Differential Equation with Constant Coefficients

Linear Differential Equation:

A differential equation of the form

𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛 −1 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛 −2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑎1 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 −1 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 −2 … … … … … . . + 𝑎1𝑛− 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥) … …(1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛

Where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … … … . , 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑅(𝑥) are functions of 𝑥 or constants, is called a linear

differential equation of order 𝑛.

If R.H.S member 𝑅(𝑥) is zero then (1) reduces to

𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛 −2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑛
+ 𝑎1 𝑛 −1
+ 𝑎 2 𝑛 −2
… … … … … . . + 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then it is called homogeneous linear differential equation.

In terms of operator D, the differential equation (1) can be written as

𝐷𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑛−1 + 𝑎2 𝐷 𝑛−2 + …. …. …. + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 0 …. …. … (2)

⇒𝑓 𝐷 𝑦=0

Some properties of Differential Operators:

If 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚3,… …… .….. 𝑚𝑛 be the nth different roots 𝑑

𝐷=
of (2), then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚 1 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚 2 𝑥 , … … . 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑2
are all independent solution of (2). 𝐷 = 2
𝑑𝑥
Therefore the general solution is .
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 𝑚 1 𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑒 𝑚 2 𝑥 +.. … … + 𝑐𝑛𝑒 𝑚 𝑛 𝑥
.
1. Now, 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑚)𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑑
.
Since, 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑛
𝑛
⇒𝐷 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
= 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝐷 = 𝑛
𝑑𝑥
.
. 𝑑
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝐷𝑛 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑚𝑛 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 1
= 𝑑𝑥
𝐷
𝒅
𝒊. 𝒆. =𝑫=𝒎
𝒅𝒙
2. Remark:

If 𝑒 𝑚 1 𝑥 , 𝑒 𝑚 2 𝑥 , 𝑒 𝑚 3 𝑥 … …. … 𝑒 𝑚 𝑛 𝑥 be the 𝑛 independent solution of the

𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
differential equation 𝑎0 𝑛
+ 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 … … … … … . . + 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑑𝑥

Then its general solution is

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 𝑚 1 𝑥 +𝑐2𝑒 𝑚 2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑚 3 𝑥 .. … … + 𝑐𝑛 𝑒 𝑚 𝑛 𝑥

Where, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … … … … . 𝑐𝑛 are arbitrary constants.

𝑑
Proof: Let, 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝑎0 𝐷𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ … … … … . +𝑎𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑎𝑛 [where 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑥 ]

be a polynomial in 𝐷.

If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be a solution, then 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝐷)𝑒 𝑚𝑥

= 𝑎0 𝐷𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ … … … … . +𝑎𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑚𝑥

= 𝑎0 𝑚𝑛 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑎1 𝑚𝑛−1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + ⋯ … … . +𝑎𝑛−1 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑚𝑥

𝑆𝑜, 𝑓 𝐷 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑚)𝑒 𝑚𝑥

If m is a root of the equation, then 𝑓(𝑚) = 0, which implies

𝑓 𝐷 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0 …. ….. ….. (1)

Next consider the effect of the operator, 𝐷 − 𝑚

Then, 𝐷 − 𝑚 𝑦 = 0…. ….. ….. (2)

Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be a solution

Then 𝐷 − 𝑚 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 is a solution of equation (2).

Similarly,

𝐷 − 𝑚1 𝐷 − 𝑚2 … … … … . 𝐷 − 𝑚𝑛 = 0….. ….. (3)

Then, 𝑒 𝑚 1 𝑥 , 𝑒 𝑚 2 𝑥 , 𝑒 𝑚 3 𝑥 … …. … 𝑒 𝑚 𝑛 𝑥 are also solution of equation (3), where

𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ≠ 𝑜, as 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 → 0 as 𝑥 → −∞.

Example: Let 𝑓 𝐷 = 2𝐷2 + 5𝐷 − 12 then solve 2𝐷2 + 5𝐷 − 12 𝑦 = 0.

We know, 𝑓 𝐷 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑚)𝑒 𝑚𝑥

𝑓 𝑚 = 2𝑚2 + 5𝑚 − 12 = 0

3
⇒ 𝑚 = −4, 2

3
∴ 𝑚1 = −4, 𝑚2 = 2

3
𝑓 −4 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 − 2 = 0

We know that if 𝑚 is a root , then 𝑓 𝐷 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0

3
∴ 2𝐷2 + 5𝐷 − 12 𝑒 −4𝑥 = 0 and 2𝐷2 + 5𝐷 − 12 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0

𝑠𝑜, 𝑦1 = 𝑒 −4𝑥 is a solution of 2𝐷2 + 5𝐷 − 12 𝑦 = 0

3
And 𝑦2 = 𝑒 2𝑥 is a solution of 2𝐷2 + 5𝐷 − 12 𝑦 = 0

3
General Solution, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −4𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥

3. Effect of 𝑫 − 𝒂 :

𝐷 − 𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐷 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑦

𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒚 − 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑦 +𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑦

2
𝐷−𝑎 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐷 − 𝑎 𝐷 − 𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑦

= 𝐷 − 𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑦

= 𝐷 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑦 − 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑦

= 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷2 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑦

= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷2 𝑦 .

𝑛
𝐷−𝑎 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒚 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑛 𝑦

∴ 𝑓 𝐷 − 𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦

Example: Solve 𝐷 − 3 4 𝑦 = 0

Solution: multiplying by 𝑒 −3𝑥

𝑒 −3𝑥 𝐷 − 3 4 𝑦 = 0 ……………………………………………………………………..(1)

⇒ 𝐷4 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑦 = 0

1
𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐷 4 . 0

1
= 𝐷 3 𝐶1

1
= 𝐷 2 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2

1 𝑥2
= 𝐷 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3
2

𝑥3 𝑥2
= 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 + 𝑐4
6 2
 𝑥3 𝑥2
∴ 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 + 𝑐4
6 2

∴ 𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑥 3 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 + 𝑐4 )𝑒 3𝑥

Auxiliary Equation:

Consider the second order differential equation, 𝐷2 𝑦 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑦 + 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0… … … ……..(1)

Let the trial solution of (1) be, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , so it will satisfy (1).

i.e. 𝐷2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑎1 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0

⟹ 𝑚2 + 𝑎1 𝑚 + 𝑎2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0

Since, 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ≠ 0, so, 𝑚2 + 𝑎1 𝑚 + 𝑎2 = 0

This equation is called Auxiliary equation.

That is equating to zero the coefficient of 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 to obtain Auxiliary equation

To find the auxiliary equation the following three cases should be

remember:

Case I: When the roots are real and unequal

Let, 𝑚 = 𝛼, 𝛽
1. 1. 𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
Then, its general solution is, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝛽𝑥 2. 2. 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
3. 3. 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 5 = 0
Example: If 𝑚 = 2, −3

Then, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥
Case II: Let the roots are real and equal

Let, 𝑚 = 𝛼, 𝛼

Then, its general solution is, 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝛼𝑥

Again, Let, 𝑚 = 𝛼, 𝛼, 𝛼

Then, its general solution is, 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥+𝑐3 𝑥 2 )𝑒 𝛼𝑥

Example: If 𝑚 = 2,2, 2

Then, 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥+𝑐3 𝑥 2 )𝑒 2𝑥

Case III: Let the roots are imaginary

Let 𝑚 = 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽

Then the general solution is, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑐1 cos 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝛽𝑥

Where, 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐2 are arbitrary constants.

Example: If 𝑚 = −1 ± 2𝑖

Then the general solution is ,

𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥

If 𝑚 = ±3𝑖

Then, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 3𝑥

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Problem 01 (Case I): Solve 2 −3 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solution: Given equation is, 2 −3 + 𝑦 = 0 …. ….. ….. (1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of (1).

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2𝑦
Then, = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , = 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

Substituting these value in equation (1) we get,

 2𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 3𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0

⇒ 2𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0

Thus the auxiliary equation is

2𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 1 = 0, since 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ≠ 0

⇒ 𝑚 − 1 2𝑚 − 1 = 0
1
⇒ 𝑚 = 1, 2

So, the general solution is

1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥

Where 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐2 are arbitrary constants.

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Problem 02 (Case II): Solve −6 + 9𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Consider the equation,

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−6 + 9𝑦 = 0 ….. …. …. (1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of (1)

Then, 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 6𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 9𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0

Thus the A.E be,

𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 = 0

⇒ 𝑚−3 𝑚−3 = 0

⇒ 𝑚 = 3, 3

So, the general solution is

𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥

Where 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐2 are arbitrary constants.

𝑑 3𝑦 𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Problem 03 (Case I+II): Solve 3
− −8 + 12𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Given the equation,
𝐷3 𝑦 − 𝐷2 𝑦 − 8𝐷𝑦 + 12𝑦 = 0 …. ….. ……(1)

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of (1)

Then, 𝑚3 𝑒𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚2 𝑒𝑚𝑥 − 8𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑥 + 12𝑒𝑚𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑚3 − 𝑚2 − 8𝑚 + 12 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0

So the auxiliaet equation be,

𝑚3 − 𝑚2 − 8𝑚 + 12 = 0
⇒ 𝑚−2 𝑚−2 𝑚+3 =0

⇒ 𝑚 = 2, 2, −3

So, the general solution is, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 −3𝑥

Where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐3 are arbitrary constants.

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Problem 04 (Case III): Solve +4 + 5𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Let the equation be,

𝐷2 𝑦 + 4𝐷𝑦 + 5𝑦 = 0 …. …. …. (1)

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of (1) then,

𝑚2 𝑒𝑚𝑥 + 4𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑥 + 5𝑒𝑚𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 5 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0

So the auxiliary equation be

𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 5 = 0, since 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ≠ 0

⇒ 𝑚 = −2 ± 𝑖

Hence the general solution is, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥

Where 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem 05 (Case III): Solve 𝐷4 + 8𝐷2 + 16 𝑦 = 0

Solution: Given the equation,

𝐷4 + 8𝐷2 + 16 𝑦 = 0 … … … (1)

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of (1) then

𝑚4 𝑒𝑚𝑥 + 8𝑚2 𝑒𝑚𝑥 + 16𝑒𝑚𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑚4 + 8𝑚2 + 16 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0

So the auxiliary equation be

𝑚4 + 8𝑚2 + 16 = 0

⇒ 𝑚2 + 4 𝑚2 + 4 = 0

⇒ 𝑚 = ±2𝑖, ±2𝑖

Thus the solution of the equation be,

𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥 sin 2𝑥

Where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐4 are arbitrary constants.

H.W

Solve: 𝑫𝟒 + 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Ans: m=± (𝟏 + 𝒊), 𝒊==± 𝟏+𝒊 , −𝒊 = 𝟏−𝒊
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒙 𝒙
−
g.s, 𝒚 = 𝒆 𝟐 𝒄𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒆 𝟐 𝒄𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
 Differential Equation with Right hand side non-zero

Particular Integral:
1
We know, 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥), then its particular integral is, 𝑅(𝑥) and denoted by
𝑓 𝐷
𝑦𝑝 .
1
i.e. 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑓 𝐷

Following formula should be remembered:

−1
1. 1−𝐷 = 1 + 𝐷 + 𝐷2 + 𝐷3 + … … … … … ..
−1
2. 1+𝐷 = 1 − 𝐷 + 𝐷2 − 𝐷3 + … … … … … ..
−2
3. 1+𝐷 = 1 + 2𝐷 + 3𝐷2 + 4𝐷3 + … . … . . … ..
−2
4. 1−𝐷 = 1 − 2𝐷 + 3𝐷2 − 4𝐷3 + … . … . . … ..

Note:

1. 𝐷𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛!

2. 𝐷𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑑
3. 𝐷 = (Operator)
𝑑𝑥

1
4. = 𝑑𝑥 (Inverse operator)
𝐷

1
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐷

Determination general method of particular Integral:

1
Rule 01: If 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑅(𝑥) and 𝑅 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑚 , then using binomial expansion on
𝑓 𝐷

𝑓 − (𝐷) up to 𝐷𝑚 , we can find 𝑦𝑝 .

1
Example: 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥𝑚
𝐷−𝛼
 1
= 𝐷 𝑥𝑚
−𝛼 1−
𝛼

1 𝐷 −1
=− 1− 𝑥𝑚
𝛼 𝛼

1 𝐷 𝐷2 𝐷𝑚
=− 1+ + 2
+ … …. … .. + + ⋯ … . . 𝑥𝑚
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼𝑚

1 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 −1 𝑚 (𝑚 −1)𝑥 𝑚 −2 𝑚!
=− 𝑥𝑚 + + + ⋯………+ +0
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼2 𝛼𝑚

1
Rule 02: If 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑅(𝑥) and 𝑅 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , by successive differentiation we
𝑓 𝐷
show

𝐷𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥

𝐷2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥

𝐷3 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎3 𝑒 𝑎𝑥

.
.
.
𝐷𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥

So, 𝑓 𝐷 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎)𝑒 𝑎𝑥

Now,

1 1
(i) If 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ 0, then 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝑎)

1 𝑥 𝑥
(ii) If 𝑓(𝑎) = 0 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) ≠ 0 , then 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , [𝑓 ′ (𝑎) ≠ 0]
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓′ (𝐷) 𝑓′ (𝑎)
 1 𝑥2
(iii) If 𝑓(𝑎) = 0 and 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 = 0, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) ≠ 0 , then 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 =
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓′′ (𝐷)

𝑥2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , [𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) ≠ 0]
𝑓′′ (𝑎)

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Example: Solve −3 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Given the equation

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−3 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 …………………………………………..(1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Then A.E
𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0

⇒ 𝑚−2 𝑚−1 =0

⇒ 𝑚 = 1, 2

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥

(1) Can be written in the following form

𝐷2 − 3𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥
1
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 = 2
𝑒 5𝑥
𝐷 − 3𝐷 + 2
1
= 2
𝑒 5𝑥
5 −3∙5+2
1 5𝑥
= 𝑒
12

Hence the general solution is, 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

1 5𝑥
= 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒
12
 1
Rule 03: If 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑅(𝑥) and 𝑅 𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥/ cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑓 𝐷

1 1
i.e 𝑦𝑝 = sin 𝑎𝑥 or 𝑦𝑝 = cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑓(𝐷 2 ) 𝑓(𝐷 2 )

By successive differentiation we can write

𝐷 sin 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥

⇒ 𝐷2 sin 𝑎𝑥 = −𝑎2 sin 𝑎𝑥

⇒ 𝐷3 sin 𝑎𝑥 = −𝑎3 cos 𝑎𝑥

⇒ 𝐷4 sin 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎4 sin 𝑎𝑥

⇒ 𝐷2 2
sin 𝑎𝑥 = −𝑎2 2
sin 𝑎𝑥

So, 𝐷2 𝑛
sin 𝑎𝑥 = −𝑎2 𝑛
sin 𝑎𝑥

So, 𝑓 𝐷2 sin 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓 −𝑎2 sin 𝑎𝑥

𝑓 𝐷2 cos 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓 −𝑎2 cos 𝑎𝑥

i.e. Replace −𝑎2 on 𝐷2 on L.H.S

1 1
(i) If 𝑓 −𝑎2 ≠ 0, then sin 𝑎𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑓(𝐷 2 ) 𝑓(−𝑎 2 )

1 𝑥
(ii) If 𝑓 −𝑎2 = 0 and 𝑓′ −𝑎2 ≠ 0 then sin 𝑎𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥 =
𝑓(𝐷 2 ) 𝑓′ (−𝐷 2 )
𝑥
sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑓′ (−𝑎 2 )

(iii) If 𝑓 −𝑎2 = 0 ,𝑓′ −𝑎2 = 0, 𝑓′′ −𝑎2 ≠ 0 then

1 𝑥2 𝑥2
sin 𝑎𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑓(𝐷 2 ) 𝑓′′(−𝐷 2 ) 𝑓′′(−𝑎 2 )
 1
Example: 𝑦𝑝 = sin 2𝑥
𝐷 2 +1

1
= sin 2𝑥
−22 +1

1
= − sin 2𝑥
3

1
Rule 04: If 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑅(𝑥) and 𝑅 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ∙ 𝑉, where 𝑉 = sin 𝑎𝑥, cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑚
𝑓 𝐷

1
(i). If 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ∙ 𝑉
𝑓 𝐷

1
Then send 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 to left from right of and replace 𝐷 by 𝐷 + 𝑎 .Then do as
𝑓(𝐷)

similar previous way.

1
i.e. 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ∙ 𝑉
𝑓 𝐷

1
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ∙ ∙𝑉
𝑓 𝐷+𝑎

1 1
(𝒊𝒊) If 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑛 cos 𝑎𝑥 or 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑛 sin 𝑎𝑥, 𝑛 ≥ 1
𝑓 𝐷 𝑓 𝐷

1
Then, 𝑋 = 𝑥 𝑛 cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑓 𝐷

1
𝑌= 𝑥 𝑛 sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑓 𝐷

1
∴ 𝑋 + 𝑖𝑌 = 𝑥 𝑛 (cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑎𝑥)
𝑓 𝐷

1
= 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑥
𝑓 𝐷

1
= 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 [apply Rule 4 (i)]
𝑓(𝐷+𝑖𝑎 )

Then in the similar manner separate the real and imaginary parts.
 1
(iii) 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥∙𝑉
𝑓(𝐷)

1 𝑓 ′ (𝐷)
=𝑥 𝑉− ∙𝑉
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) 2

Problems

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Problem 01: Solve 𝑑𝑥 2 − 6 𝑑𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2

Solution: Consider the equation,

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−6 + 9𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ……………………………………(1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Suppose 𝑑𝑥 2 − 6 𝑑𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 0…………………………………….(2)

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of (2)

Then the A.E is

𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 9 = 0

⇒ 𝑚−3 𝑚−3 =0
⇒ 𝑚 = 3, 3

So, the complementary solution of (2) is

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1+𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥

Now (1) can be written in the following form

𝐷2 − 6𝐷 + 9 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2
 1
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 = 2
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2
𝐷 − 6𝐷 + 9

1
= 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2
𝐷−3 𝐷−3

1
= 2
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2
𝐷−3

1
= 2 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2
𝐷
9 1−
3
−2
1 𝐷
= 1− 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2
9 3

1 2𝐷 𝐷2
= 1+ +3 + ⋯………. 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2
9 3 9

1 2 3
= 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝐷 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝐷 2 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2
9 3 9

1 2 1
= 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 0 + 1 + 2𝑥 + (0 + 0 + 2)
9 3 3

1 2 2
= 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 1 + 2𝑥 +
9 3 3

1 2 7𝑥 7
= 𝑥 + +
9 3 3

1
= 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 7
27

Thus the general solution is,

 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

1
= 𝑐1+𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 7
27

Where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 are arbitrary constants.

𝑑 2𝑦
H.W: Solve + 9𝑦 = 5𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2

1 10
Ans: 𝑐1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 −
9 9

Problem 02: Solve 𝑫𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙

Solution: Given the equation,

𝐷2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ………………………………………..(1)

Then the A.E is

𝑚2 − 𝑎2 = 0

⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑎

So, the complementary solution is,

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒−𝑎𝑥

From (1) we get

1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐷 2 −𝑎 2
 𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ,since 𝑓 𝑎 = 0, 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) ≠ 0
2𝐷

𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
2𝑎

The general solution is

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

𝑥
= 𝑐1 𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒−𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
2𝑎

H.W:

(1). 𝐷2 − 3𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥

(2). 𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 2 𝑌 = 2𝑒 −𝑥

(3). 𝐷2 − 1 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥

Problem 03: Solve 𝑫𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂𝒙

Solution: Given the equation,

𝐷2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 = cos 𝑎𝑥 …………………………………………..(1)

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of (2)

Then the A.E is,

𝑚2 + 𝑎2 = 0

⇒ 𝑚 = ±𝑖𝑎
The general solution is,

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑎𝑥

From (1) we get,

1
𝑦𝑝 = cos 𝑎𝑥
𝐷 2 + 𝑎2
𝑥
= cos 𝑎𝑥 , [ since 𝑓 −𝑎2 = 0]
2𝐷

𝑥1
= cos 𝑎𝑥
2𝐷

𝑥
= cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑥
= sin 𝑎𝑥
2𝑎

General solution is, 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

𝑥
= 𝑐1 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑎𝑥 + sin 𝑎𝑥
2𝑎

Where, 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem 04: Solve 𝑫𝟑 − 𝟑𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒𝑫 − 𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Solution: Given the equation,

𝐷3 − 3𝐷2 + 4𝐷 − 2 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + cos 𝑥…………………………….(1)

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of 𝐷3 − 3𝐷2 + 4𝐷 − 2 𝑦 = 0

Then the A.E is,

 𝑚3 − 3𝑚2 + 4𝑚 − 2 = 0

⇒ 𝑚 − 1 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 2 = 0

⇒ 𝑚 = 1, 1 ± 𝑖

The complementary solution is,

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑐2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 𝑥

1
From (1) we get, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝐷 3 −3𝐷 2 +4𝐷−2

1 1
= 𝑒𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝐷 3 −3𝐷 2 +4𝐷−2 𝐷 2 ∙𝐷−3𝐷 2 +4𝐷−2

𝑥 1
= 𝑒𝑥 + cos 𝑥, 𝑓 1 = 0
3𝐷 2 −6𝐷+4 −12 ∙𝐷−3 −12 +4𝑑−2

𝑥 𝑥
1
= 𝑒 + cos 𝑥
3. 12 − 6.1 + 4 −𝐷 + 3 + 4𝐷 − 2

𝑥 1
= 𝑒𝑥 + cos 𝑥
7−6 3𝐷 + 1

3𝐷 − 1
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
3𝐷 + 1 3𝐷 − 1

3𝐷 − 1
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
9𝐷 2 − 1

3𝐷 − 1
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
9 −12 − 1
 3𝐷 − 1
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
10

3 1
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝐷 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
10 10

The general solution is,

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

3 1
= 𝑐1 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑐2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝐷 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
10 10

H.W: Solve 𝐷2 − 3𝐷 + 4 𝑦 = cos 4𝑥 + 5

3𝑥
7 7 1
Ans: 𝑒 2 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 − sin 4𝑥 + 5
2 2 24

Problem 05: Solve 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟒 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙

Solution: Given the equation,

𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 ………………………………………(1)

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of 𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4 𝑦 = 0

Then the A.E

𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0

⇒ 𝑚 = 2, 2

𝑔. 𝑠, 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
 Now, from (1) we can write

1
𝑦𝑝 = 2
𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 4

1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 2
𝑥2
𝐷+2−2

1 2
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥
𝐷2

1 1 2
= 𝑒 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑥
𝐷 𝐷

1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐷

2𝑥
𝑥3
=𝑒 𝑑𝑥
3

1 4
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥
3.4

1 4 2𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑒
12

The general solution is,

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

1 4 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒
12

Problem 06: Solve 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Solution: Given the equation,

𝐷2 − 1 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥………………………………………..(1)

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of 𝐷2 − 1 𝑦 = 0

Then the A.E is

𝑚2 − 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑚 = ±1

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥

From (1) we get, 𝐷 2 − 1 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥

1
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 = 2
𝑥 2 cos 𝑥
𝐷 −1
1
We put, 𝑋 = 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥
𝐷 2 −1

1
And 𝑌= 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
𝐷 2 −1

1
∴ 𝑋 + 𝑖𝑌 = 2
𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑥
𝐷 −1

1
= 2
𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑖𝑥
𝐷 −1

1
= 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 2
𝑥2
𝐷+𝑖 −1
 1
= 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 2 2
𝑥2
𝐷 + 2𝐷𝑖 + 𝑖 − 1

1
= 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 2
𝑥2
𝐷 + 2𝐷𝑖 − 2

1
𝑋 + 𝑖𝑌 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 𝑥2
𝐷2
−2 1 − 𝑖𝐷 −
2

−1
−𝑒 𝑖𝑥 𝐷2
= 1 − 𝑖𝐷 + 𝑥2
2 2
2
−𝑒 𝑖𝑥 𝐷2 𝐷2
= 1 + 𝑖𝐷 + + 𝑖𝐷 + + … … … 𝑥2
2 2 2

−𝑒 𝑖𝑥 𝐷2
= 1 + 𝑖𝐷 + − 𝐷2 + … … … … … . . 𝑥 2
2 2

−𝑒 𝑖𝑥 2 1
= 𝑥 + 𝑖𝐷𝑥 2 − 𝐷2 𝑥 2 + 0
2 2
−𝑒 𝑖𝑥 2
= 𝑥 + 2𝑖𝑥 − 1
2
1
=− cos 𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑥 𝑥 2 − 1 + 2𝑖𝑥
2
1
=− 𝑥 2 − 1 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑖 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1 sin 𝑥
2
Equating real part from both sides, we get
1
𝑋=− 𝑥 2 − 1 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
2
 1 2
1
∴ 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 − 1 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝐷2 − 1 2
The general solution is,
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 1 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
2
Where 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are arbitrary constants.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Problem 07: Solve −𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Solution: Given the equation,

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−2 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 …………………………………..……..……(1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of 𝑑𝑥 2
−2
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦 = 0 ……………….(2)

The A.E is, 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0

2
⇒ 𝑚−1 =0
⇒ 𝑚 = 1,1
∴ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥

(1) Can be written in the following form,

𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝐷2 −2𝐷+1

1
= 2 𝑒𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝐷−1

1
= 𝑒𝑥 sin 𝑥 [Rule 4(i)]
𝐷+1−1 2
 1
= 𝑒𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝐷2

1
= 𝑒𝑥 sin 𝑥 [Rule 3]
−12

= −𝑒𝑥 sin 𝑥
General solution is,

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

= 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥

Problem 08: Solve 𝐃𝟒 − 𝟏 𝐲 = 𝐞𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱

Solution: Given the equation,

𝐷4 − 1 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥………………………………………………………..(1)

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of 𝐷4 − 1 𝑦 = 0

Then A.E is

𝑚4 − 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑚2 − 1 𝑚2 + 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑚 = ±1, ±𝑖

∴ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐3 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑥

From (1) we get,

1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝐷 4 −1

1
= 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝐷 2 −1 𝐷 2 +1
 1
= 𝑒𝑥 2 −1 cos 𝑥 [Rule 4(i)]
𝐷+1 𝐷+1 2 +1

1
= 𝑒𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝐷 2 +2𝐷±1 𝐷 2 +2𝐷+1+1

1
= 𝑒𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝐷2 +2𝐷 𝐷2 +2𝐷+2

1
= 𝑒𝑥 cos 𝑥
−1 +2𝐷 (−12 +2𝐷+2)
2

1
= 𝑒𝑥 cos 𝑥
2𝐷−1 2𝐷+1

1
= 𝑒𝑥 cos 𝑥
4𝐷2 −1

1
= 𝑒𝑥 cos 𝑥 [Rule 03]
4 −12 −1

1
= − 𝑒𝑥 cos 𝑥
5

The general solution is,

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
1
= 𝑐1 𝑒−𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐3 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
5

Problem 09: Solve 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

Solution: Given the equation,

𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒙 sin 𝑥 ………………………………………………(10

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = 0

Then A.E is
 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑚 = 1, 1
∴ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥

From equation (1) we can write

𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝐷2 −2𝐷+1

1 2𝐷−2
=𝑥 sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 [Rule 4(iii)]
𝐷2 −2𝐷+1 𝐷 2 −2𝐷+1 2

1 2𝐷−2
=𝑥 sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
−12 −2𝐷+1 −12 −2𝐷+1 2

𝑥 1 2 𝐷−1
= − ∙ sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 [Rule 03]
2 𝐷 4𝐷 2

𝑥 2 𝐷−1
=− sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑥
2 4 −12

𝑥 1
=− −𝑥 + 𝐷 sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
2 2
𝑥 co s 𝑥 1
= + cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
2 2

Problem 10: Solve 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

Solution: Given the equation,
𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥………………………………………(1)
Let, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 be the trial solution of 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = 0
Then A.E is

𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑚 = 1, 1
 ∴ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥

From equation (1) we can write

𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑥 ex sin 𝑥
1
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 = 2
𝑥 ex sin 𝑥
𝐷−1

1
= ex x sin 𝑥 [Rule 4(i)]
D+1−1 2

1
= ex x sin 𝑥
D2

1 2𝐷
= ex x sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 [Rule 4(iii)]
D 2 𝐷2 2

1 2𝐷
= ex x sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
−1 2
−12 2

= ex −x sin 𝑥 − 2𝐷 sin 𝑥
=− ex x sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥

The general solution is,

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

= 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 − ex x sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥