Introduction to IoT

“As we talk about devices, you should never forget that

behind every one there is a person – a customer. Its not
the Internet of Things, but the Internet of People – of
customers. We are moving to one-to-one relationships.”
~Marc Benioff

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 Introduction of IoT

Coverage
◼Definition and overview of IoT

◼Goal and Vision of IoT

◼Evolution of IoT
◼Characteristics of IoT and other enabling factors

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 What is IoT
◼ Def. 1. Defined as the next logical stage of the Internet and its
extension into the physical world.
◼ Def. 2. Broad connection of devices that can interact with each
other and share data to a larger network, where the shared
data can be leveraged to extract value.
◼ IBM def.: The concept of connecting any device (physical
object) to the Internet and to other connected devices
◼ SAP. The vast network of devices connected to the Internet,
including smartphones, and tablets and almost anything with a
sensor on it – cars, machines in production plants, jet engines,
oil drills, wearable devices, and more. These things collect and
exchange data

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IoT as a concept
◼ Internet of Things (IoT) is
a concept and a
paradigm that considers
pervasive presence in the
environment of a variety
of things/objects that
through wireless and
wired connections and
unique addressing
schemes are able to
interact with each other
and cooperate with other
things/objects to create
new applications/services
and reach common goals.
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 IoT as a concept
◼ IoT:
◼ Emerging paradigm that enables the communication
between electronic devices and sensors through the
internet in order to facilitate our lives.
◼ Uses smart devices and internet to provide innovative
solutions to various challenges and issues related to
various business, governmental and public/private
industries across the world.

https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.118
6/s40537-019-0268-
2#:~:text=The%20Internet%20of%20Things%20(IoT,or
der%20to%20facilitate%20our%20lives.
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Brief explanations
◼ IoT is a system of interrelated
devices
◼ connected to a network and/or
to one another,
◼ exchanging data without
necessarily requiring human-to
machine interaction.
◼ IoT is a collection of electronic
devices
◼ that can share information
among themselves.
◼ IoT is the networking of smart
objects
◼ in which smart objects have
some constraints such as limited
bandwidth, power, and
processing accessibility for
achieving interoperability among
smart objects.
◼ https://www.dqecom.com/resour
ces/tech-talk/iot-impact-
bandwidth/#:~:text=Many%20In
ternet%20of%20Things%20(IoT,
more%20bandwidth%20will%20
be%20needed.
6
 Brief explanations cont…
◼ IoT is the network of physical objects or "things"
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity, which enables these objects to
collect and exchange data.
◼ IoT is a network of devices that can sense,
accumulate and transfer data over the internet
without any human intervention.
◼ IoT consists of any device with an on/off switch
connected to the Internet.

IoT is a system allowing physical object exchanging

data or communicating each other
communication/exchanging data via internet.
Check the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4MZl99S2jo 7
 Fundamental
characteristics

◼ Things or Devices: connected objects that can sense,

actuate, and interact with other objects, systems, or people.
◼ Connectivity: enabling IoT things to be connected to the
Internet or other networks.
◼ Data: data collected from IoT things (environmental data,
diagnostic, location data, or report on their status).
◼ Intelligence: Ability to extract insights from IoT data (
example artificial intelligence (AI)+ machine learning+ data
analytics, and IoT data can avoid unplanned downtime(
predictive maintenance)
◼ Action: automated actions to be taken by the device or on
the device,

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 Fundamental characteristics
cont..
◼ Ecosystem: protocols they use, the platforms on which they run,
the communities interested in the data, as well as the goals and
aims of interested parties.
https://telecoms.adaptit.tech/blog/what-is-an-iot-
ecosystem/#:~:text=The%20IoT%20ecosystem%20consists%2
0interconnected,home%20by%20connecting%20multiple%20de
vices.
◼ Heterogeneity: made up of heterogeneous devices, working on
different platforms on different networks
◼ Dynamic Changes: state of devices, the contexts in which they
operate, the number of connected devices, and the data they
transmit and receive are all expected to change dynamically.
◼ Enormous Scale: number of connected devices will be at least an
order of magnitude more than current connections
◼ Security and Privacy: data sovereignty, secure networks, secure
endpoints, and a scalable data security plan.
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 IoT Ecosystem components
Interconnected components and the environment where they
exist and with which they interact.

https://sumatosoft.com/blog/iot-ecosystem-top-7-
components 10
 IoT ecosystem
components cont..

◼ Things – Things refers to the physical devices that

operate as part of the Internet of Things.
◼ Data - data being sent from things as well as any
commands being issued to the things.
◼ People – People are affected by the Internet of Things
in at least two ways: as the agent of change who must
work to make IoT function and as the beneficiary of its
outcomes.
◼ Process –intelligent automation, informed decision-
making and control, and efficient procedures

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 IoT − Key Features
◼ Connectivity
◼ Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being
practical.
◼ IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.
◼ Sensors
◼ IoT loses its distinction without sensors.
◼ Instruments which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices
into an active system capable of real-world integration.
◼ IoT devices are often called smart devices because they have sensors and
can conduct complex data analytics.
◼ Active Engagement
◼ IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service
engagement.
◼ Small Devices
◼ Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful
over time.
Check the link:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/internet_of_things/int
ernet_of_things_overview.htm 12
IoT device features

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 How IoT Works?
Internet of Things is not the result of a single novel
technology; instead, several complementary technical
developments provide capabilities that taken together help to
bridge the gap between the virtual and physical world. These
capabilities include:
➢ Communication and cooperation
➢ Addressability
➢ Identification
➢ Sensing
➢ Actuation
➢ Embedded information processing
➢ Localization
➢ User interfaces

For more detail:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LlhmzVL5bm8 14
 How IoT Works?

RFID Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech

To collect and
To enhance the
process the To make the
power of the
To identify data to detect smaller and
network by
and track the the changes in smaller things
devolving
data of things the physical have the ability
processing
status of things to connect and
capabilities to
interact.
different part of
the network.

15
 How IoT Works?

▪ IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart

devices that use embedded processors, sensors and
communication hardware to collect, send and act on
data they acquire from their environments.
▪ IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway where data is either
sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
▪ Devices communicate with other related devices and
act on the information they get from one another.

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 The Structure of IoT

The IoT can be viewed as a network consisting of networks of

devices and computers connected through a series of
intermediate technologies where numerous technologies like
RFIDs, wireless connections may act as enablers of this
connectivity.
➢ Tagging Things : Real-time item traceability and
addressability by RFIDs.
➢ Feeling Things : Sensors act as primary devices to collect
data from the environment.
➢ Shrinking Things : Miniaturization and Nanotechnology has
provoked the ability of smaller things to interact and connect
within the “things” or “smart devices.”
➢ Thinking Things : Embedded intelligence in devices
through sensors has formed the network connection to the
Internet.
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 Architecture of IoT

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeaeuUcw02Q 18
Architecture of IoT
i. Sensing Layer
◼ Identify any phenomena in
the devices’ peripheral and
obtain data from the real
world.
◼ This layer consists of
several sensors
◼ Sensors in IoT devices are
usually integrated through
sensor hubs
(microcontroller
unit/coprocessor/DSP set
that helps to integrate data
from different sensors and
process them).

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 Types of Sensors in IoT
◼ Motion Sensors
◼ Motion sensors measure the change in
motion as well as the orientation of the
devices.
◼ There are two types of motions one can
observe in a device: linear and angular
motions.
◼ The linear motion refers to the linear
displacement of an IoT device while the
angular motion refers to the rotational
displacement of the device.
◼ Environmental Sensors
◼ Sense the change in environmental
parameters in the device’s peripheral.
◼ Light sensors, Pressure sensors,

◼ Position sensors
◼ Deal with the physical position and
location of the device.
◼ Magnetic sensors and Global
Positioning System (GPS) sensors

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 Architecture of IoT
ii. Network Layer
◼ Acts as a communication channel to transfer data
collected in the sensing layer, to other connected
devices.
◼ It is implemented by using diverse communication
technologies to allow data flow between other devices
within the same network.
◼ e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave, LoRa,
cellular network, etc.

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 Architecture of IoT
iii. Data Processing Layer
◼ Consists of the main data processing unit of IoT
devices.
◼ The data processing layer takes data collected in the
sensing layer and analyses the data to make decisions
based on the result.
◼ In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home
hub, etc.), the data processing layer also saves the
result of the previous analysis to improve the user
experience.
◼ This layer may share the result of data processing with
other connected devices via the network layer.

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 Architecture of IoT

iv. Application Layer

◼ Implements and presents the results of the data
processing layer to accomplish disparate applications of
IoT devices.
◼ The application layer is a user-centric layer that
executes various tasks for the users.
◼ There exist diverse IoT applications, which include
smart transportation, smart home, personal care,
healthcare, etc.

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 IoT- Technology and Protocols
◼ IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and
networking technologies.
◼ The major enabling technologies and protocols of
IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-
energy wireless, low-energy radio protocols, LTE-
A, and WiFi-Direct.
◼ These technologies support the specific
networking functionality needed in an IoT system
in contrast to a standard uniform network of
common systems.

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 IoT- Protocols
Message queuing telemetry support (MQTT): low bandwidth consumption
machine-to-machine protocol that helps IoT devices communicate with each
other, with minimal code requirements and network footprint

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIxdz-2rhLs
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 Goal of IoT

◼ Connect the Unconnected

◼ Objects that are not currently joined to the
computer network on Internet will be
connected so that they can communicate and
interact with People and other objects.

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 IoT communication

◼ A large number of communication devices in the IoT

paradigm are embedded into sensor devices in the
real world.
◼ Data collecting devices sense data and transmit
these data using embedded communication devices.
◼ The collection of devices and objects are
interconnected through a variety of communication
solutions, such as Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee, and GSM.
IoT as a Network of Networks

These networks connected with added security, analytics, and

management capabilities. This will allow IoT to become even
more powerful in what it can help people achieve.
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Cisco calls it Internet of
Everything( IoE

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 Vision of IoT

◼ The end goal is to have plug-n-play smart objects that

can be deployed in any environment with an
interoperable interconnection backbone that allows
them to blend with other smart objects around them.
◼ Standardization of frequency bands and protocols
plays a pivotal role in accomplishing this goal.
◼ A roadmap of key developments in IoT research,
which includes the technology drivers and key
application outcomes expected in the next decade.

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 Vision of IoT cont..

◼ The Internet of Things represents a vision in which

the Internet extends into the real world embracing
everyday objects.
◼ Physical items are no longer disconnected from the
virtual world, but can be controlled remotely and
can act as physical access points to Internet
services.
◼ An Internet of Things makes computing truly
ubiquitous – a concept initially put forward by Mark
Weiser in the early 1990s

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 Factors powering the
progression of the IoT

◼ Powerful new mobile, wearable or connected devices

◼ Application (apps) that fuel demand for mobile data and
test the limits of the network within most industry sector
◼ Cloud-based apps and those that rely on content stored
in the cloud, which will increase as development
accelerates on new Platform-as-a-Service, mobile point
of sale and independent software vendor platforms
◼ New use cases, such as mobile video, which will be
significant factors in driving expensive capacity upgrades
in networks

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 The Evolution of IoT

◼ IoT often said to have started in 2008-2009

◼ IoT term was created by Kevin Asthon in 1999
◼ Kevin explained that IoT involves the addition of
senses to computers
◼ Before, Computers were only brains without
senses. they only knew what we told them
through input data into computers.
◼ Now, With IoT, Computer are sensing things
themselves

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 Rapid evolution

◼ The IoT is constantly changing and evolving. More devices

are being added every day and the industry is still in its
naissance.
◼ The challenge facing the industry is the Unknown devices,
Unknown applications, Unknown use cases.
◼ Given this, it needs to be flexibility in all facets of
development.
◼ A wide variety of wired and wireless connectivity
technologies are needed to meet the various needs of the
market.
◼ Last, a wide selection of sensors, mixed-signal and power-
management technologies are required to provide the user
interface to the IoT and energy-friendly designs
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Current Status & Future Prospect of IoT

“Change is the only thing permanent in this world”

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 Four phases of Evolution of
the Internet

◼ Connectivity( Digitize access): Connect people to

Email, web services, search
◼ Networked Economy( Digitize Economy): Enabled E-
commerce, Digital supply chain, collaboration
◼ Immersive Experiences( digitize interactions):
widespread video and social media always being
connected through mobility, video, Cloud
◼ Internet of Things( digitize the world): adding
connectivity to People, Process, Data and Things

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Characteristics of IoT

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 Characteristics of IoT
◼ Dynamic and self-adapting
◼ Self-configuring
◼ Interoperable communication protocols
◼ Unique identity
◼ Integrated into information network
◼ Context-awareness

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 Dynamic and self-adapting

◼ IoT devices and systems should have the capability to

dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take
actions based on their operating conditions, user’s context, or
sensed environment.
◼ For example, consider a surveillance system comprising of a
number of surveillance cameras.
◼ The surveillance cameras can adapt their modes (to normal or
infra-red night modes) based on whether it is day or night.
◼ Cameras could switch from lower resolution to higher
resolution modes when any motion is detected and alert
nearby cameras to do the same.
◼ In this example, the surveillance system is adapting itself
based on the context and changing (e.g., dynamic)
conditions.
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 Self-configuring

◼ IoT devices may have self-configuring capability,

allowing a large number of devices to work
together to provide certain functionality (such as
weather monitoring).
◼ These devices have the ability to configure
themselves (in association with IoT infrastructure),
setup the networking, and fetch latest software
upgrades with minimal manual or user
intervention

40
 Interoperable
communication protocols
IoT devices may support a number of interoperable
communication protocols and can communicate with
other devices and also with the infrastructure.

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 Unique identity

◼ Each of IoT device has a unique identity and

unique identifier (such as IP address or Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI)).
◼ IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which
adapt based on the context, allow communicating
with users and environmental contexts.
◼ IoT device interfaces allow users to query the
devices, monitor their status, and control them
remotely, in association with the control,
configuration and management infrastructure.

42
 Integrated into information
network

◼ IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network

that allows them to communicate and exchange data with other
devices and systems.
◼ IoT devices can be dynamically discovered in the network, by
other devices and/ or network, and have the capability to
describe themselves (and their characteristics) to other devices
or user applications
◼ For example, a weather monitoring node can describe its
monitoring capabilities to another connected node so that they
can communicate and exchange data.

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 Context-awareness
◼ Based on the sensed information about the
physical and environmental parameters, the
sensor nodes gain knowledge about the
surrounding context.
◼ The decisions that the sensor nodes take
thereafter are context-aware

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 Other Factors

◼ Things-related services
◼ Heterogeneity
◼ Enormous scale
◼ Safety
◼ Security
◼ Complexity
◼ Power management
◼ Connectivity
◼ Rapid evolution

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 Things-related services

◼ The IoT is capable of providing thing-related

services within the constraints of things, such as
privacy protection and semantic consistency
between physical things and their associated
virtual things.
◼ In order to provide thing-related services within
the constraints of things, both the technologies in
physical world and information world will change.

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 Heterogeneity and Enormous
scale and safety
◼ Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous
as based on different hardware platforms and networks.
They can interact with other devices or service platforms
through different networks.
◼ Enormous scale: The number of devices that need to be
managed and that communicate with each other will be at
least an order of magnitude larger
◼ Safety:. This includes the safety of our personal data and
the safety of our physical well-being. Securing the
endpoints, the networks, and the data moving across all of
it means creating a security paradigm that will scale than
the devices connected to the current Internet.

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 Security and complexity

◼ Security: With the amount of data being sent within the

IoT, security is a must.
Built-in hardware security and use of existing connectivity
security protocols is essential to secure the IoT. Another
challenge is simply educating consumers to use the
security that is integrated into their devices.
◼ Complexity: Manufacturers are looking to add
connectivity to devices and equipment that has never been
connected before to become part of the IoT.
The average consumer needs to be able to set-up and use
their devices without a technical background.

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 Power management

◼ More things within the IoT will be battery powered or

use energy harvesting to be more portable and self-
sustaining.
◼ Line-powered equipment will need to be more energy
efficient.
◼ The challenge is making it easy to add power
management to these devices and equipment.
◼ Wireless charging will incorporate connectivity with
charge management

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 Connectivity

◼ Connectivity enables network accessibility and

compatibility.
◼ Accessibility is getting on a network while
compatibility provides the common ability to consume
and produce data.
◼ There will be a wide variety of wired and wireless
standards as well as proprietary implementations
used to connect the things in the IoT.
◼ The challenge is getting the connectivity standards to
talk to one another with one common worldwide data
currency.

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End
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