3RD QUARTER STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

WEEK 1 : INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

DATA & STATISTICS

STATISTICS
-​ Is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to
make decisions.

DATA
-​ Consists of information coming from observation, counts, measurements, or
responses.

POPULATION
-​ Is the collection of all outcomes, responses, measurements, or counts that are of
interest.

SAMPLE
-​ Is the subset of a population.
-​ Like representative of a population.

PARAMETER & STATISTIC

PARAMETER
-​ Is a numerical description of a population's characteristics.

STATISTIC
-​ Is a numerical description of a sample's characteristics.
-​ !!!!STATISTICS AND STATISTIC ARE DIFFERENT.!!!

BRANCHES OF STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
-​ Aims to provide information about the collected data and does not attempt to draw
conclusions about anything that pertains to more than the data collected or a larger
set of data.

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
-​ Is concerned with making generalizations based on information gathered from a small
group of observations (sample) to a bigger group of observations (population).
 -​ It leads to prediction, inferences, interpretation or conclusion about the entire
population.

VARIABLES & DATA

VARIABLE
-​ Is a characteristic that changes or varies over a period of time and/or different
individuals or objects under consideration. (Ex. Age, body temperature, height,
educational attainment, numbers of errors in a test.)
-​ When a variable is actually measured on individuals or objects of interest to the
investigator, a set of measurements or data is obtained.

UNIVARIATE DATA
-​ Result when a single variable is measured on a single individual or object.

BIVARIATE DATA
-​ Result when two variables are measured on a single individual or object.

MULTIVARIATE DATA
-​ Result when more than two variables are measured on a single individual or object.

TYPES OF DATA

QUALITATIVE DATA
-​ Consists of attributes, labels, or non-numerical entries. (Ex. Sex of a person, school
type, favorite color, rice variety.)

QUANTITATIVE DATA
-​ Consists of numerical measurements or counts. (Ex. Age, height, length of time to
complete a test, performance ratings.)
●​ CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
-​ Is one for which, within the limits the variable ranges, any value is
possible. (Ex. Weight, time to complete a task, height, salary, amount.)
●​ DISCRETE VARIABLE
-​ Is one that cannot take on all values within the limits of the variable
-​ Can be attained by counting. (Ex. Responses to a five-point rating scale,
number of provinces in region 12, number of children.)
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

THE FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT :

( LOWEST TO HIGHEST )

NOMINAL
-​ Calculated using names, labels, or qualities. No mathematical computations can be
made at this level.
-​ Only characteristics.
-​ Data is only qualitative at this level.

ORDINAL
-​ Arranged in order, but differences between data entries are not meaningful.
-​ Numbers are involved.
-​ In order and has characteristics.
-​ Data at this level is qualitative or quantitative.

INTERVAL
-​ Arranged in order, the differences between the data entries can be calculated.
-​ Has characteristics, in order, has no true meaning of 0.
-​ Data at this level is quantitative.

RATIO
-​ Data at this level are similar to the interval level, but a zero entry is meaningful.
-​ A ratio of two data values can be formed so one data value can be expressed as a
ratio.
-​ Has characteristics, in order, has a true meaning of 0.
WEEK 2 : MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

MEAN
-​ Most commonly referred to as the average.
-​ To find the mean, add up all of the numbers in your list and divide by the number of
numbers.
-​ Really good when the data is fairly close together.
-​ Most commonly used.
-​ In statistics, it is important to distinguish between the mean of a population and the
mean of a sample of that population.

●​ POPULATION
-​ The greek letter mu, µ - represents a population mean.
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 +...+ 𝑥𝑛
-​ µ = 𝑁

∑𝑥
-​ µ = 𝑁

-​ ∑ 𝑥 - is the sum of all values of X in the population.

-​ N - is the number of values in the entire population.

●​ SAMPLE
-​ 𝑥 read as “x-bar” represents a Sample mean
𝑥1+𝑥2+...+𝑥𝑛
-​ 𝑥 = 𝑛

∑𝑥
-​ 𝑥 = 𝑛

-​ 𝑥 - is the sum of all values of X in the population.

-​ N - is the number of values in the entire population.
Ex.

Find the average/mean of the given values :

92,97,100,89,91,90,94,95,93
92+97+100+89+91+90+94+95+93
µ= 9
841
µ= 9
µ = 93. 4
MEDIAN
-​ Is the middle entry in an ordered list. There are as many data points above it as below
it.
-​ When there is an even number of values, the median is the midpoint between the two
middle values.

Ex. 1
If odd

Find the median of the given values:

92,97,100,89,91,90,94,95,93
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 100 (arrange the values in increasing form)

Median = 93

Ex. 2
If even

Find the median of the given values:

92,97,100,89,91,90,94,95,93,96
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100
93+94
= 2
187
= 2
= 93. 5

MODE
-​ Is the most frequent number in a data set.
-​ There can be no mode as well as more than one mode.
-​ Good when the value of the number is the most important information. (ex. Shoe size).
-​ Only choice with categorical data.
Ex.

Find the mode of the given values:

92,97,100,89,91,90,94,95,93,97
Mode = 97 (because it was shown twice.)
OUTLIERS
-​ Value distant from the majority of the data.
-​ The median is often a better measure of central tendency than the mean for small data
sets that contain outliers.
-​ For larger data sets, the effect of outliers on the mean is less significant.

CHOOSING A MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

●​ If data contains outliers, use the median.
●​ If the data are strongly skewed, use median.
●​ If data is roughly symmetrical, the mean and the median will be close, so either is
appropriate.
●​ If data is not numeric, use the mode.

VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

VARIANCE
-​ Is a measure of how data points vary from the mean
-​ Is represented in squared units.
●​ POPULATION VARIANCE
𝑁
2 1 2
-​ σ = 𝑁
∑ (𝑋𝑖 − µ)
𝑖=1
2
-​ σ = Population variance
-​ N = Number of observations in population
-​ 𝑋𝑖= ith Observation in the population
-​ µ = Population mean
●​ SAMPLE VARIANCE
𝑛
2 1 2
-​ 𝑠 = 𝑛−1
∑ (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)
𝑖=1
2
-​ 𝑠 = Sample variance
-​ n = number of observation in sample
-​ 𝑥𝑖 = ith observation in the sample

-​ 𝑥 = sample mean
STANDARD DEVIATION
-​ Is the measure of the distribution of statistical data.
-​ Is represented in the same units as the mean of data.
●​ POPULATION VARIANCE

𝑁
1 2
-​ σ = 𝑁
∑ (𝑋𝑖 − µ)
𝑖=1

-​ σ = Population standard deviation

-​ N = Number of observations in population
-​ 𝑋𝑖= ith Observation in the population
-​ µ = Population mean
●​ SAMPLE VARIANCE

𝑛
1 2
-​ 𝑠 = 𝑛−1
∑ (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)
𝑖=1

-​ 𝑠 = Sample standard deviation

-​ n = number of observation in sample
-​ 𝑥𝑖 = ith observation in the sample

-​ 𝑥 = sample mean

EXCEL APPLICATION

MEAN FORMULA USING EXCEL

-​ = average(highlight the values)

STANDARD DEVIATION FORMULA USING EXCEL

-​ =STDEV.S(highlight the values)

VLOOKUP FORMULA USING EXCEL

-​ =VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array,col_index_num, [rang_lookup])