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Module 1 - Vectors

Physics for engineering (Eulogio "Amang" Rodriguez Institute of Science and

Technology)

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MODULE IN
PHYSICS for ENGINEERS (LECTURE)

ENGGPHYS

CIVIL ENGINEERING Department

SCHOOL of ENGINEERING and ARCHITECTURE
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ENGG PHYS
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Demonstrate knowledge of physics
concepts and principles by
describing everyday p`henomena
and analyze problems on vectors,
one- and two-dimensional motion
and Newton’s laws.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of physics
concepts and principles by
describing everyday phenomena
and analyze problems on work,
energy, energy, and power, impulse
and momentum and dynamics of
rotation.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of physics
concepts and principles by
describing everyday phenomena
and analyze problems on simple
harmonic motion, fluids at rest, heat
transfer, mechanical waves,
PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS electricity, magnetism, and optics.
4. Demonstrate ability to use
(CALCULUS – BASED LECTURE)
mathematical tools, including
calculus in solving problems
involving physics concepts and
principles.

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“Physics is essentially an intuitive and concrete science.

Mathematics is only a means for expressing the laws that
govern the phenomena”
Albert Einstein

COURSE OVERVIEW

Dear Future Civil Engineers,

In this course, you will learn about physics as a core component of engineering
analysis and computations. This course will enable you to understand and solve problems
applied to engineering principles by applying calculus and basic mathematics.

Your academic experience as Civil Engineering student will be utilized in this course.
To ensure that you will demonstrate the above cited course learning outcomes at the end
of the semester, this module is divided into the following:

MODULE 1: VECTORS – This aims to give you an overview of vector quantities. It will enable
you to differentiate scalar quantities to vector quantities. It will enable you to perform
mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) of vectors 1.)
graphically and 2.) analytically to solve corresponding application problems.

MODULE 2: KINEMATICS – This aims to give you an overview on motion along a straight
line and in two dimensions. It will enable you to Describe rectilinear motion using graphs,
diagrams, equations; and, in terms of distance/displacement, average/instantaneous
speed, velocity, and acceleration. This module will help you solve problems on rectilinear
motion with constant acceleration and free fall as well as two-dimensional motion in general
and particularly projectile motion.

MODULE 3: DYNAMICS – This aims to give you an overview on forces and Newton’s Laws of
Motion. It will enable you to apply Newton’s Laws of Motion to analyze and solve problems
involving a body in equilibrium or a body in acceleration.

MODULE 4: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER – This aims to give you an overview of the concept
of work, energy and power and work – energy relation. It will enable you to Solve problems
on work done by a constant or by a varying force, as well as problems in mechanics,
applying the concepts of gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, work-energy
theorem, and mechanical power.

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MODULE 5: IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM – This aims to give you an overview of the concepts on
impulse and momentum. This will enable you to Solve problems related to momentum,
impulse, and conservation of momentum.

MODULE 6: ROTATING BODIES – This aims to give you an overview on the basic concepts of
rotational motion particularly angular displacement, angular velocity and angular
acceleration, dynamics of rotation particularly torque and the rotation of rigid bodies and
elasticity particularly Hooke’s law and Young’s modulus of elasticity. This will enable you to
Solve problems on rotational motion, dynamics of rotation, and elasticity.

MODULE 7: OSCILLATIONS – This aims to give you an overview on simple harmonic motion
and simple pendulum, spring-mass systems. It will enable you to Solve problems on SHM
involving horizontal spring system, vertical spring system, and simple pendulum.

MODULE 8: WAVES– This aims to give you an overview on the properties of waves and the
types mechanical of waves. It will give you an idea of the on the mathematical
representation of waves and the modes of vibration. It will enable you to Solve problems on
the mathematical representation of a wave and problems related to the modes of
mechanical waves.

MODULE 9: FLUIDS AT REST – this aims to give you an overview on the basic concepts of fluids
at rest. This module will also enable you to Solve problems on the application of Archimedes’
Principle

MODULE 10: HEAT TRANSFER – This aims to give you an overview on the basic concepts of
heat energy and heat transfer.

MODULE 11: ELECTROSTATICS– This aims to give you an overview on the basic concepts of
electrostatics and methods of charging. This module will also include discussions on electric
force and charging. It will enable you to solve problems involving the different methods of
charging and electric force.

MODULE 12: ELECTRICITY – This aims to give you an overview on Electricity specifically current,
voltage and resistance. This module will also include laws on electricity such as Ohm’s Law.
This module also includes series and parallel circuits. It will enable you to Solve basic problems
involving current, resistance, and voltage in circuits that contain DC sources and resistors in
series and/or parallel

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means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.
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MODULE 13: MAGNETISM – this aims to give you an overview on the basic concepts of
magnetism specifically magnetic field, magnetic field intensity and magnetic flux. It will
enable you to solve problems involving magnetic field, magnetic field intensity and
magnetic flux

MODULE 14: OPTICS – this module will give you an overview of the basic concepts on the
nature and properties of light. It will enable you to solve problems involving the nature of
light, refraction, and reflection.
Sincerely,

Course Facilitators

Engr Joana Marie Casandra – Obfan

Engr Yuriko Lyn Abalos – Suba

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
COURSE OVERVIEW .........................................................................................................................................3
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................................6
MODULE 1: VECTORS ................................................................................................................................... 10
ENGAGE ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
EXPLORE...................................................................................................................................................... 10
EXPLAIN ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
ELABORATE................................................................................................................................................. 19
EVALUATE ................................................................................................................................................... 26
MODULE2: KINEMATICS ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 2 UNIT 1: MOTION ON A STRAIGHT LINE..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
KINEMATICS UNIT 2: MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 3: DYNAMICS .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 4: WORK, ENERGY and POWER .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 5: IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 6: ROTATING BODIES....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 6 UNIT 1: ROTATIONAL MOTION ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 6 UNIT 2: DYNAMICS OF ROTATION ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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MODULE 6 UNIT 3: ELASTICITY ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 7: OSCILLATIONS.............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 8: WAVES ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 9: FLUIDS AT REST.............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 10: HEAT TRANSFER .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 11: ELECTROSTATICS........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 12: ELECTRICITY ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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MODULE 13: MAGNETISM ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
MODULE 14: OPTICS ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ENGAGE ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLORE.......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EXPLAIN ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ELABORATE: ................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
EVALUATE ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CONTACT INFORMATION OF THE FACILITATOR .................................................................................... 28

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MODULE 1: VECTORS

ENGAGE
Where can you apply physical quantities in your daily activities?

What is the difference between scalar and vector quantities?

Which method is mor accurate in solving vector sums (graphical or analytical method?)

What is the difference between DOT and CROSS products?

EXPLORE
Read Module 1: Introduction and Vectors (pp 10 – 18)
EXPLAIN

PHYSICS
• Physics is the most fundamental science
- basis or the foundation of other physical sciences like chemistry, geology, and
astronomy
- most principles or laws of the other sciences are based on the principles of physics
• Physics is the study of the basic laws of nature
- basic concepts and laws of physics govern most of the things that happen around
us
• Physics is an experimental science
- physics is a science of measurement

Physics and its importance in the field of engineering:

Basically, physics is involved with the study of energy and its different forms. It
therefore serves as a foundation to engineering which is primarily involved with the design,
construction and operation of devices, machines, structures, and systems which in various
ways utilize these different forms of energy.

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Physics is a quantitative science. It involves a lot of measurements and computational

analyses. It is therefore imperative that the student of physics should have extensive
proficiency with mathematical concepts, principles, and operations. Student should have
considerable knowledge on algebra, trigonometry, analytic geometry, and calculus.

Basic Concepts of Physics:

1. matter – anything that occupies space and has weight
- it possesses inertia
- it is subject to gravity
2. mass – the amount or quantity of matter in a body
3. motion – the displacement of a body with reference to another body
4. force – that which is capable of changing the condition of rest or motion of a certain
body

BRANCHES OF PHYSICS
1. Classical physics
- Branch of physics that deals with objects moving less than the speed of light
- All branches established before 1900’s
Sub-branches: (some)
o Mechanics – oldest branch of physics; deals with the behavior of objects
subjected to forces and/or motion
▪ Statics – study of matter at rest, and forces in equilibrium
▪ Dynamics – deals with forces and their relation to motion
o Acoustics – deals with the behavior and properties of sound waves
o Thermodynamics – deals with the relation of heat and other forms of energy
2. Modern physics
- Branch of physics that deals with objects at Extreme events
Sub-branches: (some)
o Nuclear physics – physics of atomic nuclei and their interactions
o Theory of relativity
o Quantum physics – describes nature at smallest scale of energy of atoms and
subatomic particles

Physical Quantities:
The study of Physics involves dealing with a lot of physical quantities.These physical
quantities are used to define all physical characteristics of matter such as length, mass and
time. In Mechanics, we have the basic quantities and all others are considered as derived
quantities because they are obtained or defined by simple relations between the basic
ones.

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Table 1.1 Basic Quantities

Basic Length, Mass, Time, Temperature, Luminous Current, Amount of
Quantities L m t T Intensity I Substance
Metric (SI) m g sec C Cd A Mol
English ft, in lbs sec F Mol

Table 1.2 Derived Quantities

Derived Quantities Combination of two or more basic quantities
area Length length
acceleration Length time
Force Mass acceleration
pressure Force area

In the proper expression of physical quantities, it should have magnitude. There should
at least be a number (to indicate how large or how small the quantity is) and the unit (to
indicate the nature and type of the quantity).

SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITY:

Many physical quantities have magnitudes only but no directions. These are called
scalar quantity. Examples are mass, time, density, temperature, etc. There are, however,
many physical quantities such as force, velocity, displacement, etc. which have directions
as well as magnitude and these aspects always have to be indicated when expressing these
quantities. They are called vectors.

In physical computations and analyses, we have to be aware of the difference

between vectors and scalars because the mathematical treatments are not the same. For
example, we add scalars arithmetically, but we cannot do the same to vectors. Special
methods are used.

BASIC CONCEPTS ABOUT VECTORS

A. Vector notation
➢ Vectors are typically represented by a CAPITAL BOLD LETTER or drawing an ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ARROW
above the symbol. The arrow is used to convey direction and magnitude.
⃗ = a vector of magnitude|F
ForF ⃗ |or F and in a certain direction
⃗ = 30N due south
F
Direction
Magnitude

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B. Graphical representation of a vector

➢ Vector quantity is represented graphically by an arrow
Tail or foot tip or head (direction)
Magnitude
• the length represents magnitude
• the arrowhead faces the direction of motion

C. Specifying directions of vectors – There are two common methods being used:
Method 1: Using the angle Ɵ that the vector makes with the “zero-degree reference
line”.
Ex: A = 10 m 40o
A
B = 10 m 140o B
o
140
40o

Method 2: Using geographic directions. N

Ex. C = 30 km 500 N of E C
D = 10 km 60o W of S F
F = 20 km N 40o W 40o
50o
W E
60o
D

S
OTHER CONCEPTS ON VECTORS:
o COLLINEAR – parallel vectors which lie on the same straight line irrespective of their
magnitudes and direction
o COPLANAR – parallel to the same plane, eg.two vectors parallel to the x-y plane
or any plane
o CONCURRENT – vectors which passes through the same point

Collinear Coplanar Concurrent

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VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

Vector addition is the process of combining two or more vectors into one. The
combination is called the RESULTANT of the vectors. Subtraction is just like addition. In vector
subtraction, the negative of one vector is added to the other. For example, if two vectors A
and B are to be added, the operation is indicated as A + B. However, if vector B is to be
subtracted from vector A, the operation is indicated as A – B which is the same as A + (-B).
The negative of vector B is added to vector A. The negative of a vector is a vector of the
same magnitude but in the opposite direction. For example, if vector A = 50 units 30oN of W,
its negative or –A = 50 units 30oS of E.

METHODS OF DETERMINING RESULTANT:

1. Algebraic Method (for co-linear vectors only).

o Resultant vector, R= algebraic sum of the vectors
o 𝐑 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 +. . . +𝐕
𝐕𝟏 + 𝐕 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐧 = 𝚺 𝐯𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬

2. Parallelogram Method
o Applied if only 2 vectors are given
o 2 vectors are joined tail to tail, forming a parallelogram (such for the name of the
method)
o a diagonal represents either the resultant or the equilibrant (depending on its
direction)

▪ STEPS:
1. Draw vectors on same point of origin (use a scale)
2. Form a parallelogram, identify parallels with (‘) A’
3. Connect the origin to the intersection of the B
parallel lines
R
4. The line formed from the origin to the intersection
represents the RESULTANT of the vectors
B’
5. The line formed from the intersection to the origin
A
represents the EQUILIBRANT
6. Measure the length (magnitude), and the angle
for the direction

** EQUILIBRANT – vector which when added to a set of vectors will result to zero, thus resulting
to an equilibrium or balance, it is exactly equal to the magnitude of the resultant but directly
opposite in direction

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3. The Triangle Method (for two coplanar vectors at a time)

▪ STEPS:
1. Draw the vectors by joining them head to tail
2. Draw the resultant vector by completing the triangle
**(direction is from the origin)
3. Determine the value of the included angle of the given vectors
4. Solve for the value of the resultant (magnitude and direction)
5.aIf the triangle formed is a right triangle, solve R by using Pythagorean Theorem and
the trigonometric identities.
Pythagorean Theorem: c 2 = a2 + b 2 c
b
Direction: θ = Tan−1 ( ) b
a

5.b If the triangle formed is not a right triangle, solve R using sine and cosine law.

Cosine Law:
c 2 = a2 + b2 − 2abcos(C)
Sine Law:
a b c
= =
sin (A) sin(B) sin (C)

4. The Polygon Method (graphical method) – Tip to tail method

- suggested to be used for two or more vectors which are non-collinear but coplanar
The goal is to draw a mini version of the vectors to give an accurate picture of the
magnitude and direction.

Steps:
1. Pick appropriate scale.
2. Using ruler and protractor, draw the first
vector to scale in appropriate direction.
3. Draw the second vector starting from the
head of the first vector.
4. All vectors must be connected in head-to-tail fashion.
5. To determine the resultant vector, connect the tail of the first vector to the
head of the last vector drawn.
6. Measure the magnitude of R with a ruler and convert this length to its actual
amount and unit.
7. Measure the direction of R with a protractor and add this value along with the
direction after the magnitude.

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5. The Component Method (used for any number of vectors which are non- co-linear)

Steps:
1. Resolve the vectors into their x- and y-components.
y – component When the angle  is measured from the horizontal
x component = A cos θ
A y component = A sin θ

 When the angle  is measured from the vertical

 x component = A sin 
x – component y component = A cos 

2. Add the x- and y-components of each vector to determine the components Rx

and Ry of the resultant vector, R.

3. To get the magnitude R of the resultant, use the Pythagorean theorem:

R = √R x 2 + R y 2
4. To get the direction of the resultant:
Angles: Direction
Ry N of E or Nof W or
measured from the horizontal θ = tan−1 θ Y of X
Rx S of E or S of W
Rx W of N or E of N or
measured from the vertical ϕ = tan−1 ϕ X of Y
Ry W of S or E fo S

UNIT VECTORS
– is a vector having a magnitude of unity with no units. Its purpose is to describe a direction
in space. y

+j
Let i = unit vector pointing in the + x-axis
j = unit vector pointing in the + y-axis x
k = unit vector pointing in the + z-axis
+k +i

z
i.e.
Vector Ax = Axi Bx = Bxi
In terms of its components A = Axi + Ayj B = Bxi + Byj

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VECTOR SUM:
Vector sum of unit vectors 𝐂 = 𝐀 + 𝐁
𝐂 = (𝐀 𝐱 𝐢 + 𝐀 𝐲 𝐣) + (𝐁𝐱 𝐢 + 𝐁𝐲 𝐣)
𝐂 = (𝐀 𝐱 + 𝐁𝐱 )𝐢 + (𝐀 𝐲 + 𝐁𝐲 )𝐣
𝐂 = 𝐂𝐱 𝐢 + 𝐂𝐲 𝐣

If vectors do not lie in the x-y plane, then a third component is needed.
Then: 𝐀 = 𝐀 𝐱 𝐢 + 𝐀 𝐲 𝐣 + 𝐀𝐳 𝐤
𝐁 = 𝐁𝐱 𝐢 + 𝐁𝐲 𝐣 + 𝐁𝐳 𝐤
𝐂=𝐀+𝐁
𝐂 = (𝐀 𝐱 𝐢 + 𝐀 𝐲 𝐣 + 𝐀𝐳 𝐤) + (𝐁𝐱 𝐢 + 𝐁𝐲 𝐣 + 𝐁𝐳 𝐤)
𝐂 = (𝐀 𝐱 + 𝐁𝐱 )𝐢 + (𝐀 𝐲 + 𝐁𝐲 )𝐣 + (𝐀𝐳 + 𝐁𝐳 )𝐤
𝐂 = 𝐂𝐱 𝐢 + 𝐂𝐲 𝐣 + 𝐂𝐳 𝐤

PRODUCTS OF VECTORS:
Since vectors are not ordinary numbers, ordinary multiplication is not directly
applicable to vectors.
a) SCALAR PRODUCT – is also called dot product. It is a scalar quantity and it may be
positive or negative.
If 𝟎° ≤ 𝛟 < 90°, then A ∙ B is 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝟗𝟎° < 𝛟 ≤ 𝟏𝟖𝟎°, then A ∙ B is 𝐧𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
B
𝐀. 𝐁 = 𝐀𝐁 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛟 𝛟 = 𝟗𝟎° then A ∙ B = 𝟎
(Scalar product of two perpendicular
ϕ vectors is always zero)
A
Using unit vector representation:

𝐀 ∙ 𝐁 = (𝐀 𝐱 𝐢 + 𝐀 𝐲 𝐣 + 𝐀𝐳 𝐤) ∙ (𝐁𝐱 𝐢 + 𝐁𝐲 𝐣 + 𝐁𝐳 𝐤)

𝐀 ∙ 𝐁 = (𝐀 𝐱 𝐢 ∙ 𝐁𝐱 𝐢) + (𝐀 𝐱 𝐢 ∙ 𝐁𝐲 𝐣) + (𝐀 𝐱 𝐢 ∙ 𝐁𝐳 𝐤) + (𝐀 𝐲 𝐣 ∙ 𝐁𝐱 𝐢) + (𝐀 𝐲 𝐣 ∙ 𝐁𝐲 𝐣)
+ (𝐀 𝐲 𝐣 ∙ 𝐁𝐳 𝐤) + (𝐀𝐳 𝐤 ∙ 𝐁𝐱 𝐢) + (𝐀𝐳 𝐤 ∙ 𝐁𝐲 𝐣) + (𝐀𝐳 𝐤 ∙ 𝐁𝐳 𝐤)

If vectors are parallel to each other,ϕ = 0o; cos 0o = 1

If vectors are perpendicular to each other, ϕ = 90o; cos 90o = 0
i∙i=1 i∙j=0
j∙j=1 i∙k=0 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁 = 𝐀 𝐱 ∙ 𝐁𝐱 + 𝐀 𝐲 ∙ 𝐁𝐲 + 𝐀𝐳 ∙ 𝐁𝐳
k∙k=1 j∙k=0

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b) VECTOR PRODUCT – also called cross product. It is a vector

quantity with a direction perpendicular to the plane of the
vectors A & B and a magnitude given by ABsinθ.

|𝐀 × B| = |A||B| sin θ

Using unit vector representation:

𝐀 × 𝐁 = (Ax i + Ay j + Az k) × (Bx i + By j + Bz k)
0
𝐀 × 𝐁 = (Ax i × Bx i)0 + (Ax i × By j)k + (Ax i × Bz k)j + (Ay j × Bx i)k + (Ay j × By j) + (Ay j × Bz k)i +
(Az k × Bx i)j + (Az k × By j)i + (Az k × Bz k)0

i×i=0 i×j=k j × i = −k
j×j=0 k×i=j i × k = −j i
k×k =0 j×k=i k × j = −i

𝐀 × 𝐁 = (Ax By ) × k − (Ax Bz ) × j − (Ay Bx ) × k + (Ay Bz ) × i + (Az Bx ) × j − (Az By ) × i

𝐀 × 𝐁 = (Ay Bz − Az By ) × i + (Az Bx − Ax Bz ) × j + (Ax By − Ay Bx ) × k

Another method on how to solve cross product is by using the method of determinants.

i j k i j
+
𝐀×𝐁 Ax Ay Az Ax Ay

Bx - By Bz Bx By

𝐀 × 𝐁 = Ay Bz i + Az Bx j + Ax By k − Bx Ay k − By Az i − Bz Ax j
𝐀 × 𝐁 = (Ay Bz − By Az ) × i + (Az Bx − Bz Ax ) × j + (Ax By − Bx Ay ) × k → same as the above
equation

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ELABORATE
Directions:
Determine the equivalent directions for the following:
1. 15° S of E 2. 30° N of W 3. Due South
Solution:
N
E W E
15°
75°

60°
30°
S
W
S

75° E of S = S 75° E = E 15° S 60° W of N = W 30° N = N 60° W From E (0°) = 270°

From E (0°) = 345° From E (0°) = 150°

Algebraic Method:

1. For the given vectors: A = 50 km due east, B = 20 km due west, C = 30 km due west, D =
25 km due east, E = 60 km due west. Determine (a) their resultant, (b) C – D and (c) D – A
– B.

E C B D A

60 30 20 25 50

Solution:
➢ For sign convention of vectors: to the right is positive, to the left is negative.
a) R = Σ vectors = A + B + C + D + E
R = 50 km + (−20 km) + (−30 km) + 25 km + (−60 km)
𝐑 = −𝟑𝟓 𝐤𝐦
Therefore, R = 35 km due West

b) C − D = −30 km − 25 km = −55 km
C – D = 55 km due West

c) D − A − B = 25 km − 50 km − (−20 km) = −5 km
D – A – B = 5 km due West

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Parallelogram Method:

1. Determine the resultant for the given vectors by parallelogram

A: 15 km, 33° N of E B: 10 km, 27° S of E

Solution:
Scale: 4km: 1cm
Measured R = 5.4cm
B’
Measured θ = 10°
A
4 km
R 5.4 cm × = 21.6 km
33° 10° 1 cm
27° A’ Therefore, 𝐑 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟔 𝐤𝐦 𝟏𝟎° 𝐍 𝐨𝐟 𝐄
B

TRIANGLE METHOD:

1. Given two vectors A = 70 m 60o N of E and B =35 m 30o S of E. Determine their resultant
(magnitude and direction).

Solution: First step is to draw the triangle formed by the two vectors, that is by connecting
the two vectors head/tip to tail and by drawing the resultant by completing the triangle
(from origin to the head of the second vector).

Since the triangle formed by the two vectors is a right Δ, therefore, use Pythagorean theorem
to solve for R.

R2 = A2 + B 2
B = 35 m R2 = (70m)2 + (35 m)2
30o 𝐑 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟒 𝐦
For the direction:
R θ = α + 60o
B 35
A = 70 m Wherein, α = Tan−1 ( ) = Tan−1 ( )
A 70
α = 26.5651o
α θ Hence, 𝛉 = 26.5651° + 60° = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟏o
60o Therefore, R = 78.2624 m 86.5651o N of E

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POLYGON METHOD:

1. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant for the given vectors. Use
polygon method.
A: 2 kph 45° N of E; B: 2.8 kph 58° E of S; C: 5.1 kph W 28° S; D: 3.2 kph N 18° W

Solution:
Scale: 1kph:1.5cm
Measured R ≈2.7 cm
Measured θ≈ 20
1kph
2.7 cm × = 1.8 kph
1.5 cm
therefore, 𝐑 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟖 𝐤𝐩𝐡, 𝟐𝟎° 𝐍 𝐨𝐟 𝐖

*For polygon method, you may start

with any vector and you will still arrive
with the same result. For practice,
you may try solving this problem with
different pattern ☺
COMPONENT METHOD:
1. A sailor in a small boat encounters shifting winds. She sails 8 km south, then 15 km 30o E of
N, and then 12 km 25o N of W. Use component method to determine the magnitude and
direction of her resultant displacement.

SOLUTION:
N

Bx
A = 8 km
Ax = 0 By B
Ay = - 8 km =
S o 1
30
5 E

N
Cy
C = 12 km
Cx = C x cos 25o = 12 km x cos 25o Bx = B x sin30o = 15 km x sin30o
25O Cx = - 10.8757 km Bx = + 7.5 km
W
Cx
Cy = C x sin 25o = 12 km x sin 25o By = B x cos30o = 15 km x cos30o
Cy = + 5.0714 km By = + 12.9904 km

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To solve for the resultant of the three displacements, simply follow the steps stated above.

𝐑 𝐱 = Σ X − comp = Ax + Bx + Cx 𝐑 𝐲 = Σ Y − comp = Ay + By + Cy
R x = 0 + 7.5 km − 10.8757 R y = −8 km + 12.9904 km + 5.0714
𝐑 𝐱 = −𝟑. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟕 𝐤𝐦 𝐑 𝐲 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟖 𝐤𝐦

Therefore, by using Pythagorean theorem:

R2 = R x 2 + R y 2 = (−3.3757 km)2 + (10.0618km)2
𝐑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝐤𝐦
For the direction:
Ry 10.0618
Ry R θ = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( )
Rx 3.3757
θ = 71.4536o
θ Therefore 𝐑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝐤𝐦 𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟑𝟔𝐨 𝐍 𝐨𝐟 𝐖
Rx

❖ The solution for component method may also be presented on a tabular form.
Take note that angle θ should be the angle the vector makes with zero-degree
reference line.
Solution 2:
X-comp Y-comp
Vector Angle, θ
= vector x cos θ = vector x sin θ
A = 8 km 270o 0 -8 km
B = 15 km 60o 7.5 km 12.9904 km
C = 12 km 155o -10.8757 km 5.0714
R2 = R x 2 + R y 2 Ry
θ = tan−1 ( ) 𝐑 𝐱 = Σ X − comp 𝐑 𝐲 = Σ Y − comp
𝐑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝐤𝐦 Rx
𝐑 𝐱 = −𝟑. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟕 𝐤𝐦 𝐑 𝐲 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟖 𝐤𝐦
θ = 71.4536o

Therefore 𝐑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝐤𝐦 𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟑𝟔𝐨 𝐍 𝐨𝐟 𝐖

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2. A spelunker is surveying a cave. He follows a passage 180 m straight west, then 210 m in
a direction 45o E of S, and then 280 m at 30o E of N. After a fourth unmeasured
displacement, he finds himself back where he started. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the fourth displacement by using component method.

SOLUTION:
From the statement “he finds himself back where he started” means that the resultant of the
four displacements is equal to zero. To solve for the fourth unmeasured displacement, D,
simply use the tabular solution.

Vector Angle, θ X-comp = vector x cos θ Y-comp = vector x sin θ

A = 180 m 180o -180 m 0m

B = 210 m 315o 148.4924 m -148.4924 m

C =280 m 60o 140 m 242.4871 m
D =? θ =? Dx =? Dy =?
R=0m 0o 0 km 0 km

To solve for D, apply Pythagorean theorem: D2 = Dx 2 + Dy 2

But, solve first for Dx and Dy.

From the equation:

𝐑 𝐱 = Σ X − comp 𝐑 𝐲 = Σ Y − comp
𝐑 𝐱 = Ax + Bx + Cx + Dx 𝐑 𝐲 = Ay + By + Cy + Dy
0 = −180m + 148.4924 m + 140m + Dx 0 = 0 − 148.4924m + 242.4871m + Dy
𝐃𝐱 = −𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟒 𝐦 (means West) 𝐃𝐲 = −𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟕 m (means South)

Hence: D2 = (−108.4924m)2 + (−93.9947m)2

Dx 𝐃 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟓 𝐦

θ D 93.9947
For the direction: θ = tan−1 ( y ) = tan−1 ( )
Dx 108.4924
Dy D 𝛉 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟏o
Therefore: 𝐃 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟓 𝐦 𝟒𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟏o S of W

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UNIT VECTORS:
1. Given three vectors A = -2i + 3j + 4k, B = 3i + 1j – 3k and C = 3i -4j + 2k, do the following:
a) Find the magnitude of each vector
b) Write an expression for the vector sum A + B using unit vectors
c) Write an expression for the vector difference A – C using unit vectors
d) Find the scalar product A ∙ B
e) Find the cross product A × B
f) Find the angle between A and B
g) Find (A x C) ∙ B

GIVEN:

3i
B
4k
3j -3k -4j
1j
A 3i
2i C
2k
-2i
SOLUTION:
A = -2i + 3j + 4k → Ax = -2; Ay = 3; Az = 4

B = 3i + 1j – 3k → Bx = 3; By = 1; Bz = -3

C = 3i -4j + 2k → Cx = 3; Cy = -4; Cz = 2

a) Magnitude of each vector

To solve for the magnitude of each vector, simply apply Pythagorean theorem
A2 = Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Az 2 = (−2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2
𝐀 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟐 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭

B 2 = Bx 2 + By 2 + Bz 2 = (3)2 + (1)2 + (−3)2

𝐁 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟗 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭

C 2 = Cx 2 + Cy 2 + Cz 2 = (3)2 + (−4)2 + (2)2

𝐂 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟐 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭

a) Vector sum A + B using unit vector

A + B = (−2i + 3j + 4k) + (3i + 1j – 3k )
𝐀 + 𝐁 = 𝐢 + 𝟒𝐣 + 𝐤

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b) Expression for the vector difference A – C using unit vectors

A − C = (−2i + 3j + 4k) − (3i − 4j + 2k)
𝐀 − 𝐂 = −𝟓𝐢 + 𝟕𝐣 + 𝟐𝐣

c) Find the scalar product A. B

There are two equations to solve for 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁, these are
𝐀 ∙ 𝐁 = 𝐀𝐁 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛟and 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁 = 𝐀 𝐱 𝐁𝐱 + 𝐀 𝐲 𝐁𝐲 + 𝐀𝐳 𝐁𝐳

Use the second equation since angle ϕbetween the two vectors is not given.
A ∙ B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz = (−2)(3) + (3)(1) + (4)(−3)
𝐀 ∙ 𝐁 = −𝟏𝟓 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭

d) Cross product A x B

There are two equations to solve for A x B, these are

𝐀 × 𝐁 = 𝐀𝐁 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛟and 𝐀 × 𝐁 = (𝐀 𝐲 𝐁𝐳 − 𝐀𝐳 𝐁𝐲 ) 𝐢 + ( 𝐀𝐳 𝐁𝐱 – 𝐀 𝐱 𝐁𝐳 ) 𝐣 + (𝐀 𝐱 𝐁𝐲 − 𝐀 𝐲 𝐁 )𝐤

Use the second equation since angle ϕbetween the two vectors is not given.

Solution 1:
A × B = (Ay Bz − Az By ) × i + (Az Bx – Ax Bz ) × j + (Ax By − Ay B ) × k

AxB = {(3)(−3) − (4)(1)} × i + {(4)(3) − (−2)(−3)} × j + {(−2)(1) − (3)(3)} × k

𝐀𝐱𝐁 = −𝟏𝟑𝐢 + 𝟔𝐣 − 𝟏𝟏𝐤

Solution 2:
i j k i j
+
𝐀×𝐁 -2 3 4 -2 3

3 - 1 -3 3 1

A x B = −9i + 12j − 2k − 9k − 4i − 6j
𝐀 𝐱 𝐁 = −𝟏𝟑𝐢 + 𝟔𝐣 − 𝟏𝟏𝐤
Magnitude of 𝐀 𝐱 𝐁 = √(−𝟏𝟑)𝟐 + (𝟔)𝟐 + (−𝟏𝟏)𝟐
Magnitude of 𝐀 𝐱 𝐁 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭

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e) Angle ϕ between A and B

There are two equations to solve for the angle between the two vectors A and B.
These are: 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁 = 𝐀𝐁 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛟 and 𝐀 × 𝐁 = 𝐀𝐁 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛟
Using A . B = AB cos∅ Using A x B = AB sin∅
−15 = (5.3852 )( 4.3589)cos∅ 18.0555 = (5.3852 )( 4.3589)sin∅
𝛟 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟔 o ∅ = 50.2808𝐨

Final ϕ = 1800 − 50.2808o → 𝛟 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟐o

AxB
B B

A
θ
A

❖ To solve for the angle between the two vectors, it is better to use the dot product
equation because it will give the exact answer for the angle ∅. The angle obtained from
the cross product equation can sometimes be the exact angle, but in some cases it
should be deducted from 180° (i.e. if 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁 is negative) because the final answer is the
supplementary angle of the angle that is obtained from cross product equation.
EVALUATE
1. Determine the equivalent directions for the given vectors.
a. 35° N of E c. S 40° E
b. 20° W of S d. N 65° W

2. Determine the equilibrant of the given vectors by (a) parallelogram method and (b)
triangle method. Use the given scale for your answer.
C = 10 kph, 12 N of W E = 15 kph, 83 S of E

3. Determine the resultant of the given vectors by component method. Summarize your
answers in the given table.
VECTORS  from 0° X – component Y - component

E 23 km 11° N of E

N 25 km 24° E of S

G 19 km 18° S of W

R 27 km 58° W of N

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4. Given are the vectors A = 30 N 45o N of W and B = 45 N 75o S of E. Determine a) their

resultant and b) their vector difference B – A.

5. A sailor in a small boat encounters shifting winds. She sails 8 km south, then 15 km 30o E of
N, and then 12 km 25o N of W. Use polygon method to determine the magnitude and
direction of her resultant displacement.

6. Solve for the required using the given vectors

A = 3i – 8j + 6k B = 4 j + 9k – 5i C = 7k – 2
a. A ∙ B b. A × B c. (A × B) × C d. (B × C) ∙ A

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CONTACT INFORMATION OF THE FACILITATOR

CIVIL /GEODETIC ENGINEERING CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Engr. Yuriko Lyn M. Abalos-Suba Engr. Normalita L. Escalante
FB account/messenger: Ym Abalos FB account/messenger:
E-mails: [email protected] E-mails: [email protected]

Engr. Joana Marie F. Casandra - Obfan Engr. Mylene M. Occasion

FB account/messenger: Jei-Em Cee-Oh FB account/messenger:
E-mails: [email protected] E-mails: [email protected]

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Engr. Blanche Rosaida P. Mallar Engr. Marc Gabriel M. Labagnoy
FB account/messenger: FB account/messenger:marclabagnoy
E-mails: brpmallare@[email protected] E-mails: [email protected]

THIS MODULE PREPARED BY: THIS MODULE WAS COMPILED AND EDITED
Engr. Normalita L. Escalante BY:
Engr. Blanche Rosaida P. Mallare Engr. Mylene M. Ocasion
Engr. Mylene M. Ocasion Engr. Joana Marie C. Obfan
Engr. Joana Marie C. Obfan
Engr. Yuriko Lyn A. Suba

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