1 PARAMETERS FOR SETTING CALCULATION

1.1) Protection relay Data

Relay type micom P443

Rated secondary current 1 A, AC

Rated secondary voltage 100 V,AC

Auxiliary supply 125 V,DC

1.2) Transmission line Data

1.2.1) Transmission line Parameters (C &E steel ss -KOKA ss)
Conductor Name: AAAC Tiger , Max = 82MVA
Positive sequence impedance 0.2606 + j 0.4243
zero sequence impedance 0.5129 + j 1.2123
Line length 27 KM
Rated Capacity 82 MVA from conductor spec.

1..2.2) Remote End adjacent line parameters

3.1 Shortest adjacent line Parameters( KOKA to Wonji Tap)
Positive sequence impedance 0.2606 + j 0.4243
zero sequence impedance 0.5129 + j 1.2123
Line length 7.4 KM
1.2.3) Longest adjacent line parameters(Koka to Yesu ss)
Positive sequence impedance 0.2606 + j 0.4243
zero sequence impedance 0.5129 + j 1.2123
Line length 58.7 KM
Note: Some Numeric data values are taken from EEP project office as per request letter

1.3) System Data

Line length 27 km
Rated primary current(Ip): 1200 A
Rated Secondary current (Is): 1A
CT Ratio(Ip/Is)= 1200 :1
Rated primary voltage (Vp): 132000 V
Rated secondary VT output (vs): 100 V
VT Ratio (Vp/Vs) = 1320 :1
Impedance of the line in primary 13.44 58.44 deg
Transformation ratio to secondary = CT ratio/ VT ratio * line impedance in primary
Line impence in secondary = 12.22 58.44 deg

Secondary transformation factor kfs= Ratio of CT/ratio of VT 0.91

Line impedance of the shortest adjacent line in secondary 3.35 58.44 deg
Line impedance of the Longest adjacent line in secondary 26.57 58.44 deg

2 Relay Settings
since only three forward Zones are required settings on the relay can be performed in primary or secondary quantities
and impedance can be in polar or rectangular quantities (menu selectable)
for our case we use Secondary setting value and impedance rectangular since P443 can support rectangular(quad).

Line impedance in secondary = 12.22 58.44 deg

Since relay line angle setting is -900 to 900 in one degree steps , therefore select line angle the nearest round number.

Therefore setting line impedance and line angle is ZL = 12.22 58.00 deg

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 2.1) Zone 1 Phase reach setting

Required zone 1 setting is to be 80% of the line impedance between C &E and KOKA substations.

Therefore :
required Z1 reach = 0.8*0.47 = 9.78 58.00 deg

Setting Z1 phase reach = 9.78 58.00 Ω deg in secondary value

Z1 time setting : 0ms (instantaneous)

2.2) Zone 2 phase reach setting

Required zone 2 setting is to be the line impedance e of C&E -KOKA ss line plus 50% of the shortest
adjacent line impedance or can be set as 120 % of the line impedance if the transmision line is a radial system,
there fore :
Zone 2 phase reach impedance = (C&E -KOKA)ZL + 0.5*(ZL of KOKA -Wonji tap)
13.90 58.00 deg

Setting Z2 phase reach = 13.90 58.00 Ω deg in secondary value

The zone 2 time delay must be set in order to grade with remote substation (traction ) protection:-
At the other end the transformer is normally protected by differential relays with no time delay.

Therefore taking grading time of 400 ms, the zone 2 time setting with 400 ms will have proper selectivity with the
remote end protection relays.
Z2 setting time : 400ms

2.3) Zone 3 phase reach setting

Based on the setting revision requirements of EEP
Required zone 3 setting can be set as the line impedance plus the 1.25*(the longest adjacent line impedance)

therefore Z3 phase reach=( (NazeretC& E -koka )ZL + (ZL of koka -Yesu line))*1.25
Z3 phase reach = 45.44 58.00 deg

Setting Z3 phase reach = 45.44 58.00 Ω deg in secondary value

The zone 3 time delay must be set in order to grade with the time delay of zone 2 of remote substation
protection:-
We assume that the zone 2 time setting at of remote substation will have time delay 400 ms.
Therefore taking grading time of 400 ms, the zone 3 time setting with 800 ms will have proper selectivity with the
remote end protection relays zone 2 setting.

Z3 time setting : 800 ms

2.4) Zone 4 phase reach setting

The zone 4 elements would typically provide back-up protection for the local busbar,
where the offset reach is set to 25% of the zone 1 reach of the relay for short lines
(<30km) or 10% of the zone 1 reach for long lines.
therefore :
Setting Zone 4 phase reach = 2.44 58.00 Ω deg in secondary value

Recommended Z4 time setting : 1 sec

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3 Residual compensation for earth Fault

The residual compensation factor can be applied for all zones because the transmission line impedance does not
change through sections. So for all zones the same KZO residual comp. And angle KZO angle will be applied.

Kzo residual .comp. = ( Zt0L-ZtPL)/3ZtPL

where Zt0L, total zero sequence impedance of the transmission line
ZtPL, total Positive sequence impedance of the transmission line

there fore KZO can be calculated as follow

Total Positive sequence line impedance= Ztpl =Kfs*L*Zpl = 6.40 + j 10.41 Ω in secondary value
Total zero sequence impedance, ZtOl=kfs *L*ZOL 12.59 + j 29.76 Ω in secondary value

Ztol - Ztpl = 6.19 + j 19.34 Ω in secondary value

20.31 72 Ω in secondary value
3*Ztpl = 36.67 58.00 Ω deg in secondary value

residual compensation Kzo = 0.55 14.00 Ω deg in secondary value

Setting for Residual compensation Kz1, Kz2, Kz3and KZ4 = 0.55 14.00 Ω deg in secondary value

4 Resistive reach calculations

The P443 relay have quadrilateral distance elements, thus the resistive
reach (RPh) is set independently of the impedance reach along the protected line/cable.
RPh defines the maximum amount of fault resistance additional to the line impedance for
which a distance zone will trip, regardless of the location of the fault within the zone.

In general, RPh must be set greater than the

maximum fault arc resistance for a phase-phase fault, e.g. calculated as follows:
Ra = (28710 x L) / If1.4

RPh >/= Ra

Where:
If = Minimum expected phase-phase fault current (A);
L = Maximum phase conductor spacing (m);
Ra = Arc resistance, calculated from the van Warrington formula .

taking the minimum expected phase to phase fault for the transmission line 2.21kA(from short c and maximum phase conductor
space for 132kv transmission line 2.5m we can calculate the arc resistance as follows:;

The maximum expected fault arc resistance for phase 1.36 Ω in secondary value
to phase faults is: Rarc-ph = 1.36 Ω in secondary value

The maximum phase fault resistive reach must be limited to avoid load encroachment trips.
Thus, R3Ph and other phase fault resistive reach settings must be set to avoid the heaviest
allowable loading on the feeder. where the worst case loading has been determined as point “Z”, calculated from:

Impedance magnitude, /Z/ = kV2 / MVA

Leading phase angle, /Z = cos-1 (PF)
Where:
kV = Rated line voltage (kV);
MVA = Maximum loading, taking the short term overloading during out ages of
parallel circuits into account (MVA);
PF = Worst case lagging power factor.

Taking the maximum loading power of C&E -koka) transmission line 82MVA
considering overload conditions factor 120%.
Zload minimum = Zr 193.17 Ω in secondary value

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Considering the worst power factor = 0.5 angle becomes 60o

Resistive reach of start-up resistance limit for phase - phase faults:R lim-ph = 60% Zr = 0.6 x Zr

R lim-ph = 115.90 Ω in secondary value

a) The phase - phase fault resistance limit for zone 3 and zone 4
Rarc-ph < R3 & 4 < minimum of (Rlim-ph, 10 x Z3, 80% Zr -∆R)
Rlim-ph = 115.90 Ω in secondary value

10 x Z3 = 454.37 Ω in secondary value

Typically, the ∆R and ∆X band impedance are set to:-
∆R = 0.032 x∆f x Zload min
∆f = power swing frequency (typical vale = 5 Hz) ∆R =∆X = 0.032 x 5 Hz x Zr
∆R =∆X = 30.91 Ω in secondary value
80% Zr = 154.54 Ω in secondary value

80% Zr -∆R = 123.63 Ω in secondary value

Select the minimum values from (Rlim-ph, 10 x Z3, 80% Zr -∆R):-
R3 & 4 - ph = min(Rlim-ph,10*z3, 0.8*zr-∆R) = 115.90 Ω in secondary value

Rarc-ph < R3 & 4 - ph = TRUE

R3&4-ph resistive reach setting= 115.90 Ω in secondary value

b) Phase - phase resistance limit for zone 2

Rarc-ph < R2-ph < minimum of (80% R3 & 4 - ph, 10 x Z2)

▲ 10 x Z2 = 138.97 Ω in secondary value

80% R3 & 4 - ph = 92.72 Ω in secondary value

Select the minimum of (80% R3 & 4 - ph, 10 x Z2) :-

R2-ph = 92.72 Ω in secondary value

Rarc-ph < R2.ph TRUE

R2 phase resistive setting = 92.72 Ω in secondary value

c) Phase - phase resistance limit for zone 1

Rarc-ph < R1-ph < minimum of (80% R2 - ph, 10 x Z1)

▲ 10 x Z1 = 97.78 Ω in secondary value

Select the minimum of (0.8*R2-ph, 10 x Z1) :-
0.8* R2-ph = 74.18 Ω in secondary value

R1 phase resistive setting = 74.18 Ω in secondary value

II) Calculation of maximum fault arc resistance for phase - ground faults:-
Resistive reach of start-up resistance limit for phase - ground faults:-
Rlim-g = 80% Zr = 154.54 Ω in secondary value

Rlim -g = 154.54 Ω in secondary value

Typically, arc resistances are calculated using the van Warrington formula, which is:
Rarc-g = ( 28700*Lg/If-g1.4 )+ Rtower

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 Lg = maximum length of insulator (m)

If-g = minimum phase to ground fault current (A) at remote end of the line

Rtower = maximum tower footing resistance (ohm)

Lg = which is the maximum insulator length on for 132 kV line.

Lg = 2m

If-g= , which is the minimum phase - ground fault current at the remote end of the line provided by EEP/EEU
If-g = 2652 A
Rtower = 10 Ω

R arc- g = 9.93 Ω in secondary value

The maximum expected fault arc resistance for phase to ground faults is:Rarc-g 9.93 Ω secondary value

a) The phase - ground fault resistance limit for zone 3 and zone 4
Rarc-g < R3 & 4-g < minimum of (Rlim-g, 10 x Z3)

▲ Rlim-g = 154.54 Ω secondary value

▲ 10 x Z3 = 454.37 Ω secondary value

Select the minimum values from (Rlim-g, 10 x Z3):-
R3 & 4-g = 154.54 Ω secondary value

Rarc-g < R3 & 4-g TRUE Ω secondary value

R3&4-g Resistive reach for ground fault setting = 154.54 Ω in secondary value

b) Phase - ground fault resistance limit for zone 2

Rarc-g < R2-g < minimum of (80% R3 & 4-g, 10 x Z2)

▲ 80 % R3 & 4-g = 123.63 Ω in secondary value

▲ 10 x Z2 = 138.97 Ω in secondary value
Select the minimum of (80% R3 & 4-g, 10 x Z2):-
▲ R2-g = 123.63 Ω in secondary value

R2-g Resistive reach for ground fault setting = 123.63 Ω in secondary value

c) Phase - ground fault resistance limit for zone 1

Rarc-g < R1-g < minimum of (0.8 *R2-g, 10 x Z1)

▲0.8* R2-g = 98.90 Ω in secondary value

▲ 10 x Z1= 97.78 Ω in secondary value

R1-g Resistive reach for ground fault setting = 97.78 Ω in secondary value

5 Distance protection scheme setting

Basic scheme setting

Zone 1 tripping = phase and ground

Zone 2 tripping = phase and ground
Zone 3 tripping = phase and ground
Zone 4 tripping = phase and ground
Zone P tripping = disabled

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 Zone 1 extension scheme = disabled
Loss of Load(LOL)scheme = disabled

Aided Schemes setting

a) Aided scheme 1
Select : POR (Permissive Over Reach teleprotection scheme)

b) Aided scheme 1 distance

Select : phase and ground

c) Aided scheme 1 distance delay

Select : 0 sec

d) Aided scheme 2

Select : Disable

e) Aided 2 DEF

Select : Enabled
Select : phase and ground
Aided scheme 1 DEF delay
Select : 0 sec

6 Switch on to fault (SOFT), Trip-on-reclose (TOR) and Trip-on-close (TOC)

Switch-on-to-fault (SOFT) is provided for high speed clearance of any detected fault immediately
following manual closing of the circuit breaker.

a) SOFT selection

Select: Enabled

b) SOFT delay

Select: 110 sec

c) SOFT tripping

Select : 11111 (all zones)

Trip-on-reclose (TOR) is provided for high speed clearance of any detected immediately following
autoreclosue of the circuit breaker.

a) TOR selection

Select: Enabled

b) TOR tripping

Select : 11111 (all zones)

Trip-on-close (TOC) is provided that the SOTF and TOR to remain in service for the duration of TOC
reset delay time once the line is energized.

TOC reset delay = 0.5 sec

7 Back up Overcurrent Protection

a) Phase current setting (I>)

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 Line capacity base on limit of conductor = Imax = 430A
As the thermal limit of the conductor is limits the natural power of the line, we propose that the phase current
factor to be as below:
The threshold (I>) is set directional to see only the faults on the protected line.

Conductor thermal current factor kth= 1.5 * overloading factor

ki = CT Ratio =1200A/1A = 1200

I>= (Imax/Ki )*kth= 0.5375

Setting I>=
I> = 0.5 In *where In = rated current of the CT, 600A primary and 1A
secondary
Curve type: IEC S Inverse

we recommend TMS = 0.100 to improve selectivity with the zone 2 time setting of Distance relay of Remote end
substation and transformer back up protections tripping time.

b) Selection of directionality “I>1 directional”

Selection of directionality Directional FWD

b)Phase current setting - 2 stage “I >2”rd

High set overcurrent threshold must be set in order to respect selectivity requirement:- it must be higher than maximum through fault
current and the maximum inrush current of opposite substation
transformer. Considering the value of 3-phase short circuit current is not less than Iph-f =2 kA

Setting I>2 = 2 *In

Selection of time delay “I >2” time delay

Select: tI>2 = 0.4sec

C) High set phase current stage “I > 3&4”

Select: I > 3&4 = disable

d) Selection of I> Characteristic angle

Characteristic angle “I > Char Angle”

For a fault on the transmission line, the voltage will be approximately leading of +60o with
regard to the phase  φ f = 600

The angular displacement quadrature connection in the relay (Ubc / Ia, Uca / Ib, Uab / Ic) is :-

 φ C = 900

Angle setting =φ S = φ C - φ f = 90 - 60 = 30
o 0 o

Select : I> Char angle = 30 deg

e) Selection of voltage transformer supervision mode “I> Blocking”

During the VTs pick-up, I> element is forced to have non-directional operation.
VTS Block :- when the relevant bit is set to 0, the associated stage will revert to non-directional upon

operation of the voltage transformer supervision.

In this application, stage I>1, I>2, I>3 and I>4 will revert to non-directional.

Setting I > Blocking = 000000

8 Earth Fault Settings (IN>)

a) Selection of current threshold “IN > 1”

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 CT ratio factor 1200

Earth fault current factor 0.05

Setting IN > = 0.05* IN

b) Selection of time characteristic “IN > 1 function”

Selection of time characteristic: IEC S Inverse

we recommend TMS = 0.100 to improve selectivity with the zone 2 time setting of
Distance relay of remote substation and transformer back up protections tripping time.

b) Selection of directionality “IN>1 directional”

Selection of directionality Directional FWD

Selection of IN> directionality

Characteristic angle “IN > Char Angle”

Select : f f = - 60 deg (this is typical setting for solidly earthed transmission system

c) Polarization

Selection Zero sequence

d) Selection of voltage transformer supervision mode “IN> Blocking”

During the VTs pick-up, IN> element is forced to have non-directional operation.
VTS Block :- when the relevant bit is set to 0, the associated stage will revert to non-directional upon operation
of the voltage transformer supervision.
In this application, stage IN>1, IN >2, IN >3 and IN >4 will revert to non-directional.

Setting: IN> Blocking = 000000

e) Zero Sequence Voltage Polarizing (IN > VNpol set)

Select :-
IN > VNpol set = 3% of VN = 0.03 x 57.7 = 2 volt (typical setting is 1% to 4% of VN, where VN is phase to
ground voltage)

9 Power swing parameters

Power swings are oscillation in power flow, which can follow a power system disturbance. They can be caused by sudden removal

a) Power swing detection

A power swing is detected where all three phases - phase measured impedances have remained within
R band for at least 5 ms and have taken longer than 5 ms to reach the trip characteristic.

Typically, the ∆R and ∆X band impedances are set to:-

∆R = ∆X = 0.032 x ∆f x Zload-min

∆f = fA - fB = power frequency (typical value = 5 Hz)

∆R = ∆X = 0.032 x ∆f x Zload-min
∆R =∆X = 30.91 Ω in secondary value

In case of power swing detection, the distance relay is blocked during 5 ms (settable value).

b) The Power swing blocking status selection

Selected setting : Blocking

c) Unblocking (Removal) of Power swings to allow tripping for prolonged power swings:-
It is possible to limit the time for which blocking of any distance protection zones is applied. Power swing

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 blocking is automatically removed after the unblocking delay with typical settings:-
PSB Unblocking :- Enabled
Unblocking delay : select td = 2 sec.
PSB reset delay: 200 ms
10 VOLTAGE PROTECTION

a) Under voltage element (V< function)

Setting : disabled

b) Over voltage element (V> function)

Measurement mode: Phase - phase

Operating mode : Any phase

The over voltage threshold is set to 10% of the nominal voltage. Selection :
V> = IDMT (inverse time characteristic)
V>= 1.1Un /√3Ku

Ku = VT ratio = 132kv/0.1kv

V> = 1.1*132000/√3*1320 = 63.51 phase to ground

V> = Setting 110 phase to phase

Time delay = TMS = 1

11 BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION

This function is used to detect a breaker failure

The timer of the breaker failure is initiated by the protection internal trip order or by external
protection trip order (in this case a dedicated input of the MiCOM P443 must be used).
a) CB fail 1 setting

CB fail 1 status = Enabled

CB fail 1 time = (CB auxiliary contacts maximum opening time) + (error in tBF timer) + (safety margin) CB fail 1 time =
40 ms + 25 ms + 50 ms =115 ms
But considering that additional 10 to 15 ms if auxiliary tripping relays is used, time delay is finally
set to;

CB fail 1 time = 150 ms

b) CB fail 2 setting

CB fail 2 status = Enabled

CB fail 2 time = 300ms considering a grading time of 150ms
c) Under current setting
The reset of the timer is carried out by an undercurrent element (I<).
(I<) current set = 0.1 x In = 100 mA

12 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER SUPERVISION (VTS) and

CURRENT TRANSFORMER SUPERVISION (CTS)
The voltage transformer supervision (VTS) is used to detect failure of the AC voltage inputs to the relay.
This usually results in one or more VT fuse blowing or miniature circuit breaker trip.

a) VTS status selection

Select: Blocking

b) VTS reset mode

Select: Auto

c) Voltage transformer supervision time delay

Select: VTSd = 5 sec

d) VTS I > inhibit

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 I = 5 x In = 5A

VTS I>inhibit = 5A

e) Negative sequence current (I2) and zero sequence current (I0) threshold detection

VTS I2 = 0.1 x In = 100 mA

f) CT Supervision (CTS)

CTS status : Disable

g) Week infeed blocking

WI Inhibit: Disable

13 SYNCHROCHEK FUNCTION

This function is set in order to get permissive order for CB autoreclosing order. The synchrocheck function is
used to enable the 3-phase autoreclosing.

Check synchronism (CS1 status) Enabled

CS UV (Under voltage threshold) =0.9*Un= 52 V

CS OV (Under voltage threshold) =1.1*Un= 64 V

Live line threshold = 0.55*Un = 32 V

Live bus bar threshold = 0.55*Un = 32 V

Dead line threshold = 0.1*Un = 5.77 V

Dead bus bar threshold =0.1*Un = 5.77 V

angle threshold 10 deg

CS1 diff voltage can be set 6.5 V
Slip control (CS1 slip control)

Select : Both (frequency + timer)

frequency threshold 50 mHz

Live line / live bus bar:

The above data must be valid for a specific time. This time can be set for the “Live line / Live bus bar”
Slip timer = Bus_Line_delay = 0.5 sec, Slip frequency=50mHZ

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