MP 122 Engineering Analysis (1)

Lecture 5: Mathematical modeling and Engineering

Problem Solving

Shuaiby Mohamed
Dr. Shuaiby Mohamed (Assiut University) ME 122: Engineering Analysis (1) Academic year 2021-2022
 Course Outline
• Matlab Basic
• Mathematical modeling and Engineering Problem Solving
• Error Analysis
• Solution of Nonlinear Equations
• Solution of linear Equations
• Curve Fitting
– Least Squares
– Interpolation
• Numerical Integration
• Numerical Differentiation
• Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations
• Solution of Partial Differential Equations

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 Today’s Lecture

I. Applications to Mechanics
II. Applications to Electric Circuits
III.Applications to Chemistry
IV. Applications to Steady-State Heat Flow

Dr. Shuaiby Mohamed (Assiut University) ME 122: Engineering Analysis (1) Academic year 2021-2022 3
 Applications to Mechanics: Recap
• Newton’s second law of motion
The time rate of change in momentum of a body is proportional to the
net force acting on the body and has the same direction as the force.

𝒅 𝒅
(𝒎𝒗) ∝ 𝑭 𝒎𝒗 = 𝑲𝑭
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒗
If 𝒎 constant, then 𝒎 = 𝑲𝑭 ⟹ 𝒎𝒂 = 𝑲𝑭
𝒅𝒕
The value of 𝒌 depend on units we use

F=net force acting on the body (N)

m=mass of the object (kg)
a=its acceleration (m/s2) 𝒌=𝟏
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 Physical Problems Involving Geometry: Recap
• A container having constant cross section A is filled with water to height H. The
water flows out through an orifice, of cross section B, at the base of the
container. Find the height of water at any time and find the time to empty the
tank.
Mathematical Formulation:
The basic principle which we use is the obvious one that the amount of water lost when the level drops from
1 to 2 is equal to the amount of water which escapes through the orifice. When the water level drops from 1
to 2, the volume lost is numerically equal to 𝑨 ∆𝒉
𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕

−𝑨 ∆𝒉 = 𝑩∆𝒔
Dividing by ∆𝒕 and taking the limit as ∆𝒕 ⇒ 𝟎, we find
𝒅𝒉 𝒅𝒔
−𝑨 =𝑩
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
where 𝑣 = 𝒅𝒔/𝒅𝒕 is the instantaneous velocity of efflux through the orifice.

Dr. Shuaiby Mohamed (Assiut University) ME 122: Engineering Analysis (1) Academic year 2021-2022 5
 Physical Problems Involving Geometry: Recap
• A container having constant cross section A is filled with water to height H. The
water flows out through an orifice, of cross section B, at the base of the
container. Find the height of water at any time and find the time to empty the
tank.
Mathematical Formulation:
𝒅𝒉 𝒅𝒔
−𝑨 =𝑩 = 𝑩𝒗
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
where 𝑣 = 𝒅𝒔/𝒅𝒕 is the instantaneous velocity of efflux through the orifice.

For ideal conditions 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒈𝒉

𝒅𝒉
−𝑨 = 𝑩𝒗 = 𝑩 𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝒅𝒕
𝐼. 𝐶 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ ℎ = 𝐻
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 Applications to Electric Circuits
Fundamental laws
• Voltage drop across resistor
𝑽𝑹 ∝ 𝑰 ⟹ 𝑽𝑹 = 𝑹𝑰
• Voltage drop across inductor
𝒅𝑰 𝒅𝑰
𝑽𝑳 ∝ ⟹ 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
• Voltage drop across capacitor
𝑸 𝟏
𝑽𝑪 ∝ 𝑸 ⟹ 𝑽𝑪 = = න 𝑰 𝒅𝒕
𝑪 𝑪
Kirchoff’s law

The algebraic sum of all the voltage drops

around an electric loop or circuit is zero.
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 Applications to Electric Circuits
Component Symbol Unite
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
Resistor
Resistor 𝑜ℎ𝑚(Ω)

Generator
Capacitor
Capacitor 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑(𝑓) or battery

Inductor ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦(ℎ)

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 Applications to Electric Circuits

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 Problem #1: Applications to Electric
Generator with emf 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑽 connected in series with 10 𝜴 resistor and inductor of
2 H. If the switch K closed at t = 0, set up differential equation and determine the
current at time t.
Solution:
Mathematical Formulation:
• Apply Kirchoff law
𝒅𝑰
𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝑰 + 𝟐
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑰
+ 𝟓𝑰 = 𝟓𝟎 with 𝑰 𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕
• Linear 1st Order DE, then we use integrating factor 𝒆𝟓𝒕 and we get:
𝒅 𝟓𝒕
(𝒆 𝑰) = 𝟓𝟎𝒆𝟓𝒕 𝒆𝟓𝒕 𝑰 = 𝟏𝟎𝒆𝟓𝒕 + 𝒄 𝑰 = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝒄𝒆−𝟓𝒕
𝒅𝒕
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 Problem #1: Applications to Electric
Generator with emf 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑽 connected in series with 10 𝜴 resistor and inductor of
2 H. If the switch K closed at t = 0, set up differential equation and determine the
current at time t.
Solution:
𝑰 = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝒄𝒆−𝟓𝒕 with 𝑰 𝟎 =𝟎

• Using initial condition: ⟹ 𝒄 = −𝟏𝟎

𝑰 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟓𝒕
Interpretation:

• We note current is zero at 𝒕 = 𝟎 and builds

toward max of 𝟏𝟎 𝑨 when 𝒕 approach ∞
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 Problem #1: In MATLAB use
clear; clc; 𝒅𝑰
syms I(t) + 𝟓𝑰 = 𝟓𝟎 with 𝑰 𝟎 = 𝟎
eqn = diff(I,t) == 50-5*I; 𝒅𝒕
cond = I(0) ==0;
I(t)=dsolve(eqn,cond)
t = 0:.01:200 ;
𝑰 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟓𝒕
I(t);
plot(t,I(t),'linewidth',2)
xlabel('time (t)','interpreter','latex','fontsize',14)
ylabel('Current (I)','interpreter','latex','fontsize',14)
axis([0 2 0 12])
grid on

I(t) =

10 - 10*exp(-5*t)

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 Problem #2: Applications to Electric
• Repeat problem 1 with 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑽 generator replaced by emf of 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟓𝒕 𝑽.
Solution:
Mathematical Formulation:
𝒅𝑰
+ 𝟓𝑰 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒕 with 𝑰 𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕
• Using integrating factor 𝒆𝟓𝒕 we get: Recall

𝟓𝒕
𝒆𝟓𝒕 𝑰 = 𝟏𝟎 න 𝒆𝟓𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒕 + 𝒄

𝑰 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒕 + 𝒄𝒆−𝟓𝒕 using 𝑰 𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒄 = −𝟏

𝑰 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟓𝒕

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 Problem #3: Applications to Electric
Decaying emf 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟓𝒕 is connected in series with 𝟐𝟎 𝜴 resistor and 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝑭
capacitor. Assuming Q = 0 at t = 0, find the charge and current at any time. Show
that the charge reaches a maximum, calculate it, and find when it is reached.
Solution:
Mathematical Formulation:
• Apply Kirchoff law 𝟐𝟎𝑰 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑸 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟓𝒕

𝒅𝑸
𝟐𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑸 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟓𝒕
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑸
+ 𝟓𝑸 = 𝟏𝟎𝒆−𝟓𝒕
𝒅𝒕

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 Problem #3: Applications to Electric
Solution: 𝒅𝑸
+ 𝟓𝑸 = 𝟏𝟎𝒆−𝟓𝒕
𝒅𝒕
• Linear 1st Order DE, we use integrating factor 𝒆𝟓𝒕 :
𝒅
(𝑸𝒆𝟓𝒕 ) = 𝟏𝟎 𝑸𝒆𝟓𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝒕 + 𝒄
𝒅𝒕

using 𝑸 𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒄=𝟎 𝑸𝒆𝟓𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝒕

𝒅𝑸 𝒅𝑸 𝒅
Current at any time: 𝑰 = ⟹ = 𝟏𝟎𝒕𝒆−𝟓𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝒆−𝟓𝒕 − 𝟓𝟎𝒕𝒆−𝟓𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Maximum charge: To find when 𝑸 is a maximum, set 𝒅𝑸/𝒅𝒕 = 𝟎 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜

𝑸 𝟎. 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 𝐂
Dr. Shuaiby Mohamed (Assiut University) ME 122: Engineering Analysis (1) Academic year 2021-2022 15
 Today’s Lecture

I. Applications to Mechanics
II. Applications to Electric Circuits
III.Applications to Chemistry
IV. Applications to Steady-State Heat Flow

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 Problem #1 Applications to Chemistry and Chemical Mixtures
• Two chemicals, A and B, react to form chemical C.
• The rate at which C formed varies as the product of the instantaneous
amounts of chemicals A and B present.
• The formation requires 2 kg of A for each kg of B.
• Initially 10 kg of A and 20 kg of B are present
• If 6 kg of C formed in 20 min, find the amount of chemical C at any time.

Mathematical Formulation:
• Let 𝒙 kg be the amount of C formed in time 𝒕 hours. Then 𝒅𝒙/𝒅𝒕 is the
rate of its formation.
• To form 𝒙 kg of C, we need 𝟐𝒙/𝟑 kg of A and 𝒙/𝟑 kg of B.
• Then, when 𝒙 kg of C formed at time 𝒕, the amount of A present is 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝒙/𝟑
and the amount of B at this time is 𝟐𝟎 − 𝒙/𝟑
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 Problem #1 Applications to Chemistry and Chemical Mixtures
Mathematical Formulation:

• Hence, we have where 𝑲 is constant

where 𝒌 is
another constant
𝟏
• From the problem, we have initial conditions 𝒙 𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒙 =𝟔
𝟑
• Note although 1st order DE, we need conditions to compute 𝒌 and
constant of integration.

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 Problem #1 Applications to Chemistry and Chemical Mixtures
𝒙 𝟎 = 𝟎,
Mathematical Formulation:
𝟏
𝒙 =𝟔
𝟑
Solution:
• Separation of variables yields

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 Problem #1 Applications to Chemistry and Chemical Mixtures

𝒙 𝟎 = 𝟎,
Mathematical Formulation:
𝟏
𝒙 =𝟔
𝟑
Solution:

Interpretation:
• We note that as 𝒕 → ∞, 𝒙 → 𝟏𝟓 which is expected from the present amount
of A and B.

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 Today’s Lecture

I. Applications to Mechanics
II. Applications to Electric Circuits
III.Applications to Chemistry
IV. Applications to Steady-State Heat Flow

Dr. Shuaiby Mohamed (Assiut University) ME 122: Engineering Analysis (1) Academic year 2021-2022 21
 Applications to Steady-State Heat Flow
• Consider slab of material of indefinite length bounded by two parallel planes A
and B.

• Suppose A and B are kept at 50°C and 100 °C.

• At steady-state, every point between A

and B reaches some temperature and
does not change thereafter and we
have steady-state heat flow.
• Lines parallel to A and in plane
perpendicular to A are isothermal lines.

• Corresponding planes of cylinders called

isothermal surfaces.
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 Applications to Steady-State Heat Flow

• Lines parallel to A and in plane perpendicular

to A are isothermal lines.

• The orthogonal trajectories of the family are

called flow lines.
• Consider small portions of two neighboring
isothermal surfaces separated by a distance
𝚫𝒏

• Assume temperature corresponding to

surface 𝑺𝟏 is 𝑼𝟏 , and that corresponding to
𝑺𝟐 is 𝑼𝟐 and let
𝜟𝑼 = 𝑼𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏

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 Applications to Steady-State Heat Flow
• Let H the amount of heat flow per unit area per unit time.

• It is found experimentally that:

• Consider +ve direction from 𝑺𝟏 to 𝑺𝟐 . If

𝒅𝑼/𝒅𝒏 is positive, then 𝑼 is increasing and,
hence, we must have 𝑼𝟐 > 𝑼𝟏 And vice
verse. 𝜟𝑼 = 𝑼𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏

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 Applications to Steady-State Heat Flow

• The amount of heat per unit time across

an area A is

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 Problem #1 Applications to Steady-State Heat Flow
Long steel pipe, of thermal conductivity 𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 units, has an inner radius of
𝟎. 𝟏 𝒎 and an outer radius of 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒎. The inner surface is kept at 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝑪 and the
outer surface is kept at 𝟓𝟎°𝑪 .
• (a) Find the temperature as a function of distance 𝒓 from the common axis of
the concentric cylinders.
• (b) Find the temperature when 𝒓 = 𝟏𝟓 cm.
• (c) How much heat is lost per minute in a portion of the pipe which is 20 m
long?
Solution:
Mathematical Formulation:
• Isothermal surfaces are cylinders concentric with the given ones.
• The area of such a surface having radius 𝒓 and length 𝒍 is 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒍.

• The distance 𝒅𝒏 is 𝒅𝒓 in this case.

Dr. Shuaiby Mohamed (Assiut University) ME 122: Engineering Analysis (1) Academic year 2021-2022 26
 Problem #1 Applications to Steady-State Heat Flow
Solution:
Mathematical Formulation:
• Isothermal surfaces are cylinders concentric with the given ones.
• The area of such a surface having radius 𝒓 and length 𝒍 is 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒍.
• The distance 𝒅𝒏 is 𝒅𝒓 in this case.

𝒅𝑼
𝒒 = −𝑲(𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒍) ⟹ 𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓, 𝒍 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎 ,
𝒅𝒓
𝒅𝑼
𝒒 = −𝟔𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒓
𝒅𝒓

• We have the conditions 𝑼(𝟏𝟎) = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝑪 and 𝑼(𝟐𝟎) = 𝟓𝟎°𝑪.

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 Problem #1 Applications to Steady-State Heat Flow
𝒅𝑼
𝒒 = −𝟔𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒓
𝒅𝒓

• We have the conditions 𝑼(𝟏𝟎) = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝑪 and 𝑼(𝟐𝟎) = 𝟓𝟎°𝑪.

• Separating variables in DE and integrating:

𝒅𝒓
𝒒 = −𝟔𝟎𝟎𝝅 𝒅𝑼 −𝟔𝟎𝟎𝝅 𝑼 = 𝒒 ln 𝒓 + 𝒄
𝒓

• We have the conditions 𝑼(𝟏𝟎) = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝑪 and 𝑼(𝟐𝟎) = 𝟓𝟎°𝑪.

−𝟔𝟎𝟎𝝅 (𝟐𝟎𝟎) = 𝒒 ln 𝟏𝟎 + 𝒄, −𝟔𝟎𝟎𝝅 (𝟓𝟎) = 𝒒 ln 𝟐𝟎 + 𝒄

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 Problem #1 Applications to Steady-State Heat Flow
−𝟔𝟎𝟎𝝅 (𝟐𝟎𝟎) = 𝒒 ln 𝟏𝟎 + 𝒄, −𝟔𝟎𝟎𝝅 (𝟓𝟎) = 𝒒 ln 𝟐𝟎 + 𝒄
𝒒 = 𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝐜 = −𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑼 = 𝟔𝟗𝟗 − 𝟐𝟏𝟔 ln 𝒓

𝒓 = 𝟏𝟓, ⟹ 𝑼 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒° 𝑪

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 Modeling of Mechanical Systems

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 Modeling of Mechanical Systems
Example
Consider the two carriage train system shown. obtain the transfer function X1(s)/F (s)

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 Modeling of Electromechanical Systems

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 Questions

Reading Assignment: Chapter 3

M. Spiegel, Applied Differential Equations, 3rd ed.

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