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5.3 The Indefinite Integral

Question: Given the derivative of an unknown function, can we find the function itself?

fix 2x

Fix fixi

FIXI
5.3 The Indefinite Integral

Question: Given the derivative of an unknown function, can we find the function itself?

DEFINITION: Antiderivatives A function F is an antiderivative of f on an open interval (a,

b) if F′(x) = f (x) for all x in (a, b).
Examples:
• F (x) = − cos x is an antiderivative of f (x) = sin x because for all values of x,
F′(x) = (− cos x) = sin x = f (x)

• F (x) = 𝑥 is an antiderivative of f (x) = x2 because for all values of x,

F′(x) = ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 = f (x)
 THEOREM: The General Antiderivative Let y = F (x) be an antiderivative of y = f (x) on (a,
b). Then every antiderivative on (a, b) is of the form y = F (x) + C for some constant C.

anFtative
Proof
let x be another funition of y fix
b
1 7
fix over a

Flixt fixt
Fix H Ix G'txt F x
Hix Aix
fixt fixt 0

111 1 is a constant function HIM 2

We often describe the general antiderivative of a function in terms of an arbitrary constant C,
as in the following example.

EXAMPLE: To find the general antiderivative of f (x) = cos x , we observe that the function F(x)
= sin x is an antiderivative of f (x) = cos x . The general antiderivative is the function
F(x) = sin x + C, where C is any constant. 0 14
saxi

The process of finding an antiderivative is called integration or antidifferentiation.

NOTATION: Indefinite Integral The notation ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶 means F′(x) = f (x).

at Faith

exit
THEOREM: Power Rule for Integrals ∫ 𝑥
o 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 T
+ 𝐶 for all n ≠ − 1.

This holds since 𝑥 = 𝑛+1 𝑥 =𝑥 .

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Axl
m.xmt IE SEE
Example

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = z f x 2
8
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
ftp.xtstltz f x 2

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
12 2
1
F 2
Logarithmic Funciton

70
dx lnix xo
tented

É l'nlX o
Gent
x

1
Antidentrathe c

FHIlnixl.to p
ln1xl Z
dx
THEOREM: Antiderivative of y = The function F (x) = ln |𝑥| is an antiderivative of y =
in the domain {x : x ≠ 0}; that is, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑥| + 𝐶.

THEOREM: Linearity of the Indefinite Integral

• ∫(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
• ∫ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Example

Sf dx
5𝑥 − 6 1 3
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = x 6 x

dx
5 x dx
f 6 x

5 x dx 6.5 x dx

5 enlxt46 fi x
31
2
2
5 la xl 3 X 2
Trignometric Integrals

∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

I iE
a
tank 2 Ssectx dx
Exponential Function
ex ex

ten
3
1 1
5 ex 3 the
As Differential Equations

We can think of an antiderivative as a solution to the differential equation

𝑑𝑦
=𝑓 𝑥
y 𝑑𝑥
In general, a differential equation is an equation relating an unknown function and its
derivatives.
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ffixidx gin
sf.it
We can specify a particular solution by imposing an initial condition.

FI.Fixltl
F
 Problem
Example Initial Value
Solve = 4𝑥 subject to the initial condition y(0) = 4.

5 75
101 4
xPgy
12.08 2
4x7dx 4
y 8
4 1
2 4 2
8
1
8
2 L
y 1 4
 6 07 1
11 1 y
10 3
y
and yix
6 1 dx
ylix
3 4 x 21
01 1 1 3 0 Ot 2 21 1
y
1 1 3 4 1
y
3 4 1 dx
yix
3
1 7 22

4101 3 3 0 0 04 22
2 3

xt 3
yix

f
 sit
Example
t
A car traveling with velocity 24 m/s begins to slow down at time t = 0 with a constant
acceleration of a = −6 m/s2.

s 5 A 6

5 t1 6 s A 6dt

LIE 510 24
6
2
2
24
s A 6 24
2
SA 6 24 dt 3 24 2