CCS345 ETHICS AND AI LTPC2023

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
□ Study the morality and ethics in AI

□ Learn ae Ethical initiatives in the field of artificial intelligence

□ Study about AI standards and Regulations

□ Study about social and ethical issues of Robot Ethics

□ Study about AI and Ethics- challenges and opportunities

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 6

Definition of morality and ethics in AI-Impact on society-Impact on human psychology-

Impact on the legal system-Impact on the environment and the planet-Impact on trust

UNIT II ETHICAL INITIATIVES IN AI 6

International ethical initiatives-Ethical harms and concerns-Case study: healthcare robots,

Autonomous Vehicles , Warfare and weaponization.
UNIT III AI STANDARDS AND REGULATION

Model Process for Addressing Ethical Concerns During System Design - Transparency of
Autonomous Systems-Data Privacy Process- Algorithmic Bias Considerations -
Ontological Standard for Ethically Driven Robotics and Automation Systems

UNIT IV ROBOETHICS: SOCIAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATION OF

ROBOTICS 6

Robot-Roboethics- Ethics and Morality- Moral Theories-Ethics in Science and

Technology - Ethical Issues in an ICT Society- Harmonization of Principles- Ethics and
Professional Responsibility- Roboethics Taxonomy.

UNIT V AI AND ETHICS- CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 6

Challenges - Opportunities- ethical issues in artificial intelligence- Societal Issues

Concerning the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine- decision-making role
in industries-National and International Strategies on AI.

30 PERIODS
 UNIT -1 INTRODUCTION

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI):

'Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to systems that display intelligent behaviour by

analysing their environment and taking actions – with some degree of autonomy – to
achieve specific goals.

EXAMPLES: (OR) AI BASED SYSTEM TYPES:

1. PURELY SOFTWARE BASED: 2. AI EMBEDDED IN HARDWARE:

AI can be embedded in hardware
A) voice assistants,
devices.
B) image analysis software,
A) advanced robots
C) search engines,
B) autonomous cars
D) speech and face recognition systems
C) drones
D) Internet of Things applications.
AI TYPES:

NARROW AI AGI: ARTIFICIAL GENERAL

INTELLIGENCE
Refers to the intelligence in current AI - A long-term goal of AI and robotics
systems and robots that are capable of research
undertaking one or few specialised task. - which would be comparable to human
intelligence

Machine learning is the term used for AIs which are capable of learning or, in the case
of robots, adapting to their environment.

Supervised learning systems Unsupervised learning

Supervised learning systems generally Unsupervised learning has no training
make use of Artificial Neural Networks data;
(ANNs),
- Trained by presenting the ANN with -The AI (or robot) must figure out on its
inputs (for instance, images of animals) own how to solve a particular task
each of which is tagged (by humans) with -Generally by trial and error.
an output (i.e. giraffe, lion, gorilla).
- This set of inputs and matched outputs
is called a training data set.
DEEP LEARNING:
The term deep learning refers to supervised machine learning systems with large (i.e.
many-layered) ANNs and large training data sets.
MORALITY AND ETHICS

Ethics are moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or the conduct of an
activity.

Example Ethical Principle: to treat everyone with respect.

Kant's PRINCIPLE:

'act as you would want all other people to act towards all other people'

AI ETHICS:

AI ethics is concerned with the question of how human developers, manufacturers and
operators should behave in order to minimise the ethical harms that can arise from AI
in society, either arising from poor (unethical) design, inappropriate application or
misuse.

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IMPACT ON SOCIETY:

1. LABOUR MARKET 2.INEQUALITY 3. PRIVACY

1. Labour Market: AI and robotics have been predicted to destroy jobs and create
irreversible damage to the labour market.

Labour Market:Impact on economic growth and productivity

Economists are generally enthusiastic about the prospects of AI on economic growth.

Robotics added an estimated 0.4 percentage points of annual GDP growth and labour
productivity for 17 countries between 1993 and 2007

Labour Market: Impact on the workforce

• 48 percent believed that robots and digital agents would displace significant
numbers of both 'blue' and 'white' collar workers, with many expressing concern
that this would lead to vast increases in income inequality, large numbers of
unemployable people, and breakdowns in the social order (Smith and Anderson,
2014).
• However, the other half of the experts who responded to this survey (52%)
expected that technology would not display more jobs than it created by 2025.
• For example, the share of workers in leisure and hospitality sectors could
increase if household incomes rose, enabling people to afford more meals out and
travel
• According to their analysis, telemarketers, watch repairers, cargo agents, tax
preparers, photographic process workers, new accounts clerks, library
technicians, and data-entry specialists have a 99 percent chance of having their
jobs computerised.
• At the other end of the spectrum, emergency management directors, mental
health social workers, health care social workers, surgeons, firefighter
supervisors and dieticians have less than a one percent chance of this.

2. InEquality

In Equality in Revenues will be split across fewer people, increasing social inequalities.
Consequently, individuals who hold ownership in AI-driven companies are set to
benefit disproportionately.
Inequality: exploitation of workers:

AI needs huge training data sets:

Ex:1.manually tagging objects in images in order to create training data sets for machine
learning systems (for example, to generate training data sets for driverless car AIs)

2. interpreting queries (text or speech) that an AI chatbot cannot understand.

One of the key ethical issues is that – given the price of the end-products – these
temporary workers are being inequitably reimbursed for work that is essential to the
functioning of the AI technologies.

In Equality in: Concentration of power among elites

The accumulation of technological, economic and political power in the hands of the top
five players – Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Apple and Amazon – affords them undue
influence in areas of society relevant to opinion-building in democracies: governments,
legislators, civil society, political parties, schools and education, journalism and
journalism education and — most importantly — science and research.

3. Privacy, human rights and dignity:

The privacy and dignity of AI users must be carefully considered when designing service,
care and companion robots, as these devices work in people's homes .

AI is already affecting privacy is via Intelligent Personal Assistants (IPA) such as

Amazon's Echo, Google's Home and Apple's Siri.

These voice activated devices are capable of learning the interests and behaviour of their
users, but concerns have been raised about the fact that they are always on and
listening in the background.

Human rights

If AI can be used to determine people's political beliefs, then individuals in our society
might become susceptible to manipulation.

Political strategists could use this information to identify which voters are likely to be
influenced to make a Party win.In India, sentiment analysis tools are increasingly
deployed to gauge the tone and nature of speech online, and are often trained to carry out
automated content removal.

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IMPACT ON HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY

Impact on Relationships: Manipulation, Affect Cooperation , Affect Ethics

AI is getting better and better at modelling human thought, experience, action,

conversation and relationships.

As AI machines interact with humans, the impact on real human relationship should be
studied.

1. Relationships:

In the future, robots are expected to serve humans in various social roles: nursing,
housekeeping, caring for children and the elderly, teaching, and more. People may start to
form emotional attachments to robots.

Danger: Manipulation

Social robots that are trusted could be misused to manipulate people ;

• for example, a hacker could take control of a personal robot and exploit its
unique relationship with its owner to trick the owner into purchasing products.
• While humans are largely prevented from doing this by feelings like
empathy and guilt, robots would have no concept of
this.

Danger: Robots Can affect Cooperation among Humans:

EXPERIMENT: small groups of people worked with a humanoid robot to lay railroad
tracks in a virtual world.

case 1: Robots were Programmed to Case 2 : Error Prone Robots used

Make occasional errors
Outcome: Outcome:
Human Work & Cooperation Improved Robots Outperformed Human Groups
Danger: AI can also make Humans behave less productively and less ethically.

EXPERIMENT: Humans were given Money to Play Online Game

Game Rule : In rounds, Players can keep their money with themselves or help others
by giving their money.
Groups Behaviour changed and they acted selfishly when some ROBOTs that acted as
human players were introduced to behave selfishly.
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IMPACT ON THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM

1. Harming Honest traders 2. Market Manipulation 3. Fraudulent Promotion

Stock Markets are well suited to automation, as they now operate almost entirely
electronically, generating huge volumes of data at high velocity,

The dynamism of markets means that timely response to information is critical, and
hence slow thinking humans will not succeed.

Algorithmic trading can generate profits at a speed and frequency that is impossible for
a human trader.

Danger: Autonomous Algorithmic Trading can harm Honest Traders

• Incident of Knight Capital Group.

o During the first 45 minutes of the trading day on 1 August 2012, while
processing 212 small orders from customers, an automated trading agent
developed by and operating on behalf of Knight Capital erroneously
submitted millions of orders to the equity markets.
o Over four million transactions were executed in the financial markets as a
result, leading to billions of dollar in net long and short positions.
o The company lost $460 million on the unintended trades, and the value of its
own stock fell by almost 75%.

Autonomic trading agents could also be used maliciously to destabilise markets, or

otherwise harm innocent parties.

Danger: Market manipulation

Autonomous & AI Programmed financial agents could commit financial crimes,

including market manipulation,

• AI can learn the technique of order-book spoofing, which involves placing orders
with no intention of ever buying them in order to manipulate honest participants in
the marketplace.

Danger: Fraudulent Promotion by Bots

Social bots have also been shown to exploit markets by artificially inflating stock
through fraudulent promotion, before selling its position to unsuspecting parties at an
inflated (High) price
IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE PLANET

1. Use of Natural Resources 2. Pollution & Waste

3. Energy Concerns 4. Ways AI could help the Planet

AI and robotics technologies require considerable computing power, which comes with
an energy cost.
1. Use of Natural Resources:
• The extraction of nickel, cobalt and graphite for use in lithium ion batteries –
commonly found in electrical cars and smartphones - has already damaged the
environment
• AI will likely increase this demand.

www.EnggTree.com

2. Pollution and waste:

• Once the lifetime of electronic goods are over , they are usually discarded, leading
to a build-up of heavy metals and toxic materials in the environment.
• Increasing the production and consumption of technological devices such as
robots will increase this waste problem,
• As the devices will likely be designed with 'inbuilt obsolescence' – a process
where products are designed to wear out 'prematurely' so that customers have to
buy replacement items.
• Sources indicate that in North America, over 100
million cell phones and 300 million personal computers
are discarded each year.

• Way to Reduce E-Waste:

▪ Encouraging consumers to prefer
ECO-FRIENDLY, more sustainable products.
3. Energy concerns
• Adoption of AI technology will require more and more data to be processed.
• That requires huge amounts of energy.
• In the United States, data centres use 2 percent of all electricity used.

AI will also require large amounts of energy for manufacturing and training – for
example, it would take many hours to train a large-scale AI model to understand and
recognise human language such that it could be used for translation

4. Ways AI could help the planet

• AI could also help the planet to manage waste and pollution.
Examples:
• Autonomous vehicles could reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as autonomous
vehicles could be programmed to follow the principles of eco-driving throughout a
journey

• Autonomous vehicles could also reduce traffic congestion by recommending

alternative routes and the shortest route possible, and by sharing traffic
.
information to other vehicles on the motorways, resulting in less fuel
consumption.

• Studies Have shown that

Eco-Driving can reduce fuel
consumption and CO2 per KM
driven than a Normal Driving
style. ECO-DRIVING can be
programmed in Autonomous
vehicles .

• Images of animals captured by motion-sensor cameras in the wild, could then

be used to provide accurate location, count, and behaviour of animals in the wild,
which could be useful in enhancing local biodiversity.

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IMPACT OF AI ON TRUST:

1. Fairness

2. Transparency

3.Algorithm Auditors

4.Accountability

5. Human in the Loop

Why trust is important?

In order for AI to reach its full potential, machines must sometimes work autonomously,
and make decisions by themselves without human input
• We trust machine learning algorithms
o To diagnose diseases and identify a possible cure.
o We trust robots to take care of our elderly , to patrol borders, and
o To fly us around the globe.

o We trust digital technologies to simulate experiments and provide results.

This kind of trust is available widespread. It is only reassessed in the event of serious
negative consequences.
SURVEY: To Find Public Opinion to Accept Robots & AI
People favoured the idea of using robots in People opposed the use of robots to care for
areas that have risk or difficulty to children, the elderly, and the disabled; for
humans healthcare
EX: space exploration, manufacturing,
military, security
1. Fairness:
In order to trust AI it must be fair. As more and more decisions are delegated to AI based
computer Algorithms, we must ensure that those decisions are free from bias and
discrimination.
EXAMPLES of Algortihm based decision making:
• Filtering through CVs for job interviews,
• Deciding on admissions to university,
• Conducting credit ratings for loan companies,

2. Transparency

Important aspect of fairness is to know why an automated program made a particular

decision. For example, a person has the right to know why they were rejected for a
bank loan.
• Many AIs employ complex 'neural networks' so that even their designers
cannot explain how they arrive at a particular answer
TRANSPARENCY CASE STUDY: Use of AI ALGORITHM to assess the performance of
teachers
• Those with high ratings won praise • Those with low ratings fired out of job
• Some teachers felt that the AI ALGORITHM gave less Rating to them without good
reason
• There was no Transparency as the method of rating is kept as a Trade secret of the
developer
• The teachers took their case to court, and a judge ruled that the AI program had violated
their civil rights.
This case study highlights the importance of transparency for building trust in AI - it
should always be possible to find out why an autonomous system made a particular
decision.

3. Algorithm auditors

AI programs should use professional algorithm auditors, whose job would be to

interrogate algorithms in order to ensure they comply with pre-set standards.
Example : Autonomous vehicle algorithm auditor

ROLE: Provide simulated traffic scenarios to ensure that the vehicle did not increase
the risk to pedestrians or cyclists.

4. Accountability:

Accountability ensures that if an AI makes a mistake or harms someone, there is

someone that can be held responsible,

1. The designer of AI,

2. The developer or the corporation selling the AI.

In the event of damages incurred, there must be a mechanism for redress so that victims
can be sufficiently compensated.

5. Human in the Loop :

Idea: Always keep a human-in-the-loop (HITL). Here a human operator would be a

crucial component of the automated control process, supervising the robots.
EXAMPLE: Humans are allowed to mark spams in EMAIL
OUTCOME: Human users in the EMAIL system help machines to identify SPAM and
helps to control the entire Algorithm.when you mark an email as 'spam', you are one of
many humans in the loop of a complex machine learning algorithm, helping it in its
continuous quest to improve email classification as spam or non-spam.
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 UNIT II ETHICAL INITIATIVES IN AI

INTERNATIONAL ETHICAL INITIATIVES:

Initiative Country Key issues tackled

The Institute for Ethics in Germany Human-centric engineering covering disciplines

Artificial Intelligence including philosophy, ethics and political science.

The Institute for Ethical AI United Kingdom Based on eight principles for responsible machine
& Machine Learning learning:

H R B T W P T S
1. maintenance of human control,
2. redress for AI impact,
3.evaluation of bias,
4. transparency,
5. effect of AI automation on workers,
6. privacy, 7. trust, and 8. security.
The Future of Life Institute United States Focus on safety : autonomous weapons arms race,

The Association for United States The transparency, usability, security, accountability
Computing Machinery of AI in terms of research, development, and
implementation.

The Foundation for The Netherlands Responsible robotics with Proactively taking
Responsible Robotics actions (Anticipating or Foreseeing)

Enabling responsible AI Finland Helping companies, governments, and organisations

ecosystems to develop and deploy responsible AI ecosystems,

euRobotics Europe extending progress in robotics & AI in Europe

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ETHICAL HARMS AND CONCERNS

• IEEE recommends new governance frameworks, standards, and regulatory

bodies which oversee the use of AI
• IEEE suggest prioritising human well-being throughout the design phase, and
using the best and most widely-accepted available metrics to clearly measure the
societal success of an AI.
H E A S S S F C E I

1. Human rights and well-being : Is AI in the best interests of humanity and human well-
being?

2. Emotional harm : Will AI facilitate emotional or mental harm?

3. Accountability and responsibility : Who is responsible for AI, and who will be held
accountable for its actions?

4. Security, privacy, accessibility, and transparency : How do we balance accessibility and

transparency with privacy and security,
5. Safety and trust : What if AI is deemed untrust worthyby the public, or acts in ways that
threaten the safety

6. Social harm and social justice: How do we ensure that AI is inclusive, free of bias and
discrimination, and aligned with public morals and ethics?

7. Financial harm : How will we control for AI that negatively affects economic
opportunity and employment, and either takes jobs from human workers or decreases the
opportunity and quality of these jobs?

8 .Control and the ethical use – or misuse – of AI : How might AI be used unethically -
and how can we protect against this? How do we ensure that AI remains under complete
human control, even as it develops and 'learns'?

9 .Environmental harm : How do we protect against the potential environmental harm

associated with the development and use of AI?

10.Informed use: What must we do to ensure that the public is aware, educated, and
informed about their use of AI?
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CASE STUDY: HEALTHCARE ROBOTS:

1. Role of robots in healthcare

2. Issues in using robots in healthcare
1.Safety 2. user understanding 3. data protection
4. legal responsibility 5. equality of access 6. Autonomy

Artificial Intelligence and robotics are rapidly moving into the field of healthcare and will
increasingly play roles in 1.diagnosis 2. clinical treatment.

ROLE OF ROBOTS IN HEALTHCARE;

1. Robots will help in the diagnosis of patients

2. Perform simple surgeries

3. Monitoring of patients' health and mental wellness

4. Work as companion carers (Attender),

5. Remind patients to take their medicines

ISSUES IN USING HEALTHCARE ROBOTS :

As robots become more prevalent, the potential for future harm will increase.

1. SAFETY

Robots should not harm people, and that they should be safe to work with.

This point is especially important in areas of healthcare that deal with the ill people,
elderly, and children.
Digital healthcare technologies offer the potential to improve accuracy of diagnosis and
treatments, but to thoroughly establish a technology's long-term safety and performance
investment in clinical trials is required.

2. USER UNDERSTANDING

Trained Healthcare Professional in Robotic Technologies is important to ensure the

effective implementation.
With machine learning becoming embedded in diagnoses and medical decision-
making, healthcare professionals need to become digitally literate to understand each
technological tool and use it appropriately.

EXAMPLE SCENARIO:
A Machine learning algorithm erroneously considered a low risk asthmatic patient as
high risk and took to ICU.
3. DATA PROTECTION

Personal medical data needed for healthcare algorithms may be at risk.

EXAMPLE SCENARIO:
Data : Danger:
Personnal health data of persons at hered Data mightbe sold to third parties like
by Fitness trackers insurance companies

4. LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

when issues occur, legal liability must be established. If equipment can be proven to be
faulty then the manufacturer is liable, but it is often tricky to establish what went wrong
during a procedure and whether anyone, medical personnel or machine, is to blame

5. EQUALITY OF ACCESS

Digital health algorithms and machines will improve the lifestyle .

Ex fitness Equipments, Self Pumping Insulin etc

But people with less digital Knowledge will not be able to use these advancements and
lead to the inequality in Medical treatments.

6. AUTONOMY;

Robots could be used to help elderly people live in their own homes for longer, giving
them greater freedom and autonomy.
Question?
If a patient asked a robot to throw them off the balcony, should the robot carry out that
command?
Hence the degree of autonomy for robots should be under control.
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CASE STUDY: WARFARE AND WEAPONISATION

AI technology has the potential to transform warfare dangerous than the use of nuclear
weapons, aircraft, computers and biotechnology.

1. Autonomous weapons 2.Drone Technologies 3. Robotic assassination

4. mobile robotics for transporting explosive devices
5. Issues of AI in warfare 6. Uses of AI in national security
1. Autonomous Weapons

As automatic and autonomous systems have become more capable, militaries are trying
to adopt them. Widespread adoption of AI lead to arms race.

The Russian Military industrial committee has already approved an aggressive plan
whereby 30% of Russian combat power will consist of entirely remote-controlled and
autonomous robotic platforms by 2030.

2. Drone technologies

COST OF MILITARY AIRCRAFT COST OF A DRONE

(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)
$100 million $100 ONLY

• For the price of a single high-end aircraft, a military could acquire one million
drones.

3. Robotic assassination

Widespread availability of low-cost, highly-capable, autonomous robots could make

targeted assassination tasks easy to implement.

Automatic sniping robots could assassinate targets in a far distance.

Similarly, self-driving cars could make suicide car bombs more frequent and devastating
since they no longer require a suicidal driver.

4. Mobile-robotics- for transporting Explosive Devices

Currently, the technological capability to rapidly deliver explosives to a precise target

from many miles away is restricted to powerful countries. However, if long distance
package delivery by drone becomes a reality, the cost of precisely delivering explosives
will become easy.

use of machine learning in warfare;

• Commanding Officer (CO) could employ an Intelligent Virtual Assistant (IVA)
• Uses satellite images to detect specific vehicle types
5. ISSUES of AI in warfare :

• Automated weapon systems that exclude human judgment could violate

International Humanitarian Law,
• International Humanitarian law states that any attack needs to distinguish between
combatants and civilian objects and must not target civilians.

6. USES OF AI IN NATIONAL SECURITY

How could AI advance national security

⮚ AI will change how we defend.

⮚ AI will change how intelligence agencies make sense of the world.

⮚ AI will change how we fight.

EXAMPLES:

• Dome system detects incoming rockets, predicts their trajectory using AI, and
then sends this information to a human soldier who decides whether to launch an
interceptor rocket
• Robot SGR-A1 built by Samsung, uses a low-light AI camera and pattern-
recognition software to detect intruders and then issues a verbal warning. If the
intruder does not surrender, the robot has a machine gun that can be fired remotely
by a soldier the robot has alerted, or by the robot itself if it is in fully automatic
mode.

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UNIT III AI STANDARDS AND REGULATION 6

Model Process for Addressing Ethical Concerns During System Design

IEEE Std 7000: The goal of this standard is to enable organizations to design systems
with explicit consideration of

1. individual and societal ethical values,

a) transparency,
b) sustainability,
c) privacy,
d) fairness, and
e) accountability,
2. as well as values typically considered in system engineering, such as
a) efficiency
b) effectiveness.

PURPOSE:

• A set of processes by which organizations can include consideration of ethical

values throughout the stages of concept exploration and development is
established by this standard.
• The integration of Management and engineering with transparent
communication to achieve ethical values is supported by this standard
• Processes that provide for traceability of ethical values in the concept of
operations, ethical requirements, and ethical risk-based design are described in the
standard.
 • All sizes and types of organizations using their own life cycle models are relevant
to this standard.
SCOPE:

IEEE Std 7000(TM) does not give specific guidance on the design of algorithms to
apply ethical values such as fairness and privacy.

BENEFITS OF IEEE STD 7000:

Projects conforming to IEEE Std 7000 balance management commitments for time
and budget constraints with the long-term values of social responsiveness and
accountability.

• To enable this, the commitment of top executives to establish and uphold

organizational values is important.

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TRANSPARENCY OF AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS

IEEE STANDARD P 7001:

• Transparency can be defined as the extent to which the system discloses the
processes or parameters that relate to its functioning.
• Transparency can also be considered as the property that makes it possible to
discover how and why the system made a particular decision or acted the way it
did.

P7001 STANDARD Scope and Structure

• The aim of P7001 is to provide a standard that sets out “measurable, testable
levels of transparency, so that autonomous systems can be objectively assessed
• An autonomous system is defined in P7001 as “a system that has the capacity to
make decisions itself, in response to some input data or stimulus, with a
varying degree of human intervention depending on the system’s level of
autonomy”.
• The intended users of P7001 are
a) specifiers,
b) designers,
c) manufacturers,
d) operators and maintainers of autonomous systems.
 • Furthermore P7001 is generic; it is intended to apply to all autonomous systems
including robots (autonomous vehicles, assisted living robots, drones, robot
toys, etc.), as well as software-only AI systems, such as medical diagnosis AIs,
chatbots, loan recommendation systems, facial recognition systems, etc.
To ensure the transparency of autonomous systems to a range of stakeholders the
IEEE P7001 standard address the following issues.

STAKEHOLDERS ISSUES ADDRESSED

Users ensuring users understand what the system
does and why, with the intention of
building trust;

Lawyers and expert witnesses: ensuring that, following an accident, these

groups are able to give evidence;

Public enabling the public to assess technology

(e.g. driverless cars) (and, if appropriate,
build confidence).

EX : TRANSPARENCY ASSESSMENT FOR ROBOT TOY:

STAKEHOLDERS ISSUES ADDRESSED
Users • User Manual is provided for parents

Lawyers and expert witnesses: • Risk Assessment is performed by

the manufacturer and documented
Public • Interactive Online visual guide
shows how to safeguard from
Hacking and explains the risk of
Addiction

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Data Privacy Process- IEEE STANDARD P7002

• This standard specifies how to manage privacy issues for systems or software
that collect personal data.
• It will do so by defining requirements that cover corporate data collection policies
and quality assurance.
• It also includes a use case and data model for organizations developing
applications involving personal information.
• The standard will help designers by providing ways to identify and measure
privacy controls in their systems utilizing privacy impact assessments.

Data Privacy Process in Projects

1. Initiation :Does this project implicate personal

data? Are we allowed to do what we are thinking
about?

2. Planning :How can we respect the user while

using data about them?

3. Execution: Are there data protection checkpoints

and/or gates?

4. Monitor & Control: Q/A tests for data protection?

5. Project Close :Release to production with data

protection instrumentation (metrics and controls)

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ALGORITHMIC BIAS CONSIDERATIONS : The IEEE P7003 standard

Any system that will produce different results for some people than for others is open
to challenges of being biased.

Examples could include:

• Security camera applications that detect theft or suspicious behaviour.

• Marketing automation applications that calibrate offers, prices, or content to an
individuals preferences and behaviour.
• Amazon’s Recruiting Engine biased against women
The Amazon recruiting engine is an artificial intelligence algorithm that was
created to analyze the resumes of job applicants applying to Amazon and decide
which ones would be called for further interviews and selection. However,
the Amazon algorithm turned out to be biased against women in the recruitment
process. When Amazon studies the algorithm, they found that it automatically
handicapped the resumes that contained words like “women” and also
automatically downgraded the graduates of two all-women colleges. Therefore
Amazon finally discarded the algorithm and didn’t use it to evaluate candidates
for recruitment.
SCOPE OF P7003:
• The IEEE P7003 s t a n d a r d w i l l p r o v i d e a f r a m e w o r k , which helps
developers of algorithmic systems and those responsible for their deployment to
identify and mitigate
a) unintended,
b) unjustified and/or
c) inappropriate biases in the outcomes of the algorithmic system.

Algorithmic systems in this context refers to the combination of algorithms, data and
the output deployment process that together determine the outcomes that affect end
users.

Unjustified bias refers to differential treatment of individuals based on criteria for which
no operational justification is given.

Inappropriate bias refers to bias that is legally or morally unacceptable within the
social context where the system is used, e.g. algorithmic systems that produce outcomes
with differential impact strongly correlated with protected characteristics (such as race,
gender, etc).

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ONTOLOGICAL STANDARD FOR ETHICALLY DRIVEN ROBOTICS AND
AUTOMATION SYSTEMS : IEEE P 7007 STANDARD
Ontologies are formal representations of the concepts, relations, and constraints in a domain of
knowledge. They are widely used in artificial intelligence (AI) to provide a common vocabulary,
structure, and reasoning for various tasks and applications.

The ontological specification reports provide methods to assess AI systems and organizations in their
ethical performance regarding the key ethical principles of transparency, accountability, bias, and
privacy.

EXAMPLES OF ONTOLOGIES:

ONTOLOGY CONCEPTS RELATIONSHIPS

CATEGORY
medical ontology Include concepts such as • "a disease can have
disease, symptom, treatment, multiple symptoms"
and drug. • "a drug can be used to
treat multiple diseases."

product ontology include concepts such as • "a product can belong to

product, category, attribute, multiple categories" and
and value • "an attribute can have
multiple values."

ETHICAL RISKS :

1. For example, an ontology for a criminal justice AI system might include concepts such as crime,
criminal, and victim. If the ontology is biased against certain groups of people, such as African
Americans, then the AI system will be more likely to recommend harsher punishments for
members of those groups.
2. For example, an ontology for a military AI system might include concepts such as weapon,
target, and enemy. If the ontology is biased against certain groups of people, then the AI system
will be more likely to identify members of those groups as enemies and recommend that they be
attacked.

IEEE P 7007:

This standard establishes a set of ontologies with different abstraction levels that contain
concepts, definitions, axioms, and use cases that are appropriate to establish ethically
driven methodologies for the design of robots and automation (R&A) systems.

Purpose:
The purpose of the standard is to establish a set of definitions and their relationships to
enable the development of R&A in accordance with shared values and internationally
accepted ethical principles that facilitate trust in the creation and use of R&A.

BENEFITS:

The use of ontologies for representing knowledge in any domain has several benefits that
include the following:

a) A formal definition of concepts of a particular domain in a language-independent

representation,

b) Tools for analyzing concepts and their relationships in searching for inconsistency,
incompleteness, and redundancy

Ex: Webprotegy analysis tool

c) Language being used in the communication process among robots from different
manufacturers is standardized
 UNIT-4 ROBO ETHICS

ROBOETHICS:

Ethics is the branch of philosophy which studies human conduct, the concepts of good
and evil.

Roboethics --also called machine ethics-- deals with the code of conduct that robotic
designer engineers must implement in the Artificial Intelligence of a robot.

Isaac Asimov developed the Three Laws of Robotics arguing that intelligent robots
should be programmed in a way that they obey the following three laws:

□ A robot may not injure a human being

□ A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders
would conflict with the First Law

□ A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict
with the First or Second Law.

ETHICAL CONCERNS
1. Social cues: robots should deliver a service is as human-like as possible ..
However, a customer service robot should not hinder or replace human-to-
human interactions. It is important to guarantee this aspect when a company
wants to use robots in a service delivery context.

2. Trust and safety: The extent to which a robot is deemed safe and trustworthy is
important to the user’s intention to use the technology. Companies using a service
robot must always guarantee the trust and safety.

3. Autonomy: Even though, in our case, this variable did not have an influence on
the user’s intention to use a robot, the idea of being able to restrict a robot’s
autonomy can be found in ethical charters. Therefore, we argue that a company
using a service robot should always be able to regulate a robot’s autonomy,
especially in cases when the consequences of the robot’s actions cannot be totally
controlled.
 4. Privacy and data protection: Privacy and data protection play a big role in the
intention to use a robot. First, a company using a service robot should always
respect its customers’ right to privacy. As transparency (i.e., disclosure about what,
how and why data is collected) leads to a better user experience, companies (and
their robots) have to be transparent about the collection and use of their customers’
data. Secondly, companies using customer service robots should ensure that they
protect their customer’s data by encrypting.

5. Human worker replacement: A company should incorporate its employees in the

choices and decisions related to the service robot, such as the choice of the robot,
or the decisions related to the definition of its tasks. If a robot takes a worker’s job,
the firm should retrain its employee for a new occupation.

X X

ETHICS AND MORALITY

ETHICS MORALITY
1. Ethics is the branch of philosophy 1. morality is the right or wrong
concerned with the evaluation of of an action, a way of life
human conduct.
2. Ethics are universal 2. Morality is often culture-specific.
3. Ethics applies to groups 3. morality applies to individuals
and
organizations

X X
MORAL THEORIES

1. Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness and
oppose actions that cause unhappiness. Utilitarianism promotes "the greatest amount of
good for the greatest number of people."

2. Contractualism: is the theory based on the mutual contract between the designer and
the contract provider.

An action is morally wrong if it is contrary to the general system of moral rules upon
which there could be informed unforced agreement.

3. Deontologism;

Deontological ethics is the ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based
on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules and principles,
rather than based on the consequences of the action.

Ex: 1. Do not kill 2. do not steal 3. do not lie 4. do not cheat etc

X X
ETHICS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Science ethics: In science, ethical principles, especially honesty and integrity, should
guide all stages of scientific practice—including data collection, peer review,
publishing, and replication of findings—to assure that scientific knowledge is unbiased
and trustworthy.

BAD PRACTICES:

1. Scientific honesty

Scientists should not commit scientific fraud by, for example, destroying, or
misrepresenting data.

2. Carefulness

Scientists should avoid careless errors in all aspects of scientific work.

3. Intellectual freedom

Scientists should be free to pursue new ideas and criticize old ones and conduct
research on anything they find interesting.

4. Openness
Whenever possible, scientists should share data, results, methods, theories, equipment,
and so on; allow people to see their work; and be open to criticism.

5. Attribution of credit

Scientists should not plagiarise the work of other scientists. They should give credit
where credit is due but not where it is not due.

6. Public responsibility

Scientists should report research in the public media when the research has an
important and direct bearing on human happiness and when the research has been
sufficiently validated by scientific peers.

Technology ethics: Ethics in Technology governs principles of right and wrong while
using technological advancements . Examples:

1. The use of surveillance technologies.

2. The use of AI to make a medical diagnosis.
3. The use of robotic systems in surgery.
4. Ethics of self-driving cars and they decision.
5. Ethical issues related to cloning.
6. Ethics related to implantable medical devices such as pacemakers.
7. The ethics of hacking for security testing purposes.
8. Use of technology such as cryptocurrency.
9. The environmental impact of technology.
10.Internet of things and the embedding of networked devices into everyday things.
11.The impact of social media on society.
12.The use of AI in education.
13.Screen time and its impact on children.

X X
Ethical Issues in an ICT Society

Information and communication technologies (ICT) is defined as a diverse set of

technological tools and resources used to transmit, store, create, share or exchange
information.

Information Technology have a wide area of applications in education, business, health,

industries, banking sector .

COMPONENTS OF ICT:

COMMUNICATI
ON
DATA
TECHNOLOGIE
S

TRANSACT INTERNET
IONS SERVICES

CLOUD HARDWA
SERVICES RE
SOFTWA
RE

To deal with ICT society it is important to find out the ethical issues.

Some of the major ethical issues faced by Information & communication Technology
(ICT) are:

1. Personal Privacy 4. Copyright

2. Access Right 5. Liability
3. Harmful Actions 6. Piracy

1. Personal Privacy
Due to the distribution of the network on a large scale, data or information transfer in
a big amount takes place which leads to the hidden chances of disclosing information
and violating the privacy of any individuals or a group.

2. Access Right
Network on the internet cannot be made secure from unauthorized access. Generally,
the intrusion detection system are used to determine whether the user is an intruder or
an appropriate user.
3. Harmful Actions
Harmful actions in the computer ethics refers to the damage to the IT such as loss of
important information, loss of property, loss of ownership. To recover from the harmful
actions extra time and efforts are required to remove the viruses from the computer
systems.

4. Copyright

Copyright law works as a very powerful legal tool in protecting computer software, both
before a security breach and after a security breach.

5. Liability

Software developer should be aware of the liability issue in making ethical decisions.
Software developer makes promises about the nature and quality of the product that is
given as warranty.

6. Piracy

Piracy is the creation of illegal copy of the software . The software industry is prepared
to do encounter against software piracy. The efforts an dealing with an increasing number of
actions concerning the protection of software.

X X

Harmonization of Principles

Harmonization is the act of making systems or laws the same or similar in different
companies, countries, etc. so that they can work together more easily.

Internationally recognized institutions such as the United Nations, the World Health
Organization (WHO), have identified general ethical principles that have been adopted by
most nations, cultures, and people of the world.

Furthermore, the international scientific, community has proposed a harmonization of

world ethical principles applied to science and technology, especially in those cases when
these principles involve sensitive issues such as life, human dignity, and freedom.

Three kinds of integration are analyzed:

1. Human–softbot integration, as achieved by AI research on information and
communication technologies. A softbot (software robot) is a program that interacts with a
software environment by issuing commands and interpreting the environment's feedback.

2. Human–robot noninvasive integration, as achieved by robotic research on autonomous

systems inhabiting human environments

3. Physical, invasive integration, as achieved by bionic research

X X

Ethics and Professional Responsibility

In the design, development, and application of a new technology, designers, anufacturers,

and end users should be following rules, which are common to all human beings:

• human dignity and human rights

• informed consent
• equality, justice
• privacy and confidentiality
• benefit and harm
• cooperation
• respect for cultural diversity
• sharing of benefits

• nondiscrimination
• responsibility towards the biosphere

• autonomy and individual responsibility • cost-benefit analysis

Computer and information ethics has developed a codes of ethics called PAPA

Privacy: What information about ones self or ones associations must a person reveal to
others

Accuracy: Who is responsible for the authenticity

Property:Who owns information? What are the just and fair prices for its exchange?

Accessibility: What information does a person or an organization have a right

Professionals are advised to apply, in performing sensitive technologies, the

precautionary principle:

When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment,

precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause-and-effect
relationships are not fully established scientifically.
All over the world, associations and orders of engineers have adopted codes of ethics
guiding towards responsible conduct in research and practice.
security and reliability are the most important ethical codes of conduct.
X X

ROBOETHICS TAXONOMY
Roboethics Taxonomy refers to the classification of types of Robots available and the
ethics corresponding to their usage.
1. Humanoids: A humanoid robot is a robot resembling the human body in shape.

Artificial intelligence will be able to lead the robot to fulfill the missions required by the
end users.

To achieve this goal, over the past decades scientists have worked on AI techniques in
many fields, including:

1. Artificial vision 4. Human interaction

2. Perception of the environment 5. Machine learning

6. Natural language processing 6.. Ne Neural networks

3.

Humanoid Ethics: one of the fundamental aspects of the Humanoid robots is

their capability to learn the characteristics of the surrounding environment.

Humanoid intelligence is a learned intelligence, fed by the world models uploaded by

the designers.

The increasing autonomy of the robots could give rise to unpredictable and non-
predictable behaviors.

Hence the designers must predict the threats and foresee the dangers.

2. Industrial Robotics

An industrial robot is officially defined by ISO as an automatically controlled,

reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator.
Typical applications of industrial robots include welding, painting, assembly, pick and
place etc

Ethical issues in Industries: Social problems stemming from the introduction of

robots in factories are the loss of jobs and unemployment.
Ethically, the loss of job by the introduction of Industrial robots should be compensated
by giving an alternate job like 1.Maintanence of the Robot 2. A new skill etc

3. Adaptive Robot Servants

Adaptive Robo servants are Service robots that support and back up human operators.
Robots come in several shapes and sizes (wheeled, legged, humanoids), equipped with
different kinds of sensing systems (artificial vision systems, ultrasonic, radio)and
manipulations (grippers, hands, tools, probes).

Ethical Issues for ROBOT servants:

• Designers must guarantee safety and Security
• Overuse could lead to technology addiction or invasion of privacy

4. Distributed Robotic Systems

Distributed Robotic systems are Networked Robotic systems that are linked to the
web.
A full-scale robot team would be of tremendous value in a number of applications such as
security, surveillance, monitoring, gardening, and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Ethical Issues in Distributed Robotic systems:
• unpredictability of behavior due to the availability of a team of several systems.
• Vulnerability to hacking

5. Outdoor Robotics

Outdoor robots are intelligent machines that explore, develop, secure our world.

• Rescue robotics (robots that support first-response units in disaster missions)

• Agricultural (autonomous tractors, planters and harvesters, applicators for
fertilizers and pest control)

Issues in using Outdoor Robots :

Use of outdoor robots could lead to excessive exploitation of the planet, which can
become a threat to biodiversity and life on the planet.

6. Surgical Robotics

Surgical Robots are robots that allow doctors to perform many types of complex
surgeries with more precision, flexibility and control than is possible with
conventional techniques.
Typical applications are:
 • Robotic telesurgical workstations
• Robotic systems for diagnosis ( Ct Scan – Computerized Tomography Scan)
Issues:

• High cost of robotic systems in the medical field could widen the digital divide
between developed and developing countries
X X
 UNIT-5

OPPORTUNITIES OF AI:

1. Artificial Intelligence in E-Commerce

• Artificial Intelligence is widely used in the field of E-commerce

• AI helps the organization to establish a good engagement between the user and the
company.
• Artificial Intelligence helps to make appropriate suggestions and recommendations
as per the user search history . There are also AI chatbots that are used to provide
customer support instantly.
a) Personalization: AI helps customers to see those products based on their

interest pattern .

b) Dynamic Pricing Structure: It’s a smart way of fixing price of the product
based on the demand data.

c) Fake Review Detection: AI algorithms are used to detect and delete Fake
Reviews.

2. AI in Education Purpose

AI helps the faculty as well as the students by making course recommendations.

Making automated messages to the students, and parents regarding any vacation, and
test results are done by Artificial Intelligence.

AI applications in Education.

a) Voice Assistant: With the help of AI algorithms, this feature can be used in
multiple ways to save time.
 b) Gamification: This feature has enabled e-learning companies to design attractive
game models, so that kids can learn in a fun way. This will also ensure that they
are catching the concepts.

3. Artificial Intelligence in Robotics

Artificial Intelligence is one of the major technologies that provide the robotics field
with a boost to increase their efficiency. AI provides robots to make decisions in real
time and increase productivity. For example, suppose there is a warehouse in which
robots are used to manage good packages. The robots are only designed to deliver the
task but Artificial Intelligence makes them able to analyze the vacant space and make the
best decision in real-time. Let’s take a closer look at AI applications in Robotics.

• NLP: Natural Language Processing plays a vital role in robotics to interpret the
command as a human being instructs. This enables AI algorithms & techniques
such as sentimental analysis, syntactic parsing, etc.

• Object Recognition & Manipulation: This functionality enables robots to detect

objects within the perimeter and this technique also helps robots to understand the
size & shape of that particular object. Besides this, this technique has two units,
one is to identify the object and the other on refers to the physical interaction with
the object.

• HRI: With the help of AI algorithms, HRI or Human-Robotics Interaction is being

developed that helps in understanding human patterns such as gestures,
expressions, etc. This technique helps maximize the performance of robots and
ensures that it reaches and maintains its accuracy.

4. GPS and Navigations

GPS technology uses Artificial Intelligence to make the best route and provide the best
available route to the users for traveling. This is also suggested by research provided by
the MIT Institute that AI is able to provide accurate, timely, and real-time information
about any specific location. It helps the user to choose their type of lane and roads which
increases the safety features of a user. GPS and navigation use
the convolutional and graph neural network of Artificial Intelligence to provide these
suggestions. Let’s take a closer look at AI applications in GPS & Navigation.

• Voice Assistance: This feature allows users to interact with the AI using a hands-
free feature & which allows them to drive seamlessly while communicating
through the navigation system.
 • Personalization (Intelligent Routing): The personalized system gets active based
on the user’s pattern & behavior of preferred routes. Irrespective of the time &
duration, the GPS will always provide suggestions based on multiple patterns &
analyses.

• TrafficPrediction: AI uses a Linear Regression algorithm that helps in preparing

and analyzing the traffic data. This clearly helps an individual in saving time and
alternate routes are provided based on congestion ahead of the user.

• Positioning & Planning: GPS & Navigation requires enhance support of AI for
better positioning & planning to avoid unwanted traffic zones. To help with this,
AI-based techniques are being used such as Kalman, Sensor fusion, etc. Besides
this, AI also uses prediction methods to analyze the fastest & efficient route to
surface the real-time data.

5. Healthcare

Artificial Intelligence is widely used in the field of healthcare and medicine. The
various algorithms of Artificial Intelligence are used to build precise machines that are
able to detect minor diseases inside the human body. Also, Artificial Intelligence uses the
medical history and current Situtation of a particular human being to predict future
diseases. Artificial Intelligence is also used to find the current vacant beds in the hospitals
of a city that saves the time of patients who are in emergency conditions. Let’s take a
closer look at AI applications in Healthcare.

• Insights
& Analysis: With the help of AI, a collection of large datasets, that
includes clinical data, research studies, and public health data, to identify trends
and patterns. This inversely provides aid in surveillance and public health
planning.

• Telehealth:This feature enables doctors and healthcare experts to take close

monitoring while analyzing data to prevent any uncertain health issues. Patients
who are at high risk and require intensive care are likely to get benefitted from this
AI-powered feature.

• PatientMonitoring: In case of any abnormal activity and alarming alerts during the
care of patients, an AI system is being used for early intervention. Besides this,
RPM, or Remote Patient Monitoring has been significantly growing & is expected
to go up by USD 6 Billion by 2025, to treat and monitor patients.
 • SurgicalAssistance: To ensure a streamlined procedure guided by the AI
algorithms, it helps surgeons to take effective decisions based on the provided
insights to make sure that no further risks are involved in this while processing.

6. Automobiles

Artificial Intelligence is bringing revolutionary changes in the field of automobiles.

From speedometers to self-driving cars, Artificial Intelligence is really doing a
significant difference in these sectors. AI is sued to detect the traffic on the street and
provide the best route out o the present all routes to the driver. It uses sensors, GPS
technology,
and control signals to bring the vehicle the best path. Let’s take a closer look at AI
applications in Automobiles.

• ADAS: Advanced Driving Assistance System or ADAS is an AI algorithm that is

known for processing some of major and sensitive data that includes driving
assistance, crash detection, parking assistance, and so on. The algorithm has been
designed in such a way that it automatically starts alarming to prevent any
collisions.

• TrafficManagement: With the help of AI systems, now it has become easier to

analyze traffic data from various sources including vehicles, sensors, and cameras.
This feature helps in boosting driving assistance by offering alternate routes. This
AI algorithm has been designed in such a way that it is well capable of assisting
users with real-time traffic insight and by offering the fastest route as an alternative
to users to save time efficiently.

• Emission Reduction: This feature detects and learns patterns from the given
inputs i.e. from the driving pattern of the user and based on this it strategizes to
perform efficient driving patterns by reducing emissions. This algorithm is
well capable of analyzing routes, traffic, car performance patterns, and so on.

• Autonomous Driving: This AI approach enables automatic driving and navigating

vehicles without actual human intervention. Sensors like LIDAR, RADAR, and
other sensors help in collecting additional data to analyze the surroundings for
taking optimal decisions in the real world.

7. Agriculture

Artificial Intelligence is also becoming a part of agriculture and farmers’ life. It is used
to detect various parameters such as the amount of water and moisture, amount of
deficient nutrients, etc in the soil. There is also a machine that uses AI to detect where
the weeds are growing, where the soil is infertile, etc. Let’s take a closer look at AI
applications in Agriculture.

• StockMonitoring: To have rigorous monitoring, and ensure that crops that not
being affected by any disease, AI uses CN to check crop feeds live and alarms
when any abnormality arises.

• SupplyChain: The AI algorithm helps in analyzing and preparing the inventory to

maintain the supply chain stock. Although it’s not new, for the agriculture field, it
does help farmers to ensure the demands are being met with minimal loss.

• PestManagement: AI algorithms can analyze data from multiple sources to

identify early warnings to their respective farmers. This technology also enables
less usage of harmful pesticides by offering the best resources for pest
management.

• Forecasting: With the help of AI, analyzing the weather forecast and crop growth
has become more convenient in the field of agriculture and the algorithms help
farmers to grow crops with effective business decisions.

X X

CHALLENGES OF AI:

Artificial intelligence is essential across a wide range of industries, including

healthcare, retail, manufacturing, and even government.

But there are challenges with AI, it is necessary to be vigilant (Cautious) about these
issues to make sure that artificial intelligence is not doing more harm than good.

7 biggest challenges of artificial intelligence:

1. Biases

We need data to train our artificial intelligence algorithms, and we need to do everything
we can to eliminate bias in that data.

The ImageNet database, for example, has far more white faces than non-white faces.
When we train our AI algorithms to recognize facial features using a database that
doesn’t include the right balance of faces, the algorithm won’t work as well on non-white
faces, creating a built-in bias that can have a huge impact.

I believe it’s important that we eliminate as much bias as possible as we train our AI,
instead of shrugging our shoulders and assuming that we’re training our AI to accurately
reflect our society. That work begins with being aware of the potential for bias in our AI
solutions.

Control and the Morality of AI

As we use more and more artificial intelligence, we are asking machines to make
increasingly important decisions.

For example, right now, there is an international convention that dictates the use of
autonomous drones. If you have a drone that could potentially fire a rocket and kill
someone, there needs to be a human in the decision-making process before the missile
gets deployed. So far, we have gotten around some of the critical control problems of AI
with a patchwork of rules and regulations like this.

The problem is that AIs increasingly have to make split-second decisions. For example,
in high-frequency trading, over 90% of all financial trades are now driven by algorithms,
so there is no chance to put a human being in control of the decisions.

The same is true for autonomous cars. They need to react immediately if a child runs out
on the road, so it’s important that the AI is in control of the situation. This creates
interesting ethical challenges around AI and control.

Privacy

Privacy (and consent) for using data has long been an ethical dilemma of AI. We need
data to train AIs, but where does this data come from, and how do we use it? Sometimes
we make the assumption that all the data is coming from adults with full mental
capabilities that can make choices for themselves about the use of their data, but we don’t
always have this.

For example, Barbie now has an AI-enabled doll that children can speak to. What does
this mean in terms of ethics? There is an algorithm that is collecting data from your
child’s conversations with this toy. Where is this data going, and how is it being used?

As we have seen a lot in the news recently, there are also many companies that collect
data and sell it to other companies. What are the rules around this kind of data collection,
and what legislation might need to be put in place to protect users’ private information?

Power Balance

Huge companies like Amazon, Facebook, Google, are using artificial intelligence to
squash their competitors and become virtually unstoppable in the marketplace. Countries
like China also have ambitious AI strategies that are supported by the government.
President Putin of Russia has said, “Whoever wins the race in AI will probably become
the ruler of the world.”

How do we make sure the monopolies we’re generating are distributing wealth equally
and that we don’t have a few countries that race ahead of the rest of the world? Balancing
that power is a serious challenge in the world of AI.

Ownership

Who is responsible for some of the things that AIs are creating?

We can now use artificial intelligence to create text, bots, or even deepfake videos that
can be misleading. Who owns that material, and what do we do with this kind of fake
news if it spreads across the internet?

We also have AIs that can create art and music. When an AI writes a new piece of music,
who owns it? Who has the intellectual property rights for it, and should potentially get
paid for it?

Environmental Impact

Sometimes we don’t think about the environmental impact of AI. We assume that we are
using data on a cloud computer to train an algorithm then that data is used to run
recommendation engines on our website. However, the computer centers that run our
cloud infrastructure are power-hungry.

Training in AI, for example, can create 17 times more carbon emissions than the average
American does in about a year.

How can we use this energy for the highest good and use AI to solve some of the world’s
biggest and most pressing problems? If we are only using artificial intelligence because
we can, we might have to reconsider our choices.

Humanity

My final challenge is “How does AI make us feel as humans?” Artificial intelligence has
now gotten so fast, powerful, and efficient that it can leave humans feeling inferior. This
issue may challenge us to think about what it actually means to be human.

AI will also continue to automate more of our jobs. What will our contribution be, as
human beings? I don’t think artificial intelligence will ever replace all our jobs, but AI
will augment them. We need to get better at working alongside smart machines so we can
manage the transition with dignity and respect for people and technology.
 X X

Societal Issues Concerning the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

Medicine is becoming an increasingly data centred discipline and, beyond classical

statistical approaches, artificial intelligence (AI) is used for the analysis of medical data.

AI applications in healthcare have literally changed the medical field, including imaging
and electronic medical records (EMR), laboratory diagnosis, treatment, augmenting the
intelligence of the physicians, new drug discovery, providing preventive and precision
medicine.

• In healthcare, current laws are not enough to protect an individual’s health data.

• Clinical data collected by robots can be hacked into and used for malicious
purposes that minimize privacy and security.

• Allindividuals have the right to get information and ask

questions before procedures and treatments.
• Patients should be able to be aware of the treatment process,
the risks of screening and imaging, data capture anomalies,
programming errors
• Patients will lose empathy, kindness, and appropriate
behavior when
• dealing with robotic physician and nurses because these
robots do not
possess human attributes such as compassion.
• In Gynecology, any clinical examination requires a sense of
compassion and empathy, which will not be achieved with
robotic doctors.
• Children usually experience fear or anxiety as they engage in
healthcare settings . Their behavior could be uncontrollable
with the new robotic medicine system.
ISSUES IN USING HEALTHCARE ROBOTS :

As robots become more prevalent, the potential for future harm will increase.

1. SAFETY

Robots should not harm people, and that they should be safe to work with.

This point is especially important in areas of healthcare that deal with the ill people,
elderly, and children.
Digital healthcare technologies offer the potential to improve accuracy of diagnosis and
treatments, but to thoroughly establish a technology's long-term safety and performance
investment in clinical trials is required.

2. USER UNDERSTANDING

Trained Healthcare Professional in Robotic Technologies is important to ensure the

effective implementation.
With machine learning becoming embedded in diagnoses and medical decision-
making, healthcare professionals need to become digitally literate to understand each
technological tool and use it appropriately.

EXAMPLE SCENARIO:
A Machine learning algorithm erroneously considered a low risk asthmatic patient as
high risk and took to ICU.
3. DATA PROTECTION

Personal medical data needed for healthcare algorithms may be at risk.

EXAMPLE SCENARIO:
Data : Danger:
Personnal health data of person athered Data should be sold to third parties
like
by Fitness trackers insurance companies

4. LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

when issues occur, legal liability must be established. If equipment can be proven to be
faulty then the manufacturer is liable, but it is often tricky to establish what went wrong
during a procedure and whether anyone, medical personnel or machine, is to blame

5. EQUALITY OF ACCESS

Digital health algorithms and machines will improve the lifestyle .

Ex fitness Equipments, Self Pumping Insulin etc

But people with less digital Knowledge will not be able to use these advancements and
lead to the inequality in Medical treatments.

6. AUTONOMY;

Robots could be used to help elderly people live in their own homes for longer, giving
them greater freedom and autonomy.
Question?
If a patient asked a robot to throw them off the balcony, should the robot carry out that
command?
Hence the degree of autonomy for robots should be under control.
--------------------------X----------------------------X------------------------------X----------------

IMPACT OF AI IN DECISION MAKING ROLE IN INDUSTRIES:

Manufacturing in the near future would be fully automated. The manufacturing processes
enabled by Artificially Intelligent Systems would be able to perform the required
processes. It will also be able to inspect, improve, and quality checks the products
without any human intervention.

According to the reports of Markets and markets, Artificial Intelligence in the

manufacturing market is expected to grow from USD 1.0 billion in 2018 to USD 17.2
billion by 2025, at a CAGR of 49.5% during the forecast period.

1. Predictive Maintenance

Predictive maintenance techniques are designed to determine the condition of machines

to estimate when maintenance should be performed. This approach promises cost
savings over routine or time-based preventive maintenance, because maintenance
tasks are performed only when required.
For example, if a machine is under continuous load. With the help of an infrared imager,
we can monitor the temperature profile of equipment without affecting the overall
performance.

2. Safer Operational Environment

With even a minor mistake occurring on the assembly line proving hazardous, a stage
towards AI implies less human assistance needed to complete unsafe work.

As robots support people and perform unsafe exercises, the number of working
environment mistakes will diminish . As a result, this will lead to safer working
conditions than before.
For example, instead of a human doing a crash test of a car, an AI would be a natural
option.

3. Human-Robo Collaboration
There are a large number of robots working in manufacturing plants everywhere
throughout the world. People are concerned that their occupations may be replaced by
robots.

Individuals can be recruited for more elevated level situations for programming and the
executives of the business forms.

4. Quality 4.0

Industry 4.0 methods, can deliver good quality items by utilizing AI calculations. If any
issue is found at the starting stages, we can deal with it right away.

5. Cost Optimization

Bringing AI into the production lines would require an enormous capital venture, but
the ROI (RETURN ON INVESTMENT) is high. As smart machines begin dealing with
everyday exercises, organizations can get lower working costs.

6. Digital Twins

AI and Digital Twins make a virtual portrayal that reproduces the physical attributes of
the plant, items, or machine segments.
By utilizing cameras, sensors, computerized twin can make a live model of the
production line plant that helps to precisely foresee wear, development, and
collaborations with different gadgets.

X X X

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES ON AI

NATIONAL STRATEGIY OFAI:

The National level strategy of India is

1. #AIforAll.

• #AiforAll will aim at enhancing human capabilities to address the challenges of

o access,
o affordability,
o shortage and inconsistency of skilled expertise;
• effective implementation of AI to develop scalable solutions for emerging
economies;
• To tackle some of the global challenges from AI’s perspective, like application,
research, development technology in AI.

• #AiforAll will focus on harnessing collaborations to ensure prosperity for all.

• Thus, #AiforAll means technology leadership in AI for achieving the greater
good.

2. AI Garage for 40% of the world

• Solve for India means solve for 40% or more of the world.
An advanced AI based solution for early diagnosis of tuberculosis (one of
the top-10 causes of deaths worldwide), for example, could easily be rolled
out to countries in South East Asia or Africa, once developed and refined in
India.
• Solved in India (or more accurately, solved by Indian IT companies) could
be the model going forward for Artificial Intelligence as a Service (AIaaS).
Indian IT companies have been pioneers in bringing technology products
and developments as solutions across the globe.

3. Decoding Explainable AI

The Explainable AI (XAI) program aims to create a suite of machine learning techniques
that:
 • Produce more explainable models
• The machine learning algorithms of tomorrow should have the built-in capability
to explain their logic

INTERNATIONAL Strategies
Initiative Country Key issues tackled

The Institute for Ethics in Germany Human-centric engineering covering disciplines

Artificial Intelligence including philosophy, ethics and political science.

The Institute for Ethical AI United Kingdom Based on eight principles for responsible machine
& Machine Learning learning:
H R B T W P T S
1. maintenance of human control,
2. redress for AI impact,
3.evaluation of bias,
4. transparency,
5. effect of AI automation on workers,
6. privacy, 7. trust, and 8. security.
The Future of Life Institute United States Focus on safety : autonomous weapons arms race,

The Association for United States The transparency, usability, security, accountability
Computing Machinery of AI in terms of research, development, and
implementation.
The Foundation for The Netherlands Responsible robotics with Proactively taking
Responsible Robotics actions (Anticipating or Foreseeing)

Enabling responsible AI Finland Helping companies, governments, and organisations

ecosystems to develop and deploy responsible AI ecosystems,

euRobotics Europe extending progress in robotics & AI in Europe