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B.Sc UG NEP Botany syllabus

Siddharth University has established a B.Sc. Botany syllabus for the academic year 2023-24, which includes a structured curriculum covering various aspects of plant biology across six semesters. The program emphasizes practical skills, interdisciplinary learning, and prepares students for careers in research, conservation, and industry. Key outcomes include fostering critical thinking, scientific skills, and opportunities for self-employment and entrepreneurship in the field of botany.

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B.Sc UG NEP Botany syllabus

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SIDDHARTH UNIVERSITY, KAPILVASTU,

SIDDHARTH NAGAR (U. P.)

B.Sc.
BOTANY
Faculty of Science

Syllabus structure CBCS (NEP)

Syllabus accepted by Siddarth University as per guidelines

of State Higher Education Council
(Minor revised: Board of Studies meeting on 11 July 2023)
B.Sc. Syllabus Structure CBCS (NEP) 2023-24
SUBJECT: BOTANY

SEMESTER WISE TITLE OF THE PAPERS

Theory/
Year Course Paper Title Practical Credits
Code (Marks)
SEMESTER-I
B040101T Microbiology & Plant Pathology Theory (50) 04

FIRST B040102P Practical Practical (25) 02

SEMESTER-II
B040201T Archegoniates And Plant Architecture Theory (50) 04
B040202P Practical Practical (25) 02
SEMESTER-III
Flowering Plants Identification & Theory (50) 04
B040301T
Aesthetic Characteristics

B040302P Practical Practical (25) 02

SECOND
SEMESTER-IV
Economic Botany, Ethnomedicine and Theory (50) 04
B040401T
Phytochemistry
B040402P Practical Practical (25) 02
SEMESTER-V
Plant Physiology, Metabolism & Theory (50) 04
B040501T
Biochemistry
B040503P Practical Practical (25) 02
B040502T Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics Theory (50) 04
THIRD
B040504P Practical Practical (25) 02
SEMESTER-VI
Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding & Theory (50) 04
B040601T
Nanotechnology
B040603P Practical Practical (25) 02
B040602T Ecology & Environment Theory (50) 04
B040604P Practical Practical (25) 02

Marks Distribution out of 100: 25 Marks for Internal Assessment,

+ 25 Marks for Practical examination
+ 50 Marks for Theory Paper
SUBJECT: BOTANY

Subject prerequisites:

1. To study Botany, a student must have had the subject Biology/Biotechnology learnt at 10+2 level.
2. Keen interest in plants and plant-related research, Potential in mathematics, biology and chemistry
3. Skills and aptitude for scientific study and research
4. Creativity and good comprehension while working on scientific procedures and research
5. Computer aptitude.
COURSE INTRODUCTION

The new curriculum of B.Sc. in Science (Botany) offers essential knowledge and technical skills to
study plants in a holistic manner. Students would be trained in all areas of plant biology using unique
combination of core, elective and vocational papers with significant inter-disciplinary components.
Students would be exposed to cutting-edge technologies that are currently used in the study of plant
life forms, their evolution and interactions with other organisms within the ecosystem. Students would
also become aware of the social and environmental significance of plants and their relevance to the
national economy.
B.Sc. Botany program covers academic activities within the classroom sessions along with practical
concepts at laboratory sessions. Infield, outstation activities and projects are also required to be
organized for real-life experience and learning.
Candidates who have curiosity in plants kingdom, ecosystem, love exploring exotic places and wish to
work as researchers or professions like Botanist, Conservationist, Ecologist, etc. can choose B.Sc.
Botany course.
Program outcomes (POs):
Transformed curriculum shall develop educated outcome-oriented candidature, fostered with
discovery-learning, equipped with practice & skills to deal practical problems and versed with recent
pedagogical trends in education including e-learning, flipped class and hybrid learning to develop
into responsible citizen for nation-building and transforming the country towards the future with their
knowledge gained in the field of plant science.
PO 1 CBCS syllabus with a combination of general and specialized education shall introduce the
concepts of breadth and depth in learning
PO2 Shall produce competent plant biologists who can employ and implement their gained
knowledge in basic and applied aspects that will profoundly influence the prevailing
paradigm of agriculture, industry, healthcare and environment to provide sustainable
development.
PO 3 Will increase the ability of critical thinking, development of scientific attitude, handling of
problems and generating solution, improve practical skills, enhance communication skill,
social interaction, increase awareness in judicious use of plant resources by recognizing the
ethical value system.
PO 4 The training provided to the students will make them competent enough for doing jobs in
Govt. and private sectors of academia, research and industry along with graduate preparation
for national as well as international competitive examinations, especially UGC-CSIR NET,
UPSC Civil Services Examination, IFS, NSC, FCI, BSI, FRI etc.
PO 5 Certificate and diploma courses are framed to generate self- entrepreneurship and self-
employability, if multi-exit option is opted.
PO 6 Lifelong learning be achieved by drawing attention to the vast world of knowledge of plants
and their domestication.
Programme specific outcomes (PSOs):
B.Sc. I Year / Certificate course in Microbial Technology & Classical Botany
This Programme imparts knowledge on various fields of plant biology through teaching, interactions
and practical classes. It shall maintain a balance between the traditional botany and modern science
for shifting it towards the frontier areas of plant sciences with applied approach. This syllabus has
been drafted to enable the learners to prepare them for self-entrepreneurship and employment in
various fields including academics as well as competitive exams. Students would gain wide
knowledge in following aspects:
1. Diversity of plants and microbes their habitat, morphology, architecture and reproduction.
2. Plant disease causing microbes, symptoms &control.
3. Economic value of plants and their use in Human Welfare.
Programme specific outcomes (PSOs):
B.Sc. II Year/ (Diploma in Plant Identification, Utilization & Ethnomedicine)
This course provides a broad understanding of identifying, growing and using plants. This course is
primarily aimed to introduce people to the richness of plant diversity found in surrounding areas.
Lecture sessions are designed to cover fundamental topics concerning classification of plants and
their utilization required for understanding the flora and vegetation. Practical sessions are organized
following theory for easy understanding of the various parts of the plants, structural organization of
floral parts and diversity therein. Participants are taken to different locations covering a variety of
habitats and forest types to acquaint them with the native flora. in the long run, will contribute
towards building momentum for people’s participation in environmental conservation without
compromising on academic rigor and our rich wealth of knowledge inherited over generations.

1. The course will cover conventional topics in Field Botany like Evolutionary History & Diversity
of Plants, Complete Morphology, Nomenclature of plants, Systems of Classification, Keys to
Important Families of Flowering Plants, Field Data Collection & Herbarium Techniques.

2. The course is designed to become a commercial crop grower, florist, protected cultivator, green
belt plant advisor to industries, pharmacologist & taxonomist.

Programme specific outcomes (PSOs):

B.Sc. III Year / Bachelor of Science

The learning outcomes of three years graduation course are aligned with program learning outcomes
but these are specific to-specific courses offered in a program. The core courses shall be the backbone
of this framework whereas discipline electives, generic electives and skill enhancement courses would
add academic excellence in the subject together with multi-dimensional and multidisciplinary
approach.

1. Understanding of plant classification systematics, evolution, ecology, developmental biology,

physiology, biochemistry, plant interactions with microbes and insects, morphology, anatomy,
reproduction, genetics and molecular biology of various life-forms.

2. This course is suitable to produce expertise in conservation biology like ex-situ conservation,
response to habitat change, genotype characterization and reproductive biology.

3. Understanding of various analytical techniques of plant sciences, use of plants as industrial

resources or as human livelihood support system and is well versed with the use of transgenic
technologies for basic and applied research in plants.
4. Understanding of various life forms of plants, morphology, anatomy, reproduction, genetics,
microbiology, molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, transgenic technology and use of
bioinformatics tools and databases and the application of statistics to biological data.

5. Entrepreneurship Skill Development, Understand the issues of environmental contexts and

sustainable development, Inculcation of human values,

6. Strengthen mathematical and computational skills. Enable students to use ICT&AI effectively.

7. Develop good skills in laboratory such as observation and evaluation by the use of modern tools
and technology.

Understanding the nature and basic concepts of all the plant groups, their metabolism,
components at the molecular level, biochemistry, taxonomy and ecology.
The course will make them aware of natural resources and environment and the
PSO 1 importance of conserving it. Hands on training in various fields will develop practical
skills, handling equipment’s and laboratory use along with collection and interpretation
of biological materials and data. Knowledge gained through theoretical and lab-based
experiments will generate technical personnel in various priority areas such as genetics,
cell and molecular biology, plant systematics and biotechnology.

Botanists are able to contribute to all these fields and therefore, are mainly employed
with educational institutions, government or public sectors or companies in industries,
such as agriculture or forestry, oil, chemical, biotechnology, geological survey,
environmental protection, drugs, genetic research, plant resources laboratories, plant
health inspection services, lumber and paper, food, fermentation, nursery, fruit and so on.
PSO 2 Jobs available as a botanist: •Microbiologist, plant pathologist, Taxonomist • Plant
Physiologist • Plant Biochemist • Researcher • Mycologist • Ecologist • Weed Scientist •
Palaeobotanist • Conservationist • Fruit Grower • Morphologist • Cytologist •
Ethnobotanist • Plant geneticists etc.

Inculcate strong fundamentals on modern and classical aspects of Botany, understand

PSO 3 knowledge of Botany is an essential pre-requisite for the pursuit of many applied
sciences. It will facilitate students for taking up and shaping a successful career in
Botany and allied sciences.

PSO 4 Introduction of research project will inculcate research aptitude and passion for higher
education and scientific research.
Internal & External Assessment

Internal Assessment Marks External Assessment Marks

Mid Semester Test 10 Viva Voce on Practical’s 5

Class Attendance 5 Table work / Experiments 1 2.5 + 5 = 7.5

lab/ table work (2.5) + Written work (5.0)

Table work / Experiments 2 2.5 + 5 = 7.5

lab/ table work (2.5) + Written work (5.0)

Assignments (Charts/Flora/Rural 10 5
Service/Technology Practical Record File
Dissemination/Botanical Excursion/
Lab Visits/Industrial Training
Total 25 25
* Botanical Excursion/ Lab TOTAL
Visits/Industrial training is
compulsory
DETAIL SYLLABUS FOR B.Sc.-I Year
Programme: B.Sc. Year: I Semester: I
Paper-I
Subject: Botany
Course Code: B040101T Course Title: Microbiology & Plant Pathology
Course outcomes: After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Develop understanding about the classification and diversity of different microbes including viruses, Algae, Fungi &
Lichens & their economic importance.
2. Develop conceptual skill about identifying microbes, pathogens, biofertilizers & lichens.
3. Gain knowledge about developing commercial enterprise of microbial products.
4. Learn host –pathogen relationship and disease management.
5. Learn Presentation skills (oral & writing) in life sciences by usage of computer of computer & multimedia
6. Gain Knowledge about uses of microbes in various fields.
7. Understand the structure and reproduction of certain selected bacteria algae, fungi and lichens
8. Gain Knowledge about the economic values of this lower group of plant community.
Credits: 4 Core Compulsory
Max. Marks: 25+50 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University
CBCS norm
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 4-0-0
Unit Topic No. of
Lectures
(60 hrs.)
I A. Introduction to Indian ancient, Vedic and heritage Botany and contribution of Indian
Botanists, in context with the holistic development of modern science and technology, has to be
taught, practiced and assessed via class interaction/ assignments / self-study mentioned under
Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE).

B. Microbial Techniques & instrumentation

Microscopy – Light, phase contrast & electron microscopy, staining techniques for light
microscopy, Common equipment’s of microbiology lab and principle of their working – 8
autoclave, oven, laminar air flow, centrifuge. fermentation and fermenters.

II Microbial world
Cell structure of Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria,
Structure of a bacteria; Bacterial Growth curve, Batch culture, fed batch culture and continuous 8
culture; Sporulation and reproduction and recombination in bacteria;

Viruses, general characteristics, Structure of viruses, Bacteriophages, Structure of λ-phage; Lytic

and Lysogenic cycles, viroid’s, Prions & myco & phytoplasma.

III Phycology
Range of thallus organization in Algae, Pigments, Reserve food –Reproduction - Classification
(Fritsch, F. E.) and life cycle of–Scytonema, Nostoc; Volvox, Oedogonium, Chara; Sargassum, 7
Ectocarpus, Batrachospermum.
Economic importance of algae

IV
Mycology 7
General characteristics, nutrition, life cycle, Economic importance of Fungi, Classification
(Alexopoulus and Mims) up to class. Distinguishing characters of Myxomycotina -General
characters. Mastigomycotina-Saprolegnia, Ascomycotina - Penicillium, Peziza,
Basidiomycotina- Puccinia, Agaricus; Deuteromycotina – Alternaria, M y c o t o x i n ,
Heterothallism & Parasexuality
V Mushroom Cultivation, Lichenology & Mycorrhiza
Mushroom cultivation. General account of lichens, reproduction and significance. 7
Mycorrhiza and their significance.

VI Plant Pathology 7
Disease concept, Symptoms, Etiology & causal complex, Infection, Pathogenicity and
pathogenesis, Koch’s Postulates. Mechanism of infection, Disease cycle. Defense mechanism
with special reference to Phytoalexin, Systemic fungicides- Bordeaux mixture, Lime sulfur,
Tobacco decoction,Neem cake & oil

VII Diseases and Control 8

Symptoms, Causal organism, Disease cycle and Control measures of – Early & Late blight of
Potato, Brown spot of rice, Red rot of Sugarcane, Stem gall of Coriander, yellow vein mosaic of
bhindi; citrus canker, little leaf of brinjal; Disease management: - Quarantine & Biological.
Integrated pest disease management

Applied Microbiology
VIII Food fermentations and food produced by microbes, Production of antibiotics, alcoholic
beverages. Mass production of bacterial biofertilizers, blue green algae, Azolla and mycorrhiza. 8
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria & biopesticides –– Trichoderma sp. and Pseudomonas,
Single cell proteins, Microbiology of water, Production of biofuels, biodegradation of
pollutants.

Suggested Readings:
Course Books published in Hindi may be prescribed by the Universities.

Unit-I A:
i. https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/economic-botany-india
https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_tiwar_botany_frameset.htm
ii. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335715457_Ancient_Indian_rishi's_Sages_knowl
edge_of_botany_and_medicinal_plants_since_Vedic_period_was_much_older_than_the_pe
riod_of_Theophrastus_A_case_study-_who_was_the_actual_father_of_botany
iii. https://www.scribd.com/presentation/81269920/Botany-of-Ancient-India
iv. https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol17_2_17_PKBhattacharyya.pdf
http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/botany_history.pdf
vi Ancient Botany (Sciences of Antiquity) Paperback – 1 October 2015by Gavin Hardy
(Author), Laurence Totelin (Author)
UNIT-I B.
1. Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West. Press Pvt. Ltd. Delhi. 2nd edition.
2. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L. (2010). Microbiology: An Introduction, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A. 10th
edition.
3. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi & Their Allies, MacMillan Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
4. Aggarwal, S. K. 2009. Foundation Course in Biology, A one books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Aneja, K. R. 1993. Experiments in Microbiology, Pathology and Tissue Culture, Vishwa Prakashan, New Delhi.
6. Annie Ragland, 2012. Algae and Bryophytes, Saras Publication, Kanyakumari, India.
7. Basu, A. N. 1993. Essentials of Plant Viruses, Vectors and Plant diseases, New Age International, New Delhi.
8. Chopra. G. L. 1984. A text book of Algae, Rastogi publications, Meerut, India.
9. Desikachari, T. V. 1959. Cyanophyta, ICAR, New Delhi.
10. Dubey, R. C. and Maheshwari. D.K. 2012. Practical Microbiology, S. Chand & Company, Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi.
11. Fritsch, R. E. 1977. Structure and Reproduction of Algae, Cambridge University Press, London.
12. Kodo, C.I. and Agarwal, H.O.1972. Principles and techniques in Plant Virology, Van Nostrand, Reinhold Company, New
York.
13. Agrios, G.N. (1997). Plant Pathology, 4th edition. Cambridge, U.K.: Academic Press.
14. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, 4th edition. Singapore, Singapore: John
Wiley & Sons.
15. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi and Their Allies. Noida, U.P.: Macmillan Publishers India Ltd.
16. Reven, F.H., Evert, R. F., Eichhorn, S.E. (1992). Biology of Plants. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.
17. Sharma, P.D. (2011). Plant Pathology. Meerut, U.P.: Rastogi Publication.
18. Webster, J., Weber, R. (2007). Introduction to Fungi, 3rd edition. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
19. Pandey B.P. 2001. College Botany Volume 1, S Chand & Company Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi.
20. Pandey. B.P. 2014 Modern Practical Botany, (Vol-I) S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
21. Pelzar, 1963. Microbiology, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi
22. Rangaswamy, G. 2009, Disease of Crop Plants in India, Prientice Hall of India, New Delhi.
23. Sambamurty. A.V.S.S. 2006, A Text book of Algae, I. K. International Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
24. Sharma, P. D. 2012, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publication Pvt Ltd., Meerut, India.
25. Singh, R. P. 2007. Microbial Taxonomy and Culture Techniques, Kalyani Publication, New Delhi.
26. Smith. G. M. 1996. Cryptogamic Botany Volume I, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi.
27. Sundar Rajan. S. 2010.College Botany Volume I, Himalaya Publications, Mumbai.
28. Vashishta, B.R. Sinha, A.K. and Singh, V. P. 1991. Algae, S. Chand and Company, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects: Open to all but special for
B.Sc. Biotech, B.Sc. Microbiology, B.Sc. Agriculture, B.A. (Curators), B.A. Archaeology, B.A. Geology, BAMS.

Course prerequisites:
Qualification: To study this course, a student must have qualified 10+2 with Biology/ NSQF level 3 from
Sector Skill Councils / Diploma holder from ITI in (Biology/ Agriculture/ Biotech/ Forestry/
Microbiology/Gardening /biomedical Science.
Facilities: Smart and Interactive Class
Other Requisites: Video collection, Books, CDs, Access to On-line resources, Display Charts
Suggested equivalent online courses:
https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/economic-botany-india
https://community.plantae.org/tags/mooc
futurelearn.com/courses/teaching-biology-inspiring-students-with-plants-in-science
https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=plants
http://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/53530
https://www.classcentral.com/tag/microbiology
https://www.edx.org/learn/microbiology
https://www.mooc-list.com/tags/microbiology
https://www.udemy.com/topic/microbiology/
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacteria.html
https://www.livescience.com/53272-what-is-a-virus.html
https://gclambathach.in/lms/Economic%20importance%20of%20Algae.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/sardar1109/algae-notes-1
https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/algae-general-characteristics-classification/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/fungus
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/fungi.html
https://agrimoon.com/wp-content/uploads/Mashroom-culture.pdf
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=11293
http://www.hillagric.ac.in/edu/coa/ppath/lect/plpath111/Lect.%201%20%20Introduction-
Pl%20Path%20111.pdf
http://www.jnkvv.org/PDF/11042020102651plant_pathology.pdf
https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disimpactmngmnt/topc/EpidemiologyTemporal/Pages/ManagementStrategies.
aspx
https://learn.saylor.org/course/view.php?id=23&sectionid=6821
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/microscopy
http://physics.fe.uni-lj.si/students/predavanja/Microscopy_Kulkarni.pdf
https://lipidnanostructuresgroup.weebly.com/
https://zoology4civilservices.wordpress.com/2016/06/18/65/
https://microbenotes.com/laminar-flow-hood/

Programme: B.Sc. Year: I Semester: I

Paper-II Practical

Subject: Botany

Course Code: B040102P Course Title: Techniques in Microbiology & Plant Pathology

Course outcomes: After the completion of the course the students will be able:
1. Understand the instruments, techniques, lab etiquettes and good lab practices for working in
amicrobiology laboratory.
2. Develop skills for identifying microbes and using them for Industrial, Agriculture and Environment
purposes.
3. Practical skills in the field and laboratory experiments in Microbiology &Pathology.
4. learn to identify Algae, Lichens and plant pathogens along with their Symbiotic and Parasitic
associations.
5. Can initiate his own Plant & Seed Diagnostic Clinic
6. Can start own enterprise on microbial products

Credits:2 Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University CBCS

norm

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 0-0-4

No. of Lectures
Unit Topic * (Minimum Any three from each unit depending on facilities)
(60 hrs)
INSTRUMENTS & TECHNIQUES
1. 1. Laboratory safety and good laboratory practices 7
2. Principles and application of Laboratory instruments-microscope, incubator,
autoclave, centrifuge, LAF, filtration unit, shaker, pH meter.
3. Buffer preparation & titration
3. Cleaning and Sterilization of glassware’s
4. Preparation of media- Nutrient Agar and Broth
5. Inoculation and culturing of bacteria in Nutrient agar and nutrient broth
6. Preparation of agar slant, stab, agar plate
7. Phenol Coefficient method to test the efficacy of disinfectants
BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION
II 1. Isolation of bacteria.
2. Identification of bacteria. 8
3. Staining techniques: Gram’s, Negative, Endospore, Capsule and Cell Wall.
4. Cultural characteristics of bacteria on NA.
5. Pure culture techniques (Types of streaking).
6. Biochemical characterization: IMViC, Carbohydrate fermentation test,
Mannitol motility test, Gelatin liquefaction test,Urease test, Nitrate reduction test,
Catalase test, Oxidase test, Starch hydrolysis, Casein hydrolysis.

MYCOLOGICAL STUDY:
III 1. Isolation of different fungi: Saprophytic, Coprophilous, Keratinophilic. 8
2. Identification of fungi by lactophenol cotton blue method. Rhizopus
Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Peziza, Ustilago, Puccinia; Fusarium, Curvularia,
Alternaria.
3. Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full-grown mushroom; Sectioning of
gillsof Agaricus.
4. Lichens: crustose, foliose and fruticose specimens.
PHYCOLOGY:
IV 1. Type study of algae and Cyanobacteria –Spirullina, Nostoc. Chlorophyceae -
Chlorella, Volvox, Oedogonium, Cladophora, and Chara; Xanthophyceae – 7
Vaucheria; Bacillariophyceae – Pinnularia Phaeophyceae – Sargassum Rhodophyceae
- Polysiphonia
EXPERIMENTAL PLANT PATHOLOGY
V 1. Preparation of fungal media (PDA) &Sterilization process. 8
2. Isolation of pathogen from diseased leaf.
Identification: Pathological specimens of Brown spot of rice, Bacterial blight of rice,
Loose smut of wheat, Stem rot of mustard, Late blight of potato; Slides of uredial,
telial, pycnial & aecial stages of Puccinia, Few viral and bacterial plant diseases.
PRACTICALS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY-1
VI 1. Isolation of nitrogen fixing bacteria from root nodules of legumes. 8
2. Enumeration of rhizosphere to non-rhizosphere population of bacteria.
3. Isolation of antagonistic Pseudomonas from soil.
4. Microscopic observations of root colonization by VAM fungi.
5. Isolation of Azospirillum sp. from the roots of grasses.
6. Isolation of phyllosphere microflora.
7. Isolation of P solubilizing microorganisms.
PRACTICALS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY-2
VII 1. Wine production. 8
2. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from curd.
3. Isolation of lipolytic organisms from butter or cheese.
4. Immobilized bacterial cells for production of hydrolytic enzymes.
5. Enzyme production and assay – cellulase, protease and amylase.
6. Immobilization of yeast.
7. Isolation of cellulolytic and anaerobic sulphate reducing bacteria.
8. Isolation and characterization of acidophilic, alkalophilic and halophilic bacteria.
1. Cultivation of Spirulina, & Chlorella in lab for biofuel
VIII 2. Visit to NBAIM, Mau, Varanasi (Kashi)/ IMT, Chandigarh for viewing 6
CultureRepository
3. Visit to biofertilizers and biopesticides unit to understand about the Unit
operation
procedures
4. Mushroom cultivation for Protein
5. Alcohol production. from Sugarcane Juice.
Suggested Readings:

1. Aneja, K. R. 1993. Experiments in Microbiology, Pathology and Tissue Culture, Vishwa Prakashan, New
Delhi.
2. Dubey, R. C. and Maheshwari. D.K. 2012. Practical Microbiology, S. Chand & Company, Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
3. Kodo, C.I. and Agarwal, H.O.1972. Principles and techniques in Plant Virology, Van Nostrand, Reinhold
Company, New York.
4. Madhavee Latha, P. 2012, A Textbook of Immunology, S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Pandey. B.P. 2014 Modern Practical Botany, (Vol-I) S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Sambamurty. A.V.S.S. 2006, A Text book of Algae, I. K. International Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd.,
7. Singh, R. P. 2007. Microbial Taxonomy and Culture Techniques, Kalyani Publication, New Delhi.
8. https://agrimoon.com/wp-content/uploads/Mashroom-culture.pdf
9. http://nhb.gov.in/pdf/Cultivation.pdf
10. https://www.k-state.edu/fungi/Greeting/Publications_files/2006%20Handbook.pdf
11. Sen, Surjit,Acharya, Krishnendu, Rai, Manjula 2019 IBSN - 978-93-88347-23-5 - Biofertilizers and
Biopesticides .Technoworld,kolkatta
12. http://www.kvkkendrapara.org/pdf/Bio%20Fertilizer%20Production%20and%20marketing.pdf
13. http://www.gbv.de/dms/tib-ub-hannover/751302945.pdf
14. Hochman,Gal,Zilberman,David 2014 IBSN-1461493285-Algae Farming and Its Bio-Products Springer
18. Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati 2019 Handbook of Algal Technologies and PhytochemicalsVolume II:
Phycoremediation, Biofuels and Global Biomass Production Print ISBN: 9780367178192
19. Amos Richmond Ph.D., Prof. Emeritus, Qiang Hu Ph.D 2013. Handbook of Microalgal Culture: AppliedPhycology
and Biotechnology, Second Edition Print ISBN:9780470673898

Programme: B.Sc. Year: I Semester: II

Paper-I
Subject: Botany

Course Code: B040201T Course Title: Archegoniates and Plant Architecture

Course outcomes:
After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Develop critical understanding on morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and
Gymnosperms
2. Understanding of plant evolution and their transition to land habitat.
3. Understand morphology, anatomy, reproduction and developmental changes therein through typological study and
create a knowledge base in understanding the basis of plant diversity, economic values & taxonomy of plants
4. Understand the details of external and internal structures of flowering plants.
Credits: 4 Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+50 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University

CBCS norm
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 4-0-0

Unit Topic Lectures

(60hrs)
I Introduction to Archegoniates & Bryophytes
Unique features of Archegoniates, Bryophytes: General characteristics, Classification (up to
family) of Proskauer (1957), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Riccia, Marchantia, 7
Anthoceros and Sphagnum. (Developmental details not to be included). economic
importance of bryophytes.

II Pteridophytes
General characteristics, Early land plants (Rhynia). Classification (up to family) by
Bierhorst (1971) with examples, morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Lycopodium, 8
Selaginella, Equisetum and Marsilea (Developmental details not to be included).
Heterospory and seed habit, stelar evolution.

III Gymnosperms
Classification (Pant-1957) and distribution of gymnosperms; economicimportance. 8
Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Cycas, Pinus and Ephedra (Developmental details
not to be included).
IV Palaeobotany 8
Brief account of process of fossilization, types of fossils and study techniques; Geological
time scale; Contribution of Birbal Sahni.

V Angiosperm Morphology (Stem, Roots, Leaves & Flowers, Inflorescence) 7

Morphology and modifications of roots; Stem & leaf. Types of inflorescences; flowers, flower
parts, fruits and types of placentation;
Plant Anatomy: Meristematic and permanent tissues. Apical meristems & theories on 7
VI apical organization - Apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Tunica - Corpus theory. Secondary
growth - Root and stem- cambium (structure and function) annular rings, Anomalous
secondary growth - Bignonia, Dracaena, Nyctanthus

Reproductive Botany 8
VII Plant Embryology, Structure of microsporangium, microsporogenesis, Structure of
megasporangium and its types, megasporogenesis, Structure and types of female
gametophyte, types of pollination, Methods of pollination, structure of male gametophyte,
Fertilization, structure of dicot and monocot embryo, Endosperm, Doublefertilization,

Palynology: Pollen structure, pollen morphology, pollen allergy, 7

VIII Applied Palynology: Basic concepts of Forensic palynology.

Suggested equivalent online courses:

https://www.anbg.gov.au/bryophyte/what-is-bryophyte.html
https://pteridoportal.org/portal/index.php
https://www.conifers.org/zz/gymnosperms.php
http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
https://milneorchid.weebly.com/plant-id-for-beginners.html
https://www.botany.org/PlantImages/PlantAnatomy.php
http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/inauthors/view?docId=VAC0868&doc.view=print
https://palynology.org/
http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/Biobookflowers.html
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/100-plant-reproduction
https://palaeobotany.org/

Programme: B.Sc. Year: I Semester: II

Paper-II (Practical)

Subject: Botany
Course Code: B040202P Course Title: Land Plants Architecture
Course outcomes:
1. The students will be made aware of the group of plants that have given rise to land habit and the flowering plants.
Through field study they will be able to see these plants grow in nature and become familiar with the biodiversity.
2. Students would learn to create their small digital reports where they can capture the zoomed in and zoomed out
pictures as well as videos in case, they are able to find some rare structure or phenomenon related to these
plants.
3. Develop an understanding by observation and table study of representative members of phylogenetically important
groups to learn the process of evolution in a broad sense.
4. Understand morphology, anatomy, reproduction and developmental changes therein through typological study and
create a knowledge base in understanding plant diversity, economic values & taxonomy of lower group of plants
5. Understand the composition, modifications, internal structure &architecture of flowering plants for becoming a
Botanist.
6.
Credits: 2 Core Compulsory
Max. Marks: 25 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University
CBCS norm

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 0-0-4

Unit Topic No. of Lectures

I Bryophytes:
Riccia &Marchantia- morphology of thallus, W.M. rhizoids and scales, V.S. thallus 8
through Gemma cup, W.M. gemmae (all temporary slides), V.S. antheridiophore,
archegoniophore, L.S. sporophyte (all permanent slides). Pogonatum- morphology,
W.M. leaf, , permanent slides showing antheridial and archegonial heads, L.S.
capsule.
II Pteridophytes:
Selaginella: Habit, rhizophore T. S, stem T. S, axis with strobilus, V.S. of 7
strobilus, Megasporophyll and microsporophyll.
Equisetum - Habit, rhizome and stem T.S. and V. S. of strobilus.
Marsilea - Habit, rhizome and petiole T.S. and V.S and L.S of Sporocarp.
Azolla – Habitat & its structure
II Gymnosperms
Cycas – seedling, coralloid root and coralloid root T. S., T. S. of leaflet and Rachis, 8
micro and mega sporophyll, male cone V. S., micro sporophyll T. S., entire and V. S.
of ovule.
Pinus - Branch of indefinite growth, spur shoot, T. S of old stem and needle R . L. S
and T. L. S. of stem, male and female cone, V.S. of male and female cone.
Ephedra & Thuja -: Habit, stem T. S (young and mature), leaf T. S, male and female
strobilus, V. S. of male and female cone, ovule V. S. and seed.
IV Palaeobotany & Palynology
1. Morphology of Rhynia and fossils gymnosperms & other groups 6
2. Visit to Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany or virtual conference with their
scientists to learn fossilization
3. Mark and know about Indian geographical sites rich in plant fossils
V Angiosperm Morphology
1. To study of diversity in leaf shape, size and other foliar features.
2. To study monopodial and sympodial branching. 8
3. Morphology of Fruits
4. Inflorescence types- study from fresh/ preserved specimens
5. Flowers- study of different types from fresh/ preserved specimens
6. Fruits- study from different types from fresh/preserved specimens
7. Study of ovules (permanent slides/ specimens/photographs)- types (anatropous,
orthotropous, amphitropous and campylotropous)
8. Modifications in Roots, stems, leaves and inflorescences
Plant Anatomy:
VI Normal & Anomalous secondary thickening - Bignonia, Dracaena, Boerhaavia diffusa, 8
Nyctanthus
Study of primary and secondary growth in root and stem of monocots and dicots by
section cutting and permanent slides.
Study of internal structure of dicot and monocot leaves.
Study of structure of stomata.
Reproductive Botany
VII 1. Structure of anther, microsporogenesis and pollen grains
2. Structure of ovule and embryo sac development (through slides). 8
3. Study of embryo development in monocots and dicots.
4. Vegetative propagation by means of cutting, budding and grafting exercises.
5. Study of seed germination.
6. Study of pollen morphology of the following plants –Hibiscus, Vinca, Balsam, Ixora,
Crotalaria, Bougainvillea by microscopic observation.
7. Calculation of pollen viability percentage using in vitro pollen germination techniques.
Commercial Uses and Production technology
VIII 1. Azolla production 7
2. Production technology of Resins
3. Production and propagation of Ornamental Pteris, Cycadales, Coniferales for
landscaping.
4. Lab method for qualitative testing/ extraction of Ephedrine, Taxol and Thuja oil.
Suggested Readings:

P.S. 1997. Botany Vol. I (10th edition). Vikas Publishing House.

Pandey, BP; Misra; Trivedi, P.S. 1997. Botany Vol. II. Vikas Publishing House.
Pandey, BP and Chadha. 1997. Botany Vol. III. Vikas Publishing House.
Santra, SC and Chatterjee. 2005. College Botany Practical Vol. I. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.
Kumar, S and Kashyap. 2003. Manual of Practical Algae. Campus Books International, New DelhiBendre and Kumar A
text book of Practical Botany. Vol I, II., Rastogi Pub. Meerut.
Suresh Kumar, Amar Singh Kashyap Manual of Practical Algae. Campus Books Internet, New Delhi.
Santra, SC. 2005. College Botany Practical Vol. II. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.

This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects:

Open to all but special for B.Sc. Biotech, B.Sc. Forestry, B.Sc. Agriculture, B. Pharma, B.A.

Course prerequisites:
Qualification: To study this course, a student must have qualified 10+2 with Biology/ NSQF level 3 from Sector Skill
Councils / Diploma holder from ITI in (Biology/ Agriculture/ Forestry).
Facilities: Smart and Interactive Class
Other Requisites: Microscopes, Stains, Dissection box, Hemocytometer, Specimens, Permanent slides, Autoclave,
incubator, Oven, laminar flow cabinet, balance
Suggested equivalent online courses:
https://www.easybiologyclass.com/topic-botany
http://www3.botany.ubc.ca/bryophyte/index.html
http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/bio_courses/bl14apl/practical_3.1.htm
http://mydunotes.blogspot.com/p/botany.html
http://www.fao.org/3/a-v9236e.pdf
https://iinrg.icar.gov.in/library/nrg/nrg.pdf
https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/banking/nabard_pdf/Azolla%20Cultivation/Model_projct_on_Azolla_cultivation.pdf
http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1977-37-1-propagation-manual-of-selected-gymnosperms.pdf
https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/wo_AgricHandbook730/wo_AgricHandbook727_153_175.pdf
Detail Syllabus of B.Sc.-II Year
Programme: B.Sc. Year: II Semester: III
Paper-I
Subject: Botany
Course Code: B040301T Course Title: Flowering Plants Identification & Aesthetic
Characteristics
course outcomes:
After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. To gain an understanding of the history and concepts underlying various approaches to plant taxonomy and
classification.
2. To learn the major patterns of diversity among plants, and the characters and types of data used to classify plants.
3. To compare the different approaches to classification with regard to the analysis of data.
4. To become familiar with major taxa and their identifying characteristics, and to develop in depth knowledge of the
current taxonomy of a major plant family.
5. To discover and use diverse taxonomic resources, reference materials, herbarium collections, publications.
6. For the entrepreneur career in plants, one can establish a nursery, start a landscaping business, set up a farm or
Run a plantation consultancy firm
Credits: 4 Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+50 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University CBCS

norm
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 4-0-0

Unit Topic No. of Lectures

(60hrs)
I Taxonomic Resources & Nomenclature
Components of taxonomy (identification, nomenclature, classification); Taxonomic
resources: Herbarium- functions& important herbaria, Botanical gardens, Flora. 7
Botanical Nomenclature- Principles and rules of ICN.

II Types of classification & Evidences

Artificial, natural and phylogenetic. Bentham and Hooker (up to series),
Taxonomic evidences from palynology, cytology, phytochemistry &Molecular 8
biology data.

III Identification of Angiospermic families -I: (Families can be chosen University

wise as per local available flora) 8
A study of the following families with emphasis on the morphological peculiarities
and economic importance of its members (based on Bentham & Hooker’s system) --
Ranunculaceae, Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rubiaceae Asteraceae,
Apocynaceae , Asclepiadiaceae, Solanaceae

Identification of Angiospermic families -II: (Families can be chosen University

IV wise as per local available flora) 7
A study of the following families with emphasis on the morphological peculiarities
and economic importance of its members (based on Bentham & Hooker’s system)-
Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Papaveraceae, Orchidaceae, Liliaceae, Poaceae

V Modern trends in Plant taxonomy: 8

Phenetics and Cladistics: Brief idea on Phenetics, Numerical taxonomy- methods,
Operational Taxonomic Units, Cladistics- construction of dendrogram and primary
analysis; Monophyletic, polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups.

TOOLS & SOFTWARES IN PLANT IDENTIFICATION- 7

VI GIS (Mapping of (i) Patterns (ii) Features (iii)
QuantitiesFree Phylogenetic Software,
Digital Taxonomy, DEscription Language for TAxonomy – DELTA
VII Computer Applications 7
Introduction to Computers – classification, computer generation, software and
hardware, operating systems, characteristics and application, computer memory and its
types, data storage.
Microsoft excel, data entry, graphs, formulas and functions.

Aesthetic Characteristics of Plants: 8

VIII Aesthetic characteristics of plants, English, Italian, Mughal and Japanese gardens;
Features of a garden. Some Famous gardens of India. Conservatory, green houses, Indoor
Garden, Roof Garden, Bonsai

Suggested equivalent online courses:

https://www.easybiologyclass.com/topic-botany/
http://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/53530 https://www.delta-
intkey.com/www/desc.htm https://milneorchid.weebly.com/plant-id-for-
beginners.html https://plants.usda.gov/classification.html
https://www.senecahs.org/pages/uploaded_files/Plant%20Classification.pdf
https://www.ladykeanecollege.edu.in/files/userfiles/file/Dr_%20S_%20Nongbri%20III%20Sem%20ppt.pdf
https://www.brainkart.com/article/Bentham-and-Hooker-s-classification-of-plants---Dicotyledonae,-Gymnospermae- and-
Monocotyledonae_1000/
https://libguides.rutgers.edu/c.php?g=336690&p=2267037
https://www.delta-intkey.com/

Programme: B.Sc. Year: II Semester: III

Paper-II (Practical)
Subject: Botany
Course Code: B040302P Course Title: Plant Identification technology
Course outcomes:

After the completion of the course the students will be able:

1. To learn how plant specimens are collected, documented, and curated for a permanent record.
2. To observe, record, and employ plant morphological variation and the accompanying descriptive
terminology.
3. To gain experience with the various tools and means available to identify plants.
4. To develop observational skills and field experience.
5. To identify a taxonomically diverse array of native plants.
6. To recognize common and major plant families.
7. To Understand aesthetic characters of flowering plants by making-landscapes, gardens, bonsai, miniatures
8. Comprehend the concepts of plant taxonomy and classification of Angiosperms.
Credits: 2 Core Compulsory
Max. Marks: 25 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University
CBCS norm
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 0-0-4

Unit Topic* No. of

*(Perform Any three experiments from each unit as per facility) Lectures
(60Hrs)

I Herbarium: Plant collecting, Preservation and Documentation:

Stepwise Practicing Herbarium techniques: a. FIELD EQUIPMENTS, Global Positioning 7
System (GPS) instrument & Collection of any wild 25 plant specimens b. Learn to handle
Herbarium making tools c. Pressing and Drying of collected plant specimens d. Special
treatments for all varied groups of plants e. Mount on standard herbarium sheets f. Label the
using Standard method g. Organize them and give Index Register Number
II Taxonomic Identification using plant structure 8
a. Classify 25 plants on the basis of Taxonomic description (Plant Morphology, Anatomy,
Reproductive parts, Habit, adaptation anomalies) according to Bentham Hooker system of
classification in the following families: Malvaceae, Fabaceae (Papilionaceae), Solanaceae,
Scrophulariaceae, Acanthaceae, Labiatae (Lamiaceae), Rubiaceae.
III Identification during excursions 8
a. Conducting Spot identification (Binomial, Family) of common wild plants from families m
included in the theoretical syllabus (list to be provided) and making FIELD NOTE BOOK
and filling Sample of a page of field-book, used in Botanical Survey of India.
b. Describe/compare flowers in semi-technical language giving V.S. of flowers, T.S. of
ovaries, floral diagrams and Floral Formulae. Identify and assign them to their respective
families giving reasons.

IV Collection, Preservation and Storage of Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes (Two 7

Each)
V Botanical Nomenclature & reporting Method:
a. Give nomenclature to collected plants as per ICN rules and prepare labels as per BSI 7
b. Author Citation, Effective Publication and Principle of Priority: To show a specimen
paper on Basic structure of a taxonomic Research published on a new species in taxonomic
journal
VI COMPUTERS
1. Learning to use EXCEL Microsoft Power Point and Word, Working with Folder 7
And Windows Utility., Create And ManageFiles And Folder Tree,
2. Practice browsing of different sites using search engine. practice and understand
different E-Mail services – Outlook, Yahoo mail, Rediff mail etc. Practice
Creating E-Mail accounts, Sending, Receiving & Storing of mails.
3. Create and participate in virtual conferencing in an interactive ZoomMeeting

VII Computer Application in taxonomy

1. Use Taxonomic Software’s (Dichotomous Key) 8
2. Practical’s on Phylogenetic analysis
3. Make line drawing of Plants for description
4. Using of plant identification apps on android phones
VIII 1. Create a Bonsai of any plant 8
2. Develop a miniature garden
3. Draw Layouts of various types of gardens
4. Plant Propagation methods practice

Suggested Readings:
1. Day, S.C. (2003) Complete Home Gardening. (2003) Agrobias, Jodhpur, India.
2. Dhopte, A.M. (2003) Principles and Techniques for Plant Scientists. - Agrobios, Jodhpur, India.
3. Khan, M.R. (1995) Horticulture and Gardening. – Nirali Prakashan, Pune. India.
4. Pramila Mehra Gardening for every one-. Hind pocket book private limited, New Delhi.
5. Kumarsen V. Horticulture, Saras Publication
6. Ramesh Bangia Learning Computer Fundamentals.,., Khanna Book Publishers
7. Bose T.K. & Mukherjee, D., 1972, Gardening in India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
8. Sandhu, M.K., 1989, Plant Propagation, Wile Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras.
9. Randhawa, G.S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. 1986. Floriculture in India. Allied Publishers.
10. Bole, P. V. and Vaghani, Y. (1986) Field guide to the common trees of India. Oxford University Press;Bombay.
11. Womersley, J. S. 1981. Plant collecting and herbarium development: A manual.
12. Brandis, D. (1906) Indian Trees (London, 5th edition. 1971). International Book Distributors; Dehra Dun.
13. Dallwitz, M. J., Paine, T. A. and Zurcher, E. J. (2003). Principles of interactive keys. http://delta-intkey.co
https://www.naace.co.uk/school-improvement/ict-mark/
14. Manilal, K. S. and M. S. Muktesh Kumar (ed.) (1998) A Hand book of Taxonomy Training, DST, N. Delhi
15. Naik, V. N. (1984) Taxonomy of Angiosperms Tata McGrow-Hill Publication Com. Ltd., New Delhi
16. Primak, R. B. (2004) A Primer of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associales, Inc. Publishers
17. Quicke, Donald, L. J. (1993) Principles and Techniques of Commemoratory Taxonomy. Blakie, Academic and
Professional, London
18. Singh, G (2004) Plant Systematics: Theory and practice Oxford and YBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi.
19. Bridson, D. & L. Forman. eds. 1998. The Herbarium Handbook. 3rd ed. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
(Reprinted 1999).
20. De Vogel, E.F. 1987. Manual of Herbarium Taxonomy: Theory and Practice. UNESCO, Jakarta.
21. Fosberg, F.R. & M.-H. Sachet. 1965. Manual for tropical herbaria. Int. Bur. Pl. Tax. & Nom., Regnum
Vegetabile Vol. 39. Utrecht.
22. Jain, S.K. & R.R. Rao. 1977. A handbook of field and herbarium methods. Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and
Publishers, New Delhi.
23. Victor, J.E., M. Koekemoer, L. Fish, S.J. Smithies, M. Mossmer. 2004. Herbarium essentials: the Southern African
Herbarium user manual. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 25. SABONET,
Pretoria.
This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects: Open to all but special for B.Sc.
Biotech, B.Sc. Forestry, B.Sc. Agriculture, B. Pharma, B.A. (Curators), B.A. Archaeology, B.A. Geology, BAMS

Course prerequisites:
Qualification: To study this course, a student must have qualified 10+2 with Biology/ NSQF level 3 from Sector
Skill Councils / Diploma holder from ITI in (Biology/ Agriculture/ Forestry).
Facilities: Smart and Interactive Class
Other Requisites: Video collection, Books, CDs, Flora, Herbarium, Access to On-line resources, Display
Charts
Lab Requisites: Microscopes (Compound, Stereo) Dissection box, stain, Herbarium, Herbarium press,
Dryers, Grinder, Reference Flora
Suggested equivalent online courses:

1. http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/13096/1/Unit-5.pdf
2. https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/wp/wp18.pdf
3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267510854_The_Flowering_Plants_Handbook
Any Other:
Botanical Excursions: One teacher along with a batch not more than 7 students be taken for botanical excursion
to places of Botanical interest, one in each term. If there are female students in a batch of 7 students, one
additional lady teacher is permissible for excursion.

Each excursion will not be more than SEVEN days during college working days. T.A. and D.A. for teachers and
non-teaching staff participating in excursions should be paid as per rules. Tour report duly certified by tour in
charge teacher and Head of the Department should be submitted at the time of practical examination. For every
study tour take the prior permission of the head of the department and Principal.

The marks will be counted under Internal assessment and external assessment both. In external assessment
student will have to present his excursion report along with industrial training/central labs visits and BSI or
Museum visits. In internal assessment he shall have to label the campus plants with botanical details/develop
herbal/floristic garden/conserve plants in botanical garden/contribute specimens via collection.
A project supported along with photographs taken during field study to be submitted giving comprehensive idea
about different types of inflorescences, flowers and fruits.
At least three field excursions at hills/Oceans/Deserts including one Compulsory excursion to Botanical
Garden,FRI/BSI and Central National Herbarium (CNH). Central Research Institutes/Hot Spots

Programme: B.Sc. Year: II Semester: IV

Paper-I
Subject: Botany
Course Code: B040401T Course Title: Economic Botany, Ethnomedicine and
Phytochemistry
Course outcomes:
After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Understand about the uses of plants –will know one plant-one employment
2. Understand phytochemical analysis related to medicinally important plants and economic products
produced by the plants
3. know about the importance of Medicinal plants and its useful parts, economically important plants
in our daily life and also about the traditional medicines and herbs, and its relevance in moderntimes.

Credits: Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+50 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University CBCS

norm
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 4-0-0
No. of
Unit Topic Lectures
(60hrs)
Origin and domestication of cultivated plants
I Centers of diversity of plants. Domestication and introduction of crop plants. cultivation, 7
production and uses of Cereals, legumes & Spices.
Botany of oils, Fibers, timber yielding plants & dyes 7
II Study of the plants with Botanical names, Family, part used, and economic uses yielding Edible
& essential oils; Sugar, Fibers; Rubber, Dyes, Timber, biofuel crops.

Commercial production of Flowers, Vegetables, and fruits (To be Chosen area wise) 7
III Commercial greenhouse cultivation of rose, Gladiolus, bell pepper, strawberry & Exotic leafy
vegetables using Hydroponics.

IPR & Traditional Knowledge 8

IV IPR and WTO (TRIPS, WIPO), Patent Act 1970 and its amendments, Procedure of obtaining
patents, Working of patents, Infringement, Copyrights, Trademarks,
Geographical Indications, Traditional Knowledge and Digital Library.

V Ethnobotany
Methodologies of ethnobotanical research: Field work, Literature, Herbaria and Museum.
Importance of ethnobotany in Indian systems of medicine (Siddha, Ayurveda and Unani), Role 8
of AYUSH, NMPB, CIMAP and CARI.

VI Medicinal aspects
Study of common plants used by tribes (Aegle marmelos, Ficus religiosa, Cynadon dactylon, 8
Eclipta alba, Oxalis and Ocimum sanctum) Preservation of primeval forests in the form of
sacred groves of individual species.
Plants in primary health care: common medicinal plants: Tinospora, Acorus, Ocimum,
Turmeric and Aloe.

VII Pharmacognosy 8
Classification of drug plants based on sources of crude drugs – roots, rhizome, bulb, corm,
leaves, stems, flowers, fruits and seeds.
Organoleptic study of Adhatoda vasica, Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica,
Coriandrum sativum, Eclipta alba, Emblica officinalis, Ocimum sanctum, Ricinus communis,
Vinca rosea and Zingiber officinale.
Drug adulteration.

Herbal Preparations & Phytochemistry: 7

VIII Collection of wild herbs - Capsules – compresses. Hydrotherapy or Herbal bath - Herbal oils -
Liquid extracts or Tincture - Poultices - Salves - Teas.
Anthocyanins and Coumarins and therapeutic applications, Lignans, Terpenes, Volatile oils
and Saponins, Carotenoids and Alkaloids and pharmacological activities.

Suggested Readings:
Course Books published in Hindi may be prescribed by the Universities.

1. Kochhar, S.L. (2011). Economic Botany in the Tropics, MacMillan Publishers India Ltd., New Delhi. 4th edition.
2. Sambamurthy, AVSS & Subrahmanyam, NS (2000). Economic Botany of Crop Plants. Asiatech Publishers. New
Delhi.
3. Singh, D.K and K.V. Peter. 2014. Protected cultivation of horticultural crops. New India Publishing Agency, India.
4. Reddy P. Parvatha. 2016. Sustainable crop protection under protected cultivation. Springer, Singapore.
5. Amit Deogirikar. 2019. A Text Book on Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture. Raj Laxmi
Prakashan, Aurangabad, India.
6. Singh, B., B. Singh, N. Sabir and M Hasan. 2014. Advances in protected cultivation. New India Publishing Agency,
India.
7. Sharma, OP. 1996. Hill’s Economic Botany (Late Dr. AF Hill, adopted by OP Sharma). Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
8. Joe J. Hanan. 1997. Greenhouses: Advanced Technology for protected horticulture. CRC Press.
9. Krishnamurthy, K.V. (2004). An Advanced Text book of Biodiversity - Principles and Practices. Oxford and IBH
Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
10. N.K. Acharya: Textbook on intellectual property rights, Asia Law House (2001).
11. Manjula Guru & M.B. Rao, Understanding Trips: Managing Knowledge in Developing Countries, Sage Publications
(2003).
12. P. Ganguli, Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing the Knowledge Economy, Tata McGraw-Hill (2001).
13. Arthur Raphael Miller, Micheal H. Davis; Intellectual Property: Patents, Trademarks and Copyright in a Nutshell,
WestGroup Publishers (2000).
14. Jayashree Watal, Intellectual property rights in the WTO and developing countries, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
15. Jain, S. K. and V. Mudgal. 1999. A Handbook of Ethnobotany. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.
16. Jeffrey, C. 1982. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. London.
17. Joshi, S. G. 2000. Medicinal Plants. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
18. Kokate, C. and Gokeale- Pharmacognosy- Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
19. Lad, V. 1984. Ayurveda – The Science of Self-healing. Motilal Banaras Dass, New Delhi.
20. Lewis, W. H. and M. P. F. Elwin Lewis. 1976. Medical Botany. Plants Affecting Man’s Health. A
a. Wiley Inter science Publication. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
21. Farooqui, A. A. and Sreeraman, B. S. 2001. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops. Universities Press.
22. Harborne, J. B. 1998. Phytochemical methods – a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis 3 rd. edition,
Chapmanand Hall.
23. Yesodha, D., Geetha, S and Radhakrishnan, V. 1997. Allied Biochemistry. Morgan publications, Chennai.1. Gurdeep
Chatwal, 1980. Organic chemistry of natural products. Vol. I. Himalaya Publishing house.
24. Kalsi, P. S. and Jagtap, S., 2012. Pharmaceutical medicinal and natural product chemistry. N.K. Mehra for
Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
25. Wallis, T. E. 1946. Text book of Pharmacognosy, J & A Churchill Ltd.
26. Roseline, A. 2011. Pharmacognosy. MJP Publishers, Chennai.
27. Jain S. K. 1989. Methods and approaches in Ethnobotany, Society of Ethnobotanists, Lucknow.
28. Sharol Tilgner, N. D. 1999. Herbal medicine - From the heart of the earth. Edn. 1, Printed in the USA by Malloy
Lithographing Inc.
29. Pal, D.C. & Jain, S.K., 1998. Tribal Medicine. Naya Prakash Publishers, Calcutta.
30. Datta & Mukerji, 1952. Pharmacognosy of Indian roots of Rhizomes drugs. Bulletin No.1 Ministry of Health, Govt. of
India.
31. Young Ken, H.W., 1948. Text Book of Pharmacognosy. Blakiston C., Philadelphia.
32. Shukla, R.S., 2000. Forestry for tribal development. A.H. Wheeler & Co. Ltd., India.
33. Raychudhuri, S.P., 1991. (Ed.) Recent advances in Medicinal aromatic and spice crops. Vol.1, Today& Tomorrow’s
printers and publishers, New Delhi.
34. Bajpai, P.K. 2006. Biological Instrumentation and methodology. S. Chand & Co. Ltd.
35. K. Wilson and J. Walker Eds. 2005. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Cambridge University Press.
36. k. Wilson and KH Goulding. 1986. Principles and techniques of Practical Biochemistry. (3 edn Edward Arnold,
London.

This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects: Open to all but special for B.Sc.
Biotech, B.Sc. Forestry, B.Sc. Agriculture, B. Pharma, B.A. (Curators), B.A. Archaeology, B.A. Geology, BAMS
Course prerequisites:
Qualification: To study this course, a student must have qualified 10+2 with Biology/ NSQF level 3 from Sector Skill
Councils / Diploma holder from ITI in (Biology/ Agriculture/ Forestry).
Facilities: Smart and Interactive Class
Other Requisites: Video collection, Books, CDs, Flora, Herbarium, Access to On-line resources, Display Charts
Suggested equivalent online resources:
https://www.pnas.org/content/104/suppl_1/8641
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/659998
https://bsi.gov.in/page/en/ethnobotany
http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l98-Intellectual-Property-and-Traditional-knowledge.html
https://www.brainkart.com/article/Economic-importance-Plants---Food,-Rice,-Oil,-Fibre,-Timber-yielding-plant_1095/
https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/tracer-bullets/economic-botanytb.html
http://nsdl.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/127/1/Fibre%20crops%2C%20bamboo%2C%20timber%20-%20Final.pdf
https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/econpls.htm
https://www.longdom.org/proceedings/phytochemistry-and-phytoconstituents-of-herbal-drugs-and-formulations-1668.html
Programme: B.Sc. Year: II Semester: IV
Paper-II (Practical)
Subject: Botany
Course Code: B040402P Course Title: Commercial Botany & Phytochemical Analysis
Course outcomes: After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Know about the commercial products produced from plants.
2. Gain the knowledge about cultivation practices of some economic crops.
3. Understand about the ethnobotanical details of plants.
4. Learn about the chemistry of plants &herbal preparations
5. Can become a protected cultivator, aromatic oil producer, Pharmacologist or quality analyst in drug company.

Credits: 2 Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University CBCS

norm
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 0-0-4
No. of
Unit Topic
Lectures
(Perform minimum any three experiments from each (60 hrs)
unit)
Economic Botany & Micro techniques:
I
Cereals: Wheat (habit sketch, L.S./T.S. of grain, starch grains, micro-chemical tests); rice 8
(habit sketch, study of paddy and grain, starch grains, micro-chemical tests) Legume: Pea or
ground nut (habit, fruit, seed structure, micro-chemical tests)
Source of sugars and starches: Sugarcane (habit sketch; cane juice- micro-chemical tests);
potato (habit sketch, tuber morphology, T.S. of tuber to show localization of starch grains,
W.M. of starch) grains, micro-chemical tests.
Tea- tea leaves, tests for tannin
Mustard- plant specimen, seeds, tests for fat in crushed seedsTimbers: section of young stem.
Jute- specimen, transverse section of stem, tests for lignin on T.S. of stem and study of fiber
following maceration technique.
Study of specimens of economic importance mentioned in Unit I-& II

Commercial Cultivation 8
II
Field visit to green houses for understanding Floriculture & vegetables production
Development of hydroponics nutrient solutions & running models for cultivation of
vegetables
Development of hydroponics nutrient solutions & running models for cultivation of fodder
Cultivating Medicinal and aromatic plants & Essential oil extraction 7
III
Lemon grass/ Neem/ Zinger /Rose/Mint
Documentation from Traditional Knowledge Digital Library, 7
IV Mark the Geographic Indications on Map,
Understand –Nakshatra Vatika, Navgrah vatika and develop in your college
To extract the names of the plants and Botanical uses depicted in our epics.
Visit NISCAIR, New Delhi
V Ethnobotany
Study of common plants used by tribes. Aegle marmelos, Ficus religiosa, Cynadon
dactylon, 7
Visit a tribal area and collect information on their traditional method of treatment usingcrude drugs.
Familiarize with at least 5 folk medicines and study the cultivation, extraction and its medicinal
application.
Observe the plants of ethnobotanical importance in your area.
Visit to an Ayurveda college or Ayurvedic Research Institute / Hospital
VI Instrumentation and herbal Preparations
Develop Capsules of herbs/ Develop Herbal oils/ Develop Poultice/cream 8
Analyze some active ingredients using chromatography /Spectrophotometry
VII Pharmacognosy
Organoleptic studies of plants mentioned in the theory: 8
1. Morphological studies of vegetative and floral parts.
2. Microscopic preparations of root, stem and leaf.
3. Stomatal number and stomatal index.
4. Vein islet number.
5. Palisade ratio.
6. Fibers and vessels (maceration).
7. Starch test
8. Proteins and lipid test
Phytochemistry:
VIII Determination of the percentage of foreign leaf in a drug composed of a mixture of leaves. 7
Dimensions of Calcium oxalate crystals in powdered crude drug.
Preliminary phytochemical tests for alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, volatile oils, tannins& resins.
Any 5 herbal preparations.

Suggested Readings: Course Books published in Hindi may be prescribed by the Universities.

1. Wallis, T. E. 1946. Text book of Pharmacognosy, J & A Churchill Ltd.

2. Roseline, A. 2011. Pharmacognosy. MJP Publishers, Chennai.
3. Jain S. K. 1989. Methods and approaches in Ethnobotany, Society of Ethnobotanists, Lucknow.
4. Pal, D.C. & Jain, S.K., 1998. Tribal Medicine. Naya Prakash Publishers, Calcutta.
5. Datta & Mukerji, 1952. Pharmacognosy of Indian roots of Rhizome drugs. Bulletin No.1 Ministry of Health,Govt. of
India.
6. Young Ken, H.W., 1948. Text Book of Pharmacognosy. Blakiston C., Philadelphia.
7. Shukla, R.S., 2000. Forestry for tribal development. A.H. Wheeler & Co. Ltd., India.
8. Raychudhuri, S.P., 1991. (Ed.) Recent advances in Medicinal aromatic and spice crops. Vol.1, Today &Tomorrow’s
printers and publishers, New Delhi.
9. Khasim S.M Botanical Microtechniques: Principles and Practice-
10. Sambamurthy, AVSS & Subrahmanyam, NS (2000). Economic Botany of Crop Plants. Asiatech Publishers. Delhi.
11. Singh, D.K and K.V. Peter. 2014. Protected cultivation of horticultural crops. New India Publishing Agency
This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects: Open to all but special for B.Sc.
Biotech, B.Sc. Forestry, B.Sc. Agriculture, B. Pharma, B.A. (Curators), B.A. Arch. BAMS
Course prerequisites:
Qualification: To study this course, a student must have qualified 10+2 with Biology/ NSQF level 3 from Sector Skill
Councils / Diploma holder from ITI in (Biology/ Agriculture/ Forestry).
Facilities: Smart and Interactive Class
Other Requisites: Video collection, Books, CDs, Flora, Herbarium, Access to On-line resources, Display Charts
Lab requisites: Repository of economic products, Microscopes/ Botanical /Herbal Garden, TLC, Spectrophotometer.
Suggested equivalent online courses:
https://www.entrepreneurindia.co/Document/Download/pdfanddoc-144615-.pdf
http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/45825
https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/resources/pdf/medical_tk.p
df https://www.bentoli.com/commercial-farming-agriculture/
DETAIL SYLLABUS OF B.Sc.-III YEAR
Programme: B.Sc. Year: III Semester: V
Paper-I
Subject: BOTANY
Course Code: B040501T Course Title: Plant Physiology, Metabolism &
Biochemistry
Course outcomes:
After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Understand the role of Physiological and metabolic processes for plant growth and development.
2. Learn the symptoms of Mineral Deficiency in crops and their management.
3. Assimilate Knowledge about Biochemical constitution of plant diversity.
4. Know the role of plants in development of natural products, dietary supplements,antioxidants

Credits: 4 Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+50 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University CBCS norm

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week) 4-0-0

Unit Topic No. of

Lectures(60hrs)
Plant water relation, Mineral Nutrition, Transpiration and translocation in phloem
I Brief idea of diffusion, osmosis and water, water potential, 7
Transpiration and its significance; Root pressure and guttation.
Criteria of essentiality of elements; Symptoms of mineral deficiency.
Mechanism and theories of ion uptake and translocation, active and passive transport,

Carbon Oxidation
II Glycolysis, fate of pyruvate, aerobic and anaerobic respiration and fermentation, Krebs cycle, 7
oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, mitochondrial electron transport, oxidative
phosphorylation, factors affecting respiration.

Nitrogen Metabolism
III Nitrate assimilation, biological nitrogen fixation (examples of legumes and non-legumes),
Physiology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation, importance of nitrogen metabolism. 8

Lipid Metabolism: Synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides, oxidation, gluconeogenesis

IV and its role in mobilization of lipids during seed germination. 7
Photosynthesis: Pigments, Electron transport system and Photophosphorylation, C3 & C4
photosynthesis, CAM- Reaction and Significance.

Plant Development, Movements, Dormancy & Responses

V Developmental roles of Phytohormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinin’s, ABA, ethylene). 8
Photoperiodism (SDP, LDP, Day neutral plants); Phytochrome (discovery, structure and
function), Seed Dormancy, Vernalization.
Biomolecules
VI Carbohydrates: Nomenclature and classification; Role of monosaccharides (glucose,
fructose); Disaccharides (sucrose), Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides (structural- 8
cellulose, storage – starch).
Lipids: Storage lipids: Fatty acids structure and functions, Structural lipids:
Phosphoglycerides.

Proteins: Structure of amino acids; Peptide bonds; Levels of protein structure-primary,

VII secondary, tertiary and quaternary; Isoelectric point; Protein denaturation. 7
Nucleic acids: Structure of nitrogenous bases; Structure and function of nucleic acids,
Nucleic acid denaturation & Renaturation.

Enzymes: Structure of enzyme: holoenzyme, apoenzyme, cofactors, coenzymes and 8

VIII prosthetic group.
Mechanism of action (activation energy, lock and key hypothesis, induced - fit theory),
factors affecting enzyme activity, Allosteric enzymes & Abymes.

Programme: B.Sc. Year: III Semester: V

Paper-II (Practical)
Subject: Botany
Course Code: B040503P Course Title: Experiments in Physiology & Biochemistry

Course outcomes: After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Know and authentic the physiological processes undergoing in plants along withtheir metabolism
2. Identify Mineral deficiencies based on visual symptoms

Credits: 2 Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University CBCS norm

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week) 0-0-4

No. of Lectures
Unit Topic*
(60 hrs.)
*(Perform any three from each unit based on facility)
Plant water relation, Mineral Nutrition and translocation in phloem 15
I 1. Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method using
leaves of Rhoeo / Tradescantia.
2. Osmosis – by potato osmoscope experiment
3. Effect of temperature on absorption of water by storage tissue and determination
of Q10.
4. Experiment to demonstrate the transpiration phenomenon with the bell jar method
5. Experiment for demonstration of Transpiration by Four-Leaf Experiment:
6. Structure of stomata (dicot & monocot)
7. Determination of rate of transpiration using cobalt chloride method.
8. Experiment to measure the rate of transpiration by using Farmer’s Potometer
9. Experiment to measure the rate of transpiration by using Ganong’s potometer
10. Effect of Temperature on membrane permeability by colorimetric method.
11. Study of mineral deficiency symptoms using plant material/photographs.
II Nitrogen Metabolism, Photo Synthesis & Respiration
1. A basic idea of chromatography: Principle, paper chromatography and column
chromatography; demonstration of column chromatography. 15
2. Separation of plastidial pigments by solvent and paper chromatography.
3. Estimation of total chlorophyll content from different chronologically aged leaves
(young, mature and senescence) by Arnon method.
4. Effect of HCO3 concentration on oxygen evolution during photosynthesis in an aquatic
plant and to find out the optimum and toxic concentration (either by volume
measurement or bubble counting).
5. Measurement of oxygen uptake by respiring tissue (per /hr.)
6. Determination of the RQ of germinating seeds.
7. Effect of light intensity on oxygen evolution in photosynthesis using Wilmott’ bubble
III Plant Development, Movements, Dormancy & Responses
1. Geotropism and phototropism — Klinostàt 15
2. Hydrotropism -
a. Measurement of growth — Arc and lever auxanometer
3. To study the phenomenon of seed germination (effect of light).
4. To study the induction of amylase activity in germinating grains.
5. Test of seed viability by TTC method.
6. To study the effect of different concentrations of IAA on Avena coleoptile
elongation (IAA bioassay)
Techniques for biochemical analysis
1. Weighing and Preparation of solutions -percentage, molar & normal 15
IV solutions, dilution from stock solution etc.
2. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography.
3. Detection of organic acids: citric, tartaric, oxalic and malic from laboratory
samples.,
4. Qualitative Analysis of carbohydrates,
5. Estimation of reducing sugar by anthrone method,
6. Qualitative Analysis of Lipids
7. Qualitative analysis of Amino acids and Proteins
8. Quantitative Analysis of Nucleic Acids,
9. Analysis of dietary supplements, nutraceuticals & antioxidants
10. Testing of adulterants in food items.

Programme: B.Sc. Year: III Semester: V

Paper-III
Subject: BOTANY
Course Code: B040502T Course Title: Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics

Course outcomes:
After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Understand nucleic acids, organization of DNA in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, DNA replication mechanism,
geneticcode and transcription process.
2. Know about Processing and modification of RNA and translation process, function and regulation of expression.
3. Gain working knowledge of the practical and theoretical concepts of bioinformatics

Credits: 4 Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+50 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University CBCS norm

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week) 4-0-0

Unit Topic No. of

Lectures(60hrs)
Genetic material
I DNA structure, types of DNA, types of genetic material. Packaging of DNA. DNA 7
replication (Prokaryotes): Semi–conservative, conservative and dispersive modes of
replication.
Mechanism of replication, Enzymes of replication.

Transcription & Regulation of gene expression 7

II
Transcription-Types and structures of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), RNA polymerase-
various types.
Translation, (Prokaryotes), genetic code.
Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes: Lac operon
Principles & Techniques of genetic engineering
III
r-DNA, c-DNA, Vectors and enzymes of genetic engineering.
Blotting techniques: Northern, Southern and Western Blotting, 8
DNA Fingerprinting; PCR and Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. Hybridoma and monoclonal
antibodies.

Applications of Genetic engineering

Pest resistant (Bt-cotton); herbicide resistant plants (RoundUp Ready soybean); Transgenic 7
IV
crops with improved quality traits (Flavr Savr tomato, Golden rice); Role of transgenics in
bioremediation (Superbug); Industrial enzymes (Protease, Lipase);

Bioinformatics & its applications

V Brief ideas of programming languages in bioinformatics 8
Scope of bioinformatics - Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics,
Applications and Limitations of bioinformatics.

Biological databases
VI Introduction to biological databases - primary, secondary and composite databases,
NCBI, nucleic acid databases (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ, NDB), 8
protein databases (PIR, Swiss- Prot, PDB),

Data Generation and Data Retrieval

VII Generation of data (Gene sequencing, Protein sequencing), Sequence submission tools 7
(BankIt, Sequin, Webin); Sequence file format (FASTA, EMBL, Clustal, Swiss-Prot);
Sequence annotation; Dataretrieval systems (SRS, Entrez).

Phylogenetic analysis 8
VIII
Similarity, identity and homology, Alignment – local and global alignment, pairwise and
multiple sequence alignments. Methods of Alignment (BLAST and FASTA);
Phylogenetic analysis: Construction of phylogenetic tree, methods of construction of
phylogenetic trees.

Readings:
Course Books published in Hindi may be prescribed by the Universities.

1. Primrose, SB. 1995. Principles of Genome Analysis. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford, UK.
2. E.J. Gardner and D.P. Snustad. PRINCIPAL OF GENETICS (1984), John Wiley & Sons, Ney York.
3. Watson, J. D., Baker T.A., Bell, S. P., Gann, A., Levine, M., and Losick, R., 2008 Molecular Biology of the Gene 6th
edition. Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press, Pearson Pub.
4. Freifelder - Molecular Biology.
5. P.K. Gupta. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS. Rastogi Publications, 7th Reprint (1st Edition): 2016-2017.
6. Ghosh, Z., Mallick, B. (2008). Bioinformatics – Principles and Applications, 1st edition. New Delhi, Delhi: Oxford
University Press.
7. Baxevanis, A.D. and Ouellette, B.F., John (2005). Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and
Proteins, 3rd edition. New Jersey, U.S.: Wiley & Sons, Inc.
8. Roy, D. (2009). Bioinformatics, 1st edition. New Delhi, Delhi: Narosa Publishing House.
9. Andreas, D., Baxevanis, B.F., Francis, Ouellette. (2004). Bioinformatics: A practical guide to the analysis of
genesand proteins, 3rd edition. New Jersey, U.S.: John Wiley and Sons.
10. Pevsner J. (2009). Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, 2nd edition. New Jersey,U.S.: Wiley Blackwell.
11. Xiong J. (2006). Essential Bioinformatics,1st edition. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press
Suggested equivalent online courses:
https://www.edx.org/learn/molecular-biology
https://www.vlab.co.in/broad-area-biotechnology-and-biomedical-engineering
https://www.classcentral.com/course/swayam-genetic-engineering-theory-and-application-14090
https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=genetics
https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=molecular%20biology
https://www.edx.org/learn/genetic-engineering

This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects:

Programme: B.Sc. Year: III Semester: V

Paper-IV (Practical)
Subject: Botany
Course Code: B040504P Course Title: Experiments in Genetics & molecular biology

Course outcomes: After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
1. Understand and develop skill for conducting molecular experiments for genetic engineering

Credits: 2 Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University CBCS norm

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week) 0-0-4
No. of
Unit Topic*
Lectures
*(Perform any three from each unit based on facility) (60 hrs.)
Genetic material 15
I 1. Instruments and equipment’s used in molecular biology.
2. Preparation of LB medium and cultivating E. coli on it.
3. Isolation of Genomic DNA
4. Isolation of DNA from plants
5. Examination of the purity of DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis.
6. Quantification of DNA by UV-spectrophotometer
7. Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method.

Preparation of models/ charts:

II
1. Study of experiments establishing nucleic acid as genetic material (Avery et al, Griffith’s,
Hershey & Chase’s and Fraenkel & Conrat’s experiments) through photographs 15
2. Numerical based on DNA re-association kinetics (melting profiles and Cotcurves)
3. Study of DNA replication through photographs: Modes of replication - Rolling circle,
Theta and semi-discontinuous; Semiconservative model of replication (Meselson and
Stahl’s experiment); Telomerase assisted end-replication of linear DNA
4. Study of structures of: tRNA (2D and 3D); prokaryotic RNA polymerase and eukaryotic
RNA polymerase II through photographs
5. Study of the following through photographs: Assembly of Spliceosome machinery;
Splicing mechanism in group I & group II introns; Ribozymes and Alternative splicing
6. Understanding the regulation of lactose (lac) operon (positive & negative regulation) and
tryptophan (trp) operon (Repression and De-repression & Attenuation) through
photographs.
Understanding the mechanism of RNAi by photographs
III Genetic Engineering
1. Isolation of protoplasts. 15
2. Construction of restriction map of circular and linear DNA from the dataprovided.
3. Isolation of plasmid DNA.
4. Restriction digestion and gel electrophoresis of plasmid DNA
(demonstration/ photograph).
5. Calculate the percentage similarity between different cultivars of a species using
RAPD profile. Construct a dendrogram and interpret results.
6. Agarose gel analysis of plasmid DNA
7. Restriction digestion of plasmid DNA -Demonstration of PCR

Applications of Genetic engineering

1. ELISA Test, 15
IV 2.. Viability tests of cells
3. Study of methods of gene transfer through photographs: Agrobacterium- mediated,
direct gene transfer by electroporation, microinjection, microprojectile bombardment.
4. Study of steps of genetic engineering for production of Bt cotton, Golden rice, Flavr
Savr tomato through photographs.

Suggested Readings:
Course Books published in Hindi may be prescribed by the Universities.

1. Karp, G. 2010. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons.
Inc.
2. A Laboratory Manual of Plant, Physiology, Biochemistry and Ecology ISBN: 9788177544589 Edition
: 01Year: 2012 Author: Akhtar Inam Publisher: Agrobios (India)
3. Advanced Methods In Physiology And Biochemistry (pb) ISBN: 9789381191132 Edition: 01Year: 2016
Author: Padmanaban G, Chandrasekaran CN, Thangavelu AU , Dr. Sivakumar R , Kalimuthu N, Dr.
Boominathan P, Dr. Anbarasan P, Agrobios.
4. Methods in Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1997. Dashek, WV (ed.). CRC Press.
5. Wilson and Walker. Practical Biochemistry: Principles and Techniques. Cambridge University
Press.U.K.
6. Thimmaiah, SR. 2004. Standard Methods of Biochemical Analysis. Kalyani Publishers.
7. Henry, RJ. 1997. Practical Application of Plant Molecular Biology. Chapman & Hall, London

This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects:

Open to all but special for following: B.Sc. Math, B.Sc. Statistics, B.Sc. Nutrition, B.Sc. Biophysics, B.Sc. Biotech,
B.Sc. Forestry, B.Sc. Agriculture.
Course prerequisites:
Qualification: To study this course, a student must have qualified 10+2 with Biology/ NSQF level 3 from Sector
SkillCouncils / Diploma holder from ITI in (Biology/ Agriculture/ Forestry/ Biotech/ /Gardening)
Facilities: Smart and Interactive Class
Other Requisites: Video collection, Books, CDs, Access to On-line resources, Display Charts
Lab requisites: Electrophoresis units, Gel rocker, UV-transilluminator, Vortex Mixer, Shaker, CVT, Hi Media
Biotechnology &Molecular biology Kits/Chemicals, Micropipettes, Elisa reader/Microtiter Reader
Suggested equivalent online courses:
https://www.edx.org/learn/molecular-biology
https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810039999
https://www.classcentral.com/course/swayam-genetic-engineering-theory-and-application-14090
https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=genetics
https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=molecular%20biology
https://www.edx.org/learn/genetic-engineering
https://www.mooc-list.com/tags/genetic-engineering
https://www.classcentral.com/course/edx-molecular-biology-part-1-dna-replication-and-repair-2907
Programme: B.Sc. Year: III Semester: VI
Paper-I
Subject: Botany
Course Code: B040601T Course Title: Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding &
Nanotechnology
Course outcomes: After the completion of the course the students will be able:
1. Acquire knowledge on ultrastructure of cell.
2. Understand the structure and chemical composition of chromatin and concept of cell division.
3. Interpret the Mendel’s principles, acquire knowledge on cytoplasmic inheritance and sex-linked inheritance.
4. Understand the molecular mechanism of mutation.
.

Credits: 4 Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+50 Min. Passing Marks: As per

UGC/University CBCS norm
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 4-0-0
Unit Topic No. of
Lectures
(60 hrs)
I Cell biology
Structure and function of Cell, cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, Endoplasmic
reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisomes - Organization of nucleus: nuclear
envelope, nucleoplasm and nucleolus. 8
Structure of chromosome. Chromosomal nomenclature- chromatids, centromere, telomere,
satellite, secondary constriction. Organization of chromosomes- Nucleosome model.
Cell cycle: –mitosis, meiosis,

II Genetics
Brief idea about Mendel’s theory of inheritance, Chromosome theory of inheritance,
crossing over and linkage; Interaction of Genes; Polygenic inheritance; Extra-nuclear 7
Inheritance, Concept of sex determination and Sex chromosomes; Patterns of Sex
determination in plants.

III Plant breeding

Plant introduction. Agencies of plant introduction in India, Procedure of introduction – 8
Acclimatization.
Selection - mass selection, pure line selection and clonal selection.
Hybridization: inter generic, inter specific, inter varietal hybridization with examples.
Male sterility, Mutation, Molecular Breeding, achievements in India, Quality enhancement
of Kalanamak variety of rice in Terai region of eastern U P.

VI Biostatistics:
Definition, statistical methods, basic principles, variables- measurements, functions, 7
limitations and uses of statistics.
Central tendency– Arithmetic Mean, Mode and Median; Standard Deviation,
Test of significance: chi- square test for goodness of fit.
Computer application in biostatistics - MS Excel.
Plant tissue culture
V Principles, components and techniques of in vitro plant cultures, Callus cultures, Protoplast- 8
isolation and culturing of protoplast- principle and application, regeneration of protoplasts,
protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization- selection of hybrid cells, Soma clonal variation,
Nanotechnology
VI Fundamentals of nanoscale self-assembly process involved in important functional 7
biomolecules such as Nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), Proteins, Enzymes, Advantages and
applications of biologically synthesized nanomaterials. Biomineralization, Magnetosomes,
nano-pesticides, nano-fertilizers, nano-sensors.

Artificial Intelligence in Plant Sciences

VII Big Data Analytics, Blockchain Technology, Machine learning, Expert systems and Fuzzy 8
logic, Artiﬁcial Neural Networks and Genetic algorithms, Applications of Artiﬁcial Neural
Networks in Plant Science.

Introduction to use of Digital technologies – AI, IoT & ICT in Botany 7

VIII Educational software- INFLIBNET, internet as a knowledge repository-google scholar,
science direct. weather forecasting. Database management, platforms, Graphical user
interface, ICT Applications for different crops and horticulture

suggested Readings:
Course Books published in Hindi may be prescribed by the Universities.

1. G.M. Cooper. (2015). The cell: A Molecular Approach. 7th Edition. Sinauer Associates.
2. Alberts, B., Johnson, A.D., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walter, P. (2014). Molecular Biology of
Cell. 6th Edition. WW. Norton & Co.
3. Campbell, M.K. (2012) Biochemistry, 7th ed., Published by Cengage Learning.
4. Campbell, P.N. and Smith, A.D. (2011). Biochemistry Illustrated, 4th ed., Published by Churchill Livingstone
5. Tymoczko, J.L., Berg, J.M. and Stryer, L. (2012). Biochemistry: A short course, 2nd ed., W. H. Freeman.
6. Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer, L. (2011) Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman and Company
7. Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Ed., W.H. Freeman and
Company.
8. Karp, G. (2010). Cell Biology, John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A. 6th edition.
9. Hardin, J., Becker, G., Skliensmith, L.J. (2012). Becker’s World of the Cell. 8th edition.Pearson Education Inc.
U.S.A.)
10. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., Snustad, D.P. (1991). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & sons, India. 8th e
11. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., India.5th edition.
12. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2009). Concepts of Genetics. Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A..
13. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010). Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W. H.
Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10th edition.
14. M K Raxdan An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture –; Oxfird & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
15. Aggarwal SK (2009) Foundation Course in Biology, 2nd Edition, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd
16. Allard RW (1960) Principles of Plant Breeding. John willey and Sons. Inc. New York

BOTANY-UG-2020
17. BD Singh (2003) Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publishers
18. Cohn, N.S. (1964) Elements of Cytology. Brace and World Inc, New Delhi
19. Darnel, J. Lodish, Hand Baltimore, D. (1991) Cell and molecular biology. Lea and Fibiger, Washington.
20. De Robertis, E.D.P and Robertis, E.M.P (1991) Cell and molecular biology Scientific American books.
21. Dobzhansky, B (1961) Genetic and origin of species, Columbia university Press New York
22. Durbin (2007) Biological Sequence Analysis. Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd
23. Gerald Karp (1985) Cell biology, Mc Graw Hill company.
24. Lewin, B, (1994) Genes, Oxford University Press, New York.
25. Lewis, W.H (1980) Polyploidy. Plenum Press, New York.
26. Nicholl T (2007) An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd
27. Roy S.C. and Kalayan kumar De (1997) Cell biology. New central Boos Calcutta
28. Sandhya Mitra, (1998) Elements of molecular biology. Macmillan, India Ltd.
29. Sharma JR (1994) Principles and Practices of Plant Breeding. Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. New Delhi
30. Sharma, A.K and Sharma A (1980) Chromosome technique Theory and practice, Aditya Books, New York
31. Swanson, C.P (1957) Cytology and Genetics. Englewood cliffs, NewYork.
32. Taylor (2008) Biological Sciences. Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd
33. Twymann, R.M. (1998) Advanced molecular biology Viva books New Delhi.
34. Veer Bala Rastogi (2008), Fundamentals of Molecular Biology Ane Books Pvt. Ltd
35. A. J. Nair. Basics of Biotechnology- Laxmi Publications, New Delhi.
36. S S Purohit and S K Mathur; Biotechnology-Fundamentals and Application- Agrobotanica, India.
37. A. J. Nair Introduction to Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Boston, USA.
38. H S Chawla Introduction to Plant Biotechnology-; Oxford & IBH publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.
39. H D Kumar Modern concept of Biotechnology, Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
40. P C Trivedi, Plant biotechnology, Recent Advances Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
41. Du, C., and S. A. Jackson. 2019. Machine learning and complex biological data. Genome Biology 20: 76.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059‐ 019‐ 1689‐ 0
42. Alexis and Mathew Leon., Fundamentals of Information Technology Leon Vikas
43. Plant R. E., Stone N. D. (1991). Knowledge-based systems in agriculture. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, NY 10020.
44. Han S., Steward B.L., Tang L. (2016). Intelligent agricultural machinery and field robots. In Zhang Q. Precision
agriculture technology for crop farming (pp.133-176). CRC Press, Taylor Francis Group, New York.
45. Lucci S., Kopec D. (2013). Artificial intelligence in the 21st century. 22841 Quicksilver Drive Dulles, VA
20166.
46. V. Rajaraman Introduction to Information Technology, Prentice Hll.
47. Ramesh Bangia Learning Computer Fundamentals., Khanna Book Publishers
48. Bass, Joel, E and et. al., Allyn & Bacon, 2009. Methods for Teaching Science as Inquiry, The truth of
science,Newton R.G.,
49. R. Rangaswami (2009) A Text book of Agriculture Statistics. New Age International (P) Limited, Hyderabad.
50. Nageshwar Rao G. (2007) Statistics for Agriculture Sciences BS Publications. New Delhi
51. Nigam A.K. and Gupta,V. K. (1979)Hand book on Analysis of Agricultural Experiments.. IASRI Publication,
NewDelhi.
52. Panse V.G. Sukhatme P.V. (1985) Statistical methods for Agricultural workers. Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, New Delhi
53. Snedecor GW. & Cochran WG. (1989) Statistical Methods. Iowa State University Press.
54. Design and Analysis of Experiments by Das M.N. and Giri N.C. (1986). Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
55. Gomez, A.A. and Gomez, A. A. (1984) Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. Jo hn Wiley and
Sons.New York.
56. Gupta, S.C. (2016) Fundamentals of Statistics. H i m a l a y a Publishing House Mumbai - 400004,
Maharashtra,India.
57.V.K. Kapoor (2007) Fundamentals of Applied statistics by Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi- 110 002
58. Yubing Xie. 2012. Nanotechnology. CRC Press.The Nanobiotechnology Handbook. CRC Press.
59. Sulabha K. Kulkarni. 2014 Nanotechnology: Principles and Practices. CP publishing, New Delhi.
60. B S Murty, P Shankar, Baldev Raj, B B Rath, James Murday. 2012. Textbook of Nanoscience and
BOTANY-UG-2020
Nanotechnology. Springer
61. K. K. Chattopadhyay and A. N. Banarjee. 2009. Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. PHI
Publication.
62. Sharma A.K. 2005. Text Book Of Biostatistics I, Discovery Publishing House.
63. Annadurai, B. 2007. Text Book of Biostatistics. New Age International.
64. Gurumani, N. 2010. An Introduction to Biostatistics (2nd Edn). MJP Publishers.
65. David S. Goodshell. 2004. Bionanotechnology-Lessons from nature. John Wiley Publications.
66. R. Stephen Crespi, Tibtech, Patenting in Biotechnology - Part I, Vol. 9, 117-122, 1991.
67. Pattnaik, P.K., Kumar, R., Pal, S., Panda, S.N. (Eds.) IoT and Analytics for Agriculture,2020
68. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811391767
69. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811550720
70. Petersen Roger G. (1994) Agricultural Field Experiments Design and Analysis by Marcel Dekker, New York.

This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects:

Open to all but special for B.Sc. Biotech, B.Sc. Forestry, B.Sc. Agriculture, B. Pharma, B.Sc. Food Science,
B.A. (Curators), B.A. Geology.

Course pre-requisites:

Qualification: To study this course, a student must have qualified 10+2 with Biology/ NSQF level 3 from Sector
Skill Councils / Diploma holder from ITI in (Biology/ Agriculture/ Forestry/ Biotech/Math/Statistics/Chemistry/
Computer Science)
Facilities: Smart and Interactive Class
Other Requisites: Video collection, Books, CDs, Access to On-line resources, Display Charts

Suggested equivalent online courses:

https://www.cytology-iac.org/educational-resources/virtual-slide-library
https://www.asct.com/ASCTWeb/Content/Cytopreparation_Online_Course.aspx
https://www.mooc-list.com/tags/genetics
https://www.coursera.org/learn/genetics-evolution
https://www.my-mooc.com/en/mooc/introduction-to-genetics-and-evolution/

Further Suggestions:
Access to Statistics, Chemistry, Math and Biotechnology resources will be required

Programme: B.Sc. Year: III Semester: VI

Paper-II (Practical)
Subject: Botany
Course Code: B040603P Course Title: Lab on Cytogenetics, Biostatistics and
Tissue Culture

Course outcomes: After the completion of the course the students will be able:
1. To perform all experiments related to the semester-i.e., Plant tissue cultured plants, conducting breeding
onfield, conserving and depolluting the environment.
2. Can be employed in environment impact assessment companies & start his own venture
Credits: 2 Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University

CBCS norm
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 0-0-4
No. of Lectures
Unit Topic
(60 hrs)

BOTANY-UG-2020
Cell biology
I 1. Study of plant cell structure with the help of epidermal peal mount of Onion /
Rhoeo / Crinum
2. Measurement of cell size by the technique of micrometry. 15
3. Counting cells per unit volume with the help of haemocytometer
(Yeast/pollen grains)
4. Determination of mitotic index and frequency of different mitotic stages in pre-
fixed root tips of Allium cepa.
II Genetics
1. Monohybrid cross (Dominance and incomplete dominance)
2. Dihybrid cross (Dominance and incomplete dominance) 15
3. Gene interactions (All types of gene interactions mentioned in the syllabus)
a. Recessive epistasis 9: 3: 1.
b. Dominant epistasis 12: 3: I
c. Complementary genes 9: 7
d. Duplicate genes with cumulative effect 9: 6: 1
e. Inhibitory genes 13: 3
4. Observe the genetic variations among inter and intra specific plants.
Demonstration of Breeding Techniques- Hybridization, case studies of mutation,
polyploidy, emasculation experiment

III Biostatistics:
1. Univariate analysis of statistical data: Statistical tables, mean, mode, median, 15
2. standard deviation and standard error (using seedling population / leaflet
size).
3. Calculation of correlation coefficient values and finding out the probability.
4. Determination of goodness of fit in Mendelian and modified mono-and
dihybrid ratios (3:1, 1:1, 9:3:3:1, 1:1:1:1, 9:7, 13:3, 15:1) by Chi-square
analysis and comment on the nature of inheritance.
Computer application in biostatistics - MS Excel and SPSS

IV Plant tissue culture

1. Familiarization of instruments and special equipment’s used in the plant 15
tissueculture experiments
2. Preparation of plant tissue culture medium, and sterilization, Preparation of stock
solutions of nutrients for MS Media.
3. Surface sterilization of plant materials for inoculation (implantation in the
medium)
Micropropagation of potato/tomato/ - Demonstration 5. Protoplast isolation and
culturing – Demonstration

Programme: B.Sc. Year: III Semester: VI

Paper-III
Subject: Botany
Course Code: B040602T Course Title: Ecology & Environment
Course outcomes:
1. acquaint the students with complex interrelationship between organisms and environment;
2. make them understand methods for studying vegetation, community patterns and processes,
ecosystem functions, and principles of phytogeography.
3. This knowledge is critical in evolving strategies for sustainable natural resource management
and biodiversity conservation.

Credits: 4 Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+50 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University

CBCS norm
BOTANY-UG-2020
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 4-0-0
No. of Lectures
Unit Topic (60 hrs.)
Natural resources & Sustainable utilization:
I Soil degradation and management strategies; Wetlands; Threats and management
strategies, Ramsar sites, 7
Forests: Major and minor forest products; Depletion, Biological Invasion,
Energy: Renewable and non-renewable sources ofenergy,
Ecology & Ecosystem
II Definition of Ecology, Ecological Factors: Abiotic and biotic com-, 8
Ecosystem – Ecosystem-structure and function. Energy flow in an ecosystem
Ecological Succession- Hydrosere and Xerosere.
Food chains and food webs, Ecological pyramids,
Ecosystems Ecological Adaptations – Hydrophytes, Xerophytes, Halophytes,

Soil Formation, Properties & Conservation

III Soil Formation & composition, Soil types, Soil Profile, Soil Erosion, Biogeochemical
cycles. 7
Soil Conservation: Biological–, Mulching, Strip cropping and Crop rotation.
Mechanical–Basin Listing, Soil reclamation
IV Biodiversity and its conservation:
Definition -genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
hot spots of Biodiversity & threats to biodiversity, Endemic and endangered species of 7
plants in India.
Conservation of Biodiversity:
Ex-situ and in-situ conservation, Red data book, botanical gardens, National park,
Sanctuaries, Bioreserves.
Phytogeography:
V Biogeographic regions of India, Natural vegetation of India, basic principles governing 7
geographical distribution of plants (Age area hypothesis and Continental drifttheory),
Phytogeographical regions of India, Vegetational types in Uttar Pradesh.

VI Environmental audit & Sustainability

Concept of environmental audit; Guidelines of environmental audit; Environmental
standards: ISO 14000series; Scheme of labelling of environment friendly products 8
(Ecomark); Concept of energy and green audit, Concept of Sustainable Agriculture;
India’s environment action Programme: issues, approaches and initiatives towards
Sustainability; Concept of ecological footprints.
VII Pollution, Waste management & Circular Economy
Environmental pollution, Environmental protection laws, Activated Sludge Process 8
(ASP), regulatory framework for pollution monitoring and control; implementation of
CNG; Waste- Types, collection and disposal, Recycling of solid wastes (hazardous &
non-hazardous) -

VIII Environmental ethics, Carbon Credits &Role of GIS 8

Carbon credit: concept, exchange of carbon credits.
Carbon sequestration, importance, meaning and ways.
Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion,
Wasteland reclamation.
Geographical Information Systems: components; spatial and non-spatial data; GIS
software packages.

BOTANY-UG-2020
Suggested Readings:
Course Books published in Hindi may be prescribed by the Universities.

1. Chapman and Riss. Ecology: Principles and Applications, Latest Ed., Cambridge University Press
2. Shukla, R.S. & Chandel, P.S. Plant Ecology, Latest Ed., S. Chandel and Co.
3. Kumar, H.D. Modern Concept of Ecology, Latest Ed. Vikas Publishing House
4. Begon, M., Herper, J.L. and Townsend, C.R. Ecology- Individuals, Populations and Communities (3rd ed.),
Oxford Blackwell Science
5. Verma, P.S. & Agarwal, U.K. Concept of Ecology, Latest Ed., S. Chand & Company
6. Odum, F.P. Fundamentals of Ecology, Latest Ed., Saunders
7. Sharma, P.D. Elements of Ecology, Latest Ed., Rastogi Publications
8. Ambasht, R.S. & Ambasht, N.K. A Text Book of Plant Ecology, Latest Ed., CBS Publication & Distributors
9. Mani, M.S. Bio-Geography of India, Latest Ed., Springer-Verlag.
10. Mackenzie et al. Ecology, Latest Ed., Viva Books.
11. Gurevitch, J. (et al.)., The Ecology of plants, 2002, Sinauer Associates.
12. Kimar, U. & Asija, M.J. Bio-diversity: Principles & Conservation, 2005, Student Edition, Agrobios (India)
13. Krishnamurthy, K.V. An Advanced Text Book on Biodiversity, 2003, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Ltd.
14. Mitra, D., Guha, J.K., Chowdhury, S.K. Studies in Botany, Vol. II (7th ed.) Moulik Library.
15. Primack, R.B. Essentials of Conservation Biology, 1993, Sinauer Associates.
16. Lo, C.P. & Yeung, A.K.W. Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information Systems, 2002,
Printice-Hall of India.
17. Cain, Bowman, Hacker. Ecology. 2014. 3rd Ed. Sinauer Associates
18. Vasudevan, N. (2006). Essentials of Environmental Science. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
19. Singh, J. S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation.
AnamayaPublications, New Delhi.
20. Rogers, P.P., Jalal, K.F. and Boyd, J.A. (2008). An Introduction to Sustainable Development. Prentice
Hall ofIndia Private Limited, New Delhi.
21. Abbasi, S. A. (1998). Environmental Pollution and its Control. Cogent International, Pondicherry.
22. Abbasi, S. A. and Ramasamy, E. V. (1999). Biotechnological Methods of Pollution Control. Universities
Press(India) Limited, Hyderabad.
23. Peavy, H. S., Rowe, D. R. and Tchobanoglaus, G. (1985). Environmental Engineering, Mc Graw Hill
BookCompany, Singapore.
24. Rand, M. C., Greenberg, A. E. and Taras, M. J. (Ed.) (1995). Standard methods for the examination of
waterand wastewater: 19th edition, American Public Health association (APHA), Washington, D.C.
25. Scragg, A. (1999). Environmental Biotechnology, Addison Wesley Longman, Singapore.
26. Tchobanoglaus, G. (1988). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reuse. Tata Mc Graw Hill,
NewDelhi.
27. Aarve, V. P., William, A. W. and Debra, R. R. (2002). Solid waste engineering. Cengage reading, USA.
28. George, T., Hilary, T. and Samuel, A. V. (1993). Integrated solid Waste Management, Engineering
Principlesand Management Issues, Mc Graw Hills.
29. George, T. and Frank, K. (2002). Handbook of solid waste management: (Second dition). Mc Graw Hills.
30. Kanthi, L. S. (2000). Basics of Solids and hazardous waste management Technologies.Prentice Hall.
31. Anonymous. 1997. National Gene Bank: Indian Heritage on Plant Genetic Resources (Booklet).
NationalBureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New York.
32. Gillespie, A. 2006. Climate Change, Ozone Depletion and Air Pollution: Legal Commentaries with Policy and
BOTANY-UG-2020
Science Considerations. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
33. Hardy, J.T. 2003. Climate Change: Causes, Effects and Solutions. John Wiley & Sons.
34. Harvey, D. 2000. Climate and Global Climate Change. Prentice Hall.
35. Manahan, S.E. 2010. Environmental Chemistry. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
36. Maslin, M. 2014. Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford Publications.
37. Mathez, E.A. 2009. Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and our Energy Future.
ColumbiaUniversity Press.
38. Mitra, A.P., Sharma, S., Bhattacharya, S., Garg, A., Devotta, S. &Sen, K. 2004. Climate Change and
India.Universities Press, India.
39. Philander, S.G. 2012. Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change (2nd edition).
Sage Publications.
40. . Demers, M.N. 2005. Fundamentals of Geographic Information System. Wiley & Sons.
41. Richards, J. A. & Jia, X. 1999. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing. Springer.
42. Sabins, F. F. 1996. Remote Sensing: Principles an Interpretation. W. H. Freeman.
43. Gaston, K J. & Spicer, J.I. 1998. Biodiversity: An Introduction. Blackwell Science, London,
44. Singh, J. S. & Singh, S. P. 1987. Forest vegetates on of the Himalaya. The Botanical Review 53:80-192.
45. Sodhi, N.S. & Ehrlich, P.R. (Eds). 2010. Conservation Biology for All. Oxford University Press.
46. Sodhi, N.S., Gibson, L. & Raven, P.H. 2013. Conservation Biology: Voices from the Tropics. Wiley-
Blackwell,Oxford, UK.

Suggested equivalent online courses:

https://community.plantae.org/tags/mooc
uturelearn.com/courses/teaching-biology-inspiring-students-with-plants-in-science
https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=plants http://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/53530

Programme: B.Sc. Year: III Semester: VI

Paper-IV (Practical)
Subject: Botany
Course Code: B040604P Course Title: Lab on Ecology, Soil Science &
Environment management
Course outcomes: After the completion of the course the students will be able:
1. To perform all experiments related to the semester-i.e., Ecology and environment, conserving and
depolluting the environment.
2. Can be employed in environment impact assessment companies & start his own venture
Credits: 2 Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25 Min. Passing Marks: As per UGC/University

CBCS norm
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 0-0-4
No. of Lectures
Unit Topic
(60 hrs)

BOTANY-UG-2020
Ecology & environment
I 1. Ecological Adaptations – Hydrophytes, Xerophytes, Halophytes, Epiphytes 15
and Parasites
(a). Study of morphological adaptations of hydrophytes and xerophytes (four
each).
(b). Study of biotic interactions of: Stem parasite (Cuscuta), Root
parasite (Orobanche) Epiphytes, Predation (Insectivorous plants).
2. Observation and study of different ecosystems mentioned in thesyllabus.
3. Field visit to familiarize students with ecology of different sites

II Soil Formation, Properties & Conservation 15

1. Determination of pH of various soil and water samples (pH meter,
universal indicator/Lovibond comparator and pH paper)
2. Analysis for carbonates, chlorides, nitrates, sulphates, organic matter and
base deficiency from two soil samples by rapid field tests.
3. Determination of organic matter of different soil samples by
Walkley & Black rapid titration method.
4. Soil Profile study
5. Soil types of India-Maps
Biodiversity and Phytogeography:
III 1. Study of community structure by quadrat method and determination of 15
(i) Minimal size of the quadrat,
(ii) Frequency, density and abundance of components (to be done during
excursion/field visit).
2. Marking of vegetation types of India, World & Uttar Pradesh on maps
3. Phytogeographical areas of India
IV Pollution &Waste management 15
1. Study of instruments used to measure microclimatic variables: Soil
thermometer, maximum and minimum thermometer, anemometer,
psychrometer/hygrometer, rain gauge and lux meter
2. Estimation of chloride and dissolved oxygen content in water sample
3. Comparative anatomical studies of leaves form polluted and less polluted
areas.
4. Measurement of dissolved O2 by azide modification of Winkler’s method.
5. Determination of dissolved oxygen of water samples from polluted and
unpolluted sources.
6. Microbiological assessment of drinking water using MPN technique- water
from well, river, water supply department and packaged drinking water
7. Making kitchen waste from compost/vermicompost by Enzymes/Bio
decomposer/ Whey with dung.
Climate Change, Carbon Credits &Role of GIS
1. Conducting Waste Audit of your Institution -Demo
Green auditing of the College/University -Demo

BOTANY-UG-2020
Suggested Readings: as in papers above:
Course Books published in Hindi may be prescribed by the Universities.
1. Practical Botany (Part III) Author: Sunil D Purohit, Anamika Singhvi & Kiran Tak 2013 Apex Publishing
House,Raj.
2. Practical Botany (Part II) Author: N. C. Aery, Sunil D Purohit & Gotam K Kukda 2013 Apex Publishing
House,Raj.

4. A Handbook Of Soil, Fertilizer And Manure (2nd Ed.) (pb) ISBN: 9788177544152Edition: 02 Year:
2017Author: Gupta PKPublisher : Agrobios (India)
5. Green Technology: An Approach For Sustainable Environment ISBN: 9788177543438Edition: 01 Year:
2021Author: Dr. Purohit SSPublisher : Agrobios (India)
6. Laboratory Manual Of Chemical And Bacterial Analysis Of Water And Sewage ISBN:
9788177540802Edition: 01 Year: 2011Author: Theroux FR, Eldridge EF, Mallmann WL Publisher:
Agrobios (India)
7. Methods In Environmental Analysis: Water Soil And Air (2nd Ed.) ISBN: 9788177543087 Edition: 02
Year: 2021Author: Gupta PKPublisher : Agrobios (India)
8. Water Treatment And Purification Technology ISBN: 9788177540024Edition: 01 Year:2009 Author: Ryan
WJPublisher : Agrobios (India

http://vidyamitra.inflibnet.ac.in/index.php/home/subjects?domain=Life+Science&subdomain=Botany
http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/Home.aspx
(http://epathshala.nic.in/, http://epathshala.gov.in/)
This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects:
Open to all but special for B.Sc. Biotech, B.Sc. Forestry, B.Sc. Agriculture, B. Pharma, B.Sc. Food Science, B.A.
(Curators), B.A. Geology.

Course pre-requisites:
Qualification: To study this course, a student must have qualified 10+2 with Biology/ NSQF level 3 from Sector Skill
Councils / Diploma holder from ITI in (Biology/ Agriculture/ Forestry/ Biotech/ Math/Statistics/Chemistry/ Computer
Science)
Facilities: Smart and Interactive Class
Other Requisites: Video collection, Books, CDs, Access to On-line resources, Display Charts Lab requisites:
Biotech instruments, environmental lab instruments.
Suggested equivalent online courses:
https://www.cytology-iac.org/educational-resources/virtual-slide-library
https://www.asct.com/ASCTWeb/Content/Cytopreparation_Online_Course.aspx
https://www.mooc-list.com/tags/genetics
https://www.coursera.org/learn/genetics-evolution
https://www.my-mooc.com/en/mooc/introduction-to-genetics-and-evolution/
Further Suggestions: Access to Statistics, Chemistry, Math and Biotechnology resources will berequired

BOTANY-UG-2020

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