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Radar Unit 2

The document discusses various radar systems, focusing on the Doppler effect, Continuous Wave Radar (CW Radar), and Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar (FMCW Radar). It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of CW Doppler Radar, as well as the functionality of duplexers in radar communication. Additionally, it covers the components of radar receivers, particularly the superheterodyne receiver and its low-noise front-end.

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5 views

Radar Unit 2

The document discusses various radar systems, focusing on the Doppler effect, Continuous Wave Radar (CW Radar), and Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar (FMCW Radar). It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of CW Doppler Radar, as well as the functionality of duplexers in radar communication. Additionally, it covers the components of radar receivers, particularly the superheterodyne receiver and its low-noise front-end.

Uploaded by

Vickey M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Radar Systems

Unit 2

By

Smitashree Mohapatra
Assistant Professor
ECE Department
MVSR Engineering college
DOPPLER EFFECTS:
• If the target is not stationary, then there will be a change in the frequency of the signal
that is transmitted from the Radar and that is received by the Radar. This effect is
known as the Doppler effect.
According to the Doppler effect, we will get the following two possible cases:
1. The frequency of the received signal will increase, when the target moves towards the
direction of the Radar.
2. The frequency of the received signal will decrease, when the target moves away from
the Radar.

Derivation of Doppler Frequency

The distance between Radar and target is nothing but the Range of the target or simply
range, R. Therefore, the total distance between the Radar and target in a two-way
communication path will be 2R, since Radar transmits a signal to the target and accordingly
the target sends an echo signal to the Radar.
Continuous Wave Radar(CW Radar)
• The Radar, which operates with continuous signal (wave) for detecting non-stationary
targets, is called Continuous Wave Radar or simply CW Radar.
• This Radar requires two Antennas. Among which, one Antenna is used for
transmitting the signal and the other Antenna is used for receiving the signal.
Block Diagram of CW Radar
Disadvantages of CW Doppler Radar:

• When a single antenna is used for both transmission and reception, it is difficult
to protect the receiver against the transmitter because in constant to pulse
Radar, both are ON all the time.
• CW Radars are not able to measure range, where range is normally measured by
timing the delay between a pulse being sent and received but as CW Radars are
always broadcasting; there is no delay to measure.
• These are able to detect only moving targets, as stationary targets will not
cause a Doppler shift and the reflected signals will be filtered out.
Advantages of CW Doppler Radar:

1.CW Doppler Radars are not pulsed and simple to manufacture.

2. These Radars have no minimum or maximum range and maximize power


on a target because they are always broad casting.

3.These are having the ability to measure velocity with extreme accuracy by
means of the Doppler shift in the frequency echo.

4. The detected, reflected wave is shifted in frequency by an amount which


is a function of the relative velocity between the target and the transmitter
receiver.

5.Range data are extracted from the change in Doppler frequency.


FMCW Radar
• If CW Doppler Radar uses the Frequency Modulation, then that Radar is called
FMCW Doppler Radar or simply, FMCW Radar. It is also called Continuous Wave
Frequency Modulated Radar or CWFM Radar. It measures not only the speed of
the target but also the distance of the target from the Radar.
Block Diagram of FMCW Radar
• FMCW Radar is mostly used as Radar Altimeter in order to measure the exact
height while landing the aircraft. The following figure shows the block diagram of
FMCW Radar:
Multiple frequency CW radar:
Low Noise Front-End
• The radar receiver is almost always a superheterodyne, or superhet.
• The essential characteristic of a superheterodyne is that it converts the RF
input signal to an intermediate frequency (IF) where it is easier than at RF to
achieve the necessary filter shape, bandwidth, gain, and stability.
• An advantage of the superheterodyne receiver is that its frequency can be
readily changed by changing the frequency of the local oscillator (LO).
• The first stage, or front-end, of a radar superheterodyne receiver can be an RF
low-noise amplifier (LNA) such as a transistor. At the lower radar frequencies the
silicon bipolar transistor has been used. Gallium-arsenide field-effect transistors
(FET) are found at the higher frequencies.
• Before the availability of low-noise transistors, the receiver front-end was the
mixer stage without an RF amplifier preceding it. In some applications the
mixer stage might still be desired as the receiver front-end instead of a low-
noise amplifier.
Duplexers
• In two-way communication, if we are supposed to use the same Antenna for
both transmission and reception of the signals, then we require Duplexer.
Duplexer is a microwave switch, which connects the Antenna to the
transmitter section for transmission of the signal. Therefore, the Radar cannot
receive the signal during transmission time.
• Similarly, it connects the Antenna to the receiver section for the reception of
the signal. The Radar cannot transmit the signal during reception time. In this
way, Duplexer isolates both transmitter and receiver sections.
Types of Duplexers
In this section, we will learn about the different types of duplexers. We can
classify the Duplexers into the following three types.
• Branch-type Duplexer
• Balanced Duplexer
• Circulator as Duplexer
Branch-type Duplexer
Branch-type Duplexer consists of two switches: Transmit-Receive (TR) switch and Anti
Transmit-Receive (ATR) switch. The following figure shows the block diagram of Branch-
type Duplexer:
Balanced Duplexer
Circulator as Duplexer

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