INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDTATES

Write your name,centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the
top of this page and on the Answer Paper used.
There are ten questions in this paper.
Section A
Answer all questions
Write your naswers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer any three questions
Write your answers in the Answer Booklet provided.
At the end of the examination:
1 Fasten the Answer Booklet used securely to
the question paper.
2 Enter the numbers of the section B
FOR EXAMINER’S USE
questions you have answered in the grid
Section A
on the right.
INFORMATION TO CANDIDATES Section B
The intended number of marks is given in
brackets [ ] at the end of each question or
part question.
You are advised to spand no longer than one hour on Total
Section A and no longer than 45 minutes on Section B.

Cell phones are not allowed in the examination room.

SECTION A
1 Figure 1.1 shows some cells taken from a vascular tissue of a
plant.

Figure 1.1
(a) Identify the cells X and Y and structure labelled Z
Cell X……………………………………………………………
Cell Y……………………………………………………………
Structure Z……………………………………………………..[3]

(b) What are the functions of the cells labelled

(i) X………………………………………………………….......
………………………………………………………………[1]
(ii) Y……………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………[1]
(iii) What structure ,in the human body,performs similar
function as structure Y?
…………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………….[1]

(c) What two conditions are necessary for osmosis to take place?
1 …………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
2 …………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
[Total:8]
2 (a) Figure 2.1 shows the amount of lactic acid in the blood
before,during and after a heavy exercise.

Figure 2.1
(a) (i) What was the lavel of lactic acid in the blood before
the exercise?
……………………………………………………………….[1]
(ii) How much lactic acid was produced at 20 minutes after
the exrcise?
……………………………………………………………….[1]
(iii) How long did it take for the lactic acid to reach its highest
level after the exercise had began?
……………………………………………………………....[1]
 (b) (i) What is the reason for the build up of lactic acid in the
blood?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………[1]
(ii) What are the effects of the build up of this lactic acid on
the person?
…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………[2]
(iii) Compare the products of the process taking place during
the heavy exercise to that which takes place in yeast
cells?
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………….[2]

(c) Suggest two uses of the process identified in b(i)

1 ………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
2 ………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….[2]
[Total:10]

3 (a) Complete the Table 3.1,by filling in the blank spaces.

HORMONE SOURCE ACTION

(i) Ovary Begins rebuilding
the lining of the
uterus
(ii) Thyroxine Thyroid
gland

(iii) Adrenal
gland

Table 3.1
[4]
 (b) What happens to the hormones after completing their action
in target organs?
……………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………..[2]
(c) State two ways in which hormones and nerve impulses
differe in controlling body processes?
1 ………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
2 ………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….[2]
[Total:8]

4 Figure 4.1 and figure 4.2 shows pyramids of food relationships

among organisms in a forest and a lake.

Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2

(a) (i) Identify the organism found in the trpic level labelled A in
Figure 4.1?
………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..…[1]
(ii) What would happen if the population of insects in Figure
4.1 reduced?
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………...[2]

(b) (i) what is the ultimate source of energy for both pyramids?
……………………………………………………………..[1]
(ii) Explain the difference in energy between the tropic
levels as you go up the pyramids.
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………...[3]
 (c) Traces of DDT applied on a nearby farm washed by rain
into the lake and were taken up by algae in Figure 4.2.
Why was there more DDT in organisms in the fourth tropic
level of figure 4.2 than those in the first tropic level?
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………….[2]
[Total:8]

5 (a) Haemophilia is an example of a sex-linked inherited disease

arising from a blood disorder.
(i) What is a sex-linked characteristic?
……………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………….[1]
(ii) Explain why males are more likely to suffere from sex-linked
diseases than females?
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………….[2]
(b) Colour blindness is another sex-linked disease.Using a
genetic diagram,show the chances of having a colour blind
child child from a couple made up of a normal male parent
and a carrier female parent.(use symbols XR and Xr)

[7]
[Total:10]
 Section B
Answer any three questions
All answers should be in sentences form in paragraphs

6 (a) Explain how leaves are adapted to carry out photosynthesis.[4]

(b) How does a plant get and use the following elemnts:
(i) Nitrogen
(ii) Magnesium [4]

(c) Explain how enzymes activity is affected by the PH and

concetration of the substrtate. [4]
[Total:12]

7 (a) (i) Explain the role of the kidney in excretion. [3]

(ii) Explain the role of kidneys in homeostasis. [3]

(b) Describe the advantages of a kidney transplant. [3]

(c) Explain why there is limited excretion of nitrogenous waste

and salts in plants. [3]
[Total:12]

8 (a) What are the advanatges of sexual reproduction over sexual

reproduction in flowering plants? [5]

(b) Explain how asexual reproduction in a fubgi ,such as a

Rhizopus takes place. [3]

(c) Describe the sequence of events which take place in a flower

from pollination to fertilisation. [4]
[Total:12]
9 (a) What is the importance of the following in relation to blood?
(i) Leukemia [2]

(ii) Sicle cell anemia [2]

(b) Explain the role of house flies in disease transmission.

(c) Discuss the cause,signs ,symptoms and prevention of malaria.

[8]
[Total:12]

10 (a) (i) Explain the importance of transpiration. [3]

(ii) Explain how two named enviromntal factors affect the rate
of transpiration. [5]

(b) Describe the role of blood in transporting materials in the

body. [5]
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDTATES
Write your name,centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the
top of this page and on the Answer Paper used.
There are ten questions in this paper.
Section A
Answer all questions
Write your naswers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer any three questions
Write your answers in the Answer Booklet provided.
At the end of the examination:
1 Fasten the Answer Booklet used securely to
the question paper.
2 Enter the numbers of the section B
FOR EXAMINER’S USE
questions you have answered in the grid
Section A
on the right.
INFORMATION TO CANDIDATES Section B
The intended number of marks is given in
brackets [ ] at the end of each question or
part question.
You are advised to spand no longer than one hour on Total
Section A and no longer than 45 minutes on Section B.
Cell phones are not allowed in the examination room.
SECTION A
1 The figure below shows the structures of four specialised cells.

Figure 1.1
(a) (i) Using the letters of the cells,identify animal cells and
name them.
1. Identity Name
2.

(ii) For each of trhe named cell in (a)(i),state one

characteristic features.
Feature in animal cell 1……………………………………
……………………………………………………………….
Feature in animal cell 2……………………………………
…………………………………………………………….[2]

(b) For cells A and D in the figure above,name the substance

found in the cell which enables it to perform its specialised
function.
1. Identity Name
2.
[2]
(c) Figure 1.2 below shows an experiment on osmosis.

Figure 1.2

(i) From which solution in the figure above will there be flow of
water molecules by osmosis?
…………………………………………………………………[1]
(ii) When will the flow of water molecules across the
membranes stop by osmosis
………………..……………………………………………….[1]
(iii) Suggest one reason why only water molecules can move
across this membrane.
……………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………..[2]
[Total:8]
2 Figure 2.1 shows the human digestive system.

Figure 2.1

(a) From Figure 2.1,select the letter where

(i) Egestion occurs………………………………………………

(ii) Pancreatic juice is formed……………………………………

(iii) Villi are present…………………………………………...…[3]

(b) The stomach produces hydrochloric acid.

State two functions of this acid in the stomach.
1. …………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
2. …………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………[2]
(c) Describe the roles of the liver in
(i) Digestion………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
(ii) Assimilation…………………………………………………….
..………………………………………………………………[4]
[Total:8]
3 Figure 3 shows a longitudinal section through a bean seed.

Figure 3
(a) Identify the parts labelled I and J
I…………………………………………………………………….[1]
J…………………………………………………….…...…………[1]

(b) Describe the role ogf the micropyle and structure J.

(i) Micropyle
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………[1]
(ii) Structure J
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
………………………………..……………………………….[1]
(c) Figure 3.2 shows the position of the plumule after exposure of
a seedling to one sided light for five days.

Figure 3.2
 (i) Explain the effects of one sided light on the top of the
plumule
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………….………………..[2]
(ii) What is the benefit of ths effect to the seedling?
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………[2]
[Total:8]

4 Figure 4.1 shows some components found in an ecosystem.

COMPONENT A COMPONENT B COMPONENT C
1 river 100 impalas 50 hares
70 trees 100 impalas
250 hectares of 200 zebra
grass 4 lions
50 hares
100 impalas
200 zebra
4 lions
Figure 4.1
(a) Which of the above component corresponds to
(i) A population
………………………………………………………………….
(ii) A community
……………………………………………………………….[2]
(b) (i) Which of the above components contains abiotic factors?
……………………………………………………………….[1]
(ii) From the component in b(i), give one example of an
abiotic factor.
……………………………………………………..….……...[1]
(iii) Construct a food chain using organisms in component A in
figure 4.1.
………………………………………………..………………[1]
(c) Figure 4.2 shows untreated industrial effluent being
discharged into a river.

Figure 4.2
(i) What type of pollution is shown in figure 4.2?
.........................................................................................[1]
(ii) Suggest a pollutant which can be found in industrial
effluent.
.........................................................................................[1]
(iii) What measures can be taken to reduce this type of
pollution?
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
………………………………………….……………………..[2]
[Total:9]
5 Figure 5.1 shows the inheritance of haemophilia in a family.

Figure 5.1
(a) Taking the allele for haemophilia to be Xh, what is the genotype
of the offspring 3 and 7?
Offspring 3:……………………………………………………………
Offspring 7:…………………………………………………………[2]

(b) Offspring 4 married a person with a similar genotype to

offspring 7.
(i) Draw a genetic diagram to show the genotypes and the
phenotypes of the offspring.

[5]
(ii) What is the probability of them having a normal child?
…………………………………………………………………[1]
(iii) What is the probability of them having a child who is a
carrier?
…………………………………………………………………[1]
[Total:9]
 Section B [36 marks]
Answer any three questions
All answers should be as full sentences in paragraphs and not in points
form

6 (a) Compare and contrast gaseous exchange in a fish and an

insect. [4]

(b) Describe the composition and functions of the lymph. [8]

[Total:12]

7 (a) (i) Explain the factors which reduce immunity to pathogens. [3]

(ii) Explain why immunization against diseases such as

measles and tuberculosis (TB) is most important in children
under the age of five. [3]

(b) Describe the methods of transmission of schistomiasis

(bilharzia). How can it be prevented and controlled? [6]
[Total:12]

8 (a) Explain the meaning of the following terms:

(i) Positive geotropism
(ii) Phototropism [4]

(b) Distinguish between a tropic response and tactic response.[4]

(c) Outline the path taken by an impulse through a spinal reflex

arc.
[Total:12]
9 (a) Explain the following terms
(i) Transpiration pull
(ii) Translocation
(iii) Gutation [6]

(b) Describe how a simple photometer can be set up and used to

show transpiration [6]
[Total:12]

10 (a) Explain the effects of the following human activities on other

organisms.
(i) Fishing [3]

(ii) Charcoal burning [3]

(b) Describe the undesirable effects of the following types of

pollution.
(i) Raw sewage in water [3]

(ii) Sulphur dioxide in air [3]

[Total:12]
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDTATES
Write your name,centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the
top of this page and on the Answer Paper used.
There are ten questions in this paper.
Section A
Answer all questions
Write your naswers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer any three questions
Write your answers in the Answer Booklet provided.
At the end of the examination:
3 Fasten the Answer Booklet used securely to
the question paper.
4 Enter the numbers of the section B
FOR EXAMINER’S USE
questions you have answered in the grid
Section A
on the right.
INFORMATION TO CANDIDATES Section B
The intended number of marks is given in
brackets [ ] at the end of each question or
part question.
You are advised to spand no longer than one hour on Total
Section A and no longer than 45 minutes on Section B.
Cell phones are not allowed in the examination room.
 SECTION A [44 marks]
Answer all the questions in the spaces oprovided on the question
paper.
1 Figure 1.1 shows a pant cell which has been put in a concentrated
salt solution.

Figure 1.1
(a) Identify the parts labelled A and B
A……………………………………………………………………
B…………………………………………………………………[2]

(b) (i) What happened to the cell to reach this state?

………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………[2]

(ii) State the term given to this condition.

………………………………………………………………[1]

(iii) How can this condition be reversed?

…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………..………..[1]

(c) Give one reason why the structure labelled C remained in its
natural state.
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….[1]
 (d) Give two differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.
Difference 1………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………
Difference 2………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………….[2]
[Total:9]

2 Figure 2.1 shows an experiment to investigate the movement of

coloured solution in a plant.

Figure 2.1
(a) Name the process by which
(i) Water in the solution was absorbed by the plant.
………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Colured solute in the solution was absorbed by the plant
……………………………………………………………….[2]

(b) Why was oil put on top of the coloured solution?

……………………………….……………………………………[1]
(c) Figure 2.2 shows the cross section of the stem obtained from
figured 2.1 at the end of the experiment.

Figure 2.2
 (i) Using the letter X,label the part on the figure which was
stained by the dye.
(ii) Identify the partyou have labelled X on the figure 2.2.
Name…………………………………………………………..
Function……………………………………………………….
Name ………………………………………………………….
Function…………………………………………………….[4]
[Total:9]

3 Figure 3.1 shows part of the respiratory system of an insect.

Figure 3.1
(a) Identify the parts labelled D and E
Part D………………………………………………………………
Part E……………………………………………………………[2]

(b) Explain how oxygen from the atmosphere is able to reach the
tissue labelled E.
..................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
..............................................................................................[2]
(c) Explain how the energy released from respiration in an insect
is used.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….[3]
(d) State two ways in which the respiratory system shown differs
from that of a fish.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………[2]
[Total:9]
4 Figure 4.1 shows the urinary system and its blood supply.

Figure 4.1
(a) On figure 4.1 label the structures F, G and H. [3]

(b) State two processes that are involved in urine formation.

1 ………………………………………………………………….
2 ……………………………………………………………….[2]

(c) Table 4.1 shows the relative quantities of several substances

in the blood in the renal artery and renal vein.
Substance Relative quantities Relative quantities
in blood in renal in blood in renal
artery (arbitrary artery (arbitrary
units) units)
Glucose 10.0 9.5
Oxygen 100.0 40.0
Sodium salts 32.0 27.0
Urea 6.0 2.5
Water 180.0 175.0
 (d) Explain what happens in the kidney to bring about the
changes in the relative quantities of
Glucose……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………..
Oxygen………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
Sodium salts…………………………………………………….....
……………………………………………………………………….
Urea…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….[4]
[Total:9]

5 In an experiment to demonstrate the inheritance of coat colour in

cattle, a roan bull was repeatedly crossed with a roan cow and
produced roan, white and red calves.
(a) What colour is as a result of co-dominance?
..…………………………………………………………………..[1]
(b) Determine the genotypes of the three coat colours, given that
CR is the gene for red colour and CW is gene for white colour.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………[3]
(c) Show using a genetic diagram the possible offspring which
could be produced when a red bull was crossed with a roan
cow.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
[4]
[Total:8]
 Section B [36 marks]
Answer any three questions
All answers should be in sentence form in paragraphs.

6 (a) (i) Define the term growth. [1]

(ii) Describe the process of growth in plants from a seed to a

seedling. [5]

(b) Outline the life cycle of a housefly. [6]

[Total:12]

7 (a) What is meant by the term hormone? [2]

(b) Describe the function of auxins in plants. [4]

(c) Relate the effects of auxins in geotropism. [6]

[Total:12]

8 (a) Describe the structure of a synovial joint and explain the

functions of its parts. [6]

(b) Differentiate the following:

(i) Tendon and ligament

(ii) Ball-and-socket joint and hinge joint

[Total:12]

9 (a) Explain the term immunity to disease. [2]

(b) Distinguish between active immunity and passive immunity,

giving one example in each case. [5]

(c) Discuss how the immunity to disease is reduced. [5]

[Total:12]
10 (a) Describe how nitrogen is cycled within the ecosystem. [6]

(b) Describe the importance of each of the physical components

of soil. [6]
[Total:12]
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDTATES
Write your name,centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the
top of this page and on the Answer Paper used.
There are ten questions in this paper.
Section A
Answer all questions
Write your naswers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer any three questions
Write your answers in the Answer Booklet provided.
At the end of the examination:
5 Fasten the Answer Booklet used securely to
the question paper.
6 Enter the numbers of the section B
FOR EXAMINER’S USE
questions you have answered in the grid
Section A
on the right.
INFORMATION TO CANDIDATES Section B
The intended number of marks is given in
brackets [ ] at the end of each question or
part question.
You are advised to spand no longer than one hour on Total
Section A and no longer than 45 minutes on Section B.
Cell phones are not allowed in the examination room.
 SECTION A [44 marks]
Answer all questions in the spaces provided on the question paper
1 Figure 1.0 is a graph showing changes in volume of air during
breathing in the lungs of a person.

Figure 1.0

(a) (i) Which letter shows the process of inspiration taking place?
………………………………………………………………..[1]

(ii) Suggest activities taking place at stages P,Q and R

P……………………………………………………………
Q……………………………………………………………
R…………………………………………………………….
(b) Explain why there is an increase in air volume during stage Q.
……………………………………………………………………….
...…………………………………………………………………..[1]
(c) Describe the changes which take place in the thorax during
inspiration in order to facilitate the increase in volume during
stage Q?
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….[3]
[Total:8]
2 (a) The table below shows the blood groups in human beings.

A B AB O

(i) Which two blood groups exist I different forms?

Blood group……………and blood group………………….[2]

(ii) Which blood group can be donated to any person?

………………………………………………………………...[1]

(iii) Which blood group can receive any other group of blood?
…………………………………………………………………[1]

(b) Outline the five steps involved in blood clotting

1. …………………………………………………………………
2. …………………………………………………………………
3. …………………………………………………………………
4. ………………………………………………………………….
5. ………………………………………………………………..[5]
[Total:9]
3 Figure 3.0 shows some fruits dicot plants

Figure 3.0
(a) (i) state the type of dispersal each fruit undergoes.
Fruit P…………………………………………………………..
Fruit Q……………………………………………………….[2]

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in(a) (i) above for each
fruit.
Fruit P………………………………………………………....
………………………………………………………………….
Fruit Q………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………[2]

(b) (i) Which fruit disperses seeds over a short distance?

………………………………………………………………..[1]

(ii) Which dispersal will involve seeds and not the fruit?
……………………………………………………………..…[1]

(c) Give three differences between fruit Q and a tomato.

1 ……………………………………………………………….
2 ……………………………………………………………….
3 ……………………………………………………………….
[3]
[Total:8]
4 The figure below shows a pyramid of biomass

(a) (i) Identify the tropic levels B and C

B………………………………………………………………..
C……………………………………………………………...[2]

(ii) State the names given to organisms that feed at tropic

levels B and C.
B………………………………………………………………..
C……………………………………………………………..[2]

(iii) Explain why level C is much smaller than the other levels.
…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………[2]

(b) Describe the flow of energy in the pyramid

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………[3]
[Total:9]
5 Figure 5.1 and figure 5.2 show the cross section through two
different portions of the human alimentary canal.

(a) (i) From which part of the alimentary canal were these cross
sections taken
Figure 5.1……………………………………………………..
Figure 5.2……………………………………………………..

(ii) Give reasons for your answers in (a)(i) above.

Reason 1:………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………….
Reason 2:……………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………….[4]

(d) Explain the role played by B in the alimentary canal.

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………..[3]
(e) Name two juices passing through tube C
1. ………………………………………………………………….
2. …………..…………………………………………………...[2]
[Total:9]
 Section B [36 marks]
Answer any three questions
All answers should be in sentence form in paragraphs.

6 (a) Explain the process of transpiration [4]

(b) Describe three environmental factors which affect

transpiration [6]

(c) Relate the significance of transpiration to plants [2]

7 (a) Using the auxin theory,explain the effects of light coming from
one direction on the growth of shoots. [6]

(b) Describe the taxic responses with named examples [6]

8 (a) Compare and contrast nutrition in a guave plant and rhizopus

fungus. [4]

(b) Discuss the importance of saprhytic nutrition to environment.

[4]

(c) Describe the digestion of food in the mouth. [4]

9 (a) Describe the special dietary needs of a pregnant woman. [6]

(b) Discuss artificial methods of birth control. [6]

10 (a) With the aid of a labelled diagram,describe the carbon cycle. [6]

(b) Discuss the effects of deforestation on the carbon cycle. [6]

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDTATES
Write your name,centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the
top of this page and on the Answer Paper used.
There are ten questions in this paper.
Section A
Answer all questions
Write your naswers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer any three questions
Write your answers in the Answer Booklet provided.
At the end of the examination:
1 Fasten the Answer Booklet used securely to
the question paper.
2 Enter the numbers of the section B
FOR EXAMINER’S USE
questions you have answered in the grid
Section A
on the right.
INFORMATION TO CANDIDATES Section B
The intended number of marks is given in
brackets [ ] at the end of each question or
part question.
You are advised to spand no longer than one hour on Total
Section A and no longer than 45 minutes on Section B.
Cell phones are not allowed in the examination room.
 SECTION A [44 marks]
Answer all questions in the spaces provided on the question paper.
1 A simple key was constructed to identify an insect,a mammal,a
reptile and an Arachnid as shown below.
1. Animal with four legs……………………….2
Animal with more than four legs…………..3
2. Animal with scales on skin…………………………reptile
Animal with fur on skin……………………………..mammal
3. Animal with six legs…………………………P
Animal with more than six legs…………….Q

(a) What name is given to a system of putting organisms into

groups or categiories?
……………………………………………………………………[1]

(b) (i) State the name of the biological key shown above.
…………………………………………………….………….[1]

(ii) Suggest why this name was give to this type f biological
key.
………………………….…………………………………….[1]

(c) (i) Explain the use of number at the end of some statements
in the key.
……………………………...………………………………..[1]

(ii) Why is key construction important in biology?

…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………[2]
(d) Using the key,identify the animals P and Q.
P……………………………………………………………………
Q…………………………………………………………………[2]
[Total:8]
2 Figure 1.0 shows a longitudinal section through the human heart.

(a) (i) Identify the parts labelled X and Y on the figure. [2]

(ii) Suggest two structural differences between blood vessels

in V and X.
1. ………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
2. ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………[2]

(b) Explain why the part labelled Z is thicker than W.

………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….[2]
(c) (i) Explain how the tissues of the heart are supplied with
nutrients and oxygen.
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
……………………………..…………………………………[2]
(ii) Why is diet and exercise important to the functioning of
the heart.
………………………………………………………………..[1]
[Total:8]
3 Table 1.0 shows results of tests on urine samples taken from
different people identified as L,M,N and O.Each sample was tested
for the presence of alcohol,glucose and amino acids.
Person Alcohol Glucose Amino acids urea
L  x x 
M x  x 
N  x x 
O x x x x
Table 1.0

(a) (i) From the table above,identify which person is likely to

suffer from diabetes.
……………………………..…………………………………[1]
(ii) Give reasons for your answer in (a)(i) above.
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………[2]
(b) (i) From the table.identify which person has kiidney failure.
………………………………………………………………[1]

(ii) Give reasons for your answer in (b)(i) above.

…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………[2]

(iii) Suggest two remedies for kidney failure.

…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………[2]
[Total:8]
4 Figure 2.0 shows a cross section through the spinal cord.

Figure 2.0

(a) Identify the labelled parts M and P on figure 2 above.

M………………………………………………………………….
P…………………………..…………………………………….[2]

(b) The part labelled N contains some type of fluid.What is the

role of the fluid found in N?
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………...[2]

(c) Draw the reflex arc on figure 2.0 above. [3]

(d) Distinguish between a sensory and a motor neurone.

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….[2]
[Total:9]
5 A plant species has plants which produce blue flowers.
A homozygous white flowered plant was crossed with a blue
flowered and all the F1 seeds produced plants with only blue
flowers.
(a) (i) State the flower colour which is controlled by the dominant
allele.
……………………………………………………………..…[1]

(ii) Explain your answer in (a)(i) above

…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….…[2]

(b) (i) Using the symbols B and b to represent the two alleles for
flower colours, state the genotype of the white flowered
plant.
…………..……………………………………………………[1]

(ii) Predict the genotype of the F1 offspring.

…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………..………[1]
(c) Draw a genetic diagram to predict the likely results of a cross
between one of the blue-flowered F1 offspring and a white
flowered plant.

[5]
[Total:9]
 Section B
Answer any three questions
All answers should be in sentences form in paragraphs

6 (a) Explain what is meant by the following terms:

(i) Absorption

(ii) Egestion [4]

(b) Describe the process of lipid (fat) digestion in humans. [4]

(c) Discuss two common ailments of the alimentary canal. [4]

[Total:12]

7 (a) Explain what is meant by the term respiration. [2]

(b) Describe the importance of respiration to living things

organisms. [5]

(c) Describe the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on the

health of human beings. [5]
[Total:12]

8 (a) Describe the process of pollination in flowering plants. [4]

(b) Distinguish between insect pollinated and wind pollinated

flowers. [8]
[Total:12]
9 (a) Describe the three types of skeletons using named
Examples [6]

(b) Explain why a bone is regarded as a living tissue [4]

(c) Compare and contrast between the hinge joint and ball-and-
socket joint. [6]
[Total:12]

10 (a) Explain what is meant by the term bio diversity. [2]

(b) Describe the importance of biodiversity to humans [4]

(c) Discuss factors responsible for loss of biodiversity [6]

[Total:12]
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDTATES
Write your name,centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the
top of this page and on the Answer Paper used.
There are ten questions in this paper.
Section A
Answer all questions
Write your naswers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer any three questions
Write your answers in the Answer Booklet provided.
At the end of the examination:
1 Fasten the Answer Booklet used securely to
the question paper.
2 Enter the numbers of the section B
FOR EXAMINER’S USE
questions you have answered in the grid
Section A
on the right.
INFORMATION TO CANDIDATES Section B
The intended number of marks is given in
brackets [ ] at the end of each question or
part question.
You are advised to spand no longer than one hour on Total
Section A and no longer than 45 minutes on Section B.
Cell phones are not allowed in the examination room.
 SECTION A [44 marks]
1 Fiigure 1.0 below shows two cells from living organisms.

Figure 1.0
(a) (i) Which cell is from a plant?
……………………………………………………………….[1]

(ii) State three structural differences between cell A and cell

B.
Cell A Cell B
1.
2.
3.
[3]
(b) Explain the functions of the labelled X and Y in the cells in
Figure 1.
X:……………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………[1]
Y:……………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………[1]
(c) Describe wht would happen to cell B when it is placd in a
more concetrated solution.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………[2]
[Total:8]
2 Figure 2.0 shows the changes that took place in amylase activity in
a plant seed from germination up to seedling stage.

Figure 2.0

(b) Explain the role of amylase in germinating seeds.

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….[4]

(c) Calculate the increase in amylase activity in the germinating

seeds between day 2 and day 6.
………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………[2]

(d) Suggest two reasons why enzyme activity dropped after day
8.
1. …………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
2. …………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………….[2]
 (e) Apart from water,name one other condition necessary to
activate the enzyme in the germinating seed.
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….[1]
[Total:8]

3 Figure 3.0 below shows vessels involved in transport in plants.

Figure 3.0
(a) Identify the vessels R and S
R:……………………………………………………………………
S:……………………………………………………………….…[2]

(b) State three structural differences between vessel R and

vessel S.
Vessel R Vessel R
1.
2.
3.

(c) Explain the role of structure T in vessel S

………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………[2]
(d) Identify the vessel in which materials are transported with the
use of energy.
…………………………………………………………………….[1]
[Total:8]
4 Figure 4.0 below shows a section trough the human eye.

Figure 4.0
(a) (i) Identify the parts labelled A and B
A…………………………………………………………………
B……………………………………………….……………..[2]

(ii) Explain the functions of the parts labelled C and D.

C…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………..
D…………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………….[2]

(b) Compare and contrast the parts labelled E and F.

COMPARISON
1 …………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
2 …………………………………………………………………
………………………………..……………………………..[2]
CONTRAST
PART E PART F
1.
2.
[2]

(c) What kind of cells are found inside the structure lablled B?
…………………………………………………………………….[1]
[Total:8]
5 Figure 5.0 belows shows the nitrogen cycle.

Figure 5.0

(a) Which of the arrows A,B,C and D represents……………

(i) Excretion?............................................................................
(ii) Nitrogen fixation?.................................................................
(iii) Leaching?........................................................................[3]

(b) State the type of organism responsible for process B.

.……………………………………………………………………[1]

(c) Explain how process D is brought about.

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….[3]

(d) Explain the effects of high levels of nitrates in the rivers and
lakes.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….[3]
[Total:9]
 Section B
Answer any three questions
All answers should be in sentences form in paragraphs

6 (a) Explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange in fish. [6]

(b) Distinguish between aerobic respiration and anaerobic

respiration. [6]
[Total:12]

7 (a) Explain what is meant by homeostasis. [2]

(b) Discuss the mechanism of thermoregulation by the skin in

humans. [4]

(c) Describe the mechanism of excretion in plants. [6]

[Total:12]

8 (a) Describe the functions of the human skeleton. [4]

(b) Discuss the bones of the appendicular skeleton in humans.[4]

(c) Describe the functions of parts of the synovial joint. [4]

[Total:12]

9 (a) Explain the following terms:

(i) Homologous chromosmes

(ii) Codominace [4]

(b) Explain how a child may inherit Down’s Syndrome from

parents who have no Down’s syndrome intheir line of
generations.[4]

(c) Using a naamed example,explain how sex linked diseases

can be inherited.[4]
[Total:12]
10 (a) Distinguish between male and female gametes.[4]

(b) Describe the events tat lead to fertilisation in humans.[4]

(c) Explain the role of oestrogen in the development of female

secondary sexual characteristics.[4]
[Total:12]
Instructions to Candidtates
Write your name,centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the
top of this page and on the Answer Paper used.
There are ten questions in this paper.
Section A
Answer all questions
Write your naswers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer any three questions
Write your answers in the Answer Booklet provided.
At the end of the examination:
3 Fasten the Answer Booklet used securely to
the question paper.
4 Enter the numbers of the section B
FOR EXAMINER’S USE
questions you have answered in the grid
Section A
on the right.
Information for candidates Section B
The intended number of marks is given in
brackets [ ] at the end of each question or
part question.
You are advised to spand no longer than one hour on Total
Section A and no longer than 45 minutes on Section B.
Cell phones are not allowed in the examination room.
 SECTION A [44 marks]
Answr all questions in the spaces provided on the question paper.
1 Figure 1.1,1.2 and 1.3 show an experiment to demonstrate a
biolgical process.

(a) State the biological process being investigated in the

experiment above
…………………………………………………………………..[1]
(b) If the experiment is left overnight,what would be the
observation?
Figure 1.1…………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………..
Figure 1.2…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….
Figure 1.3…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….[3]
(c) Give reasons for the observations made in (b) above for
Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2.
Reason (figure 1.1)……………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………
Reason (figure 1.1)……………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………….[4]
(d) What is the purpose of C?
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………...[1]
[Total:9]
2 Figure 2.1 and 2.2 represent parts of a bean seed and a graph
showing how the change in dry mass of the same seedduring
germination,respectively.

(a) Identify the paerts labelled B and C.

B………………………………………………………………….
C…………………………………………………………………[2]
(b) Which parts of the seed in figure 2.1 represent the curves X,Y
and Z in the figure 2.2.
X………………………………………………………………….....
Y…………………………………………………………………….
Z…………………………………………………………………[3]

(c) Give reasons for your answers in (b) above.

Reason X……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………….
Reason Y……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………….
Reason Z……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………[3]
[Total:8]
3 Figure 3.1 shows a respiratory surface in humans.

(a) (i) Identify the gas labelled H in figure 3.1

………………………………………………………………[1]
(ii) What term is given to the movement of gases H and I into
and out of the lungs.
……………………………………………………………….[1]

(b) (i) Identify the blood vessels labelled G……………………[1]

(ii) Describe the charcteristics which make the respiratory

surface shown in figure 3.1 more efficient.
1 ………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
2 ………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
3 ………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………...[3]

(c) Describe the effects of smoking on the respiratory system

shown in figure 3.1.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………..…………………………………………..[3]
[Total:9]
4 Figure 4.1 shows a mammalian joint.

(a) (i) Label on the diagram the parts numbered K and M. [2]

(ii) State the functions of the parts labelled J and L.

Function of J…………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………….
Function of M………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………….[2]

(b) (i) What type of joint is shown in figure 4.1 above?

……………………………………………………………….[1]
(ii) Name two other rtypes of joints.
1 …………………………………………………………….
2 …………………………………………………………[2]

(c) State where the named joints in (b)(ii) are found.

1 ………………………………………………………………….
2 ………………………………………………………………..[2]
[Total:9]
5 An allele for smooth seeds is dominant over the allele for wrinkled
seeds. Let A be a symbol for a dominant allele, and a for a
recessive allele.
(a) A heterozygous plant for smooth seeds was crossed with a
homozygous plant for wrinkled seeds.
(i) State the genotypes of the two parents.
1 Heterozygous plant……………………………………..
2 Homozygous plant……………………………………[2]

(ii) What do you understand by the terms heterozygous and

homozygous.
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
………………………….…………………………………..[2]

(b) Using a genetic diagram show a cross between two

heterozygous parents for smooth seeds.

[5]
[Total:9]
 Section B [30 marks]
Answer any three questions

6 (a) Discuss the cause and transmission of the disease bilharzia. [8]

(b) Explain how bilharzia can be prevented and controlled. [4]

[Total:12]

7 (a) Describe the process of reproduction in a frog. [3]

(b) State the main features and their functions in the following
stages of reproduction in the frog.
(i) egg

(ii) tadpole

(iii) adult [9]

[Total:12]

8 (a) (i) Define the term drug. [2]

(ii) Distinguish between use and abuse of drugs. [2]

(c) Describe the possible effect of the abuse of

(i) Heroin

(ii) Cocaine [4]

[Total:12]

9 (a) Explain the feedback mechanism using glucagon and insulin as

examples [6]

(b) Discuss the effect of over secretion and under secretion of a

named hormone by the thyroid gland.
[Total:12]
10 (a) With the aid of a diagram, explain how nitrogen is cycled in the
environment. [6]

(b) Describe the importance of each of the physical components of

the soil. [6]
[Total:12]
ANSWERS
 2009 PAPER 2

QUESTION 1

(a) Cell X is the compnion cell

Cell Y is the phloem cell
Structure Z is the sieve plates

(b) (i) Companion cell carry out all cell activities including respiration
and photosynthesis to provide energy for phloem cell to function
and survive.

(ii) To transport manufactured foood to different parts of the plant.

(c) Arteries

(d) The following are the conditions required for osmosis

 There must be a concetration gradient
 There must be a selectively permeable membrane
QUESTION 2

(a) (i) the level of lactic acid was 18mg/100cm3

(ii) The lactic acid produced 20 minutes after the exercise is

80mg/100cm3

(iii) The time taken was 26 minutes

(b) (i) Lactic acid builds up as a result of anaerobic respiration taking
place due to the limited supply of oxygen.

(ii) The following are the effects of lactic acid building up in the
blood:
 Fatique
 Muscle cramp
  Building sensations in the muscles

(iii) In both heavy exercise(in humans) and yeast (in plants)

anaerobic respiration produces energy(ATP).however,in
respiration in yeast the by-products is ethanol and carbondioxide
while lactic acid is the by-product for respiration in humans.

(c) The following are the answers

 In yeast and bacteria anaerobic respiration results in the
production of ethanol and carbondioxide.alcohol is used in
brewing while carbodnioxide is used in baking.
 In humans during the period of insufficient energy,the body
switches to anaerobic respiration which provides the body with
the needed energy for the activities being taken.
 2010 PAPER 2

QUESTION 2

(a) The following are the answers

(i) X [notice that X is the anus]

(ii) V [notice that V is the pancreas]

(iii) W [villi are present in the small intestine ,ileum to be specific]

(b) The following are the functions of hydrochloric acid

 Provide an optimum acidic medium for the action of enzyme
pepsin
 Kills the bacteria in the food

(c) The following are the functions of the liver

(a) Secretes bile into the duodenum where it is involved in the
digestion and absorption of fats.
(b) Converts soluble food products (e.g. glucose) to storage
material (e.g.) glycogen and vice versa, thus makes food
materials available for utilization by the body.
(d)
 2011 PAPER 2

QUESTION 1

(a) The following are the answers

 Part A is the cell membrane
 Part B is the chloroplast

(b) The following are the answers

(i) The cell has lost water by osmosis
 (ii) Plasmolysed cell

(iii) The condition can be reversed by putting the cell in a solution

with concetration equal to that of the normal cell ,or by putting
it in a hypotonic solution.

(c) Structure C is non living tissue;therefore it is not affected by water

movement.

(d) The following are the differences

 Plant cells contain cell walls while animal cells do not have cell
walls
 Plant cells have large permanent vacuoles while animal cells
have small temporarily vacuoles

QUESTION 3
(a) Part D is the spiracle and part E is the respiratory cells

(b) Oxygen diffuses from the outside air directly into the tissues
E,without the need for transportatio blood.Oxygen passes through
the spiracles (pair of holes )which lead into air filled sacs.Extending
from these are branched tubes called trachae which eventually
branches into numerous smaller tubes called tracheoles.Oxygen
moves through this trachael system and eventually reaches the
tissues at a very short period of time.

(c) The energy that is released in an inssect is used in an of the

following activities:
 Movement
 Reproduction
 Cell division
 Breathing movement of the abdomen

(d) The following are the differences

 Insects breath through small paired holes called spiracles which
open into the trachae.|The trachae and trachaels deliver oxygen
direstly to air sacs and tissue cells carry away carbondioxide.A
fish’s respiratory system is a pump mechanism.The mouth
opens and closes ,forcing water across the gill filaments and gill
rackers aand facilitating the exhange of gases between the
water and blood vessels.

2012 PAPER 2

QUESTION 5