SUSTAINABILITY MANAGEMENT: COMPOSTING OPTIMIZED

IN ORGANIC SOLID WASTE WITH USE OF ENZYMATIC

METHODOLOGY IN IMPLEMENTATION OF A GARBAGE
COMPOSTING PLANT IN THE CITY OF SANTA JULIANA / MG

Luiz Antonio Alves Pereira

Dra. Mirian Loureiro Fialho
Abstract
This paper intends to propose a study as to aspects inherent to the use of
enzymes in the accelerated composting of solid organic waste from urban waste,
through a detailed study of the implantation of an enzyme optimized composting plant
in “Santa Juliana municipality”, Minas Gerais state, Brazil; transforming urban organic
waste on a fertilizer with mineral/organic characteristics. The methodological procedure
employed consisted in the rapid transformation by enzymatic action of organic waste
generated daily during disposal practiced in the city, on an organic-compound. It was
also evaluated, according to the data analysis provided, the waste recovery aspects
generated for composting, showing a huge potential for minimizing the disposal of these
residues. The conclusion points to the fundamental importance of deploying tools that
enable in the foreground environmental awareness of the community in waste
separation, and in the background contribute to an environmentally correct solution
regarding the final disposal of urban organic waste, as well as the production of an
excellent mineral/organic compound for local agricultural use.

Keywords: Urban solid waste; Organic final disposition; Optimized composting;

Fertilizers; Organic-compound; Mineral/Organic.

* Degree in Biological Sciences – Iguaçu University (UNIG), Pós-Graduate "Especialization" "Environment and
Sustainability," Anhangüera University/(UNIPLI); "MSc" "Master in Environmental Management Auditing and
Environmental Engineering and Technology" – (León University - España). Specialized: Environmental Economics
(GHG Protocol - BECE (Brazilian Environmental Commodities Exchange); Oil Spill Response Expert; Training for
Waste Management; Management Units Conservation (UC) in special PNHRs. (Private Natural Heritage Reserve);
Leader Assessor ISO 14.001 (Bureau Veritas); Leader Assessor ISO 9.001 (BV/TÜV-NORD); Internal Assessor for
Quality, Environmental and Safety Management Systems ( ISO 9.001/14.001); Specialized for Environmental Studies
and Licenses; EIS /EIR.
** PhD in Production Engineering, Sustainability Management, Biologist. He served from 1998 to 2003 as a
professor in the Department of Biological and Health Sciences and Applied Social Sciences at UNISUL.
Collaborating Professor at the Postgraduate Program in Production Engineering at UFSC from 1998 to 2001. From
2003 to present she works as a distance academic tutor in the area of Environment, Solid Waste, Sustainability,
Environmental Education at FUNIBER, IberoAmericana University Foundation. as Coordinator of Tutoring Brazil in
the area of Environment and Health and Nutrition at a Distance, since June 2010. Has experience in Ecology,
focusing on Theoretical Ecology, acting on the following subjects: sustainability, education, environment, and new
technologies. [email protected]

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1. Introduction
Composting has been practiced since ancient times, especially by Orientals.
The techniques employed were handcrafted and the organic compost obtained was used
in the production of cereals.
Only after 1.920, Sir. Albert Horward developed the “Indore” process in India,
defining procedures for the study of solid waste fermentation, resulting in the use of
cells on the soil.
The term composting is now associated more to the organic waste treatment
process than the process for utilization of agricultural and forest residues. According to
(Monteiro et al. 2.001)…
[…] Composting is the set of techniques applied to
control the decomposition of organic materials in order to
obtain, in the shortest possible time, a stable material rich in
humus and mineral nutrient; with physical, chemical and
biological attributes better (in the agronomic aspect) to those
found in the raw material (s) […]
Therefore, it is understood that composting is a biological oxidation process
whereby micro-organisms break down the constituent compounds of the materials
releasing carbon dioxide and steam.
Although considered by most authors as an aerobic process, the composting is
also referred to as a biological process that submits biodegradable waste to anaerobic or
aerobic decomposition and resulting in a product (Eurostat Joint Questionnaire on
Waste, OECD, 2.012).
In observing the 'modus vivendi' of modern society, we are fully aware that in
the present day the improper release of solid, liquid and gaseous residues from different
sources has caused changes in the characteristics of soil, water and air, polluting or
contaminating the environment.
The pollution comes when these residues modify the aesthetic aspect,
composition or the form of the physical environment, while it is considered
contaminated when there is the slightest threat to the health of men, plants and animals
(PEREIRA, N., 1.999).
Resulting from this, the current concern with environmental problems
associated with the scarcity of natural resources has led man to think more seriously
about the issue of solid waste. According to Prof. Jose Penido H. Monteiro…
[…] Considering only urban and public waste, what is
perceived is a widespread action of local public
administrations over the years to only remove collected
garbage from urban areas, sometimes depositing it in
completely inappropriate places, such as forested slopes,
mangroves, rivers, bays and valleys […].
More than 80% of small municipalities leak their waste in open-air sites,
waterways or environmentally protected areas, most with the presence of collectors,
including children, denouncing social problems that poor waste management entails.

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 The growing demand for healthier products and produced without the addition
of chemical fertilizers causes certain stimuli in world agriculture, making the organic
compound a viable alternative and conciliatory for two major global problems: food
production and environmental pollution. This comes against a growing reality in
everyday life, with the lack of adequate technological tools, often with customized
solutions not only way products or mechanical processes, but also related to operational
management to minimize costs and be a source parallel direct or indirect income for
local population. The treatment of organic waste and minerals, aiming its reuse as an
alternative source for the production of fertilizers, is an extremely strategic measure the
environmental point of view and highly convenient when presented economically
viable, since the purpose of composting is to convert organic material that does not It is
capable of being incorporated into the soil in a material which is acceptable for blending
with this. Another function of composting is to destroy the viability of weed seeds and
pathogenic micro-organisms and can also be used to reduce and stabilize the organic
matter destined for the landfill.
The accelerated biodegradation technology is part of a current waste
management model, whose relevance is projected in the effort to introduce technology-
based solutions that contribute to the optimization of natural resources, reduction of
environmental impacts, with the reuse and recovery of waste.
Due to the problematized question regarding the final disposal of municipal
solid waste, and the reuse of organic waste as agricultural input, the following
hypotheses are formulated: The enzymatic composting process reduces the composting
time commonly performed; the quality of the organic compound resulting from this
composting will meet the requirements of government agencies; the implementation of
the enzymatic methodology for accelerated composting in municipal garbage dump of
Santa Juliana municipality – Minas Gerais state is able to add socioeconomic values to
the municipality; There will be positive effects on the public policies of that
municipality, especially those aimed at environmental preservation and the final
disposal of such waste.
The current concern with environmental problems associated with the scarcity
of natural resources has led man to think more seriously about the issue of solid waste.
Composting is considered a method of treatment using solid organic waste, although it
is a remote practice, currently appears as a source of production of an organic composite
for soil fertilizer for agriculture. The growing demand for healthier products produced
without the addition of chemical fertilizers causes certain stimuli in the world
agribusiness, making organic compost a viable and conciliatory alternative to two major
social problems: food production and environmental pollution. This emerging market is
sorely lacking in alternative solutions through environmentally responsible and
economically viable methodologies.
In this context it is proposed this study through monitoring and observation,
evaluate in detail in all its phases the 'composting process optimized with the use of
biocatalyst enzymes', held during the implementation of a composting plant in the
municipality of Santa Juliana in Minas Gerais state in 2.001, contributing to better
sustainability management.

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2. Materials and methods
This case study is a description of the methodology, when participating in the
implementation of a waste composting plant that occurred in minimum time, using the
optimized composting methodology, carried out in Santa Juliana, MG, in 2.001, with
the reuse of solid organic waste in an agricultural input free from the harmful effects of
chemical fertilizers.
Observing the development of fertilizer in three stages:
a) Waste qualification - (the methodology adopted for sorting, weighing,
gravimetric characterization, humidity, pH, carbon content and microbiological
evaluation);
• Data collection on site;
• Waste characterization;
• Physical, chemical and microbiological qualification.
b) Laboratory procedures - (the methodology adopted was the laboratory
evaluation to verify the characteristics of the organic composition, characterization of
the applied enzymes and enzymatic adjustment in relation to the percentages of use):
• Laboratory analysis;
• Bench tests;
• Quantification and definition of application methods.
c) Production of the compound organic by the following procedures:
• Separation and sorting of solid waste;
• Special waste shredding;
• Mixture of low-grade minerals with organic waste;
• Addition of biocatalyst enzymes.
d) Production of the organic/mineral developing the following procedures:
• Mass balance;
• Mixture of minerals (NPK) with organic compound;
• Drying, crumbling and screening;
• Send to the cells for rest and monitoring of organic/mineral fertilizer.
e) Field interviews with local farmers and Agronomist Eng. based on pre-
established questionnaire, to obtain their opinions regarding the effects/benefits
obtained with the compound when its application.

2.1. Tools for data collection

For Gil (1991, p.90), the questionnaire is the fastest way to obtain the desired
information, as it allows a greater number of questions, ensures the anonymity of the
researched, avoids influences on the part of the researcher and is presented in writing,
not generating doubts as to the responses. For this research, it was decided to use a
questionnaire composed of ten questions, which present a series of possible answers
covering several facets of the same subject; they were also performed documents
analysis, testing, laboratory testing and results (items 3.2, 3.3), as well as a study based
on theoretical foundations. Serving such informations as guiding elements of how and
what should be observed to obtain a perfect evaluation of the results.

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2.2 Sample population
The research was conducted with 04 (four) employees of the Santa Juliana dump
municipality, 01 (one) Agronomist Dr. Jefferson Antonio de Souza Researcher at the
Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Company of Minas Gerais (EMATER-MG),
05 (five) local farmers, as well as with Biologist Lazaro Sebastião Roberto, holder of
the invention patent of the studied methodology.

2.3 Data analysis

The survey questionnaire was elaborated and applied being the answers were
tabulated. The data obtained in the field research were sorted, analyzed and some
presented as graphs and tables, contributing to a better interpretation and analysis. From
the result presented in each table was given the focus of the author of this work making
the appropriate comparisons with surveys of other authors.

3. Samples

3.1. Municipality of Santa Juliana

The municipality is Santa Juliana is in the Minas Gerais state, with an estimated
population of 2.000 was 7.850 habitants, in 2.004 was 8.210 habitants. According to the
IBGE in April 2.007 it was already 10.582 habitants.
As for its economy, the municipality has become a prominent center of potato
production. According to the Municipal Agricultural Research (an IBGE survey for
2006 and released in October 2.007), Santa Juliana is the third most profitable city in
Minas Gerais with potato (about 26 million Reais).
Ten years ago, according to the same IBGE survey, potato yield has increased in
Santa Juliana. Santa Juliana also counts on agriculture and grains such as soybeans and
corn are produced. There is also the planting of carrots, garlic and sugar cane.
Located west of the Alto Paranaiba in the state of Minas Gerais, the municipality
of Santa Juliana has an area of 722 km² and has the Zealand district and 17 rural
locations (Salto, Bom Jardim, Lagoa Dourada, Veados, Pires, Córrego do Lobo,
Samambaia, Ponte Preta, Peão, Escorregado, Cipriano, Estacas, Barra, Coivara, Pouso
Frio, Barros e Capiú). They are bordering municipalities: (Nova Ponte, Pedrinópolis,
Perdizes e Sacramento).
The city of Santa Juliana is situated at 910 m altitude, having as geographic
coordinates 19º 18´32 south latitude and 47º 31´27 ”west longitude. Crossed by the BR
452 (linking Araxá to Uberlândia), Santa Juliana is 82 km from Uberaba, 73 km from
Araxá, 97 km from Uberlândia, 453 km from Belo Horizonte, 500 km from the city of
São Paulo and 500 km from Brasilia.
The municipality belongs to the Nova Ponte District.

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 Fig. 01-Geographic localization of the municipality of Santa Juliana.

3.2 Waste generated by the Municipality

According to research by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
(IBGE, 2.000b), the production in Brazil in the year 2.000 was 125.281 tons of waste
per day, most of which was laid out in the open.
The municipality of Santa Juliana, located southwest of Minas Gerais, occupies
722 km² of territorial extension, and according to the IBGE Census (2.000a), there were
7.850 habitants. The municipality generated per day approximately 4.945 kg of
household and commercial waste.
To perform the test the concept of implementation of the plant, the sample which
was based on this work was selected in the amount of 1.000 kg of waste collected in one
day.

3.3. Characterization of the residue used in the concept test

The solid waste collected the previous day was transferred to an area previously
prepared with plastic tarpaulin and separated into four mounds.
The solid waste samples were taken from five points (top and four sides) of each
pile and transferred to five 200 liter casks, at which moment the waste bags were breach
to fill the casks.
Then the contents of the vats were poured into a plastic tarp, beginning the
mixing process of the sample, sorting out was done until 200 liters sample were
obtained.
For the 200 liter sample obtained, the components present in the categories were
segregated: putrescible organic matter; plastic; paper; cardboard; glass; ferrous metal;
non-ferrous metal; cloth; rag; leather; eraser; wood; biological contaminant; chemical
contaminant; stone; earth; ceramics; miscellaneous and when necessary solid health
waste.
a) Gravimetric Study
For this experiment were separated 1.000kg Urban Solid Waste with the
following characteristics:

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 Spreadsheet 01
Gravimetric composition of solid waste Urban
of St. Juliana in August 2000
Group %
PET / Hard Plastics 3,3
Plastics 8,6
Paper / Cardboard 15,1
Ferrous Metals 1,2
Non-ferrous metals 0,8
Glasses 1,6
Various materials (leather, bones, rags, etc.) 8,6
Organic Food Matter 54,5
Pruning trees 6,3

b) Segregation material and sending for recycling

The organic material composed of food waste, soft plastics, paper and cardboard
and tree pruning was separated.

c) Material analysis
The urban solid waste samples, already separated into fractions, were transferred
to drums and sent for weighing.

Spreadsheet 02
Total percentage used for composting
Group % Kg
Plastics 8,6 60.3
Paper / Cardboard 15,1 75,8
Organic matter 54,5 808,2
Pruning trees 6,3 55,7

d) Humidity content
The basic method consisted of keeping a fresh waste sample of known mass in a
greenhouse at a constant temperature, so that no degradation of organic matter occurred
and drying was efficient for a certain period of time. The sample was then reweighed
and the difference between the initial mass and the final mass corresponded to the
percentage humidity content. The time required to perform this analysis was the time
taken for the sample to reach a constant weight.
Part of the sample (10%) was kept in a kiln at a temperature of 50 ºC, and this
value was adopted in order to avoid the burning of organic matter. After observing the
weight constancy of the sample, it was removed from the kiln and weighed. The average
drying time of the sample for humidity determination ranged from 48 to 72 hours.

Spreadsheet 03
Humidity content
Group Previous kg weight Final Kg weight % of humidity
Plastics 6,03 5,87 2,6
Paper / Cardboard 7,58 7,33 3,2
Organic matter 80,82 41,78 48,3
Pruning trees 5,57 5,33 4,3

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e) pH measurement
The basic method consisted of keeping a fresh sample of the residue in contact
with a solvent in this case CO² free deionized water, for a certain period of time. The
obtained extract was then separated from the solid phase and its pH measured with a
digital pH meter. As a pretreatment of the mass of the sample, in order not to lose the
natural state characteristic of the residue, it was minced manually with the aid of
reinforced scissors, provided that no large fractions of liquid were lost during the
process until get pieces no larger than two centimeters and finally homogenized. This
procedure aimed, in addition to ensuring greater sample representativeness, afforded to
a better stirring condition of the sample/extractor mixture. The variables that influenced
the process were identified as: the time and the contact form of the residues with the
extractor, the relationship between the sample mass and the extractor volume, the
separation method of the solid and liquid phases and the type of extractor.
The extractor chosen was dissolved CO² exempted distilled / deionized water.
The choice for distilled/deionized water was due to its purity and the fact that it has a
neutral pH, a property that would not affect the leaching of the species of interest
constituent of the analyzed residue.
The option regarding the absence CO² dissolved justified by the fact that this is a
relatively abundant gas in the atmosphere and fairly soluble in water at room
temperature. Once dissolved in the aqueous medium, this substance reacts with water to
form carbonic acid by changing the pH.
The relation between the sample mass and volume of distilled / deionized water
must be such that it does not harm the process of agitation and that there is abundant
amounts of extractor between the parts of the sample.
The solid sample must be kept in contact with the liquid phase under constant
stirring, in order to provide better contact between the phases, while that performs
homogenization of the extract. The liquid fraction is then separated from the solid
fraction by conventional filtration with qualitative filter paper, glass funnel and
collected in a clean dry beaker. The stirring times used were 1, 5, and 10 minutes. The
sample masses analyzed were 10, 50 and 100g. The sample mass/extractor volume
proportions, studied were 1:10, 1:15 and 1: 20.

Fig. 02-Index pH versus Time.

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f) Measurement of Volatile Solid and Fixed Solid Carbon Content
The remaining fraction of the drying was passed by a knife mill and then by a
ball mill to obtain a sample with surface area and greater representativeness. The dry
residue mass was further sieved at 20 mesh in order to keep constant the granulometry
of the sample.
The analysis carried out consisted in the evaluation of the main parameters that
influence the calcining process, as the sample mass, time and calcination temperature.
The analysis mass was 500g, weighed on an analytical balance, and calcined at
temperatures of 450, 550 and 650 ºC for sufficient time intervals occurring in the
constant weight of the sample.
The sample was initially calcined for two hours after reaching working
temperature and removed from a Mufla oven. The sample was cooled in a desiccator
and then weighed on an analytical balance, returning to the Mufla oven at the same
working temperature for another hour.
Again, after cooling in a desiccator and weighing, the weights obtained in the
calcinations were compared. The porcelain capsules, or crucibles, used for the analyze
were previously and adequately prepared to receive the sample, being calcined, still
empty, at the temperature in which Analyzes were performed to eliminate any
impurities that might contain. The procedure adopted in this analysis was the gradual
heating of the sample in the Mufla oven to working temperature with increment of 50
°C every 30 minutes.
By subjecting the sample to the calcination temperatures mentioned, the
organic fraction was oxidized, volatilizing part of the mass leaving only an inert
fraction.
The percentage of volatile solids represented an estimate of the biodegradable
organic matter content in the residue, while nonvolatile solids (fixed or inert)
represented inorganic or mineral matter.
According Egreja Son (1996), by considering that the proportion of carbon in the
material is volatilized fixed (56 to 58%), the carbon content of the results was
determined by inference from the determination of the volatile solids. Correction factors
that do not express the actual carbon content are then used, as it varies as a function of a
number of parameters, including the composition of the raw material. In Brazil, a
widely used factor, which was adopted by this analysis, was 2.0.
The ideal temperature for calcination can be seen in Figures 03, 04 and 05
showing the thermogravimetric curves of the volatile, fixed total solids and carbon
content. In them it can be observed that at the temperature of 550 ºC there was a total
burning of the sample, and after 2 hours of calcination a weight constancy of the sample
mass was obtained.

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 Fig. 03- Carbon percentage versus Temperature.

Fig. 04- Fixed total solids versus Temperature.

Fig. 05- Volatile total solids versus Temperature.

g) Microbiological analysis
For the analysis of microorganisms (total coliforms, thermotolerant,
fecalenterococci, heterotrophic bacteria and fungi and yeasts), dilutions were performed
thirty (30) grams of the sample from 10-1 to 10-6 in 0.9% saline.
The presence or absence of total and thermotolerant coliforms is performed by
the Colorimetric / Enzyme Method by adding Fluorocult LMX reagent to 100 ml of

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dilution 10-6. Color change was verified for total coliforms and fluorescence for
thermotolerants.
1 ml of dilution 10-6 was inoculated into Enterococcus Agar to determine the
presence and amount of fecal enterococci; 0.1 ml of the same dilution in PCA to
indicate the amount of heterotrophic bacteria and 0.1 ml of the same dilution in PDA to
determine the amount of fungi and yeast. These three determinations were made by the
Petri dish scattering technique.
The analysis of bacteria, fungi and yeast was performed to confirm their
presence in the material before being degraded and subsequently as a compound.

Spreadsheet 04
Result of microbiological analysis of the residue
Horas Coliforms Termotolerantes Enterococos fecais Bactérisa Fungos
totais CFU/Ml CFU/Ml CFU/Ml
7 8 7
01 Positivo Positivo
1x10 1x10 1x10
7 8 8
12 Positivo Positivo 1,5x10
1x10 1,5x10
7 7 7
72 Positivo Positivo
2.01x10 2.0x10 2.x10
7 8 8
120 Positivo Positivo
2.51x10 2.x10 2.x10

4. Optimized Composting

4.1. Development of biocatalysts

The microorganisms used in this accelerated waste biodegradation process were:
Thiobacillus-ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus-thiooxidans, Thiobacillus-thioparus,
Thiobacillus-denitrificans, Nitrosomonas-europaea, Nitrobacter-winogradskyi.
These strains were selected because they are well studied and well known.
These biocatalysts were determined from information given from physical,
chemical and biological analyzes of the waste. Also considered were the types of
processes by which the waste was generated in the industries in order to better evaluate
the general waste conditions and applicability of the biocatalyst. After the
characterization of the residue, the generation of an extractor mechanism (thus defined)
was started, which used a set of microorganisms that, when applied to the waste,
generated the development of the specific Biocatalyst.
In this phase were determined the substrates (amino acids, proteins, organic
acids), among others, that made up the culture medium where the microorganisms
(Biocatalyst) developed. It is noteworthy that the substrates, as well as their
concentrations were modified according to each type of waste to be treated. All changes
were made to meet the accelerated waste biodegradation rate of 72 hours.
In general, the action of Biocatalysts on the residue was performed according to
the needs and physiological characteristics of each microorganism. Therefore, each
microorganism acted on a part of the waste.

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 Macronutrients (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur) and bacterial
micronutrients (magnesium, calcium, iron, potassium and zinc) were obtained from
plant and animal sources, basically. Technically, bacteria extracted these elements as
they degraded the organic waste. Oxidation of organic and inorganic compounds
produced ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main energy molecule for bacteria. ATP
was used by bacteria for biosynthesis of macromolecules necessary for their survival
and reproduction.
All oxidation reactions released energy and the bacteria developed metabolic
pathways that allowed this energy to be used for ATP synthesis.
The whole process of digestion of organic matter was aerobic, that is, oxygen
was used by bacteria as the final electron acceptor for an electron transport system,
promoting the production of CO², H2O and energy. The co-enzyme NAD (nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide) was responsible for the capture of hydrogen atoms and electrons
and their subsequent donor to the electron transport system, where ATP was
subsequently generated to be used by the bacterial cell.
In fats, oils and greases belonging to the lipid group, the bacteria underwent
digestion of organic matter, transforming lipids into CO², H2O and energy. The
biochemical cycle of lipid digestion was carried out under the action of enzymes called
phospholipases or lipases produced by bacteria. These enzymes disrupted the chemical
bonds of lipids to produce various types of organic acids called fatty acids and another
compound called glycerol.
The enzymes involved in cellulose degradation were cellulases. The
biodegradation of the polymer occurred by the action of three groups of enzymes that
acted synergistically. These enzyme groups include the endo-1,4-β-glucanases, exo-1,4-
β-glucanases and 1,4-β-glucosidases. The degree of synergism of cellulases was quite
large. Therefore, the three groups together allowed the total hydrolysis of cellulose.
During the process there was also formation of high stability organic molecules,
humic substances, readily assimilable by plants. The biocatalyst also promoted the
interaction of organic molecules with minerals, forming chelates, that is, a special form
of complex in which the binder molecule attaches to the mineral ion through various
points of its molecule, forming a cyclic structure. Thus their efficiency was increased
when applied to the soil, because the mineral nutrients were protected from reactions
that would make them unavailable to plants.
All organic content and the substrates were balanced at specific levels, so that
there was a streamlined reaction rate in the waste degradation and the use of minerals
(macro and micronutrients) and added to the existing process.
All process parameters were defined as a function of raw material strength in
order to achieve accelerated biodegradation. In low-grade minerals (phosphate rock,
phosphor-gypsum, etc.), the biocatalysts acted as solubilizing agents, boosters of the
elements that were part of the macro and micronutrients.
The present process aimed, basically, to significantly reduce the lignocellulosic
material, thus reducing the C/N relation, arranging the CTC and the total organic carbon
content of the final product properly.

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 The above parameters aimed present at levels that met the standards set by the
Ministry of Agriculture for the marketing of fertilizers. For organic matter produced as
a result of waste degradation needs to be within the requirements established by the
Ministry of Agriculture for the production of organic fertilizers, Decree Law No. 86,955
(of 18/02/82), in the form of C/N relation, CTC (CTC - cation exchange capacity is a
phenomenon of the utmost importance to retain cations in an interchangeable manner,
avoiding their loss by leaching and keeping them available for plants), and organic
carbon.

5. Process Description
Once there was a wide range of organic waste and minerals, all residues was
subjected to analysis for their qualification. Subsequently, a specific biocatalyst
development work was carried out. After the development, there was the application of
biocatalyst the residue.
The technological process could be summarized in three topics as follows:
a) Chemical/physical and biological qualification of the waste;
b) Development of the specific Biocatalyst;
c) Biocatalyst application.
Whole process of accelerated biodegradation developed aerobically. To obtain
the desired results in the application of technology, it was necessary to consider the
process as a whole and each part of it. The biocatalyst contained a nutrient balance with
carbon and nitrogen sources among others, aiming to provide conditions for the growth
of microbial activity in the accelerated degradation of the waste.
The particle size of the residue was a parameter of great importance, as it
facilitated the action of the biocatalyst. The desired residue size for processing was less
than 6 mm. Waste with larger dimensions would make the biodegradation time more
difficult and increased and that, therefore they were subjected to shredding. The
application of the process catalyst was after the residue was within the desired particle
size.
In addition to particle size humidity also had to be parameterized to make
feasible the aerobic biodegradation of the waste. The processing humidity was between
45% and 55% (this humidity might vary depending on aspects such as texture and
density of the waste).
Humidity above 55% could render oxygen unavailable, favoring the
development of anaerobic microorganisms, creating an environment with problems with
bad smell, slurry, etc. Already with humidity below 45% could cause dehydration and
increase the osmotic potential of microorganisms disadvantaging microbial activity.
Therefore, after the material has been put on the cells (resting bays), this was the
ideal humidity of 50%. The combination of particle size and humidity created a mass
with adequate porosity for good natural aeration. In general the mass lost from 3 to 7%
moisture after 72 hours.
The pH and temperature were also monitored to assess the stability of the final
product. The temperature was between 60 and 70 °C from the first 12 hours, due to the

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intense activity of bacterial degradation. At this moment, pathogenic organisms, viruses,
insect larvae, helminth eggs and plant seeds were eliminated.
During the first few hours the simplest compounds contained in organic waste
were degraded, namely carbohydrates (sugars), ranging from monosaccharides (small
molecules) such as glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose. The following hours,
polysaccharides (long molecules) such as starch and glycogen, oils, fats and greases,
proteins, and finally cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, etc.
The entire accelerated biodegradation process was done by: mass balance;
application of a specific microorganism concentrate (biocatalyst); humidity control;
particle size and mass homogenization in order to meet the ideal conditions for the
technological process. The mass, right after the process, presented a texture that favored
microbial respiration, so that there was no need for oxygen injection or its revolving. At
the end of 72 hours a stabilized product was obtained.
All biological content and substrates were balanced at specific levels, so that
there was a speed of reaction dynamized in the degradation of the residue and the
utilization of pre-existing nutrients (macro and micro nutrients) and added to the
existing process.
All process parameters were defined according to the characteristics of the
material to be transformed by the application of accelerated biodegradation technology.
In the case of low minerals (phosphate rock, phosphogypsum, etc.), the biocatalyst acted
by solubilizing and increasing the availability of existing nutritional elements.

5.1. Application of Technology

5.1.1. Application of Technology for Processing of Organic and Mineral Waste -

PHASE 01:
The inputs and enzyme complexes used to carry out this first phase of 112 beats
Kg were:
• 78 kg of organic waste;
• 02 kg (2.5%) of the enzymatic complex called Pulverbill for deodorization and
prior sterilization;
• 15 kg (19%) of rock phosphate (Phosphorite of Cajati city);
• 10 kg (12.5) of the biocatalyst enzyme complex called Ecolix C.

5.1.2 Production of Organic Compound Fertilizer

Phase 01 of the fertilizer production process began with the chemical, physical
and biological qualification and quantification of the waste or raw material, such as
particle size, moisture, Ph, etc. Then the specific biocatalyst was developed. And then
the entire operational process was defined considering the volume of waste to be treated
and the final product to be obtained.

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 Fig. 06- Organic/Compound Processing Process.

5.1.3. Waste Treatment and Inertization

The same pattern was followed as regards the physical, chemical and biological
characterization of the waste. However, the Biocatalyst was configured to perform
oxidation and decontamination of the residue. The parameters (grain size and humidity)
and the nutritional conditions necessary for microbial activity were adjusted. There is no
having to meet the standards of MAPA (Ministry of Agriculture and Farming). "The
sewage sludge, for example, is a waste that can be treated by this technology for the
purpose of inertization, given the set by CONAMA".
The use of biocatalysts for waste treatment was also associated with the phases
of the fertilizer production process.
The whole process could be summarized in tree steps as follows:
a) Deodorization - Neutralization of foul odors when necessary. This treatment
was carried out by mixing the residues with the enzymatic complex called Pulverbill,
the organic residue, adjusting the humidity and rock phosphate in order to reduce it to
the ideal level of 45/50%;
b) Nitrification - Oxidation of organic and ammonia nitrogen to nitrate. For this
phenomenon, the enzyme complex called Ekolix was prepared by adding it to the mix.
c) Solubilization - Nutrient availability increasing absorption by plants. During
this part of the process, there was microbial growth, that is, an increase in the number of
microorganisms that make up the biocatalyst, due to the intense biological activity of
the waste. However, as nutrient sources decreased, this population declined at the end of
the process.
The most important microbial activities on “Phase 01” raw materials were
biodegradation of organic matter and nutrient mineralization.

5.1.4. Considerations
Pre operation
• No added fibrous organic material in the mix of organic materials prepared.
• Fibrous materials were processed separately and without the addition of basic
mineral additives or subjected to grinding first.
• The animal waste (fish and meat) was separated from the others and before
processing prepared as follows:
a) In plastic drum, layers were made about 10 cm from the residue and lined
with the enzymatic complex called Pulverbil;
b) was left to rest for about 2 days;
c) That done, the mix was introduced into the first phase mass balance to be
processed normally.

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 Fig. 07 Illustration of the mixture in the pre-operation stage in the production process

The traditional composting process, more used in the disposal of organic wastes
takes 60-180 days to complete processing. This methodology allows a large increase in
degradation rate, which occurs in 72 hours, producing organic fertilizer with high
solubilizing capacity of nutrients and eliminating the risk of contamination. The figure
below represents the action of catalysts existing in biocatalysts

Fig. 08- Action of catalysts

In function of the qualification and quantity of the waste that were processed, the
mass balance was elaborated for the production of the organic compost fertilizer. In this
case, “our recommendation was that in the mass balance were added as a source of raw
materials, minerals low, like, rock phosphate, gypsum, limestone, etc.".
The materials were mixed and sprayed with the biocatalyst that promoted their
accelerated biodegradation (maximum 72 hours). Then the product was deposited on
standing bays where it remained for 12 to 72 hours. At the end of the rest was collected
and chemical analysis of the product, already defined as organ compound. The final
product, ie, the basic product followed the recommended parameters by MAPA.
The following diagram presents the steps of the production process, highlighting
the activities related to the use of each equipment.

Fig. 09- Stages of organic/compound production process

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5.2. Applications of Technology for Organomineral Fertilizer Production
- PHASE 02
The inputs and enzymatic complexes used in this first phase to make 100 Kg
beats were:
a) 70 kg of Organic Compound;
b) 20 kg (30%) of MAP powder (single superphosphate) (P-phosphorus source);
c) 10 kg (15%) of industrial urea (N-nitrogen source);
d) 10 kg (15%) of potassium chloride (K-potassium source);
e) 02 kg (3%) of the mineral complement Ekolix D.

5.2.1. Organomineral Production (Chelatization and Pelletization):

Fig. 10 - organic/mineral production

From the basic product, nutritional and product guarantees need, the mixture of
raw materials was carried out, always in accordance with the operational capacity of the
production unit. A new biocatalyst was then sprayed mixture to effect solubilization,
chelating and pelletizing the same. The biocatalyst would promote interaction of the
organic matter with minerals forming a single product, available in granular, powder or
mash form, can be dried and bagged industrially.

Spreadsheet 05
Group Grain size specifications
Strainer Passing minimum % Withheld maximum %
4mm (ABNT n°5) 95 5
Grainy
1mm (ABNT n°18) 5 95
2mm (ABNT n°10) 100 0
Powder 0,84mm (ABNT n°20) 70 30
0,3mm (ABNT n°50) 50 50
3,36mm (ABNT n°6) 95 5
Bran
0,5mm (ABNT n°35) 25 75
Thick 4,8mm (ABNT n°4) 100 0
bran 1mm (ABNT n°18) 20 80

Spreadsheet 06
Guarantees Simple Organic Compounds
organic Class A Class B Class D Class D
Maximum unit (%) 40 50 50 50 70
N minimum total (%) 0,5 1
Organic Carbon (minimum) 15 15
Minimum CTC (mmolc / kg) Declared
pH (minimum) Declared 6 6,5 6
C/N Relation (Maximum) - 18
CTC/C Relation (minimum) 10 20
Sum (NP, NK, PK, or NPK) - Declared

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Spreadsheet 07
Chemical Characteristics of Organic/mineral Fertilizer Guarantees
Organic Carbon (%) 8
Maximum Humidity (%) 25
Minimum CTC (mmolc / kg) 80
Macro Primary Nutrients (N, P, K) or sum (NP, NK, PK or NPK) 10
Macro Secondary Nutrients or Sum (%) 2
Micronutrients or sum (%) 4

The following diagram illustrates the main activities carried out throughout the
production plant

FIG 11 - Stages of the Organic/mineral Production Process

6. Results and discussion

6.1. Composting Temperature

As mentioned before, temperature is a determining factor in the observation of
the process, since different temperatures represent the different development of
microorganisms. This is one of the most useful parameters in monitoring the evolution
of composting. The temperature of the stack is a reflection of microbial activity and
allows to detect changes occurred during the process.
In the case of accelerated composting on the third and fourth days, temperatures
above 75 °C were recorded, resulting in a reduction in the population of
microorganisms and consequently a decrease in activity. Temperatures around 85 °C are
sufficient to completely stop the microbiological activity of the cell and, associated with
alkaline pH, provide the volatilization of sulfur and nitrogen in the form of ammonia
(AZEVEDO, 1.997; BAETA-HALL et al., 2.003; NOBLE and GAZE, 1.996).
In the process of accelerated composting by enzymatic process, the temperature
presented variations as shown in the graph below, showing the high action of
decomposing microorganisms, leading to a peak temperature in the first 72 hours
compared to the time average of natural compost, or even when for aeration forced
through perforated pipe having its "mesophilic phase" situated between the first 48
hours, its peak temperature in the "thermophilic phase" within 72 hours and regression
temperature in its "cooling phase" and maturation of between 120 and 144 hours.
In the figures below it is possible to notice the reflection of the temperature
against the enzymatic and microbiological action on the organic degradation between
the conventional composting covered in blue, the conventional composting exposed in

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yellow, by forced aeration in green and the accelerated composting, and the temperature
curve x time in accelerated composting.

FIG 12 - Comparative graph of the effect of temperature on organic carbon degradation

during the composting process.

FIG. 13 - Representative graph of temperature changes during the accelerated composting process.

6.2. Composting time

Second (Peixoto, 1.998) the normal composting time varies around 3 to 4
months distributed as follows:

Phase I - Initial Mesophilic Phase - Presented onset of decomposition of organic matter,

detachment of heat and water vapor, phytotoxicity with acid formation (acetic, formic,
proprionic, butyric, caproic and capric - pH drop ~ 4.5) and short-term toxins - 12 to 24
hours;

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Phase II - Thermophilic phase of semi-drying and hardening or bio-stabilization -
active degradation - is at this stage that occur the most intense biochemical reactions. It
is essentially thermophilic phase (65 ºC) - duration: 45 - 70 - 90 days (cells), depending
on environmental factors, the nature of waste, size and nature of the microbial
population, nutrient balance and type of process chosen;

Phase III - Cooling Phase - time duration: 2 to 5 days.

Phase IV - Curing, maturation or humification phase (formation of humic acids) and

mineralization - time duration: 30 to 60 days.

Being a biological process, the transformations occurred according to the

principles already mentioned. However, the methods ranged from particularly artisanal
systems to an enzymatic system as in this particular case, where interfering factors were
monitored and controlled with relative precision. Organic degradation and accelerated
composting time were observed, and the temperature of the cell was constantly
monitored and recorded, as it was possible to determine the ideal frequency of revolving
and the bacterial action of decomposition optimized by the enzymatic action, producing
the compost in less time than the others, than in conventional composting. This
monitoring allowed the following characteristics to be perceived:

Phase I - Mesophilic stage or initial - Presented rapid heating which indicated shortly
after the formation of the initial cell, the beginning of the growth of microorganisms.
Initially, in the mesophilic phase, mesophilic acid-producing bacteria and fungi
predominated; with the rapid rise in temperature, approaching the thermophilic phase,
the predominant population was actinomycetes, bacteria and thermophilic fungi. The
temperature increase in this phase surpassed 70 ºC influenced by the greater availability
of oxygen, promoted by the initial cell turnover. - Total time of 6 hours;

Phase II - Phase thermophilic drying and semi-hardening or bio-stabilization - Passing

the thermophilic phase was the destruction of eggs, larvae and pathogens that could
possibly exist in the initial mass. The plant and animal residues was not equally
degraded, nor was it completely decomposed at once; its various constituents were
decomposed in different stages, with different intensities and by different populations of
microorganisms. Sugars, starches and soluble proteins were first decomposed, followed
by some hemicelluloses and other proteins, certain hemicelluloses, oils, fats, resins and
other plant constituents were further decomposed and carbon was released as carbon
dioxide - Total time 72 hours;

Phase III - Cryophilic or cooling phase - The compound was losing heat and resuming
the mesophilic stage, however, with other chemical composition and more darkened
appearance, accompanied by a decrease in the C/N relation below 20. Getting to the end
of the process humus, that is, a dark, uniform, amorphous, colloidal particle-rich

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substance, this gives these material different physical, chemical and physicochemical
properties from the original raw material. - Total time 144 hours;

Phase IV - Curing, maturation or humification phase - Finally, with the cryophilic

phase, in which the temperature decreases, however no protozoa, nematodes, ants,
myriapods, worms and insects were found - Total time 5 days.

a) pH
It is a fact observed in that very low or very high pH levels reduce or even
inhibit microbial activity. (Silva et al. 2.003) advocate that the initial pH should be
between 5.5 and 8.5. The pH of organic waste at the beginning of the process is usually
in the range of 5.0 to 6.0, and the first few days of the process may slightly decrease due
to the production of organic acids. However, within a few days, due to the breakdown of
soluble proteins, the pH becomes neutral to slightly basic (7.0 to 8.5) (Azevedo, 1.997;
Baeta-Hall et al., 2,003). The initial pH of the pile should be checked before the
composting process begins, as high values (above 8) can cause nitrogen loss from
ammonia formation. The development of the process anaerobically can be detected by
the pH reading, which should normally be in the range of 4 and 5 (AZEVEDO, 1.997)
The USW mixture used in this experiment showed a pH close to 5.0 or slightly
higher (5.3 <7.6), with a drastic increase in pH explained by protein hydrolysis and
ammonia release. Thus, the pH remained alkaline (7.5 <9.0) during the beginning of the
thermophilic phase with ammonia release and nitrogen reduction. However, after the
initial stabilization time occurred with the decrease of pH to optimal levels (7.3 <8,1),
regressing in stage criófila for levels of (6,6 <7,2).

b) Relation Carbon / Nitrogen (C / N) and Nitrogen / Phosphorus / Potassium

As referenced, microorganisms require carbon as a source of energy and
nitrogen for protein synthesis. It is for this reason that the C/N relation is considered as
the factor that best characterizes the balance of substrates.
Theoretically, the C/N relation optimal initial substrate must lie at around 30. In
fact, it can be found that it can range from 20 to 70 according to the higher or lower
substrate biodegradability. Lack of nitrogen as well as lack of carbon limits
microbiological activity. If the C/N relation is too low a large loss of nitrogen may
occur due to ammonia volatilization. If the C/N relation is too high, microorganisms
will not find enough N for protein synthesis and their development will be limited. As a
result, the composting process will be slower. Regardless of the initial C/N relation, at
the end of composting the C/N relation converges to the same value, between 10 and 20,
due to higher carbon than nitrogen losses in the process development.
According to the norms of the Ministry of Agriculture, where the levels must
present minimum levels of the C/N relation below 20/1, CEC (Cation Exchange
Capacity) above 60 mEq. Considering the relationships between the contents of these
nutrients present in organic compost and fertilizer, the average mass equivalence is 17:
1.

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 According (Kiehl, 1.998), one way of establishing the value of organic compost
is based on the organic matter content using other inputs such as barnyard or farm
manure. Another way that has been proposed for this purpose is based on the primary
macro nutrient (NPK) content contained in the mineral fertilizer and compost. For
comparison purposes was adopted the formula: (NPK 12-6-6) which represents a
formula that maintains proportionality with the average values observed for the
corresponding contents in the organic compound samples.
The percentages of N-P-K in the finished organic compost were relatively
differentiated, but the benefit from them was due to the release of nitrogen and
phosphorus in the soil in proportions that, although different, were fully utilized by the
plants and not lost due to leaching effect.
In Brazil the Ministry of Agriculture standards define NPK minimum levels of
0.8% to 1.5% of N (Nitrogen) - 1.5 to 3.5% P (phosphorus) to -0.8 1.0% K (potassium),
organic matter above 40%, organic carbon within the MAP standards.
At the end of this accelerated composting process it was verified that the Carbon
Nitrogen (C / N) relations presented were (12/1), setting an ideal relation within the
expected parameters, and that the relationship between Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Potassium (NPK) shown to be (NPK 15-03-13) + 25% organic matter (OM) with a
minimum of 12% organic carbon (OC). Configuring a differentially beneficial
relationship structure by the fact that the levels of supplements can be composed
according to the need of the plantation or region to be applied the compost.

c) Microbiological results
In several countries there is a concern to define parameters so that the
composting process is considered to be satisfactory from the health point of view. These
criteria set temperature and exposure time conditions. It is necessary that during the
process high temperatures should be reached for cleaning the compost, eliminating
pathogens and weeds that may be present in the material (Bollen, 1.984; Marques and
Hogland, 2.002), two factors that define the efficiency of composting in disinfection.
Considering the health profile of the Brazilian population, which is highly
contaminated by intestinal parasites and the importance of coliforms as indicators, the
control of these two parameters seems to be a sensible and adequate proposal for the
sanitary control of the compound obtained from SW. When using agricultural sewage
SWs for agriculture, certain substances and microorganisms should be reintroduced to
the environment and their influence on environmental quality and, consequently, on
human health should be assessed. Pathogens should be analyzed according to their
different degrees of biological activity and their concentrations, which define their
virulence, since associated with the conditions of the environment and the
susceptibilities of the hosts, may be reflected in some changes in the health of the
populations.
In the accelerated composting process different communities of microorganisms
(including bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts and fungi) predominated in the different
phases. At the beginning of the process there was a strong growth of mesophilic
microorganisms, with (temperatures above 40 ºC) began to predominate thermophilic

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proliferated more strongly. Due to the gradual rise in temperature resulting from the
biodegradation process (temperatures above 55 ºC) many of the pathogenic
microorganisms to humans or plants have been destroyed. (Above 65 ºC) occurred the
destruction of most organisms, including those responsible for decomposition. Weed
seeds lost viability in the presence of high temperatures (40-60 ºC).
When the organic substrate was mostly transformed, the temperature decreased,
the thermophilic population was restricted, the global biological activity was
significantly reduced and the mesophiles settled again. At this stage most readily
biodegradable molecules were transformed, the compound has pleasant odor and has
begun the process of humification, typical final step, called maturation.

Spreadsheet 08
Result of Organomineral Microbiological Analysis
Fecal
Bacteria Fungi
hours Total Coliforms Thermotolerants Enterococci
(CFU / mL) (CFU / mL)
(CFU / mL)
24 Negative Negative - 8x107 4,5x107
36 Negative Negative - 10x107 6,2x107
72 Negative Negative - 2,5x107 1,6x107

d) Analysis of laboratory results of organomineral compound

For Pereira Neto (1.999), organic compost does not have and will hardly have a
market problem in Brazil, as there are several options for using this product. From the
scientific point of view, especially in tropical and subtropical climates, there is a lack of
knowledge about the dynamics and importance of organic matter in the soil. Because of
this fact, it is difficult to classify the compound and establish its value in humus.
However, sufficient data already exist so that the comparison of compost with mineral
fertilizer is not limited to short cycle crop yields.
Organic compost without mineral supplementation should not be seen as a
substitute for mineral fertilizer, but as an associative element. However under controlled
conditions it can even be supplemented with nitrogen (nitrogen), phosphorus and
potassium (NPK) ions in a balanced way, giving rise to an ideal organomineral
compound for agriculture.
Organomineral compounds demonstrate the ability to modify the physical
properties of the soil as they are applied, promoting the formation of aggregates. As a
result, they increase porosity, aeration, water holding capacity, etc. At the same time,
the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the medium is increased, that is, the cationic
nutrients, Ca, Mg and K, previously transported along with the rainwater (leaching
process), become available to the roots, in larger quantities and longer. Some organic
acids, released by the organomineral compound, decrease the adsorption
(immobilization) of P. Under these conditions, the pH variations also decrease, making
the liming needs (application of lime in the soil to raise the pH) more rare. In addition,
organic/minerals, applied under these conditions, will be better utilized by plants, and
their action on soil acidity and salinization will decrease substantially.
The chemical properties of the organomineral compound presented in the
laboratory results shown below showed a balance of nutrients essential for interaction

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with clays forming the clay-humic-nutritional complex, responsible for the increase of
cation exchange capacity (predominance of negative charges in relation to positive
ones); by the complexing power over metals; by action on the availability of phosphorus
and stabilizing action on environmental variations in the soil.

FIG 14 - Organomineral laboratory analysis report

Source: Lazaro - Bioexton Technological Material

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6.3. Analysis of results in local agriculture
It was understood that the benefit of compost in the soil was not only that of
providing nutrients to plants, but mainly of modifier, to improve their physical and
biological properties. Providing nutritious elements to the soil, promoting improved
nutrition of macro and micronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, boron,
etc.
Organic matter assisted in retention of chemically supplied nutrients, giving time
to their use by plants, softening the effects of their rapid infiltration into deeper soil
layers. Nutrient solubilization occurred due to the action of humic organic acids
contained in the compost (decomposed plants or animals) resulting in an increase in the
cation exchange capacity of the soil. Improved structure (granulation) of the soil,
conferring a greater capacity for absorption and storage of water, allowing also good
aeration, better root system development and easier cultivation. The organomineral
compound favored a greater microbial activity in the soil resulting from this new and
marked improvement for the soil, because the organic matter served as food for the soil
microbial population, the use of the organic matter allowed a quick correction of the soil
acidity, tending to stabilize the pH close to neutrality. There has been a reduction in
toxicity by pesticides and other toxic substances.

6.4. Analysis of results partner / economic described in interviews

From information provided in interviews with Dr. Jeferson Antonio de Souza
(EMATER) and with local farmers, it was evident that we continuously cultivated soils;
small amounts in frequent applications would be more efficient than large amounts
applied at long intervals. After the application of the organomineral in a regular period
of time (4 months) in the orange, coffee and maize cultivation of the organomineral
plantations, the fruits presented considerable differences in size, color and big change in
the root structures, stem and foliaceous structures. .
In interviews with employees and scavengers found the improvement of working
conditions due to the facilitation of local segregation in appropriate and clean as well as
its incorporation into the staff of the processing plant, which has incurred various social
benefit.
The improper disposal of urban waste has been causing contamination of soils,
surface and underground water resources and eventually, depending on the
characteristics of the organic compounds present in the waste, promotes with singular
meaningfulness the contamination of air, water and soils. Currently, efforts are being
made towards the development of new alternatives for remediation of these
contaminated media. Contamination of elements by organic compounds may require the
use of a combination of biological, physical and chemical technologies to reduce
aggression to a safe and acceptable level (KHAN et al., 2.004).
Biological processes, when compared to physicochemical processes, are safer,
less costly and less aggressive to the environment, as they often concentrate their efforts
on optimizing only the process naturally occurring in contaminated soils, known as
bioremediation (MOLINA-BARAHONA et al., 2.004; D'ANNIBALE et al., 2.006).
The objective of this study was to observe all the stages of the implementation of
the composting plant in Santa Juliana, as well as the phases of accelerated composting
with enzymatic methodology in the treatment of USW in Santa Juliana. Through daily
monitoring of the assembly realized it was a very fast (around 25 days), together with an

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extreme agility in the assembly of the work site with the use of equipment of national
origin and the easy operation because it does not imply in pressurized equipment, not
involving complicated technologies and engineering or operation at high temperatures,
and simple understanding of handling.
The accelerated composting by enzymatic process, in turn, proved to be an
ecologically acceptable and environmentally friendly technology due to the non-
contamination of soils, air and water. Means that using the stimulation of microbial
activity to degrade organic compounds, offers a good result whit a transformation in
metabolites or mineralization of contaminants simple methodology and held in
accordance with modern concepts such as the use of enzyme complexes as accelerator
through the process.
A practical process was observed, what resulted in a stable end product (the
compound) free of pathogenic microorganisms containing a balanced nutrient
concentration. In addition, the accelerated composting process has reduced a large
amount of pollutants present in the waste, whether physical/chemical or other
contaminants.
As reviewed in this paper, several factors could be easily managed for their
optimization, enabling its use in different fields of activity due to the physical,
chemical-physical, chemical and biological presented in the compound leading to the
conclusion that the optimized composting is presented as an alternative viable for
organic production systems, by virtue of its high nutritional and biological quality, their
high contents of organic matter. The use of rock phosphate, used for enrichment of
compound led to the attainment of organic matter with higher levels of phosphorus,
calcium and zinc, and base saturation allowed obtaining a high degree of soil fertility in
the organic system and also a neutral pH level.
With respect to the composite sample as compared composting parameters
referenced above, it was found that was obtained clearly beneficial results highlighted
the fact that the method is theoretically the same (composting). However provided to the
new technology used with use of enzyme biocatalysts complex.
The composting time was significantly reduced, showing a substantial
biocatalyst action of the enzymatic complexes used in the biodegradation of the
residues. The results for the biological assays showed the differences before and after
the experiment showing the bacterial increase in short time bio-decomposition, as well
as the drastic reduction of contaminants.
The relations C/N and N, P, K configured an ideal relation within the expected
parameters, the organomineral compound from the conversion of the organic matter
content, presented ideal indices of equilibrium of its constituents in relation to the
parameters regulated by MAPA.
Therefore, accelerated composting by enzymatic action has been shown to be an
efficient process that should be widely used in Brazilian cities, as it addresses not only
sanitary and landfill reduction, but also social, environmental and economic aspects.
The compost could be used as a soil fertilizer in local agriculture, also being used for
the recovery of degraded areas and in the protection of slopes.
Through follow-up and interviews conducted with Dr. Jeferson Antonio de
Souza and local farmers, it was evidenced the improvement in planting after the use of
organomineral compost in orange, coffee and maize crop showing considerable
differences in terms of size and quality of fruits, beneficial modifications in root, stem
and leaves structures, as well as a considerable improvement in soil quality in nutrient
levels, texture as well as pH balance.

Int. J. Knowl. Eng. Manage., ISSN 2316-6517, Florianópolis, v. 2, n. 2, p. 52-85, , mar./maio, 2013. 26
Methodology, therefore extremely useful in rural regions where there is a great
abundance of organic/vegetable supplements, and also the organic-composites
purchased by small and medium farmers at a much lower cost than those practiced in
the market because they are produced in the same region, therefore, there is no transport
costs or the occurrence of intermediaries. As well as this methodology was shown for its
speed in the transformation of the USWs whit extreme application in the great urban
centers not allowing the development of vectors or bad smell resulting from the long
exposure of these residues, as well as the promotion of jobs for the region.
Considering the Brazilian reality, where garbage dumps predominate, it is
recommended that investments be made in the implementation of optimized composting
plants, which will represent a huge advance in the quality of the final disposal as a
whole of solid waste in Brazil. What should no longer be allowed is that the waste,
whatever its origin (household, industrial or health, among others), continue to be
dumped freely in dumps, where they can for lack of an adequate
socio/economic/environmental structure. Be handled or left without respect in the wild.
The municipality should also have a separate collection program, a source waste
reduction program and some other alternative disposal programs such as industrial /
commercial waste and special waste collection such as batteries, lamps, waste tires,
among others, which can be achieved through an integrated management program.
It is possible, and necessary, to develop projects for larger accelerated
composting plants according to local needs and particularities, so that the final disposal
of municipal solid waste generated in the various municipalities becomes sanitary. It is
extremely important that, together, there is the qualification of the human resources
necessary to operate and maintain these plants to be implemented, so that the dumps do
not reappear in that region. This research also emphasizes the proposal in a more direct
integration of the application of scientific knowledge relevant to the subject as in
achieving goals of policies to the problem of resolution of municipal solid waste.

Article received for publication 19/10/2012 and accepted for publication 16

November 2.012.

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