the text and her
revisions of the solutions manuals. Thanks to Ashley Eklund, Miriam Adrianowicz, and
Lauren Layn for their work on the media supplements. Thanks also to Margaret Trombley,
Kristin Mayo, and Damon Botsakos for their efforts to expand and improve Mastering
Chemistry.
Finally, thank you to the many instructors and students who have used the sixth edi-
tion and have provided valuable insights and feedback to improve the accuracy of the
current edition. We gratefully acknowledge the following reviewers for their contribu-
tions to the seventh edition.
Accuracy Reviewers of the Seventh Edition
Sheikh Ahmed,West Virginia University
Danae R. Quirk Dorr, Minnesota State University, Mankato
Karen Ericson, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne
Barbara Mowery, York College of Pennsylvania
Susan Thomas, University of Texas, San Antonio
Richard Triplett, Des Moines Area Community College
Reviewers of the Seventh Edition
Francis Burns, Ferris State University
Lisa L. Crozier, Northeast Wisconsin Technical Center
Robert P. Dixon, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
Luther Giddings, Salt Lake Community College
Arlene Haffa, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh
L. Jaye Hopkins, Spokane Community College
Mohammad Mahroof, Saint Cloud State University
Gregory Marks, Carroll University
Van Quach, Florida State University
Douglas Raynie, South Dakota State University
Reviewers of the Previous Editions
Sheikh Ahmed, West Virgina University
Stanley Bajue, CUNY-Medgar Evers College
Daniel Bender, Sacramento City College
Dianne A. Bennett, Sacramento City College
Alfredo Castro, Felician College
Gezahegn Chaka, Louisiana State University, Alexandria
Michael Columbia, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne
Rajeev B. Dabke, Columbus State University
Danae R. Quirk Dorr, Minnesota State University, Mankato
xxiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are committed to maintaining the highest quality and accuracy and look
forward to comments from students and instructors regarding any aspect of this text and
supporting materials. Questions or comments should be directed to the lead co-author.
David S. Ballantine
[email protected]
— Pistä poskeesi!
Ja hän kääntyi valoa kohti, riensi portaita ylös ja tuli pihalle, jolla
talon palvelusväki hyöri kuumeisesti juosten edes ja takaisin,
ikäänkuin olisi sillä ollut tavattoman tärkeä ja kiireinen asia
toimitettavana. Lo Ta jäi talon eteen seisomaan, nojasi sauvaansa ja
puhutteli palvelusväkeä huutamalla, mutta kohteliaasti.
— Munkki, mitä asiaa on teillä näin myöhäiseen aikaan tähän
taloon? — kysyttiin häneltä.
— Minä en pidä sitä niin suurena asiana, jos syönkin lihaa ja juon
väkeviä juomia, — arveli Syvähenki, — ja sanoakseni teille totuuden,
minä en ole pahoin nirsu mitä viinaan tulee, olkoonpa se sitten
puhdasta tai sekotettua, valkoista tai värikästä.
— Minun täytyy pyytää teitä, — virkkoi nyt vanha Liu, — ensi yön
nukkumaan eräässä sivurakennuksessa ja pysyä siellä ulos
tulematta, vaikka kuulisittekin melua ja meteliä ulkoa.
— Minä olen koko ajan luullut, — höpisi hän itsekseen, — että tuo
munkki tulisi jotenkin käyttämään järjenkeinoa eikä väkivaltaa
saadakseen rosvon luopumaan aikeestaan. Mutta mitä merkitsi tämä
avunhuuto? Ukko otti lyhdyn ja huusi hämmentyneenä
rosvokuninkaan saattojoukon koolle mennäkseen sen kanssa taloon
katsomaan, mitä siellä oikein tapahtui.
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