Political Science Video Notes

Executive

Class 11ᵗʰ
 Executive
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About
Introduction the video (Click Here)
chapter
Legislature Make a distinction between the parliamentary
There are
three organs and the presidential executive
Executive
of Understand the constitutional position of the
Government President of India.
Judiciary
Know the composition and functioning of the
Council of Ministers
Importance of the Prime Minister.
Understand the importance and functioning of
the administrative machinery.
What is an Executive? Didn’t understand? Watch
the video (Click Here)

Some office holders decide the policies and rules and regulations and then some
office holders implement those decisions in actual day-to-day functioning of the
organisation.
The word executive means a body of persons that looks after the implementation
of rules and regulations in actual practice.
In the case of government also, one body may take policy decisions and decide
about rules and regulations, while the other one would be in charge of
implementing those rules. The organ of government that primarily looks after the
function of implementation and administration is called the executive.
Executive is the branch of government responsible for the implementation of laws
and policies adopted by the legislature.The exceutive is often involved in framing
of policy.

While the heads of Government and their Those who are responsible
ministers , saddled with the overall for day to day
responsibility of government know as administration are called
political executive Permanent exceutive.

What are the different types of Executive?

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the video (Click Here)
Every country may not have the same type of executive.
But the powers and functions of the President of the USA are very different from
the powers of the President of India.
 Three types of Executive France : Semi
presidential system

Italy : Parliamentary
system

Japan : Parliamentary
system

Canada: Parliamentary
democracy with
constitution Monarchy

Russia : Semi
presidential system

USA: Presidential
system

In a parliamentary system, the prime minister is the head of government.

Most parliamentary systems have a president or a monarch who is the nominal
Head of state.
Countries with such system include Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom as
well as Portugal.
A semi-presidential system has both a president and a prime minister but unlike
the parliamentary system the president may possess significant day-to-day
powers. In this system, it is possible that sometimes the president and the prime
minister may belong to the same party and at times they may belong to two
different parties and thus, would be opposed to each other. Countries with such a
system include France, Russia, Sri Lanka, etc.

Didn’t understand? Watch

Parliamentary system in India the video (Click Here)

When the Constitution of India was written, India already had some experience of
running the parliamentary system under the Acts of 1919 and 1935.
This experience had shown that in the parliamentary system, the executive can be
effectively controlled by the representatives of the people.
There is always the danger of personality cult in presidential executive.
The makers of the Indian Constitution wanted a government that would have a
strong executive branch, but at the same time, enough safeguards should be there
to check against the personality cult.
 According to this system, there is a president who is a formal head of the state of
India and the Prime minister and the council of ministers which run the
government at national level.
At the state level, the executive comprises the governor and the chief minister and
council of ministers.
The constitution of India vests the executive power of the formally in the
president. In reality, the president exercise these powers through council of
ministers headed by the Prime minister.
President is elected for a period of five years. But there is no direct elections by
the people for the office of president.
The president is elected indirectly. This means that the president is elected not by
the ordinary citizen but they elected MLAs and MPs. This election takes place
accordance with the principle of proportional representation with single
transferable vote.
The president can be removed from office only by Parliament by the procedure
for impeachment. The only ground for impeachment is violation of constitution.

Power and Position of President

Article 74(1): There shall be a council of ministers with the prime minister at the head to aid and
advise the president who shall in the excercise if his functions act in accordance with such advice.
Provided that the president may require the council of ministers to reconsider such
advice........,and the president shall act in accordance with the advice of tendered after such
reconsideration.

Discretionary powers of president Didn’t understand? Watch

the video (Click Here)

Does the president does not have any powers?

This will be an incorrect assessment. Constitutionally, the President has a right to
be informed of all important matters and deliberations of the Council of Ministers.
The Prime Minister is obliged to furnish all the information that the President may
call for.
The President often writes to the Prime Minister and expresses his views on
matters confronting the country.
There are at least three situations where the President can exercise the powers
using his or her own discretion.
President can send back the advice given by the Council of Ministers and ask the
Council to reconsider the decision.
Although, the Council can still send back the same advice and the President
would then be bound by that advice, such a request by the President to reconsider
the decision, would naturally carry a lot of weight.
Secondly, the President also has veto power by which he can withhold or refuse to
give assent to Bills (other than Money Bill) passed by the Parliament. Every bill
passed by the Parliament goes to the President for his assent before it becomes a
law.
 Normally, in the parliamentary system, a leader who has the support of the
majority in the Lok Sabha would be appointed as Prime Minister and the question
of discretion would not arise.
But in case of hung assembly.
Since 1989 major political changes have considerably increased the importance of
the presidential office.
In the four parliamentary elections held from 1989 to 1998, no single party or
coalition attained. a majority in the Lok Sabha. These situations demanded
presidential intervention either in order to constitute governments or to grant a
request for dissolution of Lok Sabha by a Prime Minister who could not prove
majority in the House.
It may thus be said that presidential discretion is related to political conditions.

Prime Minister and the council of minister

The Prime Minister then decides who will be the ministers in the Council of
Ministers.
The Prime Minister allocates ranks and portfolios to the ministers.
Depending upon the seniority and political importance, the ministers are given the
ranks of cabinet minister, minister of State or deputy minister.
If someone becomes a minister or Prime Minister without being an MP, such a
person has to get elected to the Parliament within six months.
The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
This provision means that a Ministry which loses confidence of the Lok Sabha is
obliged to resign..Collective responsibility is based on the principle of the solidarity
of the cabinet. It implies that a vote of no confidence even against a single
minister leads to the resignation of the entire Council of Ministers.
In India, the Prime Minister enjoys a pre-eminent place in the government. The
Council of Ministers cannot exist without the Prime Minister.
The Council comes into existence only after the Prime Minister has taken the oath
of office. The death or resignation of the Prime Minister automatically brings
about the dissolution of the Council of Ministers but the demise, dismissal or
resignation of a minister only creates a ministerial vacancy.The Prime Minister
acts as a link between the Council of Ministers on the one hand and the President
as well as the Parliament on the other.
It is this role of the Prime Minister which led Pt. Nehru to describe him as ‘the
linchpin of Government’.
It is also the constitutional obligation of the Prime Minister to communicate to the
President all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of
the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation.
The Prime Minister is involved in all crucial decisions of the government and
decides on the policies of the government.

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 However, this has not been the case when governments have been led coalition of
political parties.
Since 1989, we have witnessed many coalition government in India.
Many of these governments could not remain in power for the full term of the lok
sabha

They were either removed or resigned due to support of the majority.

These developments have affected the working of the parliamentary executive.
At the state level, a similar parliamentary executive exists through with some
variation.
The most important variation is that there is a Governor of the state appointed
by the president ( on the advice of the central government).
Through the chief minister, like the prime minister is the leader of the majority
party in the assembly, the Governor has more discretionary powers. However the
main principle of parliamentary system operate at the state level too.

Permanent Executive : Bureaucracy Didn’t understand? Watch

the video (Click Here)
Trained and skilled officers who work as permanent employees of the government
are assigned the task of assisting the ministers in formulating policies and
implementing these policies.
In a democracy, the elected representatives and the ministers are in charge of
government and the administration is under their control and supervision.
In the parliamentary system, the legislature also exercises control over the
administration.
The administration officers cannot act in violation of the policies adopted by the
legislature. It is the responsibility of the ministers to retain political control over
the administration. India has established professional administrative machinery.
They also wanted the members of the civil services or bureaucracy to be
impartially selected on the basis of merit.
The Union Public Service Commission has been entrusted with the task of
conducting the process of recruitment of the civil servants for the government of
India.
Similar public service commissions are provided for the States also.
Members of the Public Service Commissions are appointed for a fixed term.
Their removal or suspension is subject to a thorough enquiry made by a judge of
the Supreme Court.
The Constitution has provided reservation in jobs for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes. Subsequently, reservations have also been provided for women,
Other Backward Classes (OBC) and Economically Weaker Sections (EWS).
These provisions ensure that the bureaucracy would be more representative and
social inequalities will not come in the way of recruitment to the civil service.
Do you know that the collector is normally an IAS officer and that the officer is
governed by the service conditions laid down by the central government?
An IAS or IPS officer is assigned to a particular State, where he or she works
under the supervision of the State government
 However, the IAS or IPS officers are appointed by the central government, they
can go back into the service of the central government and most importantly,
only the central government can take disciplinary action against them.
This means that the key administrative officers of the States are under the
supervision and control of the central government.
Though the Constitution has created independent machinery for recruitment,
many people think that there is no provision for protecting the civil servants from
political interference in the performance of their duties.
It is also felt that enough provisions are not there to ensure the accountability of
the bureaucracy to the citizen.
There is an expectation that measures like the Right to Information may make
the bureaucracy a little more responsive and accountable.

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