Electrical Machines

EE-260
Instructor: Dr Alina Mirza

Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals

National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
 AC Machinery Fundamentals
Synchronous machines

Motors and generators whose magnetic field current is supplied by a separate dc power
source

induction machines

are motors and generators whose field current is supplied by magnetic

induction (transfOrmer action) into their field windings.

The field circuits of most synchronous and induction machines are located on their rotors.
 Simple Loop In A Uniform Magnetic Field
• A loop of wire in a uniform magnetic field is the simplest possible machine that produces
a sinusoidal ac voltage

• Not the case in real ac machines, since the flux in real ac machines is not constant in
either magnitude or direction

• However, the factors that control the voltage and torque on the loop will be the same as
the factors that control the voltage and torque in real ac machines
 Simple Loop In A Uniform Magnetic Field

• A simple machine consisting of a large stationary magnet producing an essentially constant and uniform
magnetic field and a rotating loop of wire within that field
The loop of wire shown is rectangular, with sides ab and cd perpendicular to the plane of the page and with sides bc
and da parallel to the plane of the page. The magnetic field is constant and uniform, pointing from left to right across
the page
 Voltage Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
• The loop of wire shown is rectangular, with sides ab and cd perpendicular to the plane
of the page and with sides bc and da parallel to the plane of the page. The magnetic field
is constant and uniform, pointing from left to right across the page

• The voltage on each segment is given by

Voltage Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
Voltage Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
Voltage Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
Voltage Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
 Voltage Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
• If the loop is rotating at a constant angular velocity  , then angle  of the loop will
increase linearly with time. In other words,

• the tangential velocity v of the edges of the loop can be expressed as

• Substitute values , we get

• Area A of the loop is just equal to 2rl , therefore

 Voltage Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
• Maximum flux through the loop occurs when the loop is perpendicular to the magnetic
flux density lines. This flux is just the product of the loop's surface area and the flux
density through the loop

•
 Torque Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
• Assume that the rotor loop is at some arbitrary angle  with respect to the
magnetic field, and that a current i is flowing in the loop

• force on each segment of the loop

• where  is the angle between the vector r and

the vector F
Torque Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
 Torque Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop

• Resulting torque shown as a function of angle . The

torque is maximum when the plane of the loop is
parallel to the magnetic field, and the torque is zero
when the plane of the loop is perpendicular to the
magnetic field.
 Torque Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
• If the current in the loop is as shown in the figure, that current will generate a magnetic flux
density Bloop with the direction as shown

• where G is a factor that depends ou the geometry of the loop. Area of the loop A is just
equal to 2rl
 Torque Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
• Substitute values

• the magnitude and the direction of the induced torque can be determined by
Torque Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
 The Rotating Magnetic Field
• if two magnetic fields are present in a machine, then a torque will be created which
will tend to line up the two magnetic fields
• If one magnetic field is produced by the stator and the
other one by the rotor of the machine, then a torque will be
induced in the rotor which will cause the rotor to turn and
align itself with the stator magnetic field
• If the stator magnetic field is made to rotate, then the induced torque in the rotor
would cause it to constantly "chase" the stator magnetic field around in a circle
• This is the basic principle of all ac motor operation
 The Rotating Magnetic Field
• The stator is the stationary electrical component. It consists of a group of individual
electro-magnets arranged in such a way that they form a hollow cylinder,
• The rotor is the rotating electrical component. It also consists of a group of electro-
magnets arranged around a cylinder, with the poles facing toward the stator poles.
The rotor is located inside the stator and is mounted on the AC motor's shaft.
 3 – Phase VS Single Phase
• phase refers to the distribution of a load
• Single-phase power is a two-wire ac power circuit. There is one power wire—the
phase wire—and one neutral wire, with current flowing between the power wire
(through the load) and the neutral wire. Three-phase power is a three-wire ac
power circuit with each phase ac signal 120 electrical degrees apart. A three-phase
power supply can transmit three times as much power as a single-phase power
supply,
 The Rotating Magnetic Field
• The fundamental principle of ac machine operation is that if a three-phase set of
currents, each of equal magnitude and differing in phase by 120°, flows in a three-
phase winding, then it will produce a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude
• The three-phase winding consists of three separate windings spaced 120 electrical
degrees apart around the surface of the machine
 The Rotating Magnetic Field
• An empty stator (two pole winding) containing just three coils, each .
1200 apart
•

x
•

• The direction of the magnetic field intensity vector Haa’ (t) is given
by the right-hand rule: If the fingers of the right hand curl in the direction of the
current flow in the coil, then the resulting magnetic field is in the direction that the
thumb points
 The Rotating Magnetic Field
• Notice that the magnitude of the magnetic fi eld intensity vector .
Haa’ (t) varies sinusoidally in time, but the direction of Haa’ (t) is always
constant
•

x
•
 The Rotating Magnetic Field
• The currents and their corresponding flux densities can be examined .
at specific times to determine the resulting net magnetic field in the
stator
•

x
 The Rotating Magnetic Field
•

Where x is the unit vector in the x direction, and y is

the unit vector in the y direction
 The Rotating Magnetic Field
•

00
 The Rotating Magnetic Field
• Notice that although the direction of the magnetic fie1d has
changed, the magnitude is constant. The magnetic field is
maintaining a constant magnitude while rotating in a
counterclockwise direction.

Above is final expression for the net magnetic flux density, the
magnitude of the field is a constant 1.5 BM and that the angle changes
continually in a counterclockwise direction at angular velocity .
Notice also that at
 t = 0°, Bnet = 1.5BM < -90°
and at  t = 90°, Bnet = 1.5BM < 0°
Relationship between electrical frequency
and speed of field rotation
 Relationship between electrical frequency
and speed of field rotation
• The stator rotating magnetic field can be represented
as a north pole and a south pole. These magnetic poles
complete one mechanical rotation around the stator
surface for each electrical cycle of current. Therefore,
the mechanical speed of rotation of the magnetic field
equals to the electrical frequency
fe [Hz] = fm [rps]
two poles
 e[rad / s] =  m[rad / s]
• The magnetic field passes the windings of a two-pole stator in the following
counterclockwise sequence: a-c’-b-a’-c-b’. What if additional windings will be added? The
new sequence will be: a-c’-b-a’-c-b’-a-c’-b-a’-c-b’ and, when 3-phase current is applied to
the stator, two north poles and two south poles will be produced. In this winding, a pole
moves only halfway around the stator surface in one electrical cycle.
 Relationship between electrical frequency
and speed of field rotation
• The relationship between the
electrical angle e (current’s phase
change) and the mechanical angle
m (at which the magnetic field
rotates) in this situation is: e = 2m
fe [Hz] = 2 fm [rps]
four poles
 e[rad / s] = 2 m[rad / s]
 Relationship between electrical frequency
and speed of field rotation
For an AC machine with P poles in its stator:

e = P  m
2
P
fe = fm
2

e = P m
2
fm = nm / 60 (revs per min), Relating the electrical frequency in Hz to the motors speed in rpm:

P
fe = nm
120
Reversing the direction of field rotation
 Reversing the direction of field rotation
If the current in any two of the three coils is swapped, the direction of magnetic field rotation
will be reversed. Therefore, to change the direction of rotation of an AC motor, we need to
switch the connections of any two of the three coils.
phases bb' and cc' in Figure are switched and the resulting flux density Bnet is calculated.
The net magnetic flux density in the stator is
.

Switched

Bnet (t) = Baa ' (t) + Bbb' (t) + Bcc ' (t)
= BM sin t0 + BM sin (t − 240)120 + BM sin (t −120)240

x
Reversing the direction of field rotation
 Reversing the direction of field rotation
the magnitude of the field is a constant
Finally : Bnet (t) = 1.5BM sin t x̂ + 1.5BM cos t ŷ 1.5BM and that the angle changes
continually in clockwise direction at angular
velocity 

the magnitude of the field is a constant

1.5BM and that the angle changes
continually in a counterclockwise direction
at angular velocity 

Switching the currents in two stator phases reverses the direction of rotation in
an AC machine.
 Induced voltage in 3 phase coils
If three coils, each of Nc turns, are placed around the rotor magnetic field as
shown in Figure, then the voltages induced in each of them wi1l be the same
in magnitude but will differ in phase by 120. The resulting voltages in each of
the three coils are

𝑒𝑎𝑎′(𝑡) = 𝑁𝑐 𝜑𝜔 sin 𝜔 𝑡

𝑒𝑏𝑏′ (𝑡) = 𝑁𝑐 𝜑𝜔 sin( 𝜔𝑡 − 120)

𝑒𝑐𝑐′(𝑡) = 𝑁𝑐 𝜑𝜔 sin( 𝜔𝑡 − 240° )

The RMS Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator
 Y- Connections

𝑉 = 3𝑉𝜑𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑉𝜑𝑆
Example
 Induce torque in AC Machine
• In ac machines, there are two magnetic fields present- a magnetic field from the
rotor circuit and another magnetic field from the stator circuit.
• The interaction of these two magnetic fields produces the torque in the machine

𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 2𝑟𝑙𝑖𝐵𝑆 sin 𝛼 = 𝑘𝐵𝑅 × 𝐵𝑆

sinusoidal stator flux distribution

Induce torque in AC Machine

𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘𝐵𝑅 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 sin 𝛿

𝛿 Angle between BR and Bnet

sinusoidal stator flux distribution

Induce torque in AC Machine

 ind = 2rliBS sin  = kBR  BS

The net magnetic field in this machine is the vector sum
of the rotor and stator fields (assuming no saturation)

 ind = kBR  Bnet

 ind = kBR Bnet sin  Angle between BR and Bnet