Fuzzy reasoning is a method in computer science that involves integrating human

intelligence into a system through fuzzy IF-THEN rules, allowing for the handling of
transitional values between absolute truth and absolute false using fuzzy sets with
membership degrees.
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. The approach of
FL imitates the way of decision making in humans that involves all intermediate possibilities
between digital values YES and NO.
The conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes precise input and
produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to human’s YES or NO.
The inventor of fuzzy logic, Lotfi Zadeh, observed that unlike computers, the human decision
making includes a range of possibilities between YES and NO, such as −
CERTAINLY YES
POSSIBLY YES
CANNOT SAY
POSSIBLY NO
CERTAINLY NO
The fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve the definite output.
Fuzzy Logic Systems Architecture
It has four main parts as shown −
Its Architecture contains four parts :
 RULE BASE: It contains the set of rules and the IF-THEN conditions provided by the
experts to govern the decision-making system, on the basis of linguistic information.
Recent developments in fuzzy theory offer several effective methods for the design and
tuning of fuzzy controllers. Most of these developments reduce the number of fuzzy
rules.
 FUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert inputs i.e. crisp numbers into fuzzy sets. Crisp
inputs are basically the exact inputs measured by sensors and passed into the control
system for processing, such as temperature, pressure, rpm’s, etc.
 INFERENCE ENGINE: It determines the matching degree of the current fuzzy input
with respect to each rule and decides which rules are to be fired according to the input
field. Next, the fired rules are combined to form the control actions.
 DEFUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert the fuzzy sets obtained by the inference
engine into a crisp value. There are several defuzzification methods available and the
best-suited one is used with a specific expert system to reduce the error.

Membership function
Definition: A graph that defines how each point in the input space is mapped to
membership value between 0 and 1. Input space is often referred to as the universe of
discourse or universal set (u), which contains all the possible elements of concern in each
particular application.
What is Fuzzy Control?
 It is a technique to embody human-like thinkings into a control system.
 It may not be designed to give accurate reasoning but it is designed to give acceptable
reasoning.
 It can emulate human deductive thinking, that is, the process people use to infer
conclusions from what they know.
 Any uncertainties can be easily dealt with the help of fuzzy logic.

Advantages of Fuzzy Logic System

 This system can work with any type of inputs whether it is imprecise, distorted or noisy
input information.
 The construction of Fuzzy Logic Systems is easy and understandable.
 Fuzzy logic comes with mathematical concepts of set theory and the reasoning of that is
quite simple.
 It provides a very efficient solution to complex problems in all fields of life as it
resembles human reasoning and decision-making.
 The algorithms can be described with little data, so little memory is required.
Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic Systems
 Many researchers proposed different ways to solve a given problem through fuzzy logic
which leads to ambiguity. There is no systematic approach to solve a given problem
through fuzzy logic.
 Proof of its characteristics is difficult or impossible in most cases because every time
we do not get a mathematical description of our approach.
 As fuzzy logic works on precise as well as imprecise data so most of the time accuracy
is compromised.
Application
 It is used in the aerospace field for altitude control of spacecraft and satellites.
 It has been used in the automotive system for speed control, traffic control.
 It is used for decision-making support systems and personal evaluation in the large
company business.
 It has application in the chemical industry for controlling the pH, drying, chemical
distillation process.
 Fuzzy logic is used in Natural language processing and various intensive applications in
Artificial Intelligence.
 Fuzzy logic is extensively used in modern control systems such as expert systems.
 Fuzzy Logic is used with Neural Networks as it mimics how a person would make
decisions, only much faster. It is done by Aggregation of data and changing it into more
meaningful data by forming partial truths as Fuzzy sets.

What is Fuzzy Control?

It is a technique to embody human-like thinkings into a control system.

It may not be designed to give accurate reasoning but it is designed to give acceptable
reasoning.
It can emulate human deductive thinking, that is, the process people use to infer
conclusions from what they know.
Any uncertainties can be easily dealt with the help of fuzzy logic.
Fuzzy Logic in Pattern Recognition:
Pattern Recognition (PR) form a major area of research and development that encompasses
the processing of pictorial, numeric and non-numeric data obtained from the nature. A pattern
can be either a physical object (e.g., a human being or a car) or an abstract notion (e.g., a
style of writing). A pattern is represented as a measurement or attribute vector, where each
dimension corresponds to a feature of the pattern. These features can be either quantitative or
qualitative. For example, if mass and color are the two features used, then object with 20
units of mass and black in color, can be represented as an ordered two-tuple (20, black).
Fuzzy logic is a powerful tool for pattern recognition, especially in cases where uncertainty,
noise, or vagueness exists in the data. It provides an intuitive, rule-based classification system
that is highly interpretable compared to complex machine learning models.

Key Benefits of Using Fuzzy Logic in Pattern Recognition:

 Handles uncertainty and vagueness in data.

 Deals well with overlapping class boundaries.
 Allows linguistic reasoning (e.g., "high temperature" rather than strict numerical
thresholds).
 Works effectively in noisy environments.

2. Fuzzy Pattern Recognition Framework

Fuzzy pattern recognition follows these key steps:

Step 1: Fuzzification (Feature Extraction)

 Convert crisp (numerical) data into fuzzy sets.

 Define membership functions (e.g., triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian) to represent
uncertainty.
 Example: If we classify temperature into "Cold," "Warm," and "Hot," we define fuzzy
sets.

Step 2: Fuzzy Rule-Based System

 Define if-then fuzzy rules to describe the relationship between input features and
classes.
 Example:
o If (temperature is HIGH) and (humidity is LOW), then (Pattern = Sunny Day).
o If (temperature is MEDIUM) and (humidity is HIGH), then (Pattern = Rainy
Day).

Step 3: Fuzzy Inference System (FIS)

 Apply fuzzy reasoning using methods like Mamdani or Sugeno inference.

 Compute the degree of membership for each input pattern.
 Aggregate and defuzzify results to determine the most likely pattern.

Step 4: Decision Making

  Convert fuzzy output into a final classification.
 Example: Assign the input data to a pattern class based on the highest degree of
membership.

3. Applications of Fuzzy Logic in Pattern Recognition

1. Handwritten Character Recognition

o Fuzzy membership functions help handle different writing styles.
o Fuzzy rules classify characters based on shape features.
2. Medical Diagnosis (Pattern Classification in Medical Data)
o Fuzzy logic is used in diseases classification (e.g., diabetes, cancer).
o Medical parameters like glucose level, heart rate, and blood pressure can be
classified into fuzzy sets.
3. Image Recognition & Object Detection
o Fuzzy logic is applied in edge detection, segmentation, and feature
extraction.
o Helps in face recognition by handling variations in lighting and angles.
4. Speech and Voice Recognition
o Fuzzy systems classify voice patterns based on pitch, tone, and frequency.
o Helps in recognizing commands in different accents.
5. Weather Prediction
o Fuzzy rule-based systems classify weather conditions based on temperature,
humidity, and pressure.

4. Fuzzy vs. Classical Pattern Recognition

Fuzzy Logic-Based
Feature Classical Pattern Recognition
Recognition
Handling Uncertainty Good Poor
Overlapping Classes Managed with fuzzy sets Requires strict boundaries
Noise Tolerance High Low
Mathematical Complexity Moderate Often high (e.g., deep learning)
Interpretability Easy (rule-based) Hard (e.g., black-box models)

5. Example: Fuzzy Pattern Recognition for Weather Classification

Let’s consider a simple fuzzy system for recognizing weather patterns based on temperature
and humidity.

Step 1: Define Fuzzy Sets

 Temperature: {Cold, Moderate, Hot}

 Humidity: {Low, Medium, High}
 Weather Patterns: {Rainy, Cloudy, Sunny}
Step 2: Membership Functions

 Cold: 0–15°C0–15°C0–15°C
 Moderate: 10–25°C10–25°C10–25°C
 Hot: 20–40°C20–40°C20–40°C
 Low Humidity: 0–400–40%0–40
 Medium Humidity: 30–7030–70%30–70
 High Humidity: 60–10060–100%60–100

Step 3: Define Rules

1. IF (Temperature is Hot) AND (Humidity is Low) THEN (Weather = Sunny)

2. IF (Temperature is Moderate) AND (Humidity is Medium) THEN (Weather =
Cloudy)
3. IF (Temperature is Cold) AND (Humidity is High) THEN (Weather = Rainy)

Step 4: Fuzzy Inference and Classification

 If an input temperature is 18°C and humidity is 65%, it falls into Moderate

Temperature and Medium Humidity, so the system classifies it as Cloudy.

Example: Let us consider an air conditioning system with 5-level fuzzy logic system. This
system adjusts the temperature of air conditioner by comparing the room temperature and the
target temperature value.

A 5-level fuzzy logic system for an air conditioning system adjusts the air conditioner’s
temperature by comparing the room temperature with the target temperature. Here’s how
it works:

1. Fuzzy Logic Levels:

The system uses five linguistic variables to define the temperature difference:

 Very Cold (VC)

 Cold (C)
 Normal (N)
 Hot (H)
 Very Hot (VH)

2. Inputs and Fuzzification:

 Input 1: Room Temperature (TroomT_{room}Troom)

 Input 2: Target Temperature (TtargetT_{target}Ttarget)
 Temperature Difference: ΔT=Troom−Ttarget\Delta T = T_{room} -
T_{target}ΔT=Troom−Ttarget
The temperature difference ΔT\Delta TΔT is classified into the five fuzzy levels.

3. Fuzzy Rule Base:

A set of fuzzy rules determines the air conditioner’s cooling or heating intensity. Example
rules:

1. If ΔT\Delta TΔT is Very Cold (VC), then Increase Heating to Maximum.

2. If ΔT\Delta TΔT is Cold (C), then Increase Heating Moderately.
3. If ΔT\Delta TΔT is Normal (N), then Maintain Current Setting.
4. If ΔT\Delta TΔT is Hot (H), then Increase Cooling Moderately.
5. If ΔT\Delta TΔT is Very Hot (VH), then Increase Cooling to Maximum.

4. Defuzzification:

 The fuzzy output is converted into a precise value using methods like centroid
method.
 The air conditioner adjusts its temperature setting accordingly