Vectors

10.1 momeatum
of znd L 10.0
momentum INTRODUCTION
J
If Thus
where
Classicaily end The
Lz ANGULAR andJ, with
along
Lthe
r total spin total
and angular p = and angular J,
L is X, the
ü+jj+zis angular find
study an
Y,
MOMENTUM gular
are Zangular the
components momentum=-1) axes
( how momentum
momentum momentum
commutation
momentum
respectively). the

L=rxp=r*7]-xV operator
position
OPERATOR operator
tw o
S. of
Angular
of or
angular vector relation In an
L more
orbiting
this
is In of itself.
quantum and a angular of
momentum L=rXpparticle chapter
p IN Then varionselectron
the
linear
mechanics, relative
POSITIONmomenta
components we we Momenta
dz operator momeFtum shall shall the is
to are vector
REPRESENTATION find link
some combined.
L, the of
the the
then operator arbitrary total sum
of eigenrotation
.equation the angular of
particle
associated origin
values orbital

momentum
operator
Properties and
(2) (j and angular
gives is
defined eigen
with and with

linear
are
k
as
functions
mutually
momentum
angular
Their
..(2)
unit ..(1)

about wave-function. the

wave-function whereformation vector 10.2
Now Therefore But coordinates
Now Let operator Angulgr,
(r, If These
expressing 9, us R n.weTHE Using Comparing
assuming (n, then
), first consider
equation 0) ROTATION relations these can Momenta
so the
that
consider(r, y is be
components the 0) (r) the
transfomation definitions explicitly
unchanged, the coefficients
(3) rotationat can
wave-function rotation and
may R the any OPERATOR be
V (2,rotation point written Their
Lz
= Ly Lz of (r, be o) it written
k=0 operator of is and
=cos =7 0,
angular expressed whiley of a of
Properties
easy
as(r, of isr co-ordinatea in jandas
sin
- 0, theangle AND the and
o) k! the equalwave-function
andy'(r) to
¢)
a- momentdm
at as k=0
coordinate
well = do is
compact show k
exp to ANGULAR iiL. LxL = and
= behaved ð about unitary the
= system that
cos os (r,6, R, on
9 -0v(r,L e,
$) exp
-Qo value
form L,+|ax Ly either
k!
¢)z-axis. is operator. 0)through y
sin cos in function,changed (r) as Ly
spherical
¢ = operated yMOMENTUM and
a The (r) under sides,
V v(r, an L,
(r, This satisfy
0, we0, effect
to rotation angle the
polar by
) may equation components
coordinates,
- - rotation of the
expand Hence o) o.this about
is
described following
rotation means an
y operator
equation axis of
we by commutation
Taylor's is that by
specified angular
get that on unitary
(1) unrotated the
...(6) implies it momentum
204 ...(5) ...(4) ...(3) series ...2) leaves rotated by
...(1) trans unit ...(5) rules
.(4) ..(3)
397
 about,
Y-axisCommuablilty
arbirary them.COmute.
IOtations. veryRotations mtans
infinitesimal sausfes Z-component 398
Equation Thus The IIis small thIf Also Also As Then
Now In This Since Now Using
followed say, This e ao general
axis. obvious
another These the the
X, if rotation wewe if equation abovecomparing
YIn we is rotatioa;angle componentsfollowing the there third
(10) actieved require
must operator
of
byandmany define infinitesimal thal equation
angula of
of important ef exists equations
a Z may at
have shows equaions
rotation axes. Angular any then
rotation all. R (2)
cases be Rby commutation
= L
= inite Since equation R(n, anymomentum.
(9) that holds R(2. and
For used substiuting
0+
property for 1
are is
operator may
8, it rotations e said the (7), (6),
exampleiiomerntum
is 0 rotation is bermitian,
(2rk)) 1,, = 8 [2, (r,6,
about =
convenientdefineto 1+a+ {10) very = L] to be
rotations far 90) we we
then of 0. relations be expressed any v(r, get may
X-axis, (13) commute can maySmall, [This = R,0)
(r, O R -
if infinitesimal
we RA, rotationaly
e 0, arbitrary 9, wrile
the the
get in
a+.= 2!3! be where isreal,is [2,
0, about o) $)
we Operators
desired to
transportation (11). considered
8 ) bethe with [e, )
=
=
exp (5)as
express with approximated
rotations also L,]= R{n,which as..= = equation
have therefore exp exp(-iqo
z-axis
wave-function exp
rotation rotaions each
1-0 kis
obvious
components
invarian.
0 satisfies e)] the
(-i¢L") (-i
(-i
the an and = are o
other, theas 1+ are integer. R(, 0 o L;/h)
arbitrary
operator ifa
(L.) as
said
from Q, generated L;/a) L;/h)
Quantuni
can is product L] of
Equation y
the while 0)angular (r, y
be to Since (10)] is =
condition (r, y 0,
rotaion for transformation finite ofsmall very is be unitary. by 0,(r, ).Mechanics
carried 0 ¢), 6,
an a infinitesimal physically momentum (11) an )
rotations,large operator therefore
outarbitrary
as is
by
a number satisfied
sequence the which equation
(With
a of in rotations. operator
rotation rotation operaors general, of rotation Applications)
if
of infinitesimal operator depends
L. (8)
, about
rotations If of
about ..(14) under do ..(13) 8 ..(12) ...(11) ...(10) ..9)yields ..(8) ..(7)
not 2Tk on
an is

or
expressedbas (7.1).
rotation order Angu<ar
Retaining Expanding exp The (i.e.
Now
7.Fi1(ga.) (-i8,L/i) of finite
statement Momenta
actingon 0,0, first
only 0,
exponentials aboutrotations,
about
lustration
1-84_8 second vector
along
=
exp
(-i0y
holds

only
Z-axisY-axis
in
and
Their
order of exp R,0) general, Properties
to for toand
21 second (-i0,6, Ly/i)
terms (,6,) R
X-axis. small reach
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i0,t9,Lay 9,
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A L;/i) e,) sameabout
in commute. y
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exp(-i6,L,/)
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we (0, order
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get
get [lt vector a(b) Lym) 0,) then
is
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obvious RÝ. in 6.
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21 along
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(-i0,
that to of
X-axis R, represented(-i0,Ly/)
is
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essential
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order
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R geometrically toare
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8,) this
A in
Inresut
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6x) a
opposite
2h fig. further
(b)l. may fig. 399
as
in
 20

ihl,-i(-inJ) = cornplexity.
greater of applicable
system to obtained
bewil results therefore
thbe andparticle single momentum
aof
arewhichauantities satisfied
by are rules these that seen bewil 1t
angular the thangeneral rmore
similarly, And ...(4b)
iJ JxJ=
equivalently or
.(7)
iJ) hU,+ J,= Jy+h ih = ...(4a)
J) ih =J] [J,, and in, =Jl (/{since
, form the take J,
Components
J, J,
(itJ). it,-i - the (3) momentum
given
by angular definition
of use we T
the satisfied
by cornnutation
rules
l.ñ= which units system
in of choosinga Words
are We other 1n
...3)
='rxp) J
JenJ+
with relation
J, ofCommutation momentum
as angular definition
of
...(6) mechanical quantum convenient
Use to sometimes cumbersome
is it factors
i, of avoid order
to In
J,+iJy =J, ...2) ihJ JxJ=
operatorS. new thedefine uslet Now J-and Operators
J4 Ladder written
as cquivalentBy
be equations
can three above The
...(5)
..(1)
...(4) commutation
rules. the satisfy
components, whose
Similarly, operator Hermitian any operator
as.J momentum angular
generalized the defined
as isand J) Jy, z J=
denoted
byconveniently contribution'
is spin include
the may whichmomenturn angular total The
...(3) OPERATORS MOMENTUM ANGULAR TOTAL THE 10.4
J,J)(ih +(-inJJI,+
+J,) (ih 1, '=,(-ih
J) 0, =
0.=SJ
(S, =S,] S. =SJ(S,
S
it S](S, S,: ih =S] [Sy, S,: it =S] (S,,
viz. chapter
9)
momentum
(refer angular orbital those relations
of ascommutation sarme tfollows
he
momentum.
is It angular total contributes denoted
It S.by
the to hence andmotion possesses
spin alsoelectron The
b,c][a, c]+ [b, a [ab,
c] So MOMENTUM ANGULAR SPIN 10.3
that know We 10.1. section obtained
in ascommutation
relations same areThese
...(2) ihL LxL
take usLet components
Jy. Jy, Jy with commutation
relation
Jof expressible
as are form compact relations
in The
tderive
he can We
...(1) i Ly Lyy-Lly= and
relation
=Ll(Ly
by momentumis
the defined angular total The
MPONENTS MOMENTUM
VITH ANGULAR OFCOMMUTATION
TOTAL RELATIONS the aboutrotationsinfinitesimal considering obtained i.e.axes,coordinate pairs
of two other
10.5 operator. momentum by can commutation
berelations other The
ihL angular commutation
of relati
Tn familiar aThiiss
Xp. =J =Ly] (Li.e. ihz ly= Ly-Ly L;
angu2r definiton
T(3) mechanical quantum definition. classical instead
of used bcen momentum
has gives tfactors,
his common Cancelling
the
that means thitenomitted; are i of sometimes
factors the IfNote:
Lly e,e,
401 Properties Their Momenta
and Angular Applications) (WitMechanics
h Quantum
400
207
KnK

..(8a)
J.J4-iGh
J), J+; = on
operation
J, of y>.Thus
the IstateJ the in
+t) value
(b eigen
amounth.
has
an by Jvalue
of eigen increases
J,
t'ie
that shows equaion This
y
f+;+iUJj) OE+iJ)= W-iJ,) JJ,= .(3) J4|y> (b+t) ly>= J;J4
iJy J,- J+iJy,
=J =J4 bly>) = >J,ly and h, =
J] (since
/,
hJ4ly>+,
bly> =
(b+t)....(b+
I1). (b-t),
b,
(b-ki)... have we
Now
=, ...n 1, = n0,-1,n= =n=-k,
n. . J,J4-JJ) = J[J(since
,
region threstricted
e to are J,values
of eigen Therefore
the
byrespectively
(7). defned landk integers
are values
of minimum maximum
and i.e.,
.(7) J+ly>0 J,and =0ly> have we
then J;-ly = andJ tily operators
= J ladder operate
by uslet Now
like values eigen of terminate
series this Hence
we good. hold may StinequalityJ that
.(2)
...(1)
iy>=aly>bly> Jly>=
terms
so certain terminated
after hence and finite must
be J,values
of eigen therefore
the s J i.e. are ñ>, state the J,in and equations
of value eigen then y>, stateI the inJand
J,operators
since Also values
of eigen are andbfunctions.
aIf simultaneous
eigen possess theycommute, Jand
J, As
finite. is i.e.a finite of eigentherefore
is S value finite, system
is momentum
a of angular As
o , to oirom- tend J, values
of eigen theto+o, oofrom- tends JZ
AND VALUES
JOF EIGEN 10.6
+ni) (b..., i)(b+h),
+(b (6-),
b, (6-2t),(b-ni),... nthat
as see Thus
we
...(13)
.)=0
2,..n=n = n1, = n=-1,n
0, = =-2,n n=-n,
....n
avalues
re eigen The integer
n. the have (12),
we and Combiaing
(11)
depending
on
..(6)
J,values
of eigen the spectrum
for
hy>. (b-n)J;Lly>= discrete athere
is that showequations two These
(4)] and
...(12)
[using
(3) f.-i¯)0= -
have operator,
we similarly
Jfor
Simil:ty
Jly> (b+nt)0,J|y>= And
..5) ...(11) 00+0= ,JJ=
wTite may get we
(4), and (3) Using
general
we Hence
in timne. each value eigen increase
i by J, of in the means simply time cach Iy> on
operation
J4 of ly>.Thusthe Jstate the in fi) +2 (b
value eigen has J,that shows equation This
...(4) y>(b+21) =
(3using
) J4ly> ily>+J4
(6+i) =
frst. [J,J take usLet Jand Jwith ofJRelationsCommutation
J4JJ4ly> hAy>+ = ...(10) 2hJ, =
J)(ih =-2i J} U2i - =
y> (14+J4
J;
I J) = 0-iaj]-iU
+0J] =

Mutually. J_
and J,Relation
of
Commutation
ly> JJ4ly>= that So ..9)
have we
thenJ4ly>, onJ, again
byOperating forn
ascompact in(8) and (7) write can we
...(8) -hQ,-iJ)=
hJ - =
403 Properties Their Momenta
and Anguur
Applications) (WithMechanics Quantum
402
 and havewe function 404

since
Now substitute
Now,we AndSolving Equating Again This Using Hente Since Now Also Similarly
therefore equation of let
equations J, J..
for these us
if
it find
b, wil we
from we two gives = start
get
(5) be 0.eigen
2 (12), eigen the and Therefore
also with
a values
we
eigen (7) for J4J.
(b+ =values
have values = - = J, ofJ we
lh) given
(6 (b+lt) (6+ (b+I) J, and in get
for =J+J4JL-1,
usi(8b)ng Jterms
hencej-, =jj+ + by = = I) =
b 1)a lh+h) J. have J4J-hJ, =
+
b=-9 (b-kh){(6-kh)
(10) (6+
4Iñ>+0+h
J+JLJ,+hJ
of
lh+) +l)
6 the J,.
= and same
(b-lh) (b +h
(11)
-kh-h) 0-h +
are
of |y>. +I)) (6 eigen
Quantum
necessarily (6 J, (b (b+ using
- whichJly> -kt)) function,
ki-h). ly> It)
(8a)
Jy> Mechanics
integers. represent Jly> ie.
if
J{Ið> (With
eigen
Hence.
Applications)
values is
eigenan
of ...(10) .(9b) ..(9a) ..(86)
. .(14) ...(13) ..(12) ...(11)
'a'

or respectively,
where 10.7 in b= whenand Angular
(2) where above
Equation Therefore ThusTherefore
when
Then From(1) by getwe Now thatSo haveWe
N
If
EIGEN
we
m,
taking & when Momenta
equation
is applying is represent representation eigen
arbitrary eigen then VALUES (16) m, J,
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= y* value eigen represents and
(1) 1.real normalization a
state these eigen b
becomes (rJ,mt)y of value OF are -jh, may
Their
number determined by kk=
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the and values (j+ be
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and J" being J+ eigen
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=G+ condition
(r,j, y
J
of 1)from 1) = =
r of (r,j, eigen 0, 2j,
y is =INI is(rj, values J, values h,..,
(r,j, phase
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m) m) of and to max min =2j =
=
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1= =.MV =
operator = J +jh
2j:
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j yand J is
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havewe
o
m have 1)] t (m,n h J_ m
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1)
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whence
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Jmin-J=

useful v* (rj, y J4 magnetic are

(rj v(rjm) operator. (2j+
m) if of number.
derivation ym) J,
m) qu which
1).
x Thus
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normalized is
are
from we
m) numbers diagonal
.(16) define ..(15) 405
(1) ..(1)
and ..(2) r
208:+
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more or
in anolher
form in
also
&nd
10.8 Or
or 406
Similarly
aaix From in
ThcEIGEN ^imilarly. narix
The
nnore
cquations matrix
simplifed
form 2 simplificd
VIG- VALUES
clcments elemonts
clements <fm'
(7) |/,ljm
Hence
m) from
and
(ýtm+ J
<jm'lJ, or OF <jm'1J4Ijm
<jm' of J J,
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of
> AND 1J and v and
1)]8,j are =<Tn'lJ4|
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jm) m) m)
(4)
<jmlH+J)ljm>=<mlUa+J)ljm>
=
>=h J Jy jm > aro
=h[(-m) can = =
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=J. > >=â+m)
= h
follows: IG-m) 107 of =1 =h UØ+
n+1 > J V(G+ V(Gm) <fm' bc
=-}i<m'
=<jn'l-i0 Iã wo and writtcn â+
got jm
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m-1 > 1) m-1
cquution Applications)

...(4) ...(3) ...(2) ..(1) .(8) .(7) ..(6) ...(5) ..(4) ...(3)

columns
(2j+ 1)
(2j+1), and 10.9 and If tho the And and Angular
n Hcnco
The Tho
EXPLICIT if Similarly
Ifthe All Similarly,matrix
If matrix
But if If If
m' mother m- m'jm' <
But
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if olomcnts clement considor
m+1, mtl, =
n-1 clcments , m'
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the of = jm
magnetic JFORM matrix jm> then and
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+
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1
= Öy +VIr+
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+VIG
be - MATRICES m) ( m' ihËý+ to
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rows ...(9ii) ...(91)
...(8ii) ...(7) ..(6) ..(5) 407
will (8i)
and be
209