Pactatese "fougyemert Dyston Datagases; Latropuction T. Abplied overview of Databases >— cy The foundational Seassning “why ue neck cofalasef isto meinkzin a ate stort Bo, our Frirmny Souk tito Guild «a mechortsm tn order to shine date. yn oreler te get Hats, Lat us consider an ctomble of a C-commece uuelsite sa “Amazon”. Arwayon Stn baumon cus aunout of ctata which tneledes trformadion Uke: > Customer defaile, bradot Defeals, Furchases /netians, Trvedds infos mation Shi ponent ddiails, Luitomer reufeus, Lustorner Sawics etc. This as just a small sudset of date in Foteoger aul fis dete is Geing sescol He amazon recommended’ Stem taotdeg Hy Great je Usa choices amd providing syqyerrons:dn order te clesign a dafabare : G) de need $e wudettoucl He liq bichute i We need te Itnows owe He Gteces of date are sebitedl * For the fruteow Cnoretle ¢f amazen Aedbase , We Should knew frows Lustimets ate Leleted to other Gusneu Loves ke Login, fetsuacls, phone newlers eke. Plote Het Lue re preset databases prctass desing ER hie soos E-R clicgyanns brouides eee en! GD Tables ts stare the late :- Book heefre aud faleles ate The thaclstronal wey te shire Hre dete ie ene ats: Arce, tet ate somethi whi abe Dyed fice eackatay aud is cary te understend. Thetefore, Rodkabaue macnggas decded te hore daft in toddler form. Once swe rave He & fires we need find [know “Qo vnany tables will Store Hare Lecka 7” and “whet Should each tall” toifain 2" aml Hack too octups ‘ay «tu bosddisk. The mathematreal walel hed, WMirimned. tas brett stite cate tm tetla is colled Relletimal Geths ohnenct rmedlel (ww) Brose GA. filer gmclish =~ In order TW store ot Sake tw dt we need te cfote st in disks. So, we neo Sie chet mw the lish sock Vat Woe Gm acces t+ og timely whenever Sepak. (i) Beach [Petrtene fact ~The rebrcientiog of dota stowd ot searcliing of Retz shoud, be fast auc Here fore, Ube Adfabase ds Stored du the fon of B-Trees and Bt~Trees3 WW) Mahia = syste acces bh datz:- Thee ate situations whew dete tr accetedt &y aust (Le Syeters [Prag avis ee ateme siulbowesuyly So catalase man a Should ensure thet there s no Lt iu the Ada chin ts Lontursert Qccers of data. This manayement? system ts termed cx a a “+ ante the Concert Acteu te the dafa - Rewte e eehcch & rue ti Uctk onthe dabrGare date ty LO Satya He wey Lanquage Gad on Retinal voodel cmd iy aul b add, i modify, Sard, Kderieve ota fren We Lote ase ee Frles vs Dams :- File Syston Doms aie Ode is Stored in chisk in the Ae Dect w being stosed ty for onatt of caseerne seperafed dahelase meng ewaent Sytem les. IWhetmatly iui tndleadag te Been oes onpgrenadion 3+ dee. also Stores iodo. tree file system by a Cme im the ~forn of file Seystenn Ccnsuiy rscers hut th is Guilt bared on speval Aedastivdute cable Mdlexta , dine nequaited tS acees Me) tatrotenahiton % Combe. (otjedtive inlerteg is te make seatahate Reheodeng:- File systems Conduta / have Hredoadant datz ond Haden Consumes cote Luk Sface- he Cotsen: 94 te difgente te have data ww file hem di tn file Sytem Con sighert because ~ tutes akon b anwility anal. ate Dakar tn debe nfewce:- ste Abstain anol core of da accu. Ae Kedlondlong — Dt secloces (edlondency, fartetn 1% anoids uses te Store ne declondand dake Ai Condistoney - Petabasre mone ewaent cytiew % ey sock hot it Aeckes cose A the Conristeny of Adz Tt toakly Le caret of intexka king 4 hate. fe Dae ttefendences- D Bens Houde, a simble ‘whale, Bp Frew oa ae Obra the dell fs Stited. D+ Rédles the Low leo febatls fron \ae “rajreas tuing LEms. # 7° Becacty aud ACen coitrel:- A pms com howe watt fie Maus, aud each eyes have thee Acces fetrccstons, hich were Monaged oy Dams ihernalhy: 47 Abostoction adh case of dat ecco. His the mest impotent flare J Doms. We neck nat hare + cage out hee Pafabore works Fetetnaley We Only sis quertons wsina SOL-S So, abshacs cwoy all the compienity fs, Lo, fle say Note: Q ‘Hlesgcten com ho wheteue per database does bed mf at sal need vette looc's -f thaes f code: Do Glace 4 thot toe com sing Anstedd DB eco. eat system which does contin whet Cle Sorter ol | Ques feo otek Advarcteses- a) “Tables ane Kes ‘Serasedeyy : D Relshion:- Reiter Lu noviing Gut a table Jat tu a Act 3 jou oud. Colomns. et dvenfle CuSTomeR TABLE: 1? Comat, Clown Lf <—_ Custro cust want Cost, ape Cust. fied t/ Lae ety» Woe, PRES | Huey acti (edt def 20,.... 848510 aaa (4uble 2 ed bed. pnco-- DONO. Petordls rwny xgg silting. SOY —>Htew U Figet The Arsen customer Ackle frowe 4 rows ewrct Y colomng - D Attuibate - Attabeter are wetting Gut Colirmng in relatranal dlcdiz Cote. Dhese core sevnctiones o Goble 04 fields -» Teple:— Rows are cated a5 hes Sn Relattanal AL Gay. Ghese cue alto Known a4 setotcls- Ina selation there should not be tuo Some -eples tuple vnipenens constiatat) 4) Sostence: The enomfle given for Cestimnee Lal fe an Instance « Shak is te while tebe usth Some dit flied in a Called. instowce “OH is a set of tuples [sous obooy te Ye Leth sfisctie. D Kegs. Dh i He rnin nombe/ bet afr bate/itoros L Uniqe teak, a socoltofle. Consicler Ye Custarna table $ Cust2d Com Hy ideal, «tow. Therefoee, Cvsttd com be come Hoe Koa of the sclation. —% we tonsidler Ccusnio , ost_name >) —> I com us tderdtly @ few, Gut ib ts pot a key Cocause 12% ve mn. Set edtiedes - do key hey to be & minigun sot tf Bate“ cngely identify @ ow: _ Y we Considler Cest_ name, cust_Aooe ) > 4 Com Lagu, ideatfy @ feo emd twa key Lecae Neither Currear Nok WwSt AODR. «Com cae Gordy defy @ how Aerts - 6) Bivfte kay J wiih ene atte ate | colomn - Se- WSEED is the sinfle ey for above sclatton. »)) Compound. Keys Keg wath wuttiple atte bees /eotornns. Le- (Custivame, Cust.oooe ) ja a Comfound. beyoh 8) Conlidite key: Sct eck of all Unione kes ts caste a errs n a Se) Seen > Aemammn tramond tey Camdidches. Lge Logs Bary Key 2 onl keg 2. com cm apely ‘ceatify a sewl-tuble. 9) Pr keys One he cannclsclate key hoot the da- designer Chooses Weintain Uni poness 43 Called frames o Gee GrHer Costa of% {ust name, Cvst_ pope} tould be choosen ay frémeny key. But there are Certen Leder whcle cleoostn a fw Keay Jt Wwst_rD ts cheesen cy fae k 2 J J —> Dt Gunoh be Noli fx tuple [see —> Dhue should be Diiaienld wamasey Key per talele > Bhoutd be uuiwe - each sew] fable > Dhese Conshednty / con biting cre called. a5 Certehy inte Smt eg Genstaints ce brabettra tz Ge ectisled Vbile “insectn: , Aelidliing ox wrod - moditsiog Voc date slide atte © fo ay K Note- In atl [relat once a utmeny key bas been Choosn, ‘4 Commst hrcwe NULL values Out, the eonasotng comdbidats- Keg Con Prove Nutr vetoes.le) Alternate [ce conclows keys Dhese cre Comdidate thet ate Not fim kkj,. Udhot & they Cue unique TH each vow ere Gut Hie D8 “clesgmer ten vot choosen it a Gray, Hoafor Yes Com trewe Nutt vedoes nexo- 1) Relational Leheme: Table (telelia Sfivciwe + Raker 2) Suber ke: Comsat Key UV other LIE buche, Crcerg te { (costr Bf, fest name y—s Mis a suber fey { (cust woes, Wost_av oR? {evst_ein3? 31 bog Suber Key 9) Ponetin ke DL nan edit Gate ox ckhitds ipa Kelton clctabase thet Gnovider a Link Cetiocen date Taw tables. Consider the Gelms exenple Hoteige kay . Customer RELATION PURCHASES RELATION 1 1 — Gsm id WwSt_neme! Cust Adds (UST. Fig | Tons id std” Paid Time | a } ite £ Gbe ea... Skok, MHasy,, !2O4S v2 Sion a eee GST 2 1, ~~ ‘130 3 | 2568S te Brooke 4 Yau (Re 4 ereacedt Figsa CRefeneneing) Serer CUT in PuRGHASES RELATION fourts bE fnesnt in the 1@00) i ot Customer RELeTIoN. “Dhe tule C2567 5,14, Valid Cecame Costid 2S is rot tMete in Customer” Henee, Cwstid & the foreign key 28 45 & Sect oh RootesQ Lwhere cack Valve Wwstid in PuRcH eases Pant te a valoe 4 lustid in Cusronneg eran hil Nowe:- 4 “Pores ke 1 Oe act be Hhe fray Key ‘n Mom outa Cea from me in gefoed = hence, 14 Aewnaies secler enty ound wall munnece PD) SA - referectrat peg keyg = a orig key Ls gad be cebf fofucwBal , {an att bife os & cug of TOT (Ter tn one Tolle hod sal yey dedi fies 4 Lew of the seme table . Consider the fllowsey owble - Emoroyee electron poe Ee id | | Batre Mangeril dos de he 3 0c-06-9¢ ae , : g | Here, Samp id u the fromeey k while Monaqerih is « forcigge Key Ceca it refers te Pre Can id (A nager Ss alte a erflpyee Le; camnfany) Therefore, Menage - p bdf - seu) ey ky is && Tate stty Constiasrty :— ) Gritty Consteatwt: 9¢ dyves Plows: = Soong velatton yuust howe @ Gromer Key ° Every fpienesy key hots Ge Unt ye >A brcomaney key Should not be NULL / Ns These 3 tagether ase Catled entity consticants . 7) Downain Qnteyerty Consticnts 1 24 Syiveel tots Ye Collennes | ettiitacte's valid valoes- Sea Fon the Custsmer felation in Figse y Range of tustip 2 FS, 2 -- = + lace} cused Domain fa, Nomen Oh INTEGER Valu. D User~Aefined Integarty Conskeasate: “These conitteainty ate oe 4s : Qusiners Sheedie- d Consicler the Cellow enowfle of Amnayons Rorenases velsbon- = 4 | [Finesid] yan Cia 1206-7 | Nike SheePronaion has sot Consticint our vember of ems CH items) Jou Com fy of nodlnct Cay Mike Shots) OF cloein't afters yoo te aly more Hom ly fous of Nike shots oot ox time « Souk yee consti sate cue called se defect Snbegity Gonsticant ch ate Geetineee S feof: 4) Refere cat Pateyety Const cinb As we cam cee in Fig 2 , CUseto tn Porerases 4a Ye apie k Whic b seferrog tz Costin of Customer nelatron-(wleds a tre. ref enced data) Ref exexitial “99 Conse ty Comerford te He -fxem k Contept cmd hence Groutdes Several Conshiasati for sero: , deliting cenel “Poole Contact eu the referenced. sdlatton, wstomeR (lodion ‘us out Set emovegle) ob Jeferentny sdlefion - ate Chendes t Referenced sefation:- Gy On Sesafing ¢ - On ‘seating a reled row in a Aeferencecl Relation » ne chooses Lull be wade to +the tapering sli (BD On Detcting:~ On ditieg a rot tom tre sefeteared gelation , Chonyes sill Ge trade fa the seen tng cheba Grasecl on the folleuing set condttine Ca) On dete” no ack en:- On Adhiting Bi oo from sefetee. Customer , No Changes cue made in PuRcHAsES. Dhow teferedtral ieteasty iy Graken Get oe tfote that:b W) on delete Cascade Dhe moment toe tele L* vew strom CustemER, on cleat Cascade will make the Cascaded. clupqes in PucuAses. thet is , it will delitr ell ew tran QoRcHASES Aef ering ty Mhe Aclid Lust. Qn eu crows le om Abt teble A} Cast et from LUstomeR's Gat Mctebite 4 row fram tre Porenases doe & Coucade Aelia - MeTe, S41 is a de eos egies % op for, Hhetetoie tue Quid sutey it Unlew we Knew What we ee dap, As thes come teol tn Less 4 debe - On dd vo akan u also crpaesocs ag it Voilafa the rf eventiak date aaiiy (c) On delete Set Now:- Oh te the Safest ofjtzen aig cul the Hitee available oftens: 3t Saye, sp debding S* ows from Costome?'’s , Set—-Mett——ttire Ce ep bustip be set te Not for thet feattreuller tefucecing tuble. Note:- Ghee yey Ge a Condsten where eretgn Hey & a fast 4 the puienaeey key to Aeferencirg selolon Od Sock Cass On delte Set MoU & neta fect of Fin te ae fox-\3 (uw) On Meditate fering z= On emelifrey Fakes a toble Is iy Kefuseced relation, Change, will be mode %n tferenctny helatioan Gard on sfllowstag sot conclitran - (8) On mods. no acdton'= XY a tow | teble ty Modi? beck ju Wsromen”, no actin will be taken in the tefucerting Adlation. OF & net widely wed. (b) On wodkfy Cascode!— Ot & the safest often on case of mnoctiatron of data im sef vencedl rellodtion. D+ wilt cascade Hoe change te the teferneing selation . (©) On modify set NOLL?- 9 is nop WH oy taed - Oy dll set the Ae{ eencin attitect [in the Gesttortar tuble ‘J cnny res uae rade in wefeenced telodfion . Note-~ Oo Modify Cascade ts atime consuming operation Recause editing The Changes in one relation willfme ab test earn the hens a other selodion. Hence, $4 ts Toe tally Note- A relatran Comnst fave tuo Same tuples. eo le Shoeld Ge votqpe (they shout he allecat one tuk Yeo ey cdtrilte ie primary ""y) ex> &, Al ® a) by eee. ray “| BOX DNs iy os oy by Le ay WY ewet(ay Mle Seve+ Chowne the Refeatey Relation. ( x » Es tty = On ‘eseiting onus buble Jeers He Refesen co slation PoRumases, fist i+ cull check lustomegy relation if the toseekol Cut exists in CustomeR oft not: On Figur , the enty rmadle in CuReHases pith cuserp: ¢ 1s net valid Lrecause F cheenot existe im WestomeR's. orel hence, Th ull theo an Rok - _, Dheeere, 6 teseitiog Cluok wethatinn ED On deleting :- al tl a few from 4efetencin teliton wate pe change tn Khe tefes od AcLodicon. (Zi) O04 modifying fecttting + We need ts cist ben \woilations seabdtdin fap fey constraint cu ref tool relation - of ary, Doms ruil) fSUce om EMok. Excombles had ale He cours getting detested on Lelition (2,4), from R Cet R be a selection ayer G Liioun met 0 seo ag Sek TEINS Yhe Constiaint 23 ON Deets CASCADE. sy, | A : 2 | i => Arace, the Concticint 22 ON DELETE ChscaoE ai 3 4 Therefore, on ALSog (2,4) 31 4 5 ¥ IniKely Tecbte uth ome 5M Luble uly wos 2 J dolls a Hoey aie refering Le 2! 5 > $2 C62) oma (7,2) WN ger dette. a 5 x Detctien of C62) omd €7,2) will lead eg 4 the multlenl coscacling , 50 atl | | | | | | Pees Refeng ta S om 7 Cuitt he get\5 wat tod ak nombler J tefles Aalst fee Rion a ae 3, md they cue :- (5,2) ,(a,2) Dhis ti the Aeasen whey On del coucadle ts a Kangerous ofstron as ik leadls te We Wetter devel coscacling ema heace, Yhere is Loss deka - as TL hivect Problems :— (81) ROA, a2, A3,--- An Jhis tefrennts 0 relation R (ss) mr dt es echt (cts ) ) Number 4) Suberkeys fassible, 1{ comaidlti begs ane {a} Q x 4 => Bence, Kucbes kegs are 9 Candedeti (J Othe Keays a Ay vo Wis ‘ Az Sage A3 dite : ay vet ALAS Os s-An fo AL, com be merged wtih femataiog (n-i) dems in felition 2 = So his ta vnothiny Guk the “Concept af power set - for a Sek of n thmenti 00. 4 subget we Cm trealr using Clemuts are 2 - yveil here foe (94) ehmendy (6s AL Ay already Faken) Wwe Gur have subset = 207When each of these 2" Qubsdhs get Combine dt dt Vas it alt Lecofe a Suber ki veh Hence, Comdsdlods omen kK U Oh (aki 4, v ¢ AL aay ~ 4, Ps ag Methey, Ar U ¢ A, has we Lv : Sugeck 6, Ay,-- Ao takegy As we com see, we fase Comded set {1a} tudce Oy t+ Op feous *» Groth A, omd Aa , Sieben by Hoe Me a) other subse which we hare Cuned >rice. Crrote 4 Set £4,023 = (4,43) Seo Acc. to the Griaciple rt telusion omd. duu on from set cay ue need. premae Hie Intersection dest: 22 St :\t ©, 18, US) = 18.) + 155] ~ 18,08 082} ot ee se Rost) Mue cue thas. Sue coleel. ote wh Tice Omcl Cortaing A, Ar Tedether . Sreefore ae 3 suputeys = Qe Pe (©) For i velaktor R, what ts “the mommler ‘I Sexbe haga if Comndsditte Keys ake if AB} , (3, og} => Wn {4, m3 as Cama date 3] _ gn Number of Subsets veil be (Sin) Wir { AsO, 3 ay Comldat "9 |: ht Newmber of Subscfi wu be CSau) _ Sau DADs 0, hy ate the efenne loseasection: So My. of ce “Dhutedore, vim ol sefelege = Lr 4-04(A) For the Yiven Relation R, Whudt zs the renee Hf, Comdsdlte hey ote FA, A} { HAQD} O) Stperkeys => — Frog A, As} 2s Comolidele ne ey, No. J sulset Well be { o 2 CS.) Fou As Au} a comdidate } = at key, no of ot Pox (Ha, 2,443 no substi uillbe = 23 c Si pS sss, Shesefore, ne. Sufpakege = Prager 73 (9) for we jelatioan R, what au the ruber oj Sufttkeyt °C) camdidake keys ase (4, a, Ay S pa => 4 S ») CtAceanky + the rey L taclution ond enclusien Isusus,| = Is} 41S Hes) ~)S0s,) — Ie 0g] = Is.0s5] + \s0 S283) Shere fore ney Buber keys = Kad gam — ee Oe = Bt 3.4 (Gr) Given a relation Ro with n Ltbds, how man Suastegs com be Gteenk 2 J => Givea , RCA, Ba >> 4.) oat 00 iatocmebon bg en, tdqan comdidete k Dhex Mee a could Ce Aoe de, a ‘s, Ay da key 3 HF super k y= Z Hf A, is “9 = 4 “t keys = et 1 ‘ + Ao tet DW subsets cue (po ssitl except Nott set({3) com Ge a soper key. Cb could wot be He sees key) do, Sas sage keg aul be = BL Sugeckes 9 Greate £3 commet * Sefer «Entity Recationsuip CER) Moners of Diaugaes r Totedliction to ER Dipypoms > Cary Puadeose | objective of ER diiagem of wedel ute ge « zon Gvek bi Kine of Hoe Aaebese. 3 Gees the Boies Vets Of the database. What is an Semtity 2 Entity aan jer toad com Ce ty heat Lied. Fon exe fig: 2, Custom omd Purchase, a8e ture entices 23 these cue the gh Seek: Om Acal Concehe. Lior oe pan entbity ba AePiesoated es & Stable at box. r a ex | Custom ER | > Attabuta: Attolele ae Grspertes [feaksier of cy On covsid ein Figit , we com represent inthe form J ER chiagtorm | as: a ol Cust poses athitute, oa Lid ‘Q\ oe NOTE: A pelatrenshih com also hrane ali Oiler , those atin Ges ore Called dechasedbve ath ade Kote - The afta lite of om anu ate notin Colown ome, (allilate rene tu hires gt An tach her im He selatton (tebe Jefresite an entry - for He Customer enorshle jo figre , cach S000 sebrtesents a Cust mer - hey Attsebutas- Key eBtibsa ate the sve which Latpoely ay idevctofies akow- W% hs alten Athtesenteel as an ellipse crad U under oed- for ewowple: Dn Fy 6, Wwstrp & the key atte, Gece 7 Muktavabucd Attn bates: Att-cbaty whrh ae Rout rnuliifle valor arsortcted Utth them are wutttvalou oA bTer. These are byreatey refresenfed by bu Concustent fee's - Fos enowple Ie fy: 7 wT Phenens, tsa mulitraloect attibate- A wastawes Com Maw wtf le conta t nomber~ Durveck_Attrotat = An attre te wllese aloe te letuecl [cobaubated for other atti bdr one Called Levee Lk beter - These axe Aepresnited % dottch Wife. Fok enowble On Hgre, ade iy on Mend eltilute, welds iv Cohustatid [elesivnl “from 0.0.8 (date of Gieth of a Custortes) “Kote: Detwed ol fee ate nok Typically stared Lutthin The dedi tase 1 bhyciatly ; insted 24 com be clestued dy Jing an al gost - — Comboundl Abtrabree *- Atrsbater, hsb consiste of eae atte and — com be Gorges By ether to form Compoved octths Gute Fouenornple Costinome , Wustadde ate Comfeondl. TR (ites iu fg: Cost nome ts forced taieg ficsk-rovee, rridell. none, amd —flost-nome- So att of these Constitutes te form Hae Cost nome I Gest, face € Pind ar " eye Siewilatly, Costaoor is or Compowd, odlftitte as ih is qfored of — Gly, Rewudnoule amd Road we .MS 4 ~ Relastionshe be Be A relationship Bo whudlton Cin Comte xt 4 dealosses lie ewsts to Gebvecen rmuttigle entries - WA ype cetly nefresented | a vomlsus | cliewnond - r- Fog Corwfle: Sn fig:8, “boys” jaa seladtonsheh befveen Customer cmd fradutte. Dhis Coull Ce seadl 95 "A Customers bs bey fs a Qralotls : Sheefore, sclottensh:b a) Yong te Coane rttttble evtrties- Gustap zt when a Custs meg a probe, there ts Some Cme Stomb agcociated Lutte tt - So, Mary ated” time ctl Le the atti becte 4 . "ond wet g (usTemER on PRopuer became foe Uitte frowe Hoc time , we neck te fave Goth Customee ond a PRodver- Sirileuhy, Podet Auill Ge the abtilnde of relations lib * Gays Accordion te set theonctic Persfectie, CNoTE: cult of the dledilrare Concept “com be undetsteod fern the Concept of silt ord celedter)) th ust! be hepreseted 08 follows:“ Ags Ace. ts the — kellafren depicted dhove, many Custirner Cont bray a groded many Grndeds could be ty 4 Single Curtomer 04 many frededi Guld Odo u Recording ts feidtion [Tate ferspectie (Relat onal rrodet) it i Ae fresuited 01 fittest: “(Tables Pro €-€ cLingrems)) Customer: Boys: PRoouct: st [eusr West) lear” Pap * see | fo ome Pin Adelt SZo PAP Tome pg, IO Rome Price i i Figo Since, He Gren rolafion "gt may Cebuceen Customer, cma PRepuets , Hretefowr, Loe need a spect Ete/ teletion £. ” “ Othenise 1+ Usoubd be poss tt +e shoe all tefoerne ten wag tin relations - (Bin coucft Ja further Cnbleiced. io He deel Note, On BrY5 nefifin , CUSTID cma RID ax6 the ofoscign CostomeR aud PRoovers hay tows — > Total and Puttin pestrcigiaon = “Shes faster bation fs aleorct echtties meteey Pra sdainadh Consider the Gelso E- vt * Gemblayec aud a Team’ prelodad tr each other ay Aeon stip “rn a9 gt” For the Sea E-R Aeron in Figin, the dtaytonm Could Le enflecned a " Coemay team neclet have ¢ wansyes aud QO Sambleyee/ manag ex memaqes a teom fice seme qe dete ” y J Bo, here rte _feutttcfeion could Ce onderstiod. a4 — For en ‘Team’ thee Should Ge a yranajer OR Guery rember gf “, “Teena! Ghoul Guattabet iv the sdlationship uth Cea at lyyee «Hence, Teo’ tgs said G be tetelly ba Yet the * Wmernages . selstonshif. Note: Totat fustrefedton 4 efered sutoy tino Pusat Koes (0s we com gee fA Figuce $y: u) Uhile, Giditty Gmiflegee clacinet facticbakd ‘olally ucth Adhatitonstsh ncn’ ges Cea coer Eorftoyec Js teed not Suppose ~ be a anayer-Mrnce, Yhete ose net Ynane teom , therefor ent on sping i fxstey ears pastreipation suith the selsfionshy “mena J. : - hg b hebrewated 4ettey a stogle Cne (Pt i ca aefoult ) Basel on set thearebrc conte t th teal Ge fe fresaded OB: EMPLOYEE Team ego Note: Ge com ‘think of feted, cmd fruttzal (feattrepaiks wa forma 4 UBer - clef inedt Date ger condtiatnts . CAs T+ defewds as e Gusineu sequttenent)Qt I Caschinadbity of Qeletttonstss ard Constiodtag E Lately 4 tian : Minitnat Tables fang 2 — Dhe y fossil Condlinalste 4 Refedtensha ater t= One-to-One He One +5 - eve aa Many -te-Ove s J ae Mog te ag ok One- te-One Reledtionshep = - Co aay Pigs 13 One-ta-One seladrenslip ha Aepeacnbec usteg an ‘ersow'- (0) VN Figs, ay we Com see broth Lustomer ema Arverts Leense a had ay atow Wwhtd means “ dhe entity * epegdlomen bs (Gone fated du the gelalten ” hag @* fn ec Gne~te-one fasion" aud FA wuld Le read ow: . Crack customer aa ematly one Larve's License owl irl dave's Geense is assorrdléd sith exactly Sve mekFy, depts the set theorekzc fasfectie of E-R Legion jee ae Ayes: “Dhete ate some caugtiy whe has not aploded Hhete oltivets License As, we Com see to Fyn, DLE te Ceacticsp aed path “hes.” While utomes Ue é cobty Cath ede mith relationhg “heure" ™) Team | mk Sy Teen) Tema ne inate oe double ve Ceydefaudt defrci the wony fast of the relation shih Dhes selon ee one-to-many Ce cause "Ahete ate Some Onplegees who Tange, mote Yoon one tom while there & ouly one manager te manage a-teowm” Figiie defreta, the set thence Guspectiie 4 ER Leyton Ahewe fn gi5Note: Ary of there U Cardltnedthes selatirens hth com hewe Goth sich feaitted, Goth sich tal, “one side Gosbed omel one Side ete festie poke, Shey com hove ony burdation ax tovlyinabton 5 hossitilves “| a E-R regen. Fox ee- One-to-ane Cam awe any of the 3 fossitle conden 4 porte dion ‘in an ER daagferm. ate 7 sey cone Relaftashas- Cont) Reged OL te nebafed te sree mang relationship ( the ol Ysrece is lux 40 the perspective) " Aes me ex of Caeeltt couds'” belongs to a tstomes (end then might Ge some custsme who cho not have ony Gedit cord Gut Woy Credit Cad We have In out Systern fasta be assouekd wih an emf leryee (otek tear ection) )uohcle siegfe reddit cord Coumnat belongs be the mastic mets” OR ‘ FR customer Com froue rultiple tedit cards eat a Credit cad convot have vouuliple cuts mers" Feynne epieti Ue ek Aheoretic es ative -— 1 Mowy—to— ony Refationshe t= Comin) The £-9 lta Gren ta fig: te am enonifle Trang te- shag Tene Geficcen Customer onal Pedlioct " A customer corn by trang Ituttirle prodleds omol « Product could be Coulee by meng Ivuultiple castemers”. Figg epic ‘Us Set Heretic Getsfedtve # —yaa AMA Lhe Custerice tio. di fa any u —> Atternctive Converting 2 Uthat ue bawe eed teil new kefrewnt the caccbinadbity A cceelettdaske> —s sr debit’ one! — »st Safety for exemple: for wrpfeto~one | (RERES Ym G, _agf Ceara] This ty one of the worry a ® Kebeese nt Cosel nedity Ober fofpades attemedive converting axe:— Gi) Chew: Nave Pace(0) IDE Fix: PERS om Loca rion Pep Born ——, oN armel Location () Mastin [16 | Crew's Poot + Poroo Bere in PER . a AT\oON [ve Son po — ened Location (u) Mine tan Iso: (Vi) Une: So eters — & Entiays> foun < Sennen ¢ EHTS | PeRSon T] Lece tion! en st Note: AU y the cove atteencilive Convewtions ae the Cromple fo ing ota oH sclationsh’h -8) Uthat % the Mnininum ap Celewens por evemy YOSILLL Lonnbmnatn ; A caudtacdity end. Qeutichytion ef Felice n wath atts 9 a S Corsten Folds Pacer ER Dicsroome 2= Given an E-R dixon te need Look, fo couckinely faattefetiron , keysiete tn order te Conshioct tales from Yhat - Aleng sutth this thee is seme sc of wulles delined We) balan a tehke [relefion These ce os Nouss ¢ TI] (We weed & cntatnize Hoe oermber af elute | tele ons . PRL fuoy melttor [tell should have 4 Pedmany k P33 Lach ceu tn tebh relation rut howe one” valve - Coetls com fowe nolL velo Cxept the Tebroarey Fey colle) (3) One-to-one velecfronship + Pastred~ Postrel pucterpatton -— >) chin em2 Check toe Lt tebafton is fesse ot note A.) a) 3% 8 ¢ BP |b be) G 4g jos | NOLL Nou Nou \ | NolL | NoLL i if Geet tense, MM LML) Bh | by Neue eae * xz As we Com see, atl of Here Contain NULL valor herrce nether, A, noe B, Could be the bes naey key Hence, th ts net focsi62 to set them ints 4 selation. Cot is Vaileding tre a’ Aute £27) > check foe 2 rclation ty bessiel oc or: = eee BEC Ot Tau GO 8 | By, | Al 8, C, us bh ob a lai Gq bu bu! 3 Jay Now Nou br | bt ay fad ibs oe ba | id My AL bz cy ww Gs ad |Now Now Key values unl oe pot Null. Key valeey at'not Nott, Hence, intima no of Ackations segputaedt for one-one, Lott side fostrad relafienstif ue two. And morirmum number 9 sdekon ertoudy Hee“25: (WW) One -te-One rckafieushih + cctleast one side tobet Pasta Prom { Hieosatic \ Poche tie => heck for t relation ts fessibt ox vote Aa BO! 6) pon | by 6 1% A. | @, | br bs oo Fs (eo | bay 1 dL ty Nott iNew | by bs | Cy Ay a ee i Cetiios. Gece Kew J 6, Ler1 Cerone bey thee ty no Nott valoe for attiiute Be, Therefore, it Ba com become he Gronreay this tebe - Hence, nrini won Me of relation fx ven condition Lab - AS, we com see Note :- eT] He Case Aisen ta One-to-one + Both sidle totet then defio one neldtPon a Reqpsded, te kebreseat ib, ceurol the key ~for Hot relation told te tthe Ac a Be a4 none of the aitibauter Gu have Nut valocs.Lit) One~to~ Men Alatsks, Restrad-Rastel Cast ecpibin 4 | be Se ‘ Qs cy | Now NOLL) Nowe Gg % | bs ‘bs fy i 94 Jaq! | Now Net: Neu 8 fag | bu lod | cy Now |New} bs | be | Huu None a) thar Sout ef be tone prdrie ay ke " Bince, ath the abt Guter tras voile the [29 Grelttin heace, 1 Relation Us net fossibeBT > check fe 2 Relefiions ate fossil & vot ie J Stafetses any Whee AL] A Ba. 6 A = | bo oa 6 Ar jan br eli am 83 ay baby G1 M3 aulad bylod | Cu 45 as jag bog | bbc? |NuLL NOLL “lu relations cut enor a3 there ate no Not valor wfor Ay and St tn Cedalion 1 ome 2 Retbe ckty Hence D selectins ave seqeed tm mfotmonn ~fox the oo Conditten. Note: Dhee ate mang wigs +o out the table Geb abl sft atl met tock Whe Uontd: Ge the tenet 'Y the above Aelet tons Ge not Shlitted Uke Hes Consider the “follow tuo dots: Tatty t ~ AO) 8 Oy fet Moug es X Sa i jNow Nout 3 6 | bs | \ as 96) Mou) out 45 latiby | ¢. wr this is (vue ng 2 valog Teles Fe - Let ey ty 8, Br bi | bt bi} bt by | ba by) bs bs ¢ D+ Walled tre C33 ruse aud Hetefo sock split of telation hs Not Gessible -Ci) One~ti- mer tdationship, + One site tote Gaston + Gy ay | ow Nowe Nowe] bs aw x | Ny he Hence, 4 A telation & 5 bite fuctafation U om the fey i | bs could “ve the | Prvonaouy scent for Sne-ta- remney enol “ ome’ side.aA Cae 2: One -to- mons . * tery total guttopifion on rover scl \ a0 \ “taf > check for £ telation 3 oss te 0% not s— A, A, %) BC a Md ib BG a bk Q, |, 9 Nut Now) NULL X Gy G3 b3 bs Cy as | as! [ seu} svn | noe Neetther 4, ror 8, conmlGecome the prmery key: Hence, L Aeldtion & not fpecsible > check -for 2 selition bs fossil ©« aot i- Ps Alas Be iis a, | a bb 4 fa, ae |e br bi Gia, a3 |O3! b. 214 ay Jong 3) bs [aay bu) ba jew a io] MS) ag yHence, 2. gebittinns sutll tuck & use oJ nets. wimg aud total (este petion or amas side (y) Mer t= Man Relistonck: + Goth side fetal (bastzefn:- Coue $2 WMenag — nner ou Poth Paitiat LJe com cleuly see that neither + selattm vo. oa Kelton sill Lucsk iw thts Case ce Cech a, % gelafedl & 2 vale of E, amd by “ts scbatedl te tuo vellues &, Ao, tn which eve vo wwe, Greek Hus deror in 2 ibd T+ cdl) tesutt in some Tpvalzct tuples Hence, 2 selobav esl not werk. On Hats Coue we need 3 celakow ininum , BE? selene tb stre Erpud E, while Hed telelia G Aore Aelaiiion QR (tong suite Tt KeLaftoah:p abtiGter oma piney keys of EY ome £2) 2 Tales] > Paarl py Aa FOR v t Aa| Pe By BG A Hy | ba lbs @ (% S33 X Me Jar Sy fay | | oy ad | i Hence, 4 4s net Gessill be howe 2. selatios . Gud therefore uve need 3 selefious te rnininnunn -fo4 He ove Case Wioa As we com see here L tele te sb in vatienw ne Case With {A 8) a the edema fey Bat tb us] Result in dot 4 tedondeoty a dest= Al A. 8B |e a fel bey! im Oe fe fe te G2 Tat ba je |S %3 [al a hes Ay | at br Pak fe Note: - For Meany - t- one , Cages eutll romain Some as one-to-many as there ts only Chane du Lhe fospectve 4 Teitly f wastcleatgy entites - Note= For one-te- meng and. ‘Weng ~te- ene Hb tere Partreipttion on Goth cides only £ tellifina is Sequtteol te minimum Case .us (G 4) Uthat i the win? MU number selabiong Aegpsiedk -fer the Celow oe E-R Mercer’ 7 q) : Le e =>~ (Je Com Giucatly do thin 4 saftons. ~ We cannot do 1h in L teledten Cecoutse thee orm ond mia telafeershs} vith R,omd R, ascon chet (eects Hence , Ge need te check fu 2 omd 3 tdldfions ee Check for 3 elahons — 8 fog [sm \—Liy\ tie [hs b.\ 95 } “ue Ge oS i) Ay As [8 A (S i a IQ | [br fac 1A fat | ja a 23145 | (2 (83 Ca a. | lou fay sje} ely Hence, minimum a 3 Aelatiiong ate requiied. Note: woe Can nat cle i+ udth r +ebles Cecause there is rain Alabina + Cadtial .°, Coe need not ebte to get 2 tbler.TTL Weak ancl ofttiony Guitrticg , self -refuestial Lelatonlel, (23) d) and Consbracting Tales i eumes entity) 7 [ares 71 ” Goreme Pelalian Fiy: 20 Weak anky ER choprenn. Sn the aloe E-@ Liersoon Fewviily- merle i q Loeak evttt, DY ts rebreserted Lung Concuntert rectungles. Note Het a cock entity dlo nt” Rave primo hoy A weak ent? compat enist tu sholation » Tr nerdy to be ascigord a [reteted to @ umtwe pene entity” On 48s cose Courtamer ta the Ctones enki Hete, Fenty rac Ceatrty) do net Que framany key. Given a oecnee id fe ‘Cid aud ‘name! ef 4 foal enables uf "oan Reg) Cow wt qpoely ATirnine cc Jet Note 'nowe' i nota Aus Fowily menatsey ,* ie ny wrt dO, pees tebs i c i “¢ ese! esiog aotted Note: An ownes eatt}y should arog Cea Ste evitety ome Achebias bf Celiivcen ores omcl evra entity iy all> mony mith total fustef tien deo Lock entity - e-%yD Noter 9 Frarz0, the Coneuttent lzatnandl | nohmn bus KCB resewl? & sock rclaltton Lefreen Week entity omdl Ey owner Stony owl ty. hin selakdns if ikaUled deitifrcSion x Lin A tace, TH ba operas many sefatiosbil, putth Tiel hatip.bo. Aegpired che 2: One rdlction fox tock eatery emt Week relations cA te orn Oe x fe Groner thy (2) Uthat tu the minimum no- of selatios Req. -for the fyrven ER deagronn? =D As we Comsee ° Figiny Ra ony te ~ one with totale on Many Side Qs Duets = nay Vath total on many cide- Ho, we com Lombine Ey omet Re tn one relation Bx ue the Seconch seltion Ro omel Es wil form re S 4 yelatinn So, colstiong wat Ce ay Loiteos: Aula! By, 8. 8 Beier) 4, minnow 3 (Relations cure | \ | | | Acapagsed fo abour } i ! E-R clrasconn .Self - heofsertat selafionshehs : NO Fig: 2 SM sefuevtial rulattonsifp A selatieship whe he adius te on catty ceul. the ia called. Bself. tefesontiat sellstioslib- fot Cromnhle :~ “Bo emt @ | YManaqee = Cimotrec wp ee” vom en) shat 0 Z Zbreveges Case 42 Onete-one + Partal- Cartal route: pickin - a A Set dey sy oe y aoe 7 SF ] ots ®) WS NM ee > chek for + relation possible ox vat: = 7 Las 4 Al 4x | 4 18) Hente, & rcbation | SP On Tb, ‘ a, a {ar} h be ; dye, & cronies toe Or far i" | $Ois Cage. whith a: ‘ 1a A 3) 8 ha [bs 5% Fricoaty key L ee) “SKive) Gs me - a er Cae ot one Boren + Pagtral rite! pasicgation: -S Med for L nelstion fa fessiele of not: I Yorcto: | Y »| AL AB a }a a by a, fay | / % Jay [9% bby i Nou | ag | 44 | Now — yr . x Hete, we Comast make A, ca our preory key Re cause fn set rao te Com see Ss ty aelatid te mocre than She value of Moe Sberefore, Wwe ustl have AL ox oun Gems k Hd, wo reliBo is seqpued fo. Orca Condit Ueth Al as out rosy Key Case 3: Many Tt + Parkral- puitiel Peat tron: Cot eb iera vAs toe corn see here & Gorm Ay wod AL cue assoceded gulth tio aloes on oie valves > Ohateforc, owe selatton bs pet fesstte. D check for , selalitar dy ssid of not: Vv I 1 A, A, A, 6 B my Gy A by aL al M1 OL by % ag a ag ba 44 ly 44} 43 | by Hence, rmipicwevm Aellettins cre keputsedl- Note: Fox self tefeertias tel Bimnelipe Cena cose) totet cigotion j alluccays Neytic S$ elation tn (onitounn) Ceven tn the ease of Tregy te - ey le th fave a let of Feelsidongy .uy TH albdhvect Pno@lemns + CPyas’) (ay) (64) Joon Gitity Relatenstsh (Ee) model , Hfpose joa rary f= wee ReQedtton st fe on. aa) sot bs tr set Er. Assomme that £) em Ea Dedkrer| de Ro omd thet Be cardinality Of Ee in Grecder Fran tre Guckinadity of Ea. Cid One’ Of the fottouteg i tre “alot 22 (a) Eno entity ote 4 C) ated wb tnaekly ane tabi ie Bx (G) Rome ety in Ee by ascocdted uutth rote Han one entity fu Ey (C) oy entity du Ex u assoucded tuith enact mne iu Eg (9) Savery entity bu Es ‘u assoctaicd autth atmact he entity um Ee. > Ot Ucn stat Re La remy brane 4 Jokt pattie patton tbl E,t> E2- a ie E) Set ef (A) Ot ty te, Ceconune curry entiyin Be ta ascodakd wits exactly ene entity in Ex Coax eve com seein Set Leappom) Chile oftzen (8), (C) ,emot (OD) cue false Ree corse aecoudin (Q) the selafienship who EB, omd Ex & sewing te Fog . Accoding to (c) the scbafimskp Ri inbho ecm Es ls One - fo many crrel Oftem (0) a false th is Jonblapny of mast fame Pes nn ne nen es + Hoare noua FOV is Teve(C2) A ER Model of a Aatabese Conststs of evtesy Types A omd &. Thee ate Connected by ce selatiashp Roll hor nck have tty coon att ect . Uncles whe the 4. lout condstros , ora the relat esnat Fete for Ro Le marge add Hot of A 9 (4) Reaction Rta one to mem ond he t cthatron Sf Aw R in toler 9 et (O) Releler Ris one —te vreny omd She ¢ bedtow A iw R fasted - od neg i) Relation Ru -te-me aml the chationr AA Mw Ru pu Gute (D) Relation R tu -t-one cmd. Lhe Gastageen KA Ri pasted => ~ Coxe AG As we com see & ently A eet howe ruutible vals of Seu There fore, cue Romnot Conrtine R vattn A in Hits condition. Hence, Hats is falseDe cae 8 alge , there by the sone Pacblew - “Ob babe westEiple valves. Hence, R cod nat be Met eutth Hh. Cate ce r —— Here, ey vale In A agcorated udth exe fh L value in 8 “ Dherefore R Could Ce Cee a. Hence, Hr bs tte: Hee, also BSE valle ay A & asgocteel eukth Chatty one value to GB While Come ate aot cuen Kaletect - Hence, Hes & eyo foe, Sut (C) us more Of proprcee - Hence, @usivee ia (C) Gnel (D) Goth bet Cc) & mote SGonges ttm then (Oo) a tH ell vot have ony Note valoy -for R tn ‘elation: det(03) Gre the Gate ER and sclctdonal models, vole Une “Pious is INCORRECT 9 (A) An atte Gite of on onttta coon braze Coore thon. one Valve @) An attibate of an ordtty com be composite C) One tow a cdiionod tells, am atte trite Com have Mote then one valve- ) 9n a tow 4 a relational talk, am HobdE tom hove Neactly ove value o @ NULL- A) Ob bs Cucd, T+ & fabking about nudtt valued Chit ie cm eettZ bate of g Coultty com have rvote than one value emd these OC lta “cete calle ruultivalecd ott baste - (8) 8 & comet, © entity com fave Confosit [copocnet abit (ote. Crowle * nome! & On abt ctr in! Cugtornest entity Urtercch U Loumec stg "Prestuammne', Vet neme! - (J Ds intoued, 4 tuble [tow a tabh Camest Store ypote then vale me valve in acelf- (D) A & Copect, 4 & an obpasite srateroent 3 often cc) Fence , optin C0) ts Income53 (G4) Dhe wininwm number tables needed te sepresent M,N, Pt, Rr ue: J ie (A) 2 Mme) aD & & is em Pe i : bs I <> k--<> tn D SU ewe tecall, 4 w seme /dintlar te F — ten CO) omd CD) we the tiwel oftrn. We comnet de tk in 2 telattens Lecamee neither M omd ® coud Ge cowlincd Hyeiee oon Pema N could Ce CoyLined. “Shesefove, opt (G) ix comedt- iy: ftiew- (@s) Covside the -fotlasty E-R beeper: Ube of Me Ueutoy tna Conedattibate sd -for one of the Fitla forthe minim ruler of Lally needled t sepuscat MAN, PR, Re 2 (A) Ms, Ma, my, ee ®) Ms, 0s, Ma, No Oma, Oe, My ma, ty. => inte, 1 ia an ondeosion of He (Bt), we kneeo Mech Wnfimum No of tolation Acq ate 3: MFR 5 0, RANde, Be 3 toblect ans ~forwned. Cotes | { \ MMe My 6, fe (i. MMe] | | \ | \ | | fabled blr “tables Hence option 4 is Suibally Cote a these ae the ct bata: 4 fell L. (Gs) Consider the evita * hatel- scons" omc" Fetson” Auth & Monty - Aolatiions lel, “Ledatng * os Showe below of wie Out ts store info on alot” Sent entr te Le mede essen (s) easy Ocoubsin cb [font hotel oom, ten At Bacforsnali on Should OP feat a an OO bute of Lt Rasen a Hotel toom "Hotel: Geom od, —— Putsan ] 3 Locka 8 ——— => Rent meat will be id ushen . fusen Me in a fatel we eee om fis own sill not ¢ tent amd frotel- rom on be ity own will tet habe teat ) Only urhen @ frtscn Stags in 4 Uetel room then he & supped b poy tent: Hence, Hhete no fo fo keep atti bete ‘Kent! in hE in OL Hotel: Ravin one Thee for, TH should be the atte ects A Loclaing Far66 ENteopuction To Revationar Movers T Matherneti adel _of “Taller yy — Relatinwad models o1 Relitinal Afabary ote netlin At Gal.dey omrcl Hose Lables are the rmathernadtcal velations % Futly - Relational ase Of wrodels tyes the Some Pininnloges Dhot ig E Relabens ote alio cMlecl tables * Coflomns ate also called atttibdta. dhe set of values @ Column Com take is called downat * Rows ate clio culled filles. ™ Over utes of tltton du rrathe wobia~ 4 mothew acs, a relition & Aefineh as a sulsset 3 eo Sets AXB fe Gun set A= Lay,an, aren} B= Lb ba by Gn} R £ 4x8 where Axes {a,b [acd , Ges} Cnonble R: AB ond ROAXB i} A * i ‘ ) a. ‘ — pe “.* Sepicent ye by 0 slalign Zo & contd be any sulsct ef axB , ie Re AXB= R= (Gb), Coupe), Cas, 63} Sa ceoof | | R 2 rs bs ee pot) be _ pon] bs Ly Ths ty Cathe a fufle ta (eletioy iobile in Qble, tt Coll $4 03 gors hae, demain of the atttbake A ts notin Gd fhe St & abt ux have defined le Arf{a, G,ag---40} Sina, fos ATE Gate 8. ( fie) Hence, poms relation rrodel om Gly are relate to Che Concept of nadthewratiedl selatdm. Oncl QU the f estes 4 mathemdiccl sets end sddtion ve applet a! Almas rebatine [Lablle, alto. keke PSA comoct howe sadtr valves aud Some with the detalase rwodels - As voe have alteads ctodsecl that ia (elatronal malel & no tuto Gefles could Ge. excels some « (Cong i) feimasey Kg > 2% meathomely claim RL AKG ie Re Leu,4), Co, {bs 653) Yo Dots elation iy neither eLbaoat Seo raodhemetical relations nox in Pelations 4 doms A tug convot howe ruutt2ualoer Stoel Bu a colo Hete (6,63 & not on elewwent of B hea ae subset 4 B- Hence, we con neo prov thed- there ate suck sulerin beg Relatemal mold | €-R cogtaens ay at 1 Core Hoey aut the smathernakoat Selaons | LolQus -oar Note 9n relational database, the octtive “f dofilar sreltar ste aud sfivcute wu ¢" Lb Brol schema RL Airwalk Schema ta UUitenag 2 )}+ 95 ok, Gee Ry (ad, Coome, cash, codetr) + ayy Consheviots UL _Solwect Probteres (3) (@:) Consrder Hie fe Loui Lables Tl anc Tr Sn table Tr, Pa the dirs. key aud @ 44 “the fore Key sefesenciog Roda table Ta ull onnclelite cascade aud on- Cascade In-teldle Th, Rou the frien Key od S ta the foretgn key Aefuemcing Pin talle Te Usth on delde Se No ond orufdair ceucade-4u croles B dikte feck (3,2) form Fable Te, the number of adelitronel Seok Hoot vieed, te Ce cLaSesedl from telh Te uw The : Th: P ree a [S| QZ z | 2;2 | ie a | | 83 fale. } 32 si 8 | a4 (6/3 1 3/4 86 Ton 4 | 7 | | |=> The election T amd Tr ate sellaled o8 Lotto ei lelelet cof Muy Nou yo POR Mer py Qo + ave pls On Alsen, (3:3) Te, only ba Anos wtih " Dhe Coll howiny cebtr, te alee aa 3 will Gece NLL: Ju ° Hence, ne teples ase Aekited om Melbing Ca,9 oo) ( Therefore, Answer it _O Cer) Mote He the qperten hots mas ple os ged nedified thea snswe 2 1) (62) “he —ftteuseg 1, un atteloits A oak where A is the Gre orgy key cud Cu the ~foretan key Bafuencing A wlth on-chelete Cascade. é — = a iy we | 3 5 & 7} 2 3 is 6 | 4ba “The seb of alt Gopler Wak mat be additionally delitid + Preserve sefeeitial intewity shen the Tile (2.4) by debited “at (A) G,u) aud (6,4) (B)G,2) and (72) J (5,2), (7,2) end (35) (OJ c3,4), (4,3) owd (6,4) = 4d Oo Tay “hs ty ducted intra tly ai4 ° ul 3 SED sats pall ger chelated Gre, © got FLD % hetitect | a wid OE , 8 sy DWs wait get delilid GCoeonse Bly Got cilia “Taple @.0,0,9 %e C59), 67,2) emd (9,5) ul Aelited on dclto Cae) Hence, comtedttma “aabtion & (c) (G3) het Rleb,c) aud Sldrerf) be tars selatoons tn uid ol i the aforetyn ey SS the sefers te the Guten key of @. Consider the sfollouin four aferertone om & wd 5? d Le. sect soto R I. Petar Goer eR TD. Ynsert into TW Debtr fron 5