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About the Author
Vinay Kumar (VKR) graduated from IIT Delhi
in Mechanical Engineering.
Presently, he is Director of VKR Classes,
Kota, Rajasthan.
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Third Edition
Vinay Kumar
B.Tech., IIT Delhi
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PREFACE
T his book is meant for students who aspire to join the Indian Institute of Technologies (IITs) and various other engi-
neering institutes through the JEE Main and Advanced examinations. The content has been devised to cover the syllabi
of JEE and other engineering entrance examinations on the topic Differential Calculus. The book will serve as a text book
as well as practice problem book for these competitive examinations.
As a tutor with more than eighteen years of teaching this topic in the coaching institutes of Kota, I have realised
the need for a comprehensive textbook in this subject.
I am grateful to McGraw-Hill Education for providing me an opportunity to translate my years of teaching experience
into a comprehensive textbook on this subject.
This book will help to develop a deep understanding of Differential Calculus through graphs and problem solving.
The detailed table of contents will enable teachers and students to easily access their topics of interest.
Each chapter is divided into several segments. Each segment contains theory with illustrative examples. It is followed
by Concept Problems and Practice Problems, which will help students assess the basic concepts. At the end of the theory
portion, a collection of Target Problems have been given to develop mastery over the chapter.
The problems for JEE Advanced have been clearly indicated in each chapter.
The collection of objective type questions will help in a thorough revision of the chapter. The Review Exercises
contain problems of a moderate level while the Target Exercises will assess the students’ ability to solve tougher problems.
For teachers, this book could be quite helpful as it provides numerous problems graded by difficulty level which can be
given to students as assignments.
I am thankful to all teachers who have motivated me and have given their valuable recommendations. I thank my
family for their whole-hearted support in writing this book. I specially thank Mr. Devendra Kumar and Mr. S. Suman for
their co-operation in bringing this book.
Suggestions for improvement are always welcomed and shall be gratefully acknowledged.
Vinay Kumar
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CONTENT
About the Author ii
Preface v
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viii | Content
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Content | ix
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x | Content
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Content | xi
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1
CHAPTER
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Limits
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1.2 Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced
Informal Definition of Limit differing by little from zero. It is not a statement about the value
Let f(x) be defined on an open interval about 'a', except possibly of f(x) when x = 0. When we make the statements we assert
at 'a' itself. If f(x) gets arbitrarily close to for all x sufficiently that, when x is nearly equal to zero, f(x) is nearly equal to . We
close to 'a', we say that f approaches the limit as x approaches assert nothing about what happens when x actually equal to 0.
'a', and we write
lim f ( x ) . Caution
x a
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Limits 1.3
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x 2 − 3x + 2 x3 − 1 ( x 2 + x + 1)( x − 1) x2 + x + 1
Example 1: Evaluate lim = = .
x→2 x−2 x2 −1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) x +1
Solution: Consider the function f defined by So the behaviour of (x3–1)/(x2–1) for x near 1, but not equal to
x 2 3x 2 x2 + x + 1
f(x) = ,x≠2 1, is the same as the behaviour of .
x +1
x2
The domain of f is the set of all real numbers except 2, which x3 − 1 x2 + x + 1 .
lim = lim
has been excluded because substitution of x = 2 in the expression x →1 x 2 −1 x →1 x +1
0
for f(x) yields the undefined term .
0 Now, as x approaches 1, x2 + x + 1 approaches 3 and x + 1
On the other hand, x 2 – 3x + 2 = (x – 1) (x – 2) and
( x − 1)( x − 2) x2 + x + 1 3
f(x) = = x – 1, provided x ≠ 2
approaches 2. Thus, lim = , from which it
x−2
x →1 x +1 2
....(1) x3 − 1 3
The graph of the function y = x – 1 is a straight line L; so the follows that lim = .
x →1 x 2 − 1 2
graph of f(x) is the line L with a hole at the point (2, 1).
We can also express this as follows:
x3 − 1 3
As x → 1, 2 → .
x −1 2
Example 3: Find the limit of the function
x + 1 , x < 0
f (x) = as x→ 0.
2 − x , x ≥ 0
Solution: Using the graph of y = f(x), we see that the
function approaches 1 as x approaches 0 from the left of 0. Also
the function approaches 2 as x approaches 0 from the right of 0.
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state that, for any small positive real number ε, there are numbers In Figure 2 the vertical band shown is not narrow enough
x such that | f(x) – | < ε. We are stating that no matter what to meet the challenge of the horizontal band shown. But the
positive number ε is selected, 10–7, or 10–17, or 10–127, there are vertical band shown in Figure 3 is sufficiently narrow.
numbers x so that the distance between f(x) and is smaller
than ε.
ε − δ definition
Let f be a function defined on an open interval containing a
except possibly at a and let be a real number. The statement
lim f(x) = means that for each ε > 0 there exists a δ > 0 such
x →a
that if 0 < |x – a| < δ, then |f(x) – | < ε.
The inequality 0 < |x – a | that appears in the definition is just
a fancy way of saying “x is not a.” The inequality |x – a | < δ
asserts that x is within a distance δ of a. The two inequalities Figure 1
may be combined as the single statement 0 < |x – a| < δ,
which describes the open interval (a–δ, a + δ) from which a
is deleted.
Here we wish to say that f(x) is arbitrarily close to whenever x
is sufficiently close, but not equal to a. What does “sufficiently
close” mean? “ The answer is this : If an arbitrary ε > 0 is
chosen with which to measure the distance between f(x) and ,
then it must be the case that there is a number δ > 0 such that
whenever x is in the domain of f and within a distance δ of
a, but not equal to a then the distance between f(x) and is
less than ε. Figure 2
This is illustrated on the graph of the function y = f(x) as shown
in the figure. Since from the inequality |x – a| < δ there follows
the inequality |f(x) – l| < ε, this means that for all points x that
are not more distant from the point a than δ, the points M of
the graph of the function y = f(x) lie within a band of width 2ε
bounded by the lines y = –ε and y = + ε.
Figure 3
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Limits 1.5
Solution: The function is defined for every value of x Example 6: Consider the function
x2 −1
other than 1 and y = = x + 1, when x≠1. x 2 + 1,
x≥0
x −1 g(x) = lim g(x) ≠ 1.
. Prove that x→0
Firstly consider the behaviour of the values of y for values of
− ( x 2
+ 1), x < 0
x greater than 1. Clearly, y is greater than 2 when x is greater
Solution To do this, we must establish the negation of
than 1.
the limit condition. There is an ε > 0 such that, for any δ > 0,
If, x, while remaining greater than 1 takes up values whose there is a number x in the domain of a g such that 0 < |x| < δ
difference from 1 constantly diminishes, then y, while and |g(x) – 1| ≥ ε. There are many possible choices for ε. To be
remaining greater than 2, takes up values whose difference 1
from 2 constantly diminishes also. specific, take ε = . We must now show that for every positive
2
In fact, difference between y and 2 can be made as small as we number δ, there is a nonzero number x in the open interval
like by taking x sufficiently near 1. (–δ, δ), such that the distance between g(x) and 1 is greater
1 δ
For instance, consider the number .001. Then than or equal to . See figure. Take x = – . This number is
2 2
|y – 2| = y – 2 = x + 1 – 2 < .001 ⇔ x < 1.001.
nonzero, lies in (–δ, δ), and furthermore
Thus, for every value of x which is greater than 1 and less than
1.001, the absolute value of the difference between y and 2 is
δ δ2
g(x) = g − = – – 1 < – 1.
less than the number .001 which we had arbitrarily selected. 2 4
Instead of the particular number .001, we now consider any 1
Hence |g(x) – 1| > 2 ≥ .
small positive number ε. Then 2
y – 2 = x – 1 < ε ⇔ x < 1 + ε.
Thus, there exists an interval (1, 1 + ε), such that the value of
y, for any value of x in this interval, differs from 2 numerically,
by a number which is smaller than the positive number ε,
selected arbitrarily.
Thus, the limit of y as x approaches 1 from the right is 2 and
we have lim y = 2.
x→1+
We now consider the behaviour of the values of y for values of
x less than 1. When x is less than 1, y is less than 2.
If, x, while remaining less than 1, takes up values whose
difference from 1 constantly diminishes, then y, while
remaining less than 2, takes up values whose difference from
2 constantly diminishes also. Notice in the definition that the hypothesis 0 < | x – a | simply
Let now, ε be any arbitrarily assigned positive number, however means x ≠ a. This condition releases the point of approach
small. We then have, a from the responsibility of having any image at all; and
even if there is an image f(a) the condition | f(a) – | < ∈
|y – 2| = 2 – y = 2 – (x + 1) = 1 – x < ε is allowed to fail. Briefly, the idea of limit discounts what
so that for every value of x less than 1 but > 1 – ε, the happens precisely at a, but is vitally concerned with images of
absolute value of the difference between y and 2 is less than the "neighbours" of a.
the number ε. There is no practical need of applying ∈−δ definition
Thus, the limit of y, as x approaches 1, from the left is 2 and everywhere since it involves lengthy and complicated
lim y = 2.
we write x→ calculations. We shall later on derive some simple rules for
1 −
finding limits.
Combining the conclusions arrived at in the last two cases, we
see that corresponding to any arbitrarily assigned positive Example 7: Let the function f be defined as follows:
number ε, there exists an interval (1 – ε, 1 + ε) around 1, such 1
f = 1 for every nonzero integer n,
that for every value of x in this interval, other than 1 where n
the function is not defined, y differs from 2 numerically by a f(x) = x for every other real number x. Prove that
number which is less than ε, i.e., we have | y – 2 | < ε for lim f(x) does not exist.
any x, other than 1, such that |x – 1| < ε. x→0
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1.6 Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced
Solution: The graph of f is the line y = x, with the There can, therefore, exist no number which differs from sin
exception that when x = 1/n, n a nonzero integer, y = 1. It is 1/x by a number less than an arbitrarily assigned positive
shown in the figure. number for values of x near 0. Hence lim (sin 1/x) does
x→0
Since f(0) = 0 and f(x) is close to 0 when x is close to 0, x ≠ not exist.
2 1
1/n, we might suspect that lim f(x) = 0. x sin , x ≠ 0
x→0 Example 9: f(x) = x as x→ 0.
1 , x=0
Solution: The function oscillates between the graphs
of y = –x2 and y = x2. As x approaches closer and closer to
zero from either side, the two functions approach 0, and hence
f(x) → 0 as x→ 0.
Example 10: Find the limit of the function
x , x ∈Q
f (x) = as x→ 2 and x→ 4.
4 − x , x ∉Q
Solution: We draw the rough sketch of y = f(x).
Practice Problems A
1. For the function graphed here, find the following limits:
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Limits 1.7
x 2 if x is an irrational number
6. Let f(x) = .
1 if x is an rational number
(i) lim f(x) (ii) lim f(x) (iii) lim f(x)
x→−2 x→0 x→−1
Prove that f(x) has a limit at the points x = 1 and
3. If lim f(x) = 5 must f be defined at x = 1 ? x = –1 and does not have a limit at other points.
x→1
If it is, must f(1) = 5 ? Can we conclude anything about 7. Find lim cot −1 x 2 .
the values of f at x = 1 ? Explain. x→0
4. If f(1) = 5, must lim f(x) exist ? If it does, then must lim sin 2 x
x→1 x→1 8. Find lim .
x→0 cos x
f(x) = 5? Can we conclude anything about lim f(x)?
x→1 9. Find lim cos π/x.
x→0
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1.8 Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced
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to 0 as n tends to ∞ . Similarly we say that ‘1– (1/n) tends to Note: The limit may itself be one of the actual values
1 as n tends to ∞’. of f(n). Thus if f(n) = 0 for all values of n, it is obvious that
We shall say that ‘the limit of 1/n as n tends to ∞ is 0’, a lim f (n ) = 0.
n →∞
1
statement which we express as lim 0 . On the other hand the limit itself need not (and in general will
n n
not) be the value of the function for any value of n. This is
We shall also sometimes write ‘1/n → 0 as n → ∞’ which may sufficiently obvious in the case f(n) = 1/n. The limit is zero;
be read ‘1/n tends to 0 as n tends to ∞’. but the function is never equal to zero for any value of n.
In the same way we shall write A limit is not a value of the function. It is something quite
1 distinct from these values.
lim 1 − = 1 or , 1 – (1/n) → 1 as n → ∞. For the function f(n) = 1 the limit is equal to all the values of
n →∞ n
f(n).
Now let us consider f(n) = n2. Then ‘n2 is large when n is large’. For f(n) = 1+ (1/n), it is not equal to any value of f(n). For f(n)
And it is natural in this case to say that ‘n2 tends to ∞ as n tends = (sin 12 nπ)/n, (whose limits as n tends to ∞ is easily seen to be
to ∞’, and we write n2 → ∞. 0, since sin 12 nπ is never numerically greater than 1), the limit
Finally consider the function f(n) = – n2. In this case f(n) is is equal to the value which f(n) assumes for all even values of
large, but negative, when n is large and we say that ‘– n2 tends n, but the values assumed for odd values of n are all different
to – ∞ as n tends to ∞’ and write – n2 → − ∞ . from the limit and from one another.
Definition The function f(n) is said to tend to the limit Definition The function f(n) is said to tend to ∞ (positive
as n tends to ∞ , if, however small be the positive number ε, infinity) with n if, when any number M, however large, is
f(n) differs from by less than ε for sufficiently large values assigned, we can determine N so that f(n) > M when n ≥ N;
of n; that is to say if, however small be the positive number that is to say if, however large M may be, f(n) > M for sufficient
ε, we can determine a number N(ε) corresponding to ε, such large values of n.
that f(n) differs from by less than ε for all values of n greater Another form of statement is, if we can make f(n) as large as
than or equal to N(ε). we please by sufficiently increasing n.
The definition may be stated more shortly as follows : if, given A function may be always numerically very large when n is
any positive number, ε, however small, we can find N(ε) so very large without tending either to ∞ or to –∞. A sufficient
that | f(n) – | < ε when n ≥ N(ε), then we say that f(n) tends illustration of this is given by f(n) = (–1)nn.
to the limit as n tends to ∞ , and write Example 1: Find lim sin nθπ, if θ is rational.
n→∞
lim f (n ) = Solution: Let f(n) = sin nθπ and θ = p/q, where p and q
n →∞
are positive integers. Let n = aq + b, here a is the quotient and
The definition of a limit may be illustrated geometrically b the remainder when n is divided by q.
as follows. The graph of f(n) consists of a number of points Then sin(npπ/q) = (–)ap sin(bpπ/q).
corresponding to the values n = 1, 2, 3.... Suppose, for example, p even. Then, as n increases from 0 to
Draw the line y = , and the parallel lines y = – ε, y = + ε q – 1, f(n) takes the values
at distance ε from it. Assume that for each positive ε , a number
N can be found, depending on ε , such that the part of the graph pπ 2pπ (q −1)pπ
0, sin , sin ......., sin
to the right of n = N lies within the band. Then we say that ‘as q q q
x approaches ∞, f(n) approaches ’ and write
When n increases from q to 2q–1 these values are repeated and
lim f (n ) = so also as n goes from 2q to 3q – 1, 3q to 4q–1, and so on. Thus
n →∞
the values of f(n) form a cyclic repetition of a finite series of
different values. It is evident that when this is the case f(n) cannot
tend to a limit, nor to ∞ , nor to –∞, as n tends to infinity. The
limit does not exist.
Oscillating Functions
When f(n) does not tend to a limit, nor to ∞ , nor to –∞, as n tends
to ∞, we say that f(n) oscillates as n tends to ∞.
The simplest example of an oscillatory function is given by f(n)
= (–1)n , which is equal to 1 when n is even and to –1 when n
is odd. In this case the values recur cyclically.
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Limits 1.9
Now consider f(n) = (–1)n + n–1, the values of which are of an endless band of width 2ε. Assume that for each
–1 + 1, 1 + 12 , –1 + 13 , 1 + 14 , –1 + 15 , .... positive ε, a number D can be found, depending on
ε, such that the part of the graph to the right of x = D lies
When n is large every value is nearly equal to 1 or
within the band. Then we say that “as x approaches ∞, f(x)
–1, and obviously f(n) does not tend to a limit or to ∞ or to –∞
approaches ” and write as
and therefore it oscillates, but the values do not recur. It is to lim f(x) =
be observed that in this case every value of f(n) is numerically x→∞
Definition Let f(x) be defined for all x beyond some lim f(x) = ∞ and lim f(x) = − ∞.
x → −∞ x → −∞
number c. If for each positive number ε, there is a number D
such that for all x > D it is true that For example, if a > 1, the function y = ax becomes infinite for
| f(x) – | < ε , then we write x→∞
lim f(x) = . x → ∞ i.e. lim ax = ∞.
x →∞
If 0 < a < 1 we have lim ax = ∞.
The positive number ε is the challenge, and D is a response. x → −∞
The smaller ε is, the larger D usually must be chosen. The Further, lim log a x = ∞ , if a > 1
x →∞
geometric meaning of the precise definition of x→∞
lim f(x) =
is shown in the figure. lim log a x = − ∞ , if 0 < a < 1
x →∞
Bounded Function
The function f(x) in a given interval of x is said to have
(i) a lower bound if there exists a finite number A, such that
f(x) ≥ A, for all values of x in the given interval.
Draw two lines parallel to the x axis, one of height (ii) an upper bound if there exists a finite number B such that
+ ε and one of height – ε . They are the two edges f(x) ≤ B, for all values of x in the given interval.
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1.10 Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced
Note: 1
exists. However, although lim 2 = ∞ , we do not say that
x→0 x
1. If a function f(x) increases as x → ∞ and remains bounded 1
then it possesses a limit. lim 2 exists.
x→0 x
2. The product of a bounded function by an infinitesimally Consider some more examples :
small quantity is an infinitesimally small quantity.
Let f(x) be an infinitesimally small quantity and g(x) a bounded lim cot −1 x = π , lim x 2 = ∞ , lim sin x dne.
x →∞ x →−∞ x →∞
function in a neighbourhood of the point a to which x tends i.e.
|g(x)| ≤ M. Then we have lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = 0 . Example 2: Show that lim e − x sin x = 0.
x→a x →∞
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Limits 1.11
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Solution: –e–x ≤ e–x sin x ≤ e–x The function oscillates between –∞ and ∞.
Hence the limit does not exist.
2x 2
Example 4: Evaluate lim .
x →∞ x2 + 1
Solution: We have
2x 2 2( x 2 + 1) − 2 2
= = 2−
x +1
2
x +1
2
x +1
2
Concept Problems A
1. Find the following limits for the function shown in the Find (i) lim f(x), (ii) lim f(x), (iii) lim f(x).
figure: x2 x→0 x→3
Y
3. Find lim [αn], where α is any positive number and [.]
n→∞
denotes G.I.F.
1
0 1 2 X
4. Find lim {n –(–1)n} + n{1–(–1)n}
n→∞
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1.12 Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced
The limit of an algebraic sum of two, three or, in general, (a) if q(a) ≠ 0, then lim f(x) = f(a).
any definite number of functions is equal to the algebraic x →a
sum of the limits of these functions. (b) if q(a) = 0 but p(a) ≠ 0, then lim f(x) does not exist.
x →a
(vii) Product rule
lim (fg) (x) = lim [f(x). g(x)] (c) if q(a) = 0 and p(a) = 0, then lim f(x) may or may not
x →a x →a x →a
exist. This will be dealt later on in detail.
= xlim
→a
f(x). xlim
→a
g(x) = m,
i.e., the limit of the product of two functions is equal to Example 1: Evaluate
the product of their limits. lim (x + 2)
(i) x→2 (ii) lim x(x – 1)
x→2
The limit of a product of two, three or, in general, any
lim x + 4
2
definite number of functions is equal to the product of the (iii) x→2 (iv) lim cos (sin x)
limits of these functions. x+2 x→0
( ) ( )
m/n
Also lim (f ( x ) )
m/n
= lim f ( x ) where m/n is a rational (iv) lim cos (sin x) = cos lim sin x = cos 0 = 1.
x →a x →a x→0 x →0
number and the limit on the right exists. (v) Note that for x = 1, the numerator of the given expression is a
The limit of a power is the power of the limit. nonzero constant 6 and the denominator is zero. Therefore,
(x) Composition rule 6
the given limit is of the form . Hence, we conclude that
If f is continuous* at x = , then 0
lim x + 3x + 2 does not exist.
2
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Limits 1.13
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vanish at x = 0, we obtain the limit by substituting x = 0 in
lim x 3 + lim 2 x 2 − lim 1
= x →−2 x →−2 x →−2 the function.
lim 5 − 3 lim x
x →−2 x →−2
03 3.02 0 3 3 1
lim x + 3x − x − 3 =
3 2
( −2) + 2( −2) − 1
3 2 1 x→0
x2 + x − 6 02 0 6 6 2
= =– .
5 − 3( −2) 11
Study Tip
Example 3: Find lim
3
2 x 2 − 10 .
x→3 Although such substitution produces the correct answer in
2
Solution: Because lim (2x – 10) = 2(3 ) – 10 = 8 and 2 this particular case, in many limits involving non-elementary
x→3 functions, it produces either an incorrect answer or no answer
lim 3 x = 2 we can write lim 3
2 x 2 − 10 = 2. at all.
x →8 x→3
Also do not assume from these problems that lim f(x) is
x→a
Direct Substitution invariably f(a).
We learned that the limit of f(x) as x approaches a does not n (1 + x ) − x 2 + 2
To evaluate the lim , we notice that the
depend on the value of f at x = a. It may happen, however, that x →0 cos(sin x ) + 1 + sin −1 x
the limit is precisely f(a). In such cases, we say that the limit
can be evaluated by direct substitution. That is n (1 + x ) − x 2 + 2
function is elementary and x = 0 lies in
cos(sin x ) + 1 + sin −1 x
lim f(x) = f(a). (substitute a for x)
x →a the domain. Hence, limit is equal to the function's value at x = 0,
Such well behaved functions are continuous at a – we will
examine this concept more closely in the next chapter. Here we n (1 + x ) − x 2 + 2 0−0+2
i.e. lim −1
= =1.
discuss some limits that can be evaluated by direct substitution. x →0 cos(sin x ) + 1 + sin x 1+1+ 0
In the next section, we will discuss techniques for evaluating
limits for which direct substitution fails. To evaluate lim [ x ] we cannot use direct substitution property
x →2
Basic Elementary Functions as lim [ x ] = [2] = 2, since [x] is a non-elementary function. We
x →2
The following functions are called basic elementary functions : know that this limit does not exist.
(i) y = xp (ii) y = ax Sometimes, using direct substitution property on non-elementary
(iii) y = logax (iv) y = trigo x functions may give correct results as in lim [ x 2 ] = [0]2 = 0, but
–1
(v) y = trigo x. it is not advisable to use in general. x →0
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1.14 Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced
Concept Problems B
1. Show that lim
1
= 10. 5. Show that lim cos x 4 tan x 1 .
2 x 2x 4
x →0.01 x→0
x 2
2
2. lim 3x .
Evaluate x→−1 1
2x − 1 6. Why doesn't the limit lim x sin 0 follow from
x 0 x
3. lim cos x .
Evaluate x the product law of limits with f(x) = x and g(x) =
sin x − π sin(1/x) ?
x
4. Evaluate lim .
x0 cos 1 x
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Limits 1.15
Since the one-sided limits are not equal, the corresponding Study Tip
two-sided limit
x 1. When a function is defined only on one side of a point a, then
lim does not exist.
x →0 x lim f(x) is identical with the one-sided limit, if it exists.
x →a
Let f(x) =
x
3
x 1 For example, if f(x) = x , then f is defined only at and
2 x,
x1 to the right of zero. Hence, xlim
→0
lim
x = x 0 x = 0. Of
The given function is defined on the entire number line. Let us course, lim x does not exist, since x is not defined
x 0
compute the one-sided limits of this function at the point x = 1.
when x < 0.
f(1– ) = lim ( x ) 1
3
x 1 0
2. A function cannot have an ordinary limit at an endpoint of
its domain. It can have a one-sided limit.
f(1+) = x lim (2 x ) 3 The function f(x) = 9 − x 2 has the interval –3 ≤ x ≤ 3 as
1 0
its domain. If a is any number on the open interval (–3, 3),
Thus, f(1–) ≠ f(1+). Hence, the given function has no limit at
then lim 9 − x 2 exists and is equal to 9 − a 2 .
the point x = 1. x →a
Now consider a = 3. Let x approach 3 from the left; then
Example 1: The graph of a function g is shown in the lim 9 − x 2 = 0. For x > 3, 9 − x 2 is not defined.
x 3
figure. Use it to state the values (if they exist) of the following
limits: Hence, lim 9 − x2 = lim 9 − x 2 = 0.
lim g(x) x →3 x 3
(a) x 2
(b) x lim g(x)
2
1 1
even though we write lim and lim . We
Solution: From the graph we see that the values of g(x) x 0 x
x 0 x
approach 3 as x approaches 2 from the left, but they approach may only say that the limit does not exist.
1 as x approaches 2 from the right. Therefore, 2x 1
Note that we do not write lim . However, it
(a) lim g(x) = 3 and x 1 x 1
x 2
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1.16 Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced
x 3 The right and left hand limits are equal. Thus, the limit exists
Now, lim lim f(x) = 0.
and x→4
x 2 x 3x 2
3
Y
x 3
∴ lim does note exist
x 2 ( x 1) 2 ( x 2)
4. In some cases a function is defined at x = a however limit
does not exist at x = a and in some cases limit x → a exists but 0 4 X
f(a) is not defined. Note these situations in the graph of the
following function y = f(x) :
sin[ x ]
Y , for [ x ] 0
Example 4: If f(x) = [ x ] ,
0 , for [ x ] 0
2
then find lim f ( x ) where [.] denotes the greatest integer
1 function. x →0
0 1 2 3 4 4 X Solution:
At x = 0 , f (0 ) = 1 +
sin[ x ] sin (1)
At x = 1 , f (1–) = 0 ; f (1+) = 1 lim f ( x ) lim sin 1 .
x 0 x 0 [x] (1)
At x = 2 , f (2+) = f (2–) = 1 ≠ f(2)
At x = 3 , f (3+) = f (3–) = 2 = f(3) lim f(x) = 0 as it is given that f(x) = 0 for [x] = 0.
and x
0
At x = 4 , f (4+) = f (4–) = 1 ≠ f(4)
At x = 5 , f (5–) → ∞ (limit dne). So, x→0
lim f(x) does not exist.
1 h ) sgn h = lim(1 h ) .1 = 1
Since f(x) = 8 – 2x for x < 4, we have = hlim(
0 h 0
lim f(x) = lim (8 – 2x) = 8 – 2.4 = 0. Since, L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L., lim x sgn( x 1) does not exist.
x 4 x 4
x 1
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Limits 1.17
2
1
f(x) = ( x 3) at x = 3.
–
–
+
x
x
Solution:
–1 –h 0 1 2–h 2 X 0 , x3
Solution: The given function can be written as
{2–h} = 2 – h – 1 = 1 – h
| x 3 |
, x3
f(x) = ( x 3)
We have {2 – h} = 2 – h – 1 = 1 – h
L.H.L. = lim{2 h} lim(1 h ) 1 .
h 2 h 0
0 , x3
R.H.L. = hlim{2 h} lim h 0 ∴ L.H.L. = x
lim f(x) = lim (3 – h)
0 h 0 3 h→0
Note that if h as a small positive quantity{–h} = 1 – h | 3 h 3| | h | h
1 = lim = lim = lim = –1
Example 8: Find lim x {x 2 } h 0 (3 h 3) h 0 ( h ) h 0 h
x 2 2
and R.H.L. = x
lim f(x) = lim (3 + h)
3
Solution: L.H.L. =
h→0
| 3 h 3| |h| h
= lim = lim = lim = 1
= lim 2 {4 4h h }
2 (3 h 3)
h 0 h →0 h h →0 h
h 0
Hence the left hand limit and right hand limit of f(x) at
= hlim 2 {4h h 2 } = lim 2 + {– h (4 – h)} x = 3 are –1 and 1 respectively.
0 h→0
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1.18 Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced
Concept Problems C
Y
1. Find lim f(x) f(x)
x / 2 2
Y
f(x) 1
2
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 X
1
4. The following figure shows the graph of a function f.
Decide which of the given limits exist and evaluate those
0 π/2 π X which do.
2. Find lim f(x) (a) lim f ( x ) (b) lim f ( x )
x 0 x →1
x →1
(c) lim f ( x ) (d) lim f ( x )
Y
x 2 x 2
f(x) Y
2
3
1
2
0 1 2 X
1
3. Find (i) lim f(x), (ii) lim f(x), (iii) lim f(x)
x→0 x→1 x→3 0 1 2 3 4 X
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