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 Contents vii

Review Questions 199 PART IV | Corrections 228

Discussion Questions 199
Internet Site 199 Provincial Corrections: Probation
and Short-term Incarceration 228
Cases Cited 199

Sentencing 200

Learning Outline 228

Learning Outline 200 Case Study 229
Case Study 201 Introduction 230
Introduction 202 An Overview of Probation in Canada 230
Sentencing Options 203 Probation Caseloads 232
Probation 203 Focusing on High-Risk Probationers 232
Conditional Sentences 204 Violations of Probation 235
Custodial Sentences 204 Increasing Probationer Success 238
Other Options 204
Officer Skills Matter in Reducing Recidivism 238
Interprovincial Sentencing Differences 205
Provincial and Territorial Corrections 240
The Principles of Sentencing 208
The Evolution of Provincial and Territorial
Proportionality 208 Corrections 241
Aggravating and Mitigating Factors 209 Provincial and Territorial Corrections Today 243
Totality 212
Characteristics of Provincial Correctional Centre
Getting Tough on Offenders 213 Inmates 244
Mandatory Minimum Penalties 215 Institutional Safety and Security 246
Truth in Sentencing 216
Increasing the Severity of Life Facility Design and Safety 247
and Indeterminate Sentencing 217 Dynamic Security 249
Assessment and Classification 249
Individualized Justice: Pre-sentence Reports 219 Violence, Escapes, and Major Incidents 250
Summary 223 Inmate Advocacy 251
Review Questions 226 Correctional Officers 252
Discussion Questions 226 Summary 253
Internet Site 227 Review Questions 256
Cases Cited 227 Discussion Questions 256
viii Contents

Federal Corrections 257

Youth Crime in Canada 290

The Evolution of Youth Justice in Canada 295
Learning Outline 257
The Juvenile Delinquents Act, 1908 to 1984 296
Case Study 258 The Young Offenders Act, 1984 to 2003 297
Introduction 259 The Youth Criminal Justice Act,
2003 to Present 300
The Establishment of Canadian Penitentiaries 260 Case Flow of a Young Offender through
CSC Prisoner Characteristics 262 the Justice System 302
Special Needs Prison Populations 264 Youth Criminal Justice Act Sanctions 305
Challenges of Managing Long-Term Prisoners 268 Extrajudicial Sanctions 305
Delivering Meaningful Correctional Community-Based Sanctions 305
Interventions 268 Open Custody 307
Violence Reduction in Federal Prisons 269 Secure Custody 307
Prisoner Advocacy 270 Youth Interventions 310
An Overview of Federal Parole 273 Summary 313
A Short History of Parole in Canada 274 Review Questions 315
Conditional and Community Releases 275 Discussion Questions 315
Goals of Parole 275
Community Supervision of Parolees 276 Internet Sites 316
Parole Success 279
Reforming High-Risk Sexual Offenders: Circles of
Support and Accountability (COSAs) 279 PART VI | Looking Forward 317
Barriers to Community Re-entry 281
Looking Forward: Criminal Justice
Summary 283
in the Twenty-First Century 317
Review Questions 285
Discussion Questions 286
Internet Sites 286

PART V | Youth Justice 287

Youth Justice in Canada 287
Learning Outline 287 Learning Outline 317
Case Study 288 Case Study 318
Introduction 289 Introduction 319
 Contents ix

The Canadian Justice System: Review Questions 344

Where Are We Today? 320 Discussion Questions 345
Positive Changes 320 Internet Site 345
Developing a More Effective Justice System 324
Cases Cited 345
External Forces Shaping Canadian Criminal Justice
in the Twenty-First Century 325
Political Changes 325 Glossary 347
Economic Factors 326 References 355
Social Changes 328
Index 386
Technology 331
Environmental Factors 335
Legal Changes 336
Summary 342 ONLINE CHAPTER Victimization
From the Publisher
GUIDE TO THE NEW EDITION OF EXPLORING
CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CANADA
A new table of contents better reflects how criminal justice is taught
• To make this edition easier to use in your course, the Criminal Law chapter now appears later in the table of contents,
the Youth Justice chapter has moved from online into the book, and part divisions have been added.

“Troopers” in North West Mounted Police (NWMP) dress costume perform at Fort MacLeod Museum in Alberta (on the
grounds of Fort MacLeod, which was built in 1874. The NWMP became the RCMP in 1904. Why do you think Canadians
(and the RCMP) hold on to these reminders of the RCMP’s history? (Photo credit: wwing/iStockphoto)

Police Organization
and Structure
LEARNING OUTLINE
After reading this chapter, you will be able to
• Describe how Canadian policing evolved from the 1800s to today
• Describe the different urban and rural policing arrangements, and the agencies delivering these services
• Identify some possible reasons for differences in police strength
• Describe the five roles of the police in Canada

PART V
Youth Justice
On 8 July 2019, there were only 26 youth held in custody facilities in all of Atlantic Canada (Davie, 2019). Prior
to the introduction of the Youth Criminal Justice Act in 2003, the number of youth behind bars was much higher; in
2001/2002, the four provinces incarcerated 364 youth (Statistics Canada, 2019a). Why did youth incarceration drop
by more than 90 per cent? A change in legislation in 2003 made it more difficult to place non-violent youth in custody,
and youth crime rates have been decreasing. The drop in youth incarceration has happened throughout the nation,
rud33751_ch04_087-113.indd 87 12/15/19 03:14 PM although in many provinces the unused correctional beds have been filled by adults. (Photo credit: Emma Davie/CBC)

Youth Justice in Canada

LEARNING OUTLINE
After reading this chapter, you will be able to
• Describe current trends in youth crime
• Identify the differences between the Juvenile Delinquents Act, the Young Offenders Act, and the Youth
Criminal Justice Act
• Provide some reasons why sentences for youth are mitigated
• Describe the differences between open and secure custody
• Identify the pathways to girls’ involvement in crime

rud33751_ch11_287-316.indd 287 12/15/19 03:35 PM

 Publisher’s Preface xi

Chapters 9 and 10 revised to increase

9 Provincial Corrections: Probation and Short-term Incarceration 243 student understanding
Provincial and Territorial Additionally, the length of stay on remand tends
The new organization of chapters 9 and 10 helps
Corrections Today to be higher in northern Canada as there are fewer
court dates in some rural locations (see Chapter 7). students better differentiate between provincial
Figure 9.4 shows there are about one-quarter
million admissions to provincial and territorial
With respect to inmates sentenced to provincial
or territorial custody, the sentences are also very and federal corrections, and between probation
correctional facilities in Canada every year, al- short, and 60 per cent serve less than one month
though that number is somewhat deceptive as (Malakieh, 2019). and parole.
one person could be admitted more than once in Provincial and territorial correctional cen-
a year. Almost 65,000 individuals were sentenced tres have a short-term orientation toward inmate
to terms of incarceration of less than two years in care, and this reduces their participation in re-
2016/2017, and that number has increased some- habilitative programs. If the average sentence is
what from the previous years (Malakieh, 2018). one month, there is not much time to assess the
The one constant factor in these places is the con- inmate’s rehabilitative needs and to place them
stant flow of inmates in and out of these facilities, in meaningful programs, even if these inmates
what some have called the revolving door of cor- wanted to participate in these programs. Provid-
rections (Woo, 2018). ing few amenities other than a bed and meals is
Most people remanded to custody are held for often called warehousing. warehousing
relatively short periods of time. In 2017/2018, half When inmates
Inmates are eligible to work toward an early
receive only
of males (50 per cent) and 59 per cent of females release through their good behaviour, and this their basic needs
were released within one week, and three-quarters earned remission (which was introduced in and few or no
rehabilitative
(75 per cent) served one month or less, and only Chapter 8) further reduces the number of days opportunities.
about 5 per cent served more than six months (see they will serve in custody. As a result, many cor-
Figure 9.5). Again, those are national averages and rectional centre activities are based on keeping
some adults facing serious charges, such as homi- inmates constructively occupied in recreational
cide, can serve years in a provincial facility as their or work programs such as institutional clean-
cases work their way through the justice system. ing, building maintenance, doing laundry, and

180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
Year
Sentenced Remanded 270 PART IV Corrections

FIGURE 9.4 Annual Admissions to Provincial and Territorial Corrections, 2000–2018

Statistics Canada (2019d)
900
800
700
600
500
400
rud33751_ch09_228-256.indd 243 12/15/19 03:26 PM 300
200
100
0
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17
Year
Assaults Inmates in Solitary Confinement

FIGURE 10.2 The Relationship Between Solitary Confinement and Inmate Assaults, 2010 to 2017
White (2017)

for violence. Yet, Figure 10.2 also suggests that As the Eddie Snowshoe case illustrates, there
how prison staff manage prisoners impacts in- are concerns about the adverse effects of using
stitutional safety. Can you think of factors other segregation to manage an offender’s behaviour.
than placing prisoners in segregation that might Long-term confinement in segregation can in-
increase or decrease prison violence? crease mental health problems such as anxiety and
One of the frustrations of working with pris- depression (Haney, 2018). Prisoners in segregation
oners who might be a decade or longer away sometimes engage in self-harm behaviours such as
slashing from their release is that staff members have slashing themselves with sharp objects or hitting
When a prisoner
few options other than placing disruptive in- their heads against the wall. These incidents tend
engages in
self-harming mates in segregation—which is like a “prison to happen more often in segregation, treatment
behaviour by within a prison.” Inmates in segregation might centres, and maximum security facilities—places
cutting their skin
using metal or only receive a few hours each day outside their the Office of the Correctional Investigator (2013)
plastic objects. cells, which generally consist of a cement-walled has called austere. The Office of the Correctional
room with a metal bunk that is bolted to the Investigator statistics show that there are about
floor and a stainless-steel toilet. three self-injuries per day or over 1,100 incidents
Given the overcrowded, bleak, and some- per year in all the CSC facilities (Zinger, 2017,
times noisy conditions in many facilities, it is p. 11). Women tend to be overrepresented in these
not surprising that most inmates will break the acts of self-harm, and a relatively small number of
institutional rules at some point. Placement in inmates who slash are generally responsible for a
administrative segregation, however, is reserved large proportion of these incidents; these prison-
for prisoners who have engaged in assaults, ers may be at a higher risk of dying by suicide.
threatened others, or breached security. In
2015/2016, almost half of all CSC inmates were Prisoner Advocacy
admitted to segregation at least once; almost In Chapter 9, the role of provincial ombudsmen
three-quarters of male prisoners were returned in advocating for correctional centre inmates was
to the general population within 30 days, while briefly described. Several federal and community-
only 6 per cent of women inmates served more based organizations also advocate on behalf of
than 30 days (Public Safety Canada, 2018, p. 67). federal prisoners. The Correctional Investigator of

rud33751_ch10_257-286.indd 270 12/15/19 03:32 PM

xii Publisher’s Preface

New online chapter on victimization

A new online chapter on victimization provides more extensive
coverage and insights on this important topic in criminal justice.
The chapter explains victimology as a discipline, describes risks
of victimization, and outlines services available to victims of
crime in Canada.

Online Chapter
Humboldt Broncos assistant coach Chris Beaudry (shown here in a courtroom sketch) gave a victim impact
statement following the collision that killed sixteen people. What function do victim impact statements serve in
the criminal justice system? (Photo by the Canadian press/Cloudesley Rook-Hobbs)

Victimization

LEARNING OUTLINE
After reading this chapter, you will be able to
• Describe the Canadian populations most at risk of victimization
• Explain the differences between criminology and victimology
• Describe how the lifestyle exposure model can predict victimization
• Provide a definition of a hate crime
• Describe the strengths and limitations of the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights

Exploring Criminal Justice in Newfoundland and Labrador

Exploring Criminal Justice in 4.0 3.8 physically or sexually abused by their spouse during the pre-
3.6
ceding 5 years.” Figure 3 presents the findings from the GSS
3.5 3.2 about self-reported violence and reveals that Newfoundland

Newfoundland and Labrador*

3.0 residents had the lowest rates of victimization in the nation.
2.5 Increased attention also is being paid to the issue of sexual
rud33751_online_victimization_001-024.indd 1 12/15/19 03:01 PM
2.0 violence since the trial and acquittal of Jian Ghomeshi, the
2.0
Rick Ruddell, University of Regina, and Hayley Crichton, Memorial University of Newfoundland 1.5
CBC broadcaster, in 2016. The Ghomeshi trial further high-
1.5 1.3 1.3 lighted issues related to reporting sexual assault, such as when
This supplement to Exploring Criminal Justice in Canada provides additional content about crime and the responses of the police, 0.9 reports are made to the police and re-victimization. As noted
1.0 0.7
courts, and corrections that is specific to Newfoundland and Labrador, including issues related to urban and rural crime, as well 0.6 in Exploring Criminal Justice, sexual offences are among the
as crime-related challenges that are distinctive to the province. In addition, there are examples of miscarriages of justice and 0.5 least reported crimes. Perreault (2015, p. 3) analyzed the re-
issues related to the increase in crime between 2014 and 2015. Altogether, these cases, events, and information specific to 0.0 sults of the 2014 GSS and estimated as few as 5 per cent of all
Newfoundland enable readers to better understand the provincial context that can’t be covered in a textbook that focuses on NL PEI NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC sexual offences are actually reported to the police (and only
the entire nation. a fraction of those cases result in convictions). Allen (2016,
FIGURE 1 Provincial Homicide Rates (per 100,000 residents), 2015
Source: Adapted from CANSIM Table 252-0051. p. 45) reports the rate of sexual assaults reported to the police
in Newfoundland is above the national average (69 and 60
THE UNIQUE CASE OF NEWFOUNDLAND NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR: adding even one homicide offence might make places with a
low population appear very dangerous.
offences per 100,000 residents, respectively). Although crime
statistics show that NL has rates of sexual violence higher than
AND LABRADOR CRIME AT A GLANCE The National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigen- the national average, we do not know the true number of these
Newfoundland and Labrador is geographically distinctive Of the 10 provinces, Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) ous Women and Girls initiated in 2016 has brought renewed offences given the fact that few of these crimes are actually
in that it encompasses 405,720 square kilometres including usually falls close to the national average in terms of the attention to the issue of violence towards women. According reported to the police.
the island of Newfoundland. The population, though largely Crime Severity Index (CSI). In 2015 the CSI for NL was 65.6, to the Chief Public Health Officer of Canada (2016) more than Figure 4 shows the total crime rates for the largest cities
concentrated in St John’s, Mount Pearl, and Corner Brook, is which was less than the national average (69.7) and about 200 men and women are victimized every day and most of in Atlantic Canada for 2015, which indicate some variation
spread across both Labrador and Newfoundland. The thinly one-half as high as the Saskatchewan CSI (135.8). Like the these individuals are women, and a woman is killed by a family in the amount of crime occurring in these places, although
dispersed population can pose challenges to police and social rest of Canada, rates of crime reported to the police have member every four days in Canada. With respect to family all were relatively close to the Newfoundland average of 6,356
service agencies that struggle to meet the needs of remote been dropping since the 1990s, and the rate of violent and violence, risks of victimization increase for women, Indigen- offences per 100,000 residents (that total includes traffic of-
and isolated communities. Indeed, many communities in property crime offences per 100,000 residents reported to ous women, people with disabilities, and those who identify fences). The crime rates per 100,000 residents in St John’s and
Labrador are accessible only by air and by coastal boat servi- the police in Newfoundland and Labrador is lower today as lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, or questioning (Chief Public Corner Brook are higher than those reported for Cape Breton
ces operated by the provincial government (boat services are than rates in the 1970s. Information from the General Social Health Officer of Canada, 2016, p. 6). Self-report surveys such and Halifax. One question that criminologists like to ask is
only available between June and November). Additionally, Survey (GSS) shows that NL residents reported levels of vio- as the GSS show that most cases of family violence are never why crime differs so much between these places.
these communities may be further isolated due to the lack of lent victimization (including physical and sexual assaults reported to the police. The Canadian Centre for Justice Statis- With respect to youth involvement in crime, Allen and
cellular towers and Internet accessibility. Finally, Labrador and robbery) that were lower than the national rate (55 acts tics (2016, p. 3) analyzed the 2014 GSS results and reported that Superle (2016, p. 45) found that the number of youth crimes
is home to the first Inuit region in the provinces of Canada per 1,000 population for NL and 76 for the entire nation) “4 per cent of Canadians in the provinces with a current or (persons aged 12 to 18 years) reported to the police in New-
to achieve self-governance: Nunatsiavut. As the result of the (Perreault, 2015). former spouse or common-law partner reported having been foundland and Labrador in 2014 (4,710 offences) was some-
Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement, passed in 2005, While Exploring Criminal Justice described the interprov- what greater than the national average of 4,322 (see Figure 5).
3.5
the Nunatsiavut Government is a regional government and incial differences in the CSI, the following figures show differ- When these researchers examined the types of crimes carried
has authority over central policy areas including health, ences in the rates of homicide in the provinces as well as levels 3.0
culture, education, and justice. Communities included in of crime in the nine largest cities in Atlantic Canada. Figure 1 2.4 6.0
the self-governed region include Nain, Hopedale, Postville, shows the homicide rate per 100,000 residents for 2015, and 2.5
5.5 5.3
2.1 4.9
Makkovik, and Rigolet (covering the most northern areas of the rate of 0.60 was the lowest in the nation and almost one- 2.0 1.9 5.0 4.6 4.7
4.5 4.2
Labrador). Although Nunatsiuvut is self-governed and the third of the national average of 1.68 per 100,000 residents. 1.7 4.5
rule of law is set out in the Nunatsiavut Constitution, the Of the nine largest cities in Atlantic Canada, Figure 2 shows 1.5 4.0 3.5 3.7

region is policed in conjunction with the Royal Canadian that there were no homicides at all in Corner Brook and three 1.0 3.5 3.3
1.0 3.0
Mounted Police (RCMP). For these reasons, as well as others other cities, and the rate for St John’s was 0.97 per 100,000
2.5 2.1
related to political and historical arrangements, Newfound- residents, or about half as many as Cape Breton, Halifax, and 0.5
2.0
land and Labrador has a distinctive context for exploring Saint John. One has to be fairly careful in interpreting these 0 0 0 0 1.5
0.0
criminal justice. results, especially in less populated towns and cities because 1.0
wn

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on

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ok

ax
oh

to
hn

0.5
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et
lif
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er

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on
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er
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St

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Fr

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Su

NL PEI NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC
Co

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*The ten provincial summaries follow a common template and although the examples presented in this supplement differ from the other nine, some of the content is very similar
or will have identical text. FIGURE 2 Homicide Rates, Largest Cities in Atlantic Canada (per 100,000 FIGURE 3 Victims of Self-Reported Spousal Violence in the Past Five
residents), 2015 Years, per cent, 2014
Source: Adapted from CANSIM Table 252-0075. Source: Adapted from Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (2016).

Revised supplementary materials for each of Canada’s ten provinces

In addition to the online chapter, the website for Exploring Criminal Justice (www.oup.com/he/Ruddell2e) includes in-
valuable supplemental packets of information for the ten provinces and provides details on key topics—such as police
departments, courts, offenders, crimes, and miscarriages of justice—offering useful insights and facts for each.
 Publisher’s Preface xiii

8 PART I Foundations 1 An Introduction to Crime and Justice 9

A Closer Look
Politics and Crime Control: A 2015 Election Promise
and Legalizing Marijuana in 2018 a vehicle, and whether landlords and homeowner before the law came into effect there was disagree-
Defining the acts that become criminal offences and organizations to capture the public’s mood on this associations can ban smoking (CTV News, 2018). In ment about the constitutionality of the new laws and
the ways we control crime are political issues. The le- issue (Government of Canada, 2018). After consider- addition, many workplaces are also grappling with the fairness of the regulations. As a result, some of
galization of marijuana in 2018 shows how politicians ing that feedback the legislation was introduced and whether employees will be able to use marijuana on the long-term outcomes of the federal law, provincial
can change laws to adapt to a society’s changing be- the bill passed after readings in Parliament and the the job or whether marijuana can be smoked on their regulations, and workplace decisions will be heard
liefs about what is right and wrong. Until the 1960s Senate, with amendments and review at each point. properties, including on university campuses. Even before Supreme Courts well into the future.
few were concerned about marijuana use and only Figure 1.1 provides a timeline of the legislative steps
two per cent of drug arrests between 1946 and 1961 taken to legalize marijuana.
involved marijuana (Carstairs, 2000, p. 112). As its use Although the recreational use of marijuana be- November 2015 Liberals form government
became more popular, so did the number of people came legal on October 17, 2018, new laws restricting
June 2016 Task force to study legalization is formed
arrested for various marijuana-related offences, and access to youth, possession, production, and sales
between 1998 and 2016 there were almost 930,000 were also introduced, and some of those crimes November 2016 Results of the Task Force published
arrests for possession (Statistics Canada, 2018a). could result in five- to 14-year prison sentences. For April 2017 Bill C-45: Legislation introduced (first reading in the House of Commons)
Despite being illegal its use was widespread. A 2017 example, under the new legislation giving or selling
poll revealed that over one-third of Canadians (38 per marijuana to a person under 18 years of age could re- June 2017 The second reading of C-45 in the House of Commons, followed by the
bill being sent to a Committee for review
cent) had used marijuana recreationally (Ispos, 2017, sult in a 14-year-prison term. Kirkey (2018) says these
pp. 1–2). sanctions are harsher than current laws regarding in- November 2017 A report is prepared, followed by the third reading and a vote on the
Legalizing marijuana was a key promise of the toxicants, such as providing liquor to a minor, which amendments based on the report
Liberals in the 2015 election. While they promised can result in a maximum sanction of only one year’s First reading of the bill in the Senate
to quickly introduce new legislation, amending the incarceration in Ontario. As a result, people will still
Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (the legislation be arrested and punished for marijuana-related of- March 2018 Bill C-45 is adopted at its second Senate reading and reffered to a
Committee
that made marijuana use illegal) was complicated fences. It will take several years before we have a bet-
as changes also had to be made to the Criminal Code ter understanding of the impact of these new laws June 2018 Committee recommendations for amendments are sent to the House of
and 12 other acts, ranging from the Criminal Records and it is likely some marijuana users and sellers may Commons, which accepts the amendments
Act to the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights. Changes in be punished more severely than we imagine. Senate passes the amended legislation
criminal justice legislation also impact the opera- While recreational marijuana use was legalized
tions of provincial and municipal governments, as there are differences in how the provinces regulate Bill receives royal assent by the Governor General
they are often forced to change their crime preven- the drug. These provincial regulations define where October 2018 Law takes effect
tion and enforcement activities to reflect legislative marijuana can be sold, the minimum age limit for use
February 2019 Government waives application fees and removes the waiting period for
changes, and sometimes those changes are costly. (18 years old in Alberta and Quebec, 19 years of age in
individuals convicted of marijuana possession and applying for a record
Prior to introducing the bill to legalize marijuana, the the other provinces), the legality of growing marijuana suspension (formerly known as pardons)
Liberal government formed a task force that received at home (which Manitoba and Quebec have banned),
submissions from more than 30,000 individuals and whether marijuana can be smoked in public or in FIGURE 1.1 Timeline of the Progress of Bill C-45 Through Parliament

General Social
Survey (GSS)
including the type of court where the hearing will THE STRUCTURE OF THE An annual
survey of
be held and whether the individual has the right see on television, and some of that information Police
to a jury trial. The maximum sentence that can be
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM is incorrect—for example, it is often based on US
Canadians that
is conducted
imposed on someone found guilty of a summary There are three components of the justice system: examples—or has been simplified, such as a com- The police are the most visible component of the by Statistics
Canada about a
offence is also limited to a maximum fine of $5,000 police, courts, and corrections. The three parts plicated law explained in a 60-second news seg- justice system, and they are the officials we are range of social
and/or six months in jail (although there are ex- are interrelated but also somewhat independent ment. This section provides a basic foundation of most likely to encounter. Information from the trends, with each
annual survey
ceptions for some sexual offences). These issues are of each other. For the most part, our knowledge of the structure of the criminal justice system that 2014 General Social Survey (GSS) on Victimiza- addressing one
described in more depth in Chapter 7. the Canadian justice system is based on what we will be expanded on in the chapters that follow. tion, which is a survey of Canadians conducted theme in depth.
1 An Introduction to Crime and Justice 21

Race, Class, and Gender

rud33751_ch01_001-028.indd 8 12/14/19 09:16 AM rud33751_ch01_001-028.indd 9 12/14/19 09:16 AM
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG)
A May 2014 editorial in the Globe and Mail notes of Indigenous policing, increasing the number of In-
the following: digenous people working in the justice system, and
providing supports to the victims of crime and their
If a society has the duty to protect its most families. In addition, the report calls for improving
vulnerable citizens, then Canadians and their
governments are completely derelict with re-
the access of Indigenous women to the justice sys-
tem through legal aid, reforming the punishments
Thoroughly updated throughout
gards to Aboriginal women. They represent meted out to Indigenous women, developing better
four per cent of Canada’s female population,
but nearly a third of the female prison popu-
responses to human trafficking (and the sexual ex-
ploitation of women), and basing the justice system
Rick Ruddell continues his contemporary,
lation. They are twice as likely to live in pov- on traditional Indigenous practices.
erty. (“Deadly statistics”, 2014, para. 1) The federal government has promised to solutions-based approach in this new edition,
toughen punishments for victimizing Indigenous
Indigenous women in Canada are at the high-
est risk of violent victimization of any racial or
women and is looking into the possibilities of re-
forming the justice system. The stakes for Indig-
encouraging students to see where and how ev-
idence-based practice is shaping criminal justice
ethnic group. Boyce (2016, p. 3) reports that Indig- enous women are high, and the Globe and Mail
enous women are about three times as likely to be editors (“Deadly statistics”, 2014) observed that
victims of violence compared to non-Indigenous “for an Aboriginal woman living on the margins of
women. Research produced by the Canadian Cen-
tre for Justice Statistics shows that Indigenous
society, a caring law enforcement system could
mean the difference between life and death.”
in Canada today. Cases, examples, laws, and sta-
women were almost six times more likely to be
murdered than non-Indigenous women in 2017 tistics have been updated throughout the entire
(Beattie, David, & Roy, 2018, pp. 13–14).
According to the RCMP (2014), between 1980
and 2012, a total of 1,017 Indigenous women were
book with up-to-the-minute details, including
murdered and another 169 were missing (of those
missing women, 108 cases were classified as “sus- results from the 2016 census released in 2018,
picious” and 61 were thought to be accidental).
The RCMP, however, undercounts the true number
of these victims, as some of those who were mur-
Statistics Canada Adult Criminal Court data from
flickr/Jason Woodhead

dered were living in cities not policed by the RCMP.

In June 2019, the National Inquiry into MMIWG
2019, 2019 Missing and Murdered Indigenous
Women and Girls report, and more.
(2019) released its report based on the testimony
of almost 1,500 people including the family mem- Individuals can be also victimized by the justice
bers of victims and people with expertise in the system. In 2015, a 28 year-old Indigenous woman
justice system. The report was controversial, as from Alberta—who was the victim of a kidnapping
it called the murder of these women genocide, and sexual assault—was incarcerated in Edmon-
which is the deliberate killing of a large group of ton Remand Centre (pictured here) for five days to
people (and usually of an ethnic or racial group). ensure she appeared in court as a witness against
The report calls for 231 steps that federal, provin- her attacker (she was experiencing homelessness
at the time of the trial). This woman, who was not
cial, and Indigenous governments must take to
accused of committing any offence, was trans-
reduce this violence. Many of these steps are in-
ported in the same van as the man who was ul-
tended to improve the living conditions for all In- timately convicted of assaulting her. Cryderman
digenous women. In addition, there are a number (2018, para. 1) notes that while an investigation of
of recommendations specific to the justice system, this woman’s treatment could find no evidence of
including toughening punishments for people vic- misconduct on the part of any individual worker,
timizing Indigenous women, improving the quality the case is an example of systemic bias.

rud33751_ch01_001-028.indd 21 12/14/19 09:16 AM

xiv Publisher’s Preface

A critical, diverse, and practical box program maintained and updated for this new edition
Six different types of boxes in each chapter highlight influential cases, important concepts and events, issues related
to diversity, differences in criminal justice practices, myths and commonly held beliefs about the justice system, and
various careers in the field.

CASE STUDY
“Case Study” boxes start each chapter with a vignette that outlines a famous or controversial real-world case
related to the chapter content and accompanied by critical thinking questions.
Donald Marshall Jr 2 Open Courts, Publication Bans, and Privacy: The
Do White-Collar Criminals Deserve Harsher ­Rehtaeh Parsons Case 173
Sentences? 30 What is the Correct Punishment for Bad Driving
Vigilante Justice, Drunk Driving, and the Long Road to ­Causing Serious Injuries or Death? 201
the Supreme Court of Canada 60 A High-Risk Probationer Murders Three Ontario
Investigating Crimes 88 Women 229
A Family’s 10-Year Struggle to Understand their A Federal Prisoner Commits Suicide After Falling
­Daughter’s Murder 115 Through the Cracks in the System 258
Representing Oneself in Court: The Case of Dellen Youth Involved in Homicide 288
­Millard 144 Self-Driving Vehicles and the Justice System 318

A Closer Look
“A Closer Look” boxes provide an in-depth look at important topics, including rural crime, policing, and
victimization.
Politics and Crime Control: A 2015 Election Promise Landmark Supreme Court Cases: Top 10 Criminal Law
and Legalizing Marijuana in 2018 8 Cases in Canada 152
Auto Theft 37 Rural Courts and Access to Justice 188
How to Calculate a Crime Rate per 100,000 Bail: The Decision to Detain or Release 190
Residents 45 Battered Woman Syndrome in Homicide Cases:
Rural Crime 54 Unanticipated Outcomes 210
Does the Punishment Fit the Crime? 67 Sentence Calculation in Provincial and Territorial
The CSI Effect 76 ­Correctional Centres 218
Robert Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing 95 Correctional Training 253
Police Responses to the Lac-Mégantic Train Assessing Risks and Needs 266
Disaster 109 Record Suspensions 282
Becoming a Police Officer in Canada 124 Adolescent Brain Development and Crime 294
Understanding Legal Citation 146 Using PESTEL to Scan the Environment 322
 Publisher’s Preface xv

A COMPARATIVE VIEW
“A Comparative View” boxes explore interprovincial and global variation in criminal justice practices and
outcomes.
Wrongful Convictions 24 Cross-National Differences in the Rule of Law 192
Interprovincial Variation in the Crime Severity Prison Waiting Lists 207
Index 46 Offender Rehabilitation versus Surveillance in Canada
Rates of Imprisonment 73 and the United States 237
Police Strength: Canada’s Place in the World 101 Prison Murders 271
Use of Lethal Force in Canada Minimum Ages of Criminal Responsibility 298
and the United States 128 The Future of Urban and Rural Justice Systems 338
Canadian and US Court Operations 164

Race, Class, and Gender

“Race, Class, and Gender” boxes discuss how the concepts of race, class, and gender can influence the treat-
ment of individuals in the justice system.
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Hate Crimes 160
Women and Girls (MMIWG) 21 Representative Juries, Justice, and the Colten
Infanticide: Do Laws Established in 1948 Reflect Boushie Case 194
Justice Today? 33 The Challenges of Indigenous Sentencing 221
Treatment of Girls and Women: What Are the Effects Fines and Fairness: Should the Rich Pay More? 233
of Chivalry and Paternalism in the Criminal Justice Do White-Collar Criminals Receive Privileged Prison
System? 80 Treatment? 272
Policing Indigenous Communities: Were First Nations Pathways to Female Youth Crime 310
Police Services Set Up to Fail? 102 Canada’s Changing Demographic Profile 330
Women Police Leaders 136

MYTH OR REALITY
“Myth or Reality” boxes address commonly held beliefs about the justice system and explore the evidence to
support or refute those beliefs.
Crime, Justice, and Offenders: Myths and Is Plea Bargaining Really a Pact with the Devil? 224
the Media 26 You Don’t Need Theory to Understand How the Jus-
Stranger Danger 34 tice System Operates 239
Do Tough Punishments Deter Crime? 83 Parole Is “Soft” on Prisoners 273
Most Police Duties Are Related Indigenous Youth: Factors in Criminality 309
to Fighting Crime 110 Will Future Justice Policies Be Driven by
Dangers of Police Work 139 Revolutionary Change? 341
Equality before the Law 168
The Independence of Prosecutorial Discretion
and the Robert Latimer Case 195
xvi Publisher’s Preface

Career SNAPSHOT
“Career Snapshot” boxes—written by professionals working in the Canadian criminal justice system—offer
students insight into the types of jobs available, different pathways to starting a career, and potential career
challenges and opportunities.
Victim Advocacy—Heidi Illingworth, Federal Crown Prosecutor—Omar Siddiqui, Crown Counsel,
Ombudsman for Victims of Crime 27 Manitoba Justice 197
Crime Analysis—Amy Balfour, Manager, Strategic Probation Officer—Elizabeth Engel, Probation Officer,
­Services, Regina Police Service 56 Regina Adult Community Corrections 225
Regional Communications Officer—Kerry Gatien, Correctional Officer—Jennifer Wolfreys,
Regional Communications Officer, Parole Correctional Officer II and Acting Parole Officer,
Board of Canada 85 Bath Institution, Ontario 254
Search and Rescue Preparedness Officer—Marina Community Parole Officer—Tara Tomasi, Community
­Carbonell, Inshore Rescue Boat Coordinator, Parole Officer, Correctional Service of Canada 284
­Canadian Coast Guard 112 Facility Youth Worker—Catherine Wimmer,
Police Officer—Rick Abbott, Sergeant, Edmonton ­Correctional Service Worker II, Calgary Young
­Police Service 140 Offender Centre 314
Criminal Defence Lawyer—Jordana H. Goldlist, Owner, Conservation Officers—David Bakica, District
JHG Criminal Law 170 ­Conservation Officer, Environment Yukon 343
 Publisher’s Preface xvii

EXTENSIVE ONLINE RESOURCES

Exploring Criminal Justice in Canada is part of a comprehensive package of learning and teaching tools that includes
resources for both students and instructors. These resources are available at www.oup.com/he/Ruddell2e.

For Everyone
In addition to the chapter on Victimization and the provincial briefs listed above, the following online materials are
available to further enhance the learning and teaching experiences:
• a list of celebrated cases of crime in Canada that covers the most high-profile and dramatic cases in Canadian history;
• a timeline of milestones in Canadian policing traces moments of historical importance in policing in Canada; and
• a short narrative titled “Surviving a Life Sentence of Imprisonment One Day at a Time,” which is based on an inter-
view the author conducted with an individual sentenced to life imprisonment, provides a more personal look at
what life is like in the prison system.

For Instructors
The following instructor’s resources are available to qualifying adopters. Please contact your OUP sales representative
for more information.
• A comprehensive instructor’s manual provides an extensive set of pedagogical tools and suggestions for every
chapter, including overviews, suggested class activities and debates, and links to relevant videos and online teach-
ing aids with discussion questions for each resource.
• Classroom-ready PowerPoint slides summarize key points from each chapter and incorporate graphics and tables
drawn straight from the textbook.
• An extensive test generator enables instructors to sort, edit, import, and distribute hundreds of questions in multi-
ple-choice, true or false, and short-answer formats.
• Invaluable supplemental packets of information are available for each province and provide details on key top-
ics—such as police departments, courts, offenders, crimes, and miscarriages of justice—offering useful insights and
facts for use in preparing class lectures and assignments.

For Students
• The student study guide includes chapter overviews, learning objectives, key terms, self-grading quizzes, as well as
annotated lists of recommended readings and websites to help students enhance their knowledge of the concepts
presented in each chapter.

www.oup.com/he/Ruddell2e
Preface
Introductory classes can be difficult for students and instructors because there is so much content that
needs to be covered in a relatively short period of time. This challenge is further complicated in criminal
justice courses because Canada’s justice system is becoming increasingly complex, and the provinces
and territories often have somewhat different priorities and approaches to each of their responses to
crime presented in the chapters that follow. After teaching many introductory criminal justice courses
over the years I found that students often expressed frustration about their textbooks as many of them
have become so lengthy that it is almost impossible to cover the content in one semester. There are
sometimes so many examples of police, court, and correctional operations that readers can become
overwhelmed with details instead of focusing on the key issues. In order to focus on these key issues
this book provides a streamlined overview of Canada’s justice system using a “back to basics” approach.
While some have said that “the devil is in the details,” that content can be explored in your upper level
courses.
One of the goals in writing this book was to present only the basic information that students need in
order to have a working knowledge of Canada’s justice system. As a result, a number of factors differen-
tiate this overview of Canada’s justice system from other textbooks, including a focus on issues related
to Race, Class, and Gender in each chapter and how those factors influence both crime and the search
for justice. In addition, each chapter contains a boxed feature titled Myth or Reality, where our ideas
about the justice system are challenged and presented in a Canadian context. This is important as many
of our ideas about the police, courts, and correctional systems come from our exposure to the US news
and entertainment media. This is an ongoing challenge for instructors as Canada’s justice system is very
different from the US system, and our responses to crime are also distinctively different. As a result, this
book focuses on providing a wide variety of Canadian examples, although there are comparative sec-
tions in each chapter that contrast Canadian criminal justice practices against those in other nations.
Last, each chapter contains a contribution from a criminal justice practitioner who shares information
about his or her work experiences, career pathways, and providing practical advice to students consid-
ering careers in the justice system.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Although the author’s name is the only name that appears on the cover, it takes dozens of people to
transform an idea to the finished book you are reading. The first edition took three years from the time
when the book was first proposed until the first copy was printed; the second edition was in develop-
ment for over a year. During that time, I had the opportunity to work with a great team of professionals
starting with Amy Gordon, development editor, who helped me through the process of responding to
the reviewer’s comments, and making thoughtful revisions to the content so the book was easier to read.
I also thank the editorial team at Oxford, including Jess Shulman and Steven Hall. Their hard work
made the book more visually appealing, structured, and easier to read, and their attention to detail is
very much appreciated.
Six reviewers critiqued the first edition of the book and made a number of recommendations to
strengthen the work, including Lorree Bogden (Douglas College), Stephen Dumas (University of Cal-
gary), Tamari Kitossa (Brock University), Lisa Monchalin (Kwantlen Polytechnic University), Kim
xx Preface and Acknowledgments

Polowek (University of the Fraser Valley), and John Winterdyk (Mount Royal University). Several law-
yers helped me with the law and courts chapters in both editions, including Heather Nord (University of
Regina), Heather Donkers (Robichaud’s Criminal Defence Litigation), and Sarah Burningham (Univer-
sity of Saskatchewan). I also thank the scholars who provided reviews for the second edition, including
Annmarie Barnes (Nipissing University), Sheri Fabian (Simon Fraser University), Greg Flynn (McMas-
ter University), Carolyn Gordon (University of Ottawa), Hannele Jantti (Douglas College), Darrell Kean
(Langara College), Leslie Anne Keown (Carleton University), Kristen Kramar (University of Calgary),
Keiron McConnell (Kwantlen Polytechnic University), Lisa Monchalin (Kwantlen Polytechnic Univer-
sity), Jane Lothian Murray (University of Winnipeg), Ritesh Narayan (Mount Royal Univeristy), Wil-
liam Russell (Seneca College), and Kendra Waugh (Vancouver Island University), as well as those who
chose to remain anonymous. One of the challenges in writing the second edition was accepting as many
of their suggestions as possible without adding to the page count.
I thank the contributors who graciously commented about their career experiences and provided
insight about obtaining jobs in the justice system. My hope is that their comments give readers ideas
about potential careers they had not considered.
I offer special thanks to wife Renu who has the patience of a saint, a trait that was frequently tested
during the last months of the revisions. Thanks also to my colleagues at the University of Regina, includ-
ing Sarah Britto, Gloria DeSantis, Hirsch Greenberg, Nick Jones, James Gacek, Muhammad A ­ sadullah,
and Heather Nord for their ongoing support and encouragement. I am also grateful for the ongoing
support of my friends and family: although the time spent with them is often too short, they are always
in my thoughts.
Last, all Canadians owe a special thanks to the workers who respond to antisocial behaviour, crime,
and victimization throughout Canada. We do not always appreciate the efforts of these individuals, and
they quietly go about their jobs in safeguarding us—often at great personal risk and with little formal
acknowledgement.
 PART I
Foundations
The interior of the Supreme Court of Canada is adorned by the Canadian coat of arms, which includes symbols
of England and France. How does the Canadian criminal justice system reflect the influence of both of these
countries? (Photo credit: peterspiro/istockphoto)

An Introduction to
Crime and Justice
LEARNING OUTLINE
After reading this chapter, you will be able to
• Describe the different ways of defining and classifying crime
• Describe the three components of the justice system
• Describe the reasons why the number of people in the “criminal justice funnel” decreases before the
harshest punishments are imposed
• Describe five main goals of the criminal justice system
• Explain the differences between the crime control model and the due process model
• Explain why wrongful convictions damage the public’s confidence in the criminal justice system
 CASE STUDY
Donald Marshall Jr

Donald Marshall Jr., a 17-year-old Indigenous youth Like many others who served lengthy prison terms
from Nova Scotia, was convicted in the 1971 mur- after being wrongfully convicted of an offence, Donald
der of Sandy Seale, a 17-year-old A­ frican-Canadian. Marshall had to overcome the stigma of his conviction
Marshall served 11 years of a life sentence in prison and the impact of living 11 years behind bars knowing
before his conviction was overturned and he was he was innocent. Given these experiences, his return
acquitted by the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal. The to the community was difficult. Marshall was unable to
Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall, Jr., Pros- hold a permanent job and he was involved in some vio-
ecution (1989) found that one of the factors that led lent altercations resulting in further court appearances
to M
­ arshall’s wrongful conviction was that he was of (Armstrong, 2018). Despite those troubles, Marshall was
Indigenous ancestry. Other factors that resulted in well-regarded for his efforts in educating youth about
his conviction included a shoddy investigation com- wrongful convictions and he was also involved in a Su-
pleted by the police, witnesses who lied in court, preme Court case that upheld hunting rights for Indig-
poor representation by his lawyers, and errors enous people. Donald Marshall suffered from chronic
made by the judge. health problems and he died at only 55 years of age.

Critical Questions
1. Marshall received $225,000 in ­ compensation accountable for compensating the wrongfully
plus interest ($158,000) for the 11 years he convicted?
served in prison (Ontario Ministry of the 2. Why would the race or ethnicity of Seale and
­Attorney General, 2015) and a lifetime monthly ­Marshall influence the outcome of this case?
pension from the Nova Scotia government, and 3. How do our own biases and stereotypes influence
all together this compensation totalled more the way we interact with others in our personal
than $1 million. Why should taxpayers be held and professional lives?

INTRODUCTION be used to respond to all crimes defined in the

Criminal Code of Canada (hereafter referred
Criminal Code
of Canada There is no shortage of ideas about the causes of to as the Criminal Code), even when there is not
A federal crime or how we should respond to criminal acts. always agreement on whether some acts, such as
statute that lists
the criminal Most of our solutions to the problem of crime are being married to more than one person, are really
offences and pretty simplistic, such as “locking up offenders crimes? Furthermore, how can we ensure that in-
punishments
defined by
and throwing away the key.” But as we dig deeper dividuals accused of crimes are treated in a just
Parliament, into the issues of crime, justice, and punishment, and fair manner so that we punish the right people
as well as
justice system
our straightforward solutions often become less and do not wrongly convict innocent individuals?
procedures. certain. For example, should the justice system And, if an accused person is found guilty, we must
 1 An Introduction to Crime and Justice 3

determine how the justice system ought to punish Code offences, at some point in our lives most of us
wrongdoers: For example, should youth under 18 have been victims of crime—although most of our
years of age be treated differently than young adults experiences have been with relatively minor of-
or people with mental health problems? If we im- fences such as property crimes. Although workers
prison criminals, who is going to pay for their in- in justice systems do not usually consider a minor
carceration, and who decides when prisoners will theft to be a very serious offence, these acts can have
be returned to the community? These are not new a big impact on an individual’s life; for example,
questions and these topics have been asked and if someone stole your backpack containing your
debated for centuries by politicians, religious lead- university textbooks and course notes, it would be
ers, philosophers, workers in justice systems, and costly and time-consuming to replace those items.
ordinary people. A simple answer to all of those Even what we consider to be minor violent offences
issues is that if easy solutions to controlling crime can have a significant impact on a victim, and acts
existed, we would have found them by now. of bullying can have lifelong effects on an individ-
When considering issues related to crime and ual’s loss of confidence. As a result, we have to look
justice, many people automatically think of seri- beyond the harm of a physical injury and consider
ous offences such as assaults causing bodily harm, the range of emotional and behavioural impacts on
robberies, and homicides. Although these acts are an individual. For instance, survivors of assaults
relatively rare, they are reported as the lead stories may live in fear, and their ability to form positive
on internet home pages, on television, and on the relationships with others may be affected. In rec-
front pages of newspapers. When asked about se- ognition of the impact of crime on individuals, the
rious crime, many Canadians believe that crime number of victim services programs—often oper-
rates are increasing, despite the fact that govern- ated by police services—has greatly increased in
ment statistics have repeatedly shown that there the past few decades (Allen, 2014; Department of
are fewer victims of violence today than there Justice Canada, 2019).
were two decades ago. Most of our knowledge In the chapters that follow, readers will de-
about crime and justice has been shaped by the velop a much broader understanding of the crim-
media—and most crime stories reported by the inal justice system in Canada. In doing so, we will
media are about serious offences. In many cases, be forced to confront our own ideas about crime,
media reports come from the United States; how- the experiences of victims and offenders, and the
ever, there are considerable differences between roles of justice system workers. In some cases, our
the crime rates and the responses to crime in ideas about responding to crime might challenge
America and in Canada. As a result, we are some- our notions of “common sense”—for instance, we
times confused about the volume and seriousness might consider the decision to not place low-risk
of crime that occurs in Canada and about how our inmates in correctional treatments or the fact that
justice system responds to criminal acts. more lives can be saved through traffic enforce-
With respect to types of crime, Canadians are ment than through traditional policing. Another
more likely to encounter antisocial behaviour, goal of this book is to move beyond the task of antisocial
behaviour
which is objectionable conduct such as noisy simply identifying problems (which is relatively
Conduct
people loitering in groups or individuals who are easy to do) and examine a number of promising that can be
drunk, rude, or rowdy in public, and these acts can strategies that have been shown to prevent crime, disruptive and
reduce our
reduce the quality of our lives. For the most part, streamline the operations of the justice system, or quality of life,
these behaviours are infractions of local bylaws or reduce the likelihood of criminals reoffending. but might not
be considered a
are minor Criminal Code offences such as causing a In order to put these issues into context, this criminal act.
disturbance, and while individuals can be arrested chapter provides a brief description of crime,
for this conduct, the police often respond to these describes the different components of Canada’s
behaviours with warnings. In terms of Criminal criminal justice system, explains how people
4 PART I Foundations

accused of crimes flow through the justice system, legal systems. These arrangements involved the
highlights the goals of the justice system, and ex- military, clergy, monarchy, organizations that po-
amines two ways of looking at our responses to liced for profit, and different levels of government.
crime using the crime control and due process Every society has developed its own methods of
models. Throughout the following sections, atten- ensuring that individuals conform to an accepted
tion will be paid to the role of the media in shap- way of doing things that most people agree with:
ing our ideas about crime and justice, and how these standards of acceptable behaviour are called
our beliefs influence the operations of the justice norms. In Canada, the laws that evolved were
system. based on patterns of settlement from different im-
migrant groups, and the colonists brought with
them the laws they were familiar with from their
CRIME AND LAW homelands. As a result, there were some differ-
Acts that are considered to be crimes in Canada ences between Indigenous laws, which differed
are defined by the Criminal Code. Decisions about by Nation and across the continent; early legal
what acts are defined as crimes are the result of systems in what would become Quebec, which
political and legal decisions, and there is not al- was settled by the French; and early legal systems
ways agreement on what acts should be labelled adopted in what would become Atlantic Canada
as crimes. There has been debate for centuries and Ontario, by settlers who were primarily from
over what are the best responses to control acts England.
defined as crimes. According to the Department Prostitution, for example, has been called the
of Justice (2015b), laws are rules that forbid some world’s oldest profession. Although most societies
behaviours and are enforced by the courts in or- have tried to control whether an individual can sell
der to reduce fear, chaos, and disorder, as well as sex, these efforts have failed because of the num-
provide a way to resolve conflicts. Hundreds of ber of willing customers and the number of people
years ago when people lived in small communities who will sell sexual services. In ­December 2013,
there was less need for formal ways of regulating the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that existing
behaviour. Most people conformed through in- prostitution laws were not constitutional, because
informal social formal social control, which refers to the actions they placed sex workers at risk of victimization.
control When
and opinions of one’s parents, peers, neighbours, In the Canada (Attorney General) v Bedford (2013)
people conform
to the law and and community members—such as their dis- decision, the chief justice stated that “Parliament
other social approval—that influence our behaviour (e.g., a has the power to regulate against nuisances, but
norms because
of the actions friend tells you not to drive after drinking). These not at the cost of the health, safety and lives of
and opinions informal methods, however, broke down when prostitutes,” and “it is not a crime in Canada to
of other
individuals, people settled into larger communities and no sell sex for money.”
such as praise or longer knew their neighbours. Balko (2013, p. xi) In striking down Canada’s existing prostitu-
disapproval.
points out that “once neighbors stopped speaking tion law in 2013, the Supreme Court gave Parlia-
norms
Standards of
the same language and worshipping in the same ment one year to enact new laws. Although the
acceptable buildings, shunning and social stigmatization lost existing law was considered unconstitutional, it
behaviour their effectiveness.” remained “on the books” for one year, meaning
that are based
on tradition, As the strength of informal social control de- that individuals purchasing sex could still be ar-
customs, and creased, more formal approaches to responding rested. Most police services did not enforce these
values.
to antisocial behaviour and crime evolved. The laws, because they believed that prosecutors would
methods of preventing and responding to crime not bring those cases to court. This example shows
that emerged were dependent on a nation’s his- how changes in one part of the justice system (the
tory, religious influences, culture, political struc- courts) can influence practices in other compo-
tures (including the influence of royalty), and nents (police and corrections). In December 2014,
Random documents with unrelated
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(Venas Prospero magie vestita, kaj Arielo).
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Spiritoj magipove min obeis
Oportunege. Horo nun kioma?
Arielo.
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Ke tiam ĉesos nia laborado.
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Malliberuloj, kune ili staras
Terure timigitaj; en la stato
Por ilin puni de vi preparita,
Ne povas ili ŝanĝi ĝis vi volos.
La Reĝo, lia frato, kaj la via
Triope staras strange konsternitaj,
Dum la ceteraj ploras apud ili,—
Precipe l’ bona maljunul’ Gonzalo,
Sur kies blankan barbon larmoj falas
Simile al malvarmaj vintraj gutoj
De kana tegmentrando. Via povo
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Ke ilin vidi tuŝus vian koron.
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Dum, similul’ ilia, mi ne sentos
Pli ol vi kompatema?—Kiel ili
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Malbone kvankam ili kun mi agis,
Kaj vundis min profunde, mi forpelos
Koleron mian propran: grandanimo
Ol venĝo estas virto pli laŭdinda.
Pentantajn ilin povas mi pardoni,
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Tuj rompos mi, al ĉiu por redoni
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Tra laŭtkrakanta tondro; fajre fendis
La Jupiteran kverkon per difulmo.
Mi skuis promontoran fundamenton,
Elradikigis cedron kaj pinarbon;
Eĉ tomboj vekis siajn endormantojn
Kaj malfermiĝis ilin por forsendi,
Per mira povo mia.—Sed nun ĉesu
La magiarto, de mi forĵurita;
Ĉar, poste iom da muziko dolĉa,
(Tuj de mi dezirata por ke baldaŭ
Pentuloj sentojn siajn ree havu)
Korege rompos mi bastonon mian
Kaj teren ĝin enfosos multajn futojn,
Kaj, pli profunde eĉ ol ajn sondilon,
La libron mi dronigos!
(Solena Muziko).
(Revenas Arielo; lin sekvas Alonzo kun freneza mieno, kune
kun Gonzalo; Sebastiano kaj Antonio, sammaniere, kune
kun Adriano kaj Francisko.—Ili ĉiuj enpaŝis la rondon, kiun
Prospero estis antaŭpretiginta: tie ili staras magie senmovaj;
tion vidante, Prospero parolas:)
Ari’ solena, taŭga kuracado,
Nun senutilan vian tutan cerbon
Rekonsciigu, en kranio via:
Cetere vi en magipovo staras.—
Gonzalo! virta, honorinda viro,
Okuloj miaj simpatie ploras
Kun viaj; falas de mi frataj larmoj . . .
—Magio nun rapide malaperos,
Kaj, kiel la maten’ svenigas nokton,
Iliaj sentoj la nebulan staton
Forigos tuj, kaj ree sin ekvekos.—
Gonzalo! bona vir’, savinto mia,
Subul’ al via Reĝo tre fidela,
Noblanimulo, estos viaj servoj
Pagitaj hejme, voĉe, kaj per agoj!
Alonzo, tre kruele vi agadis
Kun mi kaj kara infanino mia,
Kaj tiu via frato krime helpis,—
—Sebastian’ interne tion sentas—
Eĉ vi, ho frato! karno, sango mia,
Mortigis, ambicie, natursentojn,
Sebastianon puŝis al perfido . . .
—Duoble li pro tio nun suferas!—
La Reĝon ambaŭ vi mortigi volus . . .
Sed al vi mi pardonas, Antonio.
—Ilia komprenado ekrevenas:
Idealfluo sane replenigos
Pensrandon magiŝlime nun kovritan.
El ili tamen min neniu konus,
Eĉ se min ili vidus.—Arielo,
Alportu mian glavon kaj ĉapelon.
(Foriras Arielo).
Nun tute magiveston mi deprenu,
Kaj kiel dukon de Milan’ min montru.
(Al Arielo kiu revenas kaj helpas vesti lin).
Spirit’, rapidu! Vi tuj liberiĝos!
Arielo kantas:
Ĉe l’ abel’ kunsuĉos mi,
En primolo kuŝos ni,
Tie ni ripozos, dum
La strigo vokos en mallum’.
Sur vesperto rajdos mi
 Post la somer’, gaje, ho!
Gaje tre! gaje, ho! vivos mi nun,
Sub arba flor’ varmigata de l’ sun’.
Gaje, ho! vivos mi, gaje tre, nun,
Varmigos min la brila sun’,
Sub arba floro mi vivos nun!
Prospero.
Ĉarmege! Al mi, Ariel’, vi mankos;
Sed vi libera estos aerido.
Ĉi tien de la Reĝa ŝip’ venigu
Ŝipestron kaj subestron ĉiam viglajn,
Maristojn ankaŭ sub ferdek’ dormantajn.
Tuj iru.
Arielo.
Mastro, mi l’ aeron glutos:
Eĉ antaŭ du pulsbatoj mi revenos.
(Foriras Arielo).
Gonzalo.
Turmento, peno, miro kaj mirego
Ĉi tie loĝas: ke ĉiela povo
Konduku nin el la insul’ terura!
Prospero.
La suferintan dukon de Milano,
Prosperon, nun rigardu, moŝta Reĝo!
Por pli ĉertigi ke vivanto princa
Al vi parolas, mi vin ĉirkaŭprenas:
Ĉar al vi kaj sekvantoj mi deziras
Bonvenon, kore!
Alonzo.
Ĉu Prosper’ vi estas,
Aŭ sorĉapero por min malinformi,
Ne povus nun mi diri: via pulso
Tre home batas certe: mi ekpensas
Ke, de l’ intervidiĝo nia lasta
Ĝis nun, posedas min frenezo ia. . . .
Ĉu ne postulas ĉio ĉi klarigon,
Rakonton strangan?—La dukecon vian
Forlasas mi, de vi nun peteganto!
Pardonu mian kulpon!—Sed, Prospero!
Ĉi tie kiel staras li—kaj vivas?
Prospero.
Unue, nobla maljunul’ Gonzalo,
Ke mi vin respektege ĉirkaŭprenu:
Honoro via estas netaksebla,
Eĉ senegala.
Gonzalo.
Ĉu ĉi tio estas?
Ĉu ne? Mi ne komprenas. . . .
Prospero.
Strangaĵecon
Insulnaskitan, vi ankoraŭ sentas;
Ĝi ne permesas al vi veron vidi.
Bonvenon koran al amikoj miaj!—
(Flanken al Sebastiano kaj Antonio).
Se tamen volus mi, kortega paro,
Malkaŝi perfidaĵon vian, vere
Sur vin sulkiĝus tuj la Reĝa brovo;
Sed mi silentos.
Sebastiano (flanken).
Li diable prava!
Prospero (al Antonio).
Vi, malbonulo, kiun frato’ nomi
Eĉ buŝon malpurigus, mi pardonas
Kulpegojn viajn tute, postulante
Ke al mi tuj duklandon vi redonu—
Sed tion nepre vi devige faros—
Alonzo.
Se estas vi Prosper’, al ni rakontu
Detale vian ĝis nun konserviĝon;
Klarigu tiun ĉi interrenkonton—
Ĉar de tri horoj nur, ni marirante
Suferis ŝippereon sur ŝtonbordo,
Kaj tie mi (kruela penso!) perdis
Karegan filon!
Prospero.
Tre mi vin kompatas!
Alonzo.
Neriparebla perdo! Pacienco
Kuraci ĝin ne povas.
Prospero.
Sed mi pensas
Ke vi ne tute petas ĝian helpon:
Al mi, por sama perdo, pacienco
Fariĝas kontenteco konsolanta.
Alonzo.
Ĉu vi ĵus dirus, “sama perdo”?
Prospero.
Sama,
Kaj ankaŭ tute nova. Elportebla
Por fari ĝin mi havas nur rimedojn
Ol viaj pli malfortajn, ĉar filinon
Ne antaŭ longe perdis mi.
 Alonzo.
Filinon?
Ĉielo! kial, Reĝo kaj Reĝino,
En Neapolo nun ne estas ili?
Por okazigi tion, tre volonte,
Anstataŭ filo mia, sur marfundo
Mi kore enŝlimiĝus. Nu, filinon,
Ŝin kiam perdis vi?
Prospero.
En la Ventego,
Samtempe kiam vi la filon perdis.
Mi vidas ke tre miras vi, sinjoroj,
Pri tiu ĉi okaz’; vi preskaŭ dubas
L’ ateston de okuloj kaj oreloj;
Sed, kiel ajn vi provizore perdis
De l’ sentoj uzon, sciu nun ke certe
Prosper’ mi estas, mi la rajta duko,
Mi, kiu, forpelita el Milano
Atingis poste la insulon kies
Ĉefviro estas mi, sur kies bordo
Okazis via propra ŝippereo.
Sed tian ĉiutagan historion
Nek povus mi rakonti en kunsido,
Nek dum tagmanĝo. Nu! bonvenon, Reĝo,
Al la grotĉambro nur kortego mia.
Interne sekvantar’ nenia staras,
Ekstere ne subuloj: nun, rigardu!
Tuj, pro duklando kiun vi redonas,
Mi pagos vin per multa plibonaĵo:
Almenaŭ kontentigos vin la vido
Eĉ pli ol min duklando.
(La grotĉambro malfermiĝas kaj montras Ferdinandon kaj
Mirandon ŝakludantajn).
Mirando.
 Vi friponas,
Karulo—
Ferdinando.
Ne, amata koro mia,
Por tuta mond’ ne volus mi falsludi.
Mirando.
Falsludi povus vi, por dudek regnoj,
Eĉ tiam dirus mi ke vi bonludas.
Alonzo.
Se estas tio nur insulapero
Karegan filon mi dufoje perdos.
Sebastiano.
Mirakl’ altega!
Ferdinando.
Kvankam muĝas l’ ondoj,
Kompaton havis ili: mi neprave
Malbenis ilin.
(Genufleksas al Alonzo).
Alonzo.
Ke plenkoraj benoj
De ĝoja patro vin ĉirkaŭu tute:
Leviĝu. Kiel vi ĉi tien venis?
Mirando.
Ho! miro! kiom da kreitoj belaj
Nun staras tie ĉi! homaro nobla!
Belega, nova!
Prospero.
Nova por vi, kara.
 Alonzo (al Ferdinando).
Ŝin, kiu kun vi ĵus interŝakludis,
Al mi konigu—kvankam reciproke
Nur estas vi trihoraj gekonatoj—
Ĉu estas ŝi diin’ nin disiginta
Por nin reunuigi?
Ferdinando.
Ne, sinjoro;
Mortema ŝi; sed, per nemorta Povo,
Ŝi mia estas, de mi elektita
En tempo, kiam nek de vi permeson
Mi peti povis, nek vin pensis viva;
Filino de Milana fama duko—
—Tre ofte jam lin aŭdis mi laŭdatan,
De mi, ĝis nun, lin tamen nekonatan—
De kiu novan vivon mi ricevis:
Per kara fianĉino li fariĝas
Nun dua patro mia.
Alonzo.
Patro ŝia
Fariĝas mi.—Sed kiel strange ŝajnas
Pardonon peti de l’ infano mia!
Prospero.
Sinjoro, haltu tie: ni ne ŝarĝu
Memoron nian per la malbonaĵo
Feliĉe nun pasinta.
Gonzalo.
Mi interne
Ĵus tiel ĝoje ploris, ke pli frue
Ne povis mi paroli . . . Dioj povaj!
Rigardu, benu per duobla krono
Geprincojn niajn! Ĉar vi markis vojon
Por la interrenkonto!
Alonzo.
Amen! Estu!
Gonzalo.
Ĉu el Milan’ Prospero forpeliĝis
Por ke l’ idaro lia reĝe sidu
Sur Neapola trono? Estu ĝojaj!
Plej ĝojaj kiel eble! Tion skribu
En orleteroj sur kolonoj daŭraj.
Vojaĝo mira! edzon en Tuniso
Akiris Klaribel’; per ŝippereo
Edzinon ŝia frato Ferdinando
Feliĉe trovis; eĉ Prosper’ duklandon,
Kaj ĉiu el ni sin mem—jam perditan—
En insulet’ retrovas.
Alonzo (al Ferdinando kaj Mirando).
Viajn manojn
Al mi nun donu: doloriĝu koro
Ne deziranta al vi ĝojon.
Gonzalo.
Amen!
(Revenas Arielo kun ŝipestro kaj subestro tute miregante
sekvantaj lin).
Sinjoro! nun rigardu, el ni vivas
Pli multaj ol eĉ povus ni esperi!
Ĉu en la ŝipo mi ne antaŭdiris
Ke tia maltaŭgulo ne droniĝos
Se estas pendigilo apud bordo?
Marblasfemulo, tute vi silentas:
Ĉu landnovaĵon vi ne povas ĵuri?
Subestro.
Ke ni revidas Reĝon kaj sekvantojn,
Novaĵo la plej bona certe estas:
Nur tri sabloŝutiloj malpleniĝis
De l’ ŝipfendiĝo ĝis la nunminuto,
Sed, tute ŝnurarmita, nia ŝipo
Nun estas bele taŭga por mariri,
Kaj tia kia ĝi antaŭe estis.
Arielo (flanken al Prospero).
Sinjoro, mi plenumis tiun servon
Dum forestado mia.
Prospero (flanken al Arielo).
Mirestaĵo!
Alonzo.
Okazoj tiaj ne naturaj estas:
Eĉ ili pli kaj pli strangiĝas. Diru,
Ĉi tien kiel ambaŭ el vi venis?
Subestro.
Sinjoro, se mi nun ne malspritiĝos
Volonte al Vi mi sciigos tion . . .
Ni ĉiuj morte sentis nin dormemaj,
Kaj sub ferdek’ kuŝantaj . . . Bruegaĵo
Katena, bleka, muĝa, kaj kriega
El tiu loko nin terure vekis . . .
Liberaj tiam, ni mirege vidis
La reĝan, bonan, bravan ŝipon nian,
Ŝnuraĵigita kaj de nove taŭga.
Ŝipestro nia vigle, gaje kuris
Por ĝin rigardi—Sed, dum palpebrumo,
Nubiĝaj, sonĝe, ĉiujn ni forlasis . . .
Kaj tien ĉi veniĝis . . .
Arielo (flanken al Prospero).
Ĉu mi bone
Elfaris vian volon?
Prospero (flanken al Arielo).
Diligente!
Tuj estos vi libera!
Alonzo.
Labirinton
Similan viro ajn neniam paŝis;
Gvidil’ mirega, ol natur’ pli alta,
La tuton antaŭplanis. Orakolo
Nur povus ĝin klarigi.
Prospero.
Reĝa Moŝto,
Plu ne turmentu nun spiriton vian
Pri tiuj ĉi strangaĵoj . . . Libertempe.
Ne longe de nun, poste mi klarigos
Okazojn, kiujn eble vi aprobos:
Ĝis tiam, estu ĝoja, mi petegas.
(Flanken al Arielo) Spirito, venu: tuj nun liberigu
Eĉ Kalibanon kaj kunulojn liajn.
(Foriras Arielo).
Mi petas vin, ho Reĝo, kontentiĝu.
Ankoraŭ mankas kelke da sekvantoj,
Sed ilin vi kredeble ne memoras.
(Revenas Arielo enpuŝanta Kalibanon, Stefanon, kaj
Trinkulon, kiuj portas la ŝtelitan vestaĵon).
Stefano.
Ĉiu homo elturniĝu por la ceteraj, kaj neniu estu singardema, ĉar ĉio
estas nur ŝanco. Kuraĝe! monstregulo! kuraĝe!
Trinkulo.
Se kredindaj estas la spioniloj kiujn mi portas vizaĝe, jen estas bela
vidaĵo!
Kalibano.
Setebos! estas jen spiritoj gloraj!
Kaj kiel bela estas mia mastro!
Mi timas ke li min severe punos.
Sebastiano.
Ha, ha! sinjoro mia, Antonio,
Objektoj tiaj, diru, kiaj estas?
Ĉu aĉeteblaj?
Antonio.
Ili? Kompreneble,
Ĉar unu estas fiŝo, kaj vendebla.
Prospero.
La montron de la trio bone notu,
Sinjoroj. Ĉu honestaj ili ŝajnas?
De tiu malbelulo la patrino
Potenca sorĉistino tiel estis,
Ke ŝi la lunon povis eĉ kontroli,
Alfluon kaj forfluon vole fari,
Eĉ kontraŭ la lunpovo—Nun, triope,
Vestaĵon tiun ili de mi ŝtelis—
La duondiablido min mortigi,
Per helpo de kunuloj, jam intencis;
Du el maltaŭganaro vi mem konas:
Ĉi tiu mallumaĵo estas mia.
Kalibano.
Min morte pinĉos li!
Alonzo.
Kelisto mia,
Ĉu li drinkema estas ne Stefano?
 Sebastiano.
Ebria nun, li kie ŝtelis vinon?
Alonzo.
Trinkulo mem de vino ŝanceliĝas:
El kie prenis ili la likvoron
Maturiĝantan en la maltaŭguloj?
Peklaĵon tian kio kaŭzis? Diru!
Trinkulo.
De l’ tempo de mia lasta renkonto kun Vi, mi troviĝis en tia peklaĵo,
ke kredeble ĝi neniam foriros el miaj ostoj: mi ne timos
muŝovĝermiĝon!
Sebastiano.
Nu! kion vi diras, Stefano?
Stefano.
Ne tuŝu min! Mi jam ne estas Stefano, sed nur streĉego!
Prospero.
Vi volus esti Reĝo de l’ insulo?
Stefano.
Doloran Reĝon havus do l’ insulo.
Alonzo (montrante Kalibanon).
Strangaĵon tian mi ĝis nun ne vidis!
Prospero.
Malbonkonduta estas li, Sinjoro,
Eĉ tiel kiel estas li malbela—
Vi tri, tuj iru en grotĉambron mian
Kaj bele ĝin balau kaj ornamu,
Pardonon mian se vi gajni volas.
 Kalibano.
Mi certe volas. En la estonteco
Pli saĝa tute estos mi, kaj penos
Pardonon de la mastro por ricevi.
Ho triobleduobla mi azeno!
Por dio mi trinkulon tian prenis
Kaj malspritulon mi adoris!
Prospero.
Iru!
Alonzo.
For de ĉi tie kaj pakaĵon portu
Al ĝia loko—
Sebastiano.
Kie ĝin vi ŝtelis.
(Foriras Kalibano, Stefano, kaj Trinkulo).
Prospero.
Nun, Via Reĝa Moŝto, kaj sekvantoj,
Bonvolu tuj akcepti la gastamon
De simpla groto, kie vi ripozos
Ĉi tiun noktodaŭron. Tre rapide
La tempon ni pasigos: mi rakontos
Al vi la mian vivon, de l’ momento
En kiu la insulon mi atingis.
Matene morgaŭ vin mi kunkondukos
En vian ŝipon, poste Neapolon,
Ĉefurbon kie mi esperas vidi
De niaj gekaruloj la edziĝon,
Kaj fine, en Milano mia, vivos
Min pretiĝante por la tombo.
Alonzo.
Vere,
Mi tre deziras aŭdi la rakonton
De viaj aventuroj en l’ insulo:
Tre stranga devus esti.
Prospero.
Vi ĝin aŭdos:
Mi ĉion diros; mi al vi promesas
Kvietajn ondojn, tre facilajn ventojn,
Eĉ tian marveturon ke vi trafos
Ŝiparon vian kvankam malproksiman—
(Al Arielo) Vi, Arielo, tion tuj elfaros,
Birdeto kara, tiam, liberiĝu!
Adiaŭ, Ariel’!—(Al Alonzo kaj aliaj) Kun mi nun venu!
(Ĉiuj foriras).
 Epilogo
parolata de Prospero
Nun magio plu ne estas:
Sola mi malforta restas.
Dum tri horoj, estas vere
Ke vi agis ne severe
Kun mi, duko de Milano
Kiun timis Kalibano.
Kiam ĉiujn mi pardonis,
Al mi vi aprobon donis:
Spite je la uzurpulo
Me ne restos en l’ insulo.
Neapolon tuj nin sendu;
Ne prokrastu, ne atendu.
Kun remmanoj de aplaŭdo,
Ankaŭ kun voĉventa laŭdo,
Brave helpu nin elfari
Nian celon sen erari.
Se petanta mi eĉ pekos,
Mi pardonon en vi vekos.
Preĝu por ni, ho popolo!
Ke ĉi tie eĉ ne colo
De malamo sin vidigu,
Nin, gefratoj, liberigu.

1623-1903
Nubkronaj Turoj
Sesparta Kanto de R.J. Stevens
El “La Ventego”
Adagio ne troa.
Nub-kronaj turoj, kaj luksaj pa-lacoj solen-aj sankte-joj Eĉ la
granda terglobo kaj ĝi-a tuten-havo
kaj luksaj pa-lac-oj solen-aj sanktejoj Eĉ la granda ter-globo kaj
ĝi-a tuten-havo
Nub-kronaj turoj, kaj luksaj pa-lac-oj solen-aj sanktejoj Eĉ la
granda terglobo kaj ĝi-a tuten-havo

mala-peros, si-mile al lud-sceno ne substanca, Ne lasos ili

strekon, ian strekon lasos ne!
mala-peros, si-mile al lud-sceno ne substanca, ian strekon lasos
ne!
mala-peros, si-mile al lud-sceno ne substanca, ian strekon lasos
ne!
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