First Aid Manual

YOUR
SAFETY IS
OUR
PRIORITY

www.alsalama.ae [email protected]
1st Edition October 2021

Copyright ©

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, dis-

tributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photo-

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out the prior written permission of the publisher.

Disclaimer

The content of this manual has been developed by Al Salama Fire

Safety Training.

Al Salama Safety Training Academy

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MODULE 1. Introduction to first aid

MODULE 2. Self-Protection & Personal Protective Equipment

MODULE 3. Primary Assessment

MODULE 4. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

MODULE 5. Automated External Defibrillation (AED)

MODULE 6. Choking Management

MODULE 7. Heart attack

MODULE 8. Hypovolemic Shock

MODULE 9. Epilepsy / Seizure

MODULE 10. Bleeding Control

MODULE 11. Burn Management

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 Module 1. Introduction first aid
First aid – is the immediate care given
to a person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill. It includes self-
help and home care if medical
assistance is not available or is
delayed. It also includes well-selected
words of encouragement, evidence of
willingness to help, and promotion of confidence by demonstration of
competence.

The person giving first aid, the first-aider, deals with the whole
situation, the injured person, and the injury or illness. He knows what
not to do as well as what to do; he avoids errors that are frequently
made by untrained persons through well-meant but misguided efforts.
He knows too, that his first aid knowledge and skill can mean the
difference between life and death, between temporary and permanent
disability, and between rapid recovery and long hospitalization.

First aid training not only provides you with knowledge and skill to give
life support and other emergency care
but also helps you to develop safety
awareness and habits that promote
safety at home, at work, during
recreation, and on the streets and
highways.

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 PRIMARY GOALS OF FIRST AID
•Preserve life – Maintaining the
safety and well-being of all those
involve in an emergency is vital.
Emergency situation change during
the process of managing the incident.
The primary survey will help you
preserve life by prompting you to
provide care in the correct priority.

•Prevent deterioration – Carry out

your patient assessment and treatment with care. You should aim
to ensure the condition of the patient does not worsen. Continually
reassess the patient and provide the appropriate care until medical
help arrives

•Promote Recovery – Arrange for medical care and provide first aid
in accordance with your training and skills. Providing reassurance
through confident and appropriate care will aid in promoting recovery
of the patient by alleviating anxiety and discomfort caused by the
incident.

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 Roles and Responsibilities of First Aider
1. Bridge that fills the gap between the patient and the physician.

2. Ensures personal safety, patient and the by-stander.

3. Gain access to the patient.

4. Determines any threats to patient’s life.

5. Summon advanced medical care as needed.

6. Provide needed care for the patient.

7. Assists EMT and other medical personnel.

8. Records all assessments and care given to the patient.

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 FIRST AID KIT
A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving
first aid. We never know when an emergency can occur, best possible
solution is to be prepared for emergency

A well-stocked first-aid kit can help you respond effectively to common

injuries and emergencies. Keep at least one first-aid kit in your home
and one in your car. Store your kits someplace easy to get to and out
of the reach of young children. Make sure children old enough to
understand the purpose of the kits know where they›re stored.

You can buy first-aid kits at many drugstores or assemble your own.
You may want to tailor your kit based on your activities and needs. A
basic first-aid kit includes:

• Adhesive tape
• Elastic wrap bandages
• Bandage strips in assorted sizes
• Nonstick sterile bandages and roller gauze in assorted sizes
• Eye shield or pad
• Triangular bandage
• Instant cold packs
• Cotton balls and cotton-tipped swabs
• Disposable nonlatex examination gloves, several pairs
• Plastic bags, assorted sizes
• Scissors and tweezers
• Antiseptic solution
• Eyewash solution
• Thermometer
• Cpr face shield
• First-aid Manual

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 CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
• Early Recognition and Call for Help – If you suspect a heart attack
or sudden cardiac arrest, call for an ambulance right away

• Early CPR – If Cardiac arrest occurs begin CPR, Effective CPR buys
time. If the patient is an adult, you should normally assume a heart
problem and go for help immediately.

• Early Defibrillation – In most cases of cardiac arrest, the heart

stops beating effectively because of an electrical disturbance called
ventricular fibrillation (VF). The only effective therapy for VF is the
delivery of an electric shock to the heart.

• Post resuscitation care – Healthcare professionals may use a range

of advanced techniques to promote recovery and restore quality of life.

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 MODULE 2. Self-Protection and PPE
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is any protective item of clothing
or equipment that has been designed for the purpose of protecting
the wearer from injury or hazard. These hazards can include physical,
chemical, biohazards and airborne pathogens.
Gloves - there are three types of gloves available - latex, nitrile and
vinyl. Because of latex allergies, nitrile and vinyl gloves are the best
options. (We only use nitrile in our classes)
Face Shields - is used provide a barrrier between the rescuer and
victim or vice versa.
CPR Pocket Mask - Also known as a pocket face mask, a CPR pock
mask ensures safety by having a one-way filter valve in place. When
the person giving breaths breathes into the mouth of the patient the
one-way filter valve prevents any mucus, blood, vomit from going ck
into the resuscitators mouth.

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 MODULE 3. Primary Assessment
D – anger Minimize the danger before you approach. Ensure the Safety
to the Rescuer, Patient and Bystanders.

Check the scene for safety. Smoke or flames, Spilled gasoline or

chemicals, fumes, electrical wires, Risk of explosion or building
collapse, Roadside dangers or roadside traffic, Deep water or ice,
potential for violence from someone present at the scene.

R - esponse Check the responsiveness, if unresponsive, Call EMS. Use

bystanders to Assist you if possible i.e. controlling Traffic, calling for
help.

A - irway If any solid or liquid is found, place the casualty

onto their side and clear the Airway. If nothing is found in
the mouth open the Airway using Head Tilt – Chin Lift

B – reathing Check breathing using

L- ook the movement of chest
L- isten for normal breathing
F- eel for breath on the side of your cheek

A - Alert (fully conscious and oriented)

V - Responds to Verbal stimuli (Conscious but confused, or unconscious
but responsive to verbal stimuli in some way)
P - Responds to Pain (unconscious but responsive to painful stimuli in
some way)
U - Unresponsive (without gag reflex or cough reflex)

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C – irculation / Call 998 / CPR Check for major bleeding and manage
accordingly. If not breathing, immediately perform CPR 30 compression
2 breaths

D – efibrillation Automated External Defibrillator – will automatically

determine the heart rhythm, if the patient is in ventricular fibrillation,
shock the victim’s heart in an attempt to restore its rhythm to normal.

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 Secondary Assessment
If the patient is breathing, a secondary assessment should be carried
out. Inform the casualty what you are doing at all stages. If the patient
is responsive ask them to tell you if they feel any pain during the head-
to-toe survey

• Head and face

• Neck
• Chest and shoulders
• Arms and hands
• Spine
• Pelvis
• Abdomen Legs and feet.

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 Recovery Position
If a person is unconscious but is breathing
and has no other life- threatening conditions,
they should be placed in the recovery position.
Putting someone in the recovery position will
ensure their airway remains clear and open.
It also ensures that any vomit or fluid will not
cause them to choke.
To place someone in the recovery position:
• Kneel on the floor on one side of the
person
• Place the arm nearest you at a right
angle to their body with their hand
upwards towards the head
• Tuck their other hand under the side of
their head, so that the back of their hand
is touching their cheek
• Bend the knee farthest from you to a
right angle
• Roll the person onto their side carefully
by pulling on the bent knee
• The top arm should be supporting the
head and the bottom arm
will stop you rolling them too far
• Open their airway by gently tilting their
head back and lifting their chin, and
check that nothing is blocking their
airway
• Stay with the person and monitor their
breathing and pulse continuously until
help arrives
• If their injuries allow you to, turn the
person onto their other side after 30
minutes

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 MODULE 4. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation/CPR
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION - This is a combination of
chest compression and rescue breathing. This must be combined for
effective resuscitation of the victim of cardiac arrest

CPR TECHNIQUE:
Ratio: 30 COMPRESSIONS AND
2 BREATHS

Depth of compression
At least 2 inches or 5-6cm for adult
Rate: 100-120 compression/min

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 Summary of CPR
Summary of CPR steps
steps for for and
adult, child adult,
infant
Summary of CPR steps for adult,
child and infant
child and infant
Step/Action Adult Child Infant
tep/Action Adult 1 to the onset of puberty Infant 0 - 1 year
Child
1 to the onset of puberty 0 - 1 year

Compressions
Compressions
Compression
In the center of chest
landmarks
Compression
In the center of chest
andmarksCompression
method Push 2 hands: Heel of 1
Compression
2 hands: Heel of 1 hand with second on
hard and
method Push fast Heel
2 hands: hand,of second
1 hand 2 fingers
2 hands: top or
Heel of 1 hand: Heelsecond
hand with of 1 hand
on only
Allow complete
hard and fast hand, secondon top
hand 2 fingers
recoil on top top or 1 hand: Heel of 1 hand only
Allow complete
ecoil
Compression about 1 1/2
at least 2 inches about 2 inches
depth
Compression about 1 1/2 inches
at least 2 inches about 2 inches
depth inches
Compression
at least 100-120/min
Compressionrate
at least 100-120/min
ate
Compression 30:2 5 Rescue Breaths then 30:2
CompressionVentilation
30:2 5 Rescue Breaths then 30:2
Ventilationratio
atio
Airway Head tilt / chin lift
Airway Head tilt / chin lift

Breaths
2 breaths at 1 second/breath
Breaths
2 breaths at 1 second/breath

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 HANDS ONLY CPR
If for any reason you are unable to give mouth to mouth breaths or
reluctant to do it or find it difficult to do, PLEASE continue to provide
continues hands only CPR- chest compression only until medical helps
arrive.

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 MODULE 5. Automated External Defibrillation (AED)
An automated external defibrillator
(AED) is a portable device that
checks the heart rhythm and can
send an electric shock to the heart
to try to restore a normal rhythm.
AEDs are used to treat sudden
cardiac arrest (SCA). Is used in
cases of life-threatening cardiac
arrhythmias which lead to cardiac
arrest. The rhythms that the device
will treat are usually limited to:
1. Pulseless Ventricular tachycardia (shortened to VT or V-Tach)
2. Ventricular fibrillation (shortened to VF or V-Fib)
In each of these two types of
shockable cardiac arrhythmia, the
heart is electrically active, but in
a dysfunctional pattern that does
not allow it to pump and circulate
blood. In ventricular tachycardia,
the heart beats too fast to effectively
pump blood. Ultimately, ventricular
tachycardia leads to ventricular
fibrillation. In ventricular
fibrillation, the electrical activity of
the heart becomes chaotic, preventing the ventricle from effectively
pumping blood.

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 MODULE 6. Choking Management
CLASSIFICATION OF OBSTRUCTION
• Mild obstruction - The patient is responsive and can cough forceful-
ly, although frequently there is wheezing between coughs.
• Severe obstruction - The patient is unable to speak, breathe, or
cough and may clutch the neck with the thumb and fingers. Movement
of air is absent.
5 Back blows and 5 Abdominal thrust / (HEIMLICH MANEUVER)
Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrusts is recommended for relieving
foreign body airway obstruction, it is a first aid procedure used to treat
airway obstructions (or choking) by foreign objects

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 MODULE 7. Heart Attack
Heart attack - It occurs when the oxygen supply to the heart muscle
(myocardium), cut-off for a prolonged period of time. This cut off results
from a reduced blood supply due to severe narrowing or complete
blockage of the diseased artery. The result is death or (infarction) of
the affected part of the heart.

WARNING SIGNALS
• Chest discomfort – is characterized by: uncomfortable pressure,
squeezing, fullness or tightness, aching, crushing, constricting,
oppressive or heavy.
• Shortness of breath
• Difficulty of breathing
• Sweating
• Nausea
• Shortness of breath
• ARM PAIN (more commonly on the
Left arm but may be either both arm
• Upper back pain

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MANAGEMENT:
• Recognize the signal of heart attack and take action.
• Sit the casualty down and make them comfortable.
Do not allow them to walk around. A half sitting position is
often the best
• Have someone call the physician or ambulance for help.
• If patient is under medical care assist him/her in taking his
prescribed medicine.

MODULE 8. HYPOVOLAEMIC SHOCK

Hypovolaemic shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when
the body loses 20% (one fifth) or more of its blood or fluid supply.

Signs and Symptoms of Shock

• Face – pale or cyanotic in color
• Irregular breathing
• Rapid weak pulse
• Cold clammy skin
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weakness and thirsty

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 First Aid Management
• Contact the emergency services (998)
• Lay the casualty down on a flat surface and raise the legs,
ensuring the legs are above the level of the heart
• Loosen tight clothing
• Keep the casualty warm with a blanket
• Monitor the casualty’s airway and breathing
• Do not allow food or drink (may induce vomiting)

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 MODULE 9. EPILEPSY / SEIZURES
Epilepsy is a long-term condition that is characterize by repeated
seizure when there is abnormal electrical activity in the brain. When
this occurs, the brain fails to function and the person will lose of
consciousness.

Symptoms occur suddenly and may include:

• Staring
• Facial twitching and unusual eye movement
• Inappropriate behavior
• Sudden stiffening of the body
• Violent jerking actions
• Loss of body control
• Jaw muscles tighten and may impair breathing

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Management:
• Remove any materials like furniture, table, chairs or any sharp
object that can harm or strike the patient when the patient is having
jerking movement.
• Protect them for injury, cushion the head with soft fabric.
• Do not force objects into their mouth.
• If seizing activity stops and place the victim in the recovery position
• Talk quietly and reassure them.
Call EMS If:
• The seizure last longer than five minutes
• They have a second seizure without having regained consciousness

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 MODULE 10. Bleeding Control
Wound – is a break in the continuity of a tissue either external or in-
ternal.

TWO TYPES OF WOUNDS

Closed Wound
it involves underlying tissue
without break or damage in
the skin.

First Aid Management

I – ce application
S – plinting

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• OPEN WOUND – It is a break in the skin or the protective skin layer
is damage.

Puncture - A puncture wound doesn’t usually cause excessive bleeding.

Often the wound seems to close almost instantly. But this doesn’t
mean treatment isn’t necessary. A puncture wound — such as from
stepping on a nail — can be dangerous because of the risk of infection.

Abrasion / Graze - is a wound caused by superficial damage to the

skin, no deeper than the epidermis. It is less severe than a laceration,
and bleeding, if present, is minimal. Mild abrasions, also known as
grazes or scrapes, do not scar or bleed, but deep abrasions may lead
to the formation of scar tissue.

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Laceration - A laceration is a wound that occurs when skin, tissue,
and/or muscle is torn or cut open. Lacerations may be deep or shal-
low, long or short, and wide or narrow. Most lacerations are the result
of the skin hitting an object, or an object hitting the skin with force.

Cuts / Incision - Incised wounds are sharp cut-like injuries, made by

knives etc. The edges of the wound will vary according to the nature of
the cutting edge of the object.

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MANAGEMENT FOR OPEN WOUND / EXTERNAL BLEEDING 4C’S
C - ontrol bleeding (apply direct pressure / elevate the wound)
C - lean and cover the wound (gauze and bandage)
C - are for shock
C - onsult physician / Call 998/999

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 SPECIFIC BODY INJURIES
AMPUTATION- Amputation is when the complete body part is detached
or partially detached from the rest of the body. Bleeding can be severe
or minimal depending on the nature of the wound.

NOSE BLEEDING
Hemorrhage from the nose, usually due to rupture of small vessels
overlying the anterior part of the cartilaginous nasal septum. Minor
bleeding may be caused by a blow on the nose, irritation from foreign
bodies, or vigorous nose-blowing during a cold; if bleeding persists in
spite of first aid measures, medical attention is advisable.

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 Three Main Types of Bleeding
In preparing yourself to identify
and treat different types of
bleeding, you must first have a
good understanding of the three
distinct types of bleeding that a
person can experience.
Arterial Bleeding
This is the least common and
most dangerous type of bleeding.
It involves bright red blood that
comes out in large volume, and
in spurts that correspond with
each beat of your heart.
In most cases of arterial bleeding, direct and extremely firm pressure
on the wound is the best way of stopping it. If direct pressure is not
applied, a severe arterial wound can cause you to bleed to death within
a few minutes.
Venous Bleeding
Deep cuts have the potential to cut open veins. A cut vein typically
results in a steady but relatively slow flow of dark red blood.
The best way to stop most cases of venous bleeding is to put direct
pressure on the wound.
Capillary Bleeding
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in your body; they are about
as thin as the hairs on your head.
When a minor scrape or cut opens some capillaries, the bleeding is
almost always very slow and small in quantity. Your body’s natural
clotting mechanism is able to stop most cases of capillary bleeding
within seconds to minutes.

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 Module 11: Burn Management
BURN - Is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves
and blood vessels. This results from heat, chemicals, electricity or
solar or other forms of radiation.

Classification of Burns
First-degree

• Superficial burn
• Damages only outer layer of skin

Second-degree

• Partial-thickness burn
• Damages skin’s deeper layers

Third-degree
• Full-thickness burn
• Damages all layers of skin

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FIRST AID FOR BURN
• Cool the burned area with cold water for the minimum of 10 to 20
minutes immediately and continue until the pained is relieved
• Remove constricting items
• Cover the burned area with a dry non sticking, sterile dressing,
clean cloth or cling film
• Treat the victim for shock
• Call EMS for large 2nd and 3rd degree burn

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NOTE

32
NOTE

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NOTE

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 THANK YOU

COURSES OFFERED:

FIRST AID TRAINING

• Level 3 International Award in Emergency First Aid at Work

• Highfield Level 3 International Award in Emergency First Aid at

Work and Use of an AED

• Highfield Level 3 International Award in

Emergency Paediatric First Aid

• Highfield Level 3 International Award in

Emergency Paediatric First Aid
and Use of an AED

FIRE SAFETY TRAINING

• Level 1 Basic Fire Safety
• Level 2 Fire Warden/Marshal

HEALTH & SAFETY

• Highfield Level 1 International Award in Principles of Health and
Safety (LMS)
• Highfield Level 2 International Award in Health and Safety in the
Workplace (LMS)
• Highfield Level 1 International Award in Fire Safety
• Highfield Level 2 International Award in Fire Safety

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 998 AMBULANCE

997 FIRE

999 POLICE

991 ELECTRICITY

992 WATER

Tel.: 04 263 7479, 14 9bSt. Building 1, Al Quoz Industrial Area 3

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