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Water_logging_&_Reclamation_of_Saline_Soil_-_Study_Notes

The document discusses water logging and the reclamation of saline soil, highlighting its causes, effects, and preventive measures. It emphasizes the importance of leaching to reclaim unproductive areas and provides information on soil classification and drainage techniques. Additionally, it covers the use of tile drains to manage water levels and improve soil conditions for agriculture.

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5 views

Water_logging_&_Reclamation_of_Saline_Soil_-_Study_Notes

The document discusses water logging and the reclamation of saline soil, highlighting its causes, effects, and preventive measures. It emphasizes the importance of leaching to reclaim unproductive areas and provides information on soil classification and drainage techniques. Additionally, it covers the use of tile drains to manage water levels and improve soil conditions for agriculture.

Uploaded by

shahsafiullah0557
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Water logging &

Reclamation of
Saline Soil
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

Copyright © 2014-2021 Testbook Edu Solutions Pvt. Ltd.: All rights reserved
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Water logging & Reclamation of Saline Soil


 An agriculture field in said to be water logged when its productivity is affected by high water table.

 Productivity of field is affected when voids within the root zone of crop are saturated due to which
circulation of air reduces. This poor circulation reduces crop yield.

Causes of Water logging


 Over and intensive irrigation

 Seepage from adjoining areas

 Inadequate natural drainage

 Excessive rainfall

 Irregular topography

Preventive Measure:
 Lining of Canal

 Reducing intensity of irrigation

 Crop rotation

 Providing efficient drainage system

 Using lift irrigation

Combined use of subsurface water (ground water) and surface water (CANAL Water) gives maximum benefit.
Hence it is called as conjunctive use.

Effect of Water logging


 Reduction in productivity

 Difficulty in cultivation operation

 Growth of unwanted plants

IRRIGATION ENGINEERING | Water logging & Reclamation of Saline Soil PAGE 2


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 Creation of damp and wet climate which causes spreading of disease like dengue and malaria

 Salinity and alkalinity of the soil has increases.

Note: Water logging and salinity are heated as twin problem. Rising water can bring salts into the root zone
which affects growth of plants. Salts remain behind in the soil when water is evaporated by the plants.

Soil Reclamation:
It is the process by which an unproductive area is made fill for cultivation. This is done by the process of
leaching.

Leaching:
It is a process in which area is flooded with adequate depth of water which dissolves salts present in soil and
drain away by sub surface drainage and surface drains after that salt resistance crops are grown in rotation
ex. Jwar, bajra etc.

 Generally, salts which are responsible for salinity of soil are

 Gypsum is added to the soil before leaching if Na2CO3 is present in the saline soil because it is most
harmful and less soluble in water.

Na2Co3 + CaSO4 → CaCO3 ↓ + Na2SO4

 Na2SO4 is more soluble and hence can be easily removed.

Classification of saline and alkaline soil:


Classification Ec ESP PH

1. Saline soil or white alkali >400 <15 ≤ 8.5

2. Alkaline or non-saline alkali or black alkali <4000 >15 8.5 – 10

3. Saline alkali soil >4000 >15 <8.5

Leaching requirement ratio:


 Depth of water required for the process of leaching is expressed by leaching requirement ratio.

IRRIGATION ENGINEERING | Water logging & Reclamation of Saline Soil PAGE 3


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 Leaching requirement can be defined as ratio of depth of water drained out per unit area (Dd) to the
depth of irrigation water applied per unit area (Di)

Di = Dd + Cu

From salt equilibrium

Where Ci → concentration of salt in irrigation water

Cd → concentration of salt in drained water

We know that salt concentration is directly proportional to electrical conductivity

Salt concentration in the water extracted from a saturated soil sample is called as saturation extract.

(EC)d is generally twice the value of saturation soil extract (E­C)e

(Ec)d = 2(Ec)e

Land Drainage
 Removal of excess water from the soil is called as land drainage.

IRRIGATION ENGINEERING | Water logging & Reclamation of Saline Soil PAGE 4


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Tile Drain
Tile drains are provided in soil with poor internal drainage and high water table such that they lower the
water table below the root zone depth

Advantages:
 It improves air circulation

 These drains do not abstract cultivation operation

 Removes access gravity water

 Reduces erosion due to surface runoff

 It permits deep roots which can extract water from greater depth.

Depth and Spacing of Tile drains:

 Let q/2 discharge enters the drain from either side

 Approximate spacing of Tile rain is given as

Where s → center to center spacing between Tile drains

k → coefficient of permeability of soil

q → discharge per unit length of Tile drain

a → Height of center of drain from impervious stratum

b → Maximum height of drained water table above impervious stratum

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If soil is impervious, then Tile drains are surrounded by graded gravel filter/envelop filter which prevent
inflow of soil into the drain and increases effective diameter. Hence inflow Rate increases.

Drainage coefficient:
 It is defined as rate at which water is removed by a drain and it is expressed as depth of water to be
removed in 24 hours from drainage area.

 Its recommended value is 1% of average annual rainfall to be removed per day.

 Let average annual rainfall = α meter

Size of Tile drain:

Diameter deff is designed according to manning’s formula to carry the discharge. longitudinal slop should be
1/2000 to 1/3300 but preferred slop is 1/500.

IRRIGATION ENGINEERING | Water logging & Reclamation of Saline Soil PAGE 6

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