Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

MCQ Bank
Department: EE Course: T.Y. B. Tech Semester: Odd (V)
Subject : HVDC ( BTEEPE504A )

Unit no. Unit Name

1 Introduction to HVDC transmission
2 Bridge converters
3 Basic HVDC controllers
4 Harmonics in HVDC
5 Component models for analysis of AC DC system

Unit -1 Introduction to HVDC Transmission

1. What is the main advantage of HVDC transmission over AC transmission?

A) Higher line losses

B) Easier voltage regulation
C) Lower transmission losses over long distances
D) Simpler system maintenance
Answer: C) Lower transmission losses over long distances

2. In HVDC transmission, which of the following is the primary function of the converter
station?

A) To step up the voltage

B) To convert AC to DC or DC to AC
C) To control power factor
D) To filter harmonic currents
Answer: B) To convert AC to DC or DC to AC

3. The firing angle in an HVDC system is used to:

A) Control the DC voltage

B) Control the AC voltage
C) Control the reactive power
D) Control the power flow direction
Answer: A) Control the DC voltage

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

4. Which of the following components are used for current control in an HVDC system?

A) Thyristors
B) DC reactors
C) Smoothing capacitors
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above

5. What is the primary function of the extinction angle in an HVDC system?

A) To regulate the DC voltage

B) To control the power flow
C) To control the reactive power
D) To turn off the thyristor
Answer: D) To turn off the thyristor

6. In a HVDC system, what does MTDC stand for?

A) Multi-Terminal Direct Current

B) Multi-Terminal Distributed Circuit
C) Maximum Terminal Direct Current
D) Multi-Tone DC
Answer: A) Multi-Terminal Direct Current

7. In HVDC systems, what type of converter configuration is most commonly used?

A) Diode Bridge
B) Thyristor Bridge
C) Single-phase bridge
D) Series converter
Answer: B) Thyristor Bridge

8. The primary function of a DC reactor in HVDC transmission is:

A) To filter out harmonic currents

B) To provide a buffer for current ripple
C) To regulate the DC voltage
D) To prevent commutation failure
Answer: B) To provide a buffer for current ripple

9. Reactive power control in HVDC systems is crucial because:

A) It controls the line voltage

B) It stabilizes the system by adjusting the phase angle
C) It reduces the current distortion
D) It improves power factor
Answer: B) It stabilizes the system by adjusting the phase angle

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

10. What does a typical HVDC system link consist of?

A) Only converter stations

B) Converter stations and transmission lines
C) Only AC lines
D) Only transmission lines
Answer: B) Converter stations and transmission lines

11. In HVDC systems, commutation failure occurs when:

A) The firing angle is too high

B) The thyristors fail to turn off
C) The system voltage is too low
D) The transmission line is too long
Answer: B) The thyristors fail to turn off

12. DC link power control involves regulating:

A) DC voltage
B) AC voltage
C) DC current
D) Power flow direction
Answer: A) DC voltage

13. What is a key feature of Multi-Terminal DC (MTDC) systems?

A) They allow the connection of multiple AC grids

B) They increase the reliability of the DC system
C) They use only single-phase current
D) They operate with a single converter station
Answer: B) They increase the reliability of the DC system

14. Firing angle control in an HVDC system impacts which of the following?

A) DC voltage
B) AC current
C) AC voltage
D) Transmission line losses
Answer: A) DC voltage

15. What is the main purpose of the converter configuration selection in HVDC systems?

A) To reduce power loss

B) To increase the system efficiency
C) To ensure that the system can operate under different load conditions
D) To provide redundancy for fault tolerance
Answer: C) To ensure that the system can operate under different load conditions

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

16. In HVDC systems, which of the following contributes to the need for reactive power
compensation?

A) High power factor operation

B) Low line voltage
C) Operation of converter stations
D) Short transmission line length
Answer: C) Operation of converter stations

17. The selection of the converter configuration is influenced by:

A) The cost of the equipment

B) The required power rating
C) The distance between converter stations
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above

18. The function of a commutation failure detector is to:

A) Prevent overvoltage in the system

B) Detect when thyristors fail to switch off
C) Control reactive power
D) Monitor the system for harmonic distortion
Answer: B) Detect when thyristors fail to switch off

19. Which of the following systems can benefit from HVDC transmission?

A) Offshore wind power generation

B) Urban distribution grids
C) Low-voltage distribution systems
D) Short-distance AC lines
Answer: A) Offshore wind power generation

20. The most common reason for using DC transmission in long-distance power transfer is:

A) Higher system reliability

B) More efficient voltage regulation
C) Reduced losses compared to AC transmission
D) Increased transmission capacity
Answer: C) Reduced losses compared to AC transmission

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

Unit -2 Bridge Converters

1. What is the primary function of a bridge converter in an HVDC system?

a) Voltage amplification
b) Power flow reversal
c) Conversion between AC and DC
d) Harmonic suppression
Answer: c) Conversion between AC and DC
2. What is the mode of operation when a bridge converter converts AC to DC?
a) Inversion
b) Rectification
c) Oscillation
d) Stabilization
Answer: b) Rectification
3. Which component controls the power flow direction in a bridge converter?
a) Transformer
b) DC reactor
c) Firing angle
d) Filter
Answer: c) Firing angle
4. Which of the following is used to represent the bridge converter for analysis
purposes?
a) Single-line diagram
b) Equivalent circuit
c) Block diagram
d) Phasor diagram
Answer: b) Equivalent circuit
5. In a bridge converter, the transition from rectification to inversion is achieved by:
a) Changing the transformer tap setting
b) Increasing the AC supply voltage
c) Adjusting the firing angle
d) Adding harmonic filters
Answer: c) Adjusting the firing angle
6. Which of these is a desired feature of HVDC bridge converter control?
a) Voltage stability under faults
b) Limited current carrying capacity
c) Complex power direction reversal
d) High harmonic generation
Answer: a) Voltage stability under faults
7. What is the main purpose of a smoothing reactor in an HVDC bridge converter
circuit?
a) Reduce harmonics
b) Stabilize DC voltage
c) Limit fault currents
d) Both b and c
Answer: d) Both b and c
8. Power reversal in an HVDC bridge converter system is primarily controlled by:
a) Switching the AC supply
b) Reversing the current flow in the DC line
c) Adjusting the transformer windings
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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

d) Modifying the firing angle

Answer: d) Modifying the firing angle
9. What is the most commonly used configuration in HVDC bridge converters?
a) 12-pulse configuration
b) 6-pulse configuration
c) Parallel configuration
d) Series configuration
Answer: a) 12-pulse configuration
10. The 12-pulse configuration in bridge converters helps in:
a) Reducing voltage drops
b) Eliminating all harmonics
c) Minimizing characteristic harmonics
d) Increasing the power capacity
Answer: c) Minimizing characteristic harmonics
11. What happens during the inverter operation of a bridge converter?
a) Converts DC to AC
b) Converts AC to DC
c) Regulates AC voltage
d) Controls power losses
Answer: a) Converts DC to AC
12. Which element protects a bridge converter from overcurrents?
a) DC circuit breaker
b) Smoothing reactor
c) Harmonic filter
d) Surge arrester
Answer: a) DC circuit breaker
13. What is the effect of increasing the firing angle in a rectifier?
a) Increases DC voltage
b) Decreases DC voltage
c) Increases harmonics
d) Decreases system losses
Answer: b) Decreases DC voltage
14. In a bridge converter, commutation refers to:
a) Transfer of current from one valve to another
b) Voltage transformation
c) Power factor improvement
d) Harmonic reduction
Answer: a) Transfer of current from one valve to another
15. Which of these is an issue in bridge converter operation?
a) Power flow control
b) Commutation failure
c) Increased efficiency
d) Stability of the system
Answer: b) Commutation failure
16. The term "power reversal" in bridge converters refers to:
a) Reversing the direction of AC current
b) Switching between active and reactive power
c) Changing the direction of DC power flow
d) Resetting the converter circuit
Answer: c) Changing the direction of DC power flow

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

17. What role does the transformer play in a bridge converter circuit?
a) Voltage transformation and isolation
b) Harmonic suppression
c) Switching between rectification and inversion
d) Power factor correction
Answer: a) Voltage transformation and isolation
18. Which harmonic order is predominant in a 6-pulse bridge converter?
a) 2n ± 1
b) 6n ± 1
c) 12n ± 1
d) 24n ± 1
Answer: b) 6n ± 1
19. What is the significance of the overlap angle in bridge converter operation?
a) Indicates current conduction overlap between valves
b) Determines voltage level
c) Reduces harmonics
d) Controls the firing sequence
Answer: a) Indicates current conduction overlap between valves
20. Bridge converters used in HVDC systems are most effective for:
a) Power factor correction
b) High-voltage AC distribution
c) Long-distance power transmission
d) Reactive power generation
Answer: c) Long-distance power transmission

Unit -3 Basic HVDC Controllers

1. What is the main purpose of an HVDC controller?

a) Increase transmission losses
b) Control power flow and stability
c) Enhance transformer efficiency
d) Generate harmonic currents
Answer: b) Control power flow and stability
2. What does commutation failure in HVDC systems typically result in?
a) Excessive AC voltage
b) Current interruption
c) Power reversal
d) Improved system efficiency
Answer: b) Current interruption
3. Which fault in HVDC systems causes bypass action in bridges?
a) Overvoltage fault
b) Overcurrent fault
c) Commutation failure
d) Harmonic resonance
Answer: b) Overcurrent fault

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

4. What is the role of the DC reactor in an HVDC system?

a) Harmonic suppression
b) Fault current limiting
c) Voltage transformation
d) Reactive power compensation
Answer: b) Fault current limiting
5. Which component is critical for fault isolation in an HVDC system?
a) DC circuit breaker
b) Transformer
c) Converter valve
d) Harmonic filter
Answer: a) DC circuit breaker
6. What does "bypass action" in an HVDC bridge mean?
a) Current bypasses the load to the source
b) Current bypasses the faulted bridge
c) Voltage bypasses the converter
d) Fault bypasses the protection system
Answer: b) Current bypasses the faulted bridge
7. What is the primary control variable in an HVDC link?
a) AC voltage
b) DC current
c) Firing angle
d) Transformer tap setting
Answer: c) Firing angle
8. Voltage and current oscillations in an HVDC system are caused by:
a) Converter firing inaccuracies
b) Harmonic resonance
c) Fault conditions
d) Load mismatches
Answer: c) Fault conditions
9. Which device protects the HVDC system from overvoltage?
a) Surge arrester
b) Smoothing reactor
c) Harmonic filter
d) Circuit breaker
Answer: a) Surge arrester
10. During normal operation, the DC voltage in an HVDC link is controlled by:
a) Transformer tap changers
b) Firing angle adjustments
c) DC reactor tuning
d) Harmonic filters
Answer: b) Firing angle adjustments
11. What is the purpose of the extinction angle in HVDC control?
a) Reduce harmonics
b) Prevent commutation failure
c) Enhance power reversal
d) Improve voltage stability
Answer: b) Prevent commutation failure
12. What happens if the firing angle in a converter becomes too high?
a) DC voltage increases

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

b) DC voltage decreases
c) Power flow stabilizes
d) Harmonics are eliminated
Answer: b) DC voltage decreases
13. Which controller ensures current regulation in an HVDC system?
a) Voltage controller
b) Current controller
c) Harmonic controller
d) Frequency controller
Answer: b) Current controller
14. What is the primary cause of voltage oscillations in HVDC systems?
a) DC reactor saturation
b) Harmonic interference
c) Sudden load changes
d) Transformer faults
Answer: c) Sudden load changes
15. Commutation failure in an HVDC link can be avoided by:
a) Using a higher firing angle
b) Reducing the extinction angle
c) Increasing the AC voltage
d) Improving the control system response
Answer: d) Improving the control system response
16. What is the primary function of DC circuit breakers in HVDC systems?
a) Voltage control
b) Current regulation
c) Fault isolation
d) Power factor improvement
Answer: c) Fault isolation
17. Which type of controller is used for power flow control in an HVDC link?
a) Frequency controller
b) Reactive power controller
c) Current and voltage controller
d) Temperature controller
Answer: c) Current and voltage controller
18. The main protection challenge in HVDC systems is related to:
a) AC system disturbances
b) Converter transformer faults
c) High-speed fault clearing in DC circuits
d) Voltage regulation at high loads
Answer: c) High-speed fault clearing in DC circuits
19. What happens during a commutation failure in an inverter?
a) Power flow reverses
b) DC current increases sharply
c) AC voltage drops significantly
d) Fault current bypasses the converter
Answer: c) AC voltage drops significantly
20. Which parameter is adjusted to ensure stable operation of the HVDC link during
varying load conditions?
a) Extinction angle
b) Transformer ratio

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

c) Firing angle
d) Circuit breaker settings
Answer: c) Firing angle

Unit – 4 Harmonics in HVDC

1)What causes harmonics in HVDC systems?

a) Mechanical vibrations
b) Converter operation
c) Power factor correction devices
d) Transmission line faults
Answer: b) Converter operation

2) What are characteristic harmonics in HVDC systems?

a) Harmonics unrelated to converter operation
b) Harmonics dependent on converter pulse number
c) High-frequency noise signals
d) Oscillations caused by load variations
Answer: b) Harmonics dependent on converter pulse number

3) Which of the following is a primary effect of harmonics in HVDC systems?

a) Increased system efficiency
b) Voltage instability
c) Reduced transmission losses
d) Improved power quality
Answer: b) Voltage instability

4)What is the harmonic order formula for a 6-pulse converter?

a) n=6k±1n
b) n=12k±1n
c) n=6kn =
d) n=12kn
Answer: a) n=6k±1n

5)Uncharacteristic harmonics in HVDC systems arise due to:

a) Transformer saturation
b) Asymmetries in the AC supply
c) Balanced load conditions
d) Proper operation of the converter
Answer: b) Asymmetries in the AC supply

6) What is the purpose of harmonic filters in HVDC systems?

a) To stabilize DC current
b) To suppress unwanted harmonic frequencies
c) To increase AC voltage
d) To decrease power losses
Answer: b) To suppress unwanted harmonic frequencies

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

7)Which type of filter is more commonly used for harmonic suppression in HVDC
systems?
a) Active filter
b) Passive filter
c) Band-pass filter
d) High-pass filter
Answer: b) Passive filter

8) What is a key limitation of passive harmonic filters?

a) High cost
b) Ineffectiveness at lower frequencies
c) Fixed tuning frequency
d) Complex control systems
Answer: c) Fixed tuning frequency

9) Active harmonic filters work by:

a) Introducing reactive power into the system
b) Injecting opposite harmonic currents
c) Filtering out DC voltage components
d) Absorbing AC voltage fluctuations
Answer: b) Injecting opposite harmonic currents

10)What is a hybrid harmonic filter?

a) A combination of active and passive filters
b) A single filter tuned to multiple frequencies
c) A filter used only in AC systems
d) A standalone DC filter
Answer: a) A combination of active and passive filters

11)Which harmonic frequency is eliminated by a 12-pulse converter configuration?

a) 6th harmonic
b) 11th harmonic
c) 12th harmonic
d) 5th harmonic
Answer: a) 6th harmonic

12) Harmonics in HVDC systems primarily lead to:

a) Reduced converter efficiency
b) Enhanced voltage stability
c) Increased cooling requirements
d) Overheating of equipment
Answer: d) Overheating of equipment

13)Which system component is most affected by harmonics?

a) Surge arrester
b) Transformer
c) Circuit breaker
d) DC reactor
Answer: b) Transformer

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

14) What is the primary cause of voltage distortion in HVDC systems?

a) Harmonic currents
b) Fault conditions
c) Converter cooling issues
d) Uneven load distribution
Answer: a) Harmonic currents

15)Which harmonic mitigation technique is best for high-frequency harmonics?

a) Passive filters
b) Active filters
c) DC smoothing reactors
d) Transformer tuning
Answer: b) Active filters

16) What is the advantage of using 12-pulse over 6-pulse converters in HVDC systems?
a) Reduced harmonic generation
b) Increased voltage levels
c) Simplified control systems
d) Lower cost
Answer: a) Reduced harmonic generation

17)Harmonics in HVDC systems can lead to:

a) Improved load balancing
b) Audible noise in equipment
c) Lower power demand
d) Reduced converter losses
Answer: b) Audible noise in equipment

18) What is the primary role of filters in HVDC converter stations?

a) Boost AC voltage levels
b) Absorb excess reactive power
c) Minimize the impact of harmonics on the AC system
d) Increase DC voltage stability
Answer: c) Minimize the impact of harmonics on the AC system

19) The effectiveness of a passive harmonic filter depends on:

a) The load capacity of the system
b) Its resonant frequency tuning
c) The type of transformer used
d) The size of the DC reactor
Answer: b) Its resonant frequency tuning

20) Hybrid HVDC systems combine:

a) Harmonic filtering and power flow control
b) AC and DC transmission technologies
c) Active and passive harmonic filtering techniques
d) Voltage control and frequency regulation
Answer: c) Active and passive harmonic filtering techniques

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

Unit 5: Component Models for Analysis of AC-DC System

1) What is the main objective of power flow analysis in AC-DC systems?
a) To determine energy storage capacity
b) To calculate voltage and current distribution
c) To minimize harmonics
d) To enhance cooling efficiency
Answer: b) To calculate voltage and current distribution

2) Which mathematical method is commonly used for power flow analysis in AC-DC
systems?
a) Newton-Raphson method
b) Laplace Transform
c) Runge-Kutta method
d) Fourier Transform
Answer: a) Newton-Raphson method

3) What is the purpose of dynamic stability analysis in AC-DC systems?

a) Evaluate the system’s performance under fault conditions
b) Calculate power factor
c) Measure line inductance
d) Reduce voltage harmonics
Answer: a) Evaluate the system’s performance under fault conditions

4) What component is used to decouple AC and DC sides in an HVDC system?

a) Converter transformer
b) Harmonic filter
c) Smoothing reactor
d) Circuit breaker
Answer: a) Converter transformer

5)Transient stability analysis in AC-DC systems focuses on:

a) Steady-state voltage stability
b) System behavior under sudden disturbances
c) Reducing power losses
d) Minimizing harmonic interference
Answer: b) System behavior under sudden disturbances

6)What is the role of a DC smoothing reactor in an AC-DC system?

a) Suppress harmonics
b) Store electrical energy
c) Limit DC current ripples
d) Regulate AC voltage
Answer: c) Limit DC current ripples

7) In power flow analysis, what is represented by the "PQ bus"?

a) Load bus
b) Generator bus
c) Slack bus

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

d) Interconnecting bus
Answer: a) Load bus

8)The interaction between AC and DC systems in an HVDC setup is primarily analyzed

using:
a) Equivalent circuit models
b) Load flow equations
c) State-space modeling
d) Harmonic analysis
Answer: a) Equivalent circuit models

9) What component ensures voltage stability in AC-DC systems?

a) Voltage regulator
b) Harmonic filter
c) Converter transformer
d) Circuit breaker
Answer: a) Voltage regulator

10) Dynamic models for AC-DC systems are essential for:

a) Harmonic suppression
b) Long-term planning
c) Stability studies under varying load conditions
d) System maintenance scheduling
Answer: c) Stability studies under varying load conditions

11) Which control technique is crucial for maintaining power balance in an AC-DC
system?
a) Reactive power control
b) Current control
c) Voltage control
d) Both b and c
Answer: d) Both b and c

12) Advances in HVDC transmission technology have primarily focused on:

a) Reducing DC line resistance
b) Increasing voltage levels for long-distance transmission
c) Minimizing AC system complexity
d) Eliminating converter transformers
Answer: b) Increasing voltage levels for long-distance transmission

13) What is the purpose of incorporating AC-DC models in transient stability analysis?
a) To minimize converter losses
b) To simulate the impact of disturbances on system performance
c) To optimize transmission efficiency
d) To ensure harmonic-free operation
Answer: b) To simulate the impact of disturbances on system performance

14) Which component model is used to study harmonic interactions in AC-DC systems?
a) Converter model
b) Filter model

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 Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s

ASHOKRAO MANE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Vathar Tarf Vadgaon│Kolhapur│Maharashtra
Record No.: AMGOI/ACAD/MCQ Revision: 00 Date:01/07/2024

c) Transmission line model

d) Synchronous machine model
Answer: b) Filter model

15) In AC-DC system analysis, which bus type determines the system reference?
a) PQ bus
b) Slack bus
c) PV bus
d) Load bus
Answer: b) Slack bus

16) Which parameter is critical for AC-DC power flow analysis?

a) Load impedance
b) Power angle
c) Firing angle
d) Line inductance
Answer: c) Firing angle

17) AC-DC systems are preferred for wind power generation due to:
a) High efficiency and low losses over long distances
b) Simple infrastructure requirements
c) Minimal need for harmonic filters
d) Cost-effective construction
Answer: a) High efficiency and low losses over long distances

18) What is a key benefit of multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) systems?

a) Reduced voltage fluctuations
b) Enhanced flexibility in interconnecting multiple AC systems
c) Elimination of harmonic generation
d) Simplified control systems
Answer: b) Enhanced flexibility in interconnecting multiple AC systems

19) Which component is essential for transient stability in AC-DC systems?

a) DC circuit breaker
b) Converter transformer
c) Synchronous condenser
d) Voltage regulator
Answer: c) Synchronous condenser

20) Power flow analysis in an integrated AC-DC system requires modeling of:
a) Load flow, harmonic interactions, and fault dynamics
b) Voltage stability alone
c) DC systems as ideal circuits
d) Only the AC subsystem
Answer: a) Load flow, harmonic interactions, and fault dynamics

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