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The document outlines the course outcomes and key concepts related to Switchgear and Protection in electrical engineering, focusing on protective relaying, fault types, and protective devices. It details the functions, requirements, and classifications of protective systems, including unit and non-unit protection schemes, as well as the role of relays and circuit breakers in fault detection and isolation. Additionally, it discusses the importance of selectivity, speed, sensitivity, discrimination, stability, reliability, and economics in designing effective protection systems.

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7 views

SGP_1

The document outlines the course outcomes and key concepts related to Switchgear and Protection in electrical engineering, focusing on protective relaying, fault types, and protective devices. It details the functions, requirements, and classifications of protective systems, including unit and non-unit protection schemes, as well as the role of relays and circuit breakers in fault detection and isolation. Additionally, it discusses the importance of selectivity, speed, sensitivity, discrimination, stability, reliability, and economics in designing effective protection systems.

Uploaded by

natnaelmelakukindie11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Switchgear and Protection

Department of Electrical Engineering,


KDKCE, Nagpur
BEELE 803 T -SWITCH GEAR AND PROTECTION

Course Outcomes

C803.1- Student has understood theory and application of


main components used in power system protection.

C803.2- Protection systems used for electric machines,


transformers, bus-bars, transmission lines.

C803.3- Theory, construction and applications of main types


of circuit breakers.

C803.4- Design the protection system needed for each main


part of a power system.
Switchgear and Protection
Unit - I

General philosophy of Protective Relaying:


• Introduction to protection system and its
elements
• Functions of Protective relaying
• Protective zones
• Primary and backup protection
• Desirable qualities of protective relaying
• Basic terminology
Protective Devices: Fuse/Relay:To sense the fault.

Switchgear: Circuit Breaker: Function is to isolate the


healthy section.

Fundamentals of Protection System:


In a Power system faults, are categorized as
1. Symmetrical Faults: Involve all phases (e.g.LLL/LLLG)
2. Asymmetrical Faults: Involve one or two phases with or
without ground (LG/LL/LLG)
Hence there are 10 types of fault that can occur in Power
in Power System.
• Causes of Faults:

1. Symmetrical Faults: It occurs when line is


energized and earthing switch is kept on.

2. Asymmetrical Faults:
LG Fault: It occurs due to flashover of insulator or
sometimes the failure of the insulator.

LLG Fault: It occurs due to switching of two


conductors / shorting of wires due to birds/ kite
Strings/ tree limb.
Consequences of Faults

Faults can cause two types of damage

1. Thermal damage- It occurs very slowly and


because it is related to thermal or heating effect.

2. Electrodynamic damage- The repelling forces


generated are such that they are going to de-shape
and sometimes disrupt the whole equipment
structurally.
Faults

1. Transient : It occurs due to


a) power arc between two phases
b) flashover across the line insulator due to
over voltages.

2. Permanent: It remains for longer duration


and damage equipement.
Occurrence of a Fault can cause,

1. Interruption of supply to the consumer.


2. Substantial loss of revenue due to
interruption of services
3. Loss of synchronism
4. Extensive damage to the equipment
5. Serious hazard to the personnel
Function of Protective system:

1.stand watch and senses the fault whenever any short


circuit or any abnormal operating condition occurs in
the power system network,

2.De-enrgize the unhealthy section from power system

3.To indicate the type and location of failure so as to


access the effectiveness of protective schemes
Zones of Protection:
Requirements of Protective system:

1.Selectivity
2.Speed
3.Sensitivity
4.Disrimination
5.Stability
6.Reliability
7.Economics
1.Selectivity
• This is ability of protective device to isolate the
faulty section from the power system network. In this
case, main objective is the outage area that should be
minimum and at the same time, the interruption of
power or duration of interruption of power that is
also minimum.
• The possibility to failure and failure of protective
relays and circuit breaker that has to be considered in
determining the selectivity of whole system or whole
network.
Selectivity

Absolute Relative
Selectivity Selectivity
2. Speed
• It is apparent that quick disconnection of faulted area
or the elements can significantly improve the stability
of power system, reduce the outage duration and at
the same time, it also minimizes the damage to the
equipment. Therefore when a fault occurs, the
protective relays should identify the fault and operate
as fast as possible.
• The total time to remove the fault is determined as
the sum of the operation time of relays and circuit
breakers.
• Typically, a high speed relay can operate in the range
of 10 to 30 msec.
3. Sensitivity
• It is the ability of protective device to operate
correctly for any fault or abnormal condition inside
the zone of protection.
• It is related to the minimum level of fault current at
which your protective device operates.
• Protective device with good sensitivity can sense any
faults within the zone of protection.
• Protective device with good sensitivity can sense any
type of fault in the protective system. Sensitivity is
usually given by the factor known as sensitivity
factor which depends on the parameters of protected
elements and operating conditions of power system.
4. Discrimination
• Discrimination is defined as the capability or ability
of the protective device to discriminate between fault
and loading condition even when magnitude of fault
current is lower than the maximum full load current.

5. Stability
• Stability means a protective system should be able to
distinguish between fault and loading condition when
the minimum fault current is less than the maximum
full load current.
6. Reliability
• It is the ability of protective device to operate
correctly or accurately during the whole lifespan of
the device.
• Reliability can be categorized as Dependability and
Security
• Dependability - It is the ability of the system that
operates correctly for any abnormal condition or if
any fault occurs inside the system, your system
should be capable to operate for that event.
• Security- It means your system or protective device
should remain stable for any mal-operation.
7. Economics
Consider total cost of system = %
Unit Protection
• Unit protection scheme is a scheme that operates for
a fault within its own zone.
• Here zone of protection is decided on the basis of
current transformers and it includes each and every
point inside the CT’s, where measurement of current
is carried out.
• This type of scheme is widely used in generators,
transformers, and induction motors. e.g. Differential
protection
Non- Unit Protection
• A scheme that achieves protection using successive
grading of relays is known as non unit protection
scheme.
e.g. Over current and distance relays
Relay Backup
In relay backup, the separate or duplicate primary relays, CTs,
PTs, all are there. So, if any one relay fails, then the other
relay will provide backup. However, this type of scheme is not
used in actual practice because we need to require all the
relays, CTs, PTs doubled than the actual requirement, which
increases the cost.
Breaker Backup
In breaker backup scheme, whenever a fault occurs on a
feeder, on which the breaker is installed and if that feeder
breaker fails to operate, then that fault virtually becomes the
bus bar fault. So in this case, a time delay relay is operated by
the main relay due to which all the breakers emanating from
the bus bar that is installed on all the feeders, those are going
to trip if the main breaker fails to operate in this situation.
Remote Backup
In this scheme, the backup is achieved by the bus
located towards source end. So any relay located near
the load end, if that relay fails to operate for fault in
its own job, then the other relay which is located
towards the next bus, towards the source, that relay
will act as a backup and that will be taken care, fault
will be taken care by that relay. So, this is all about
the primary and the backup scheme of the protective
system.
Tripping mechanism of relay

• Relay is always connected either on the secondary of


CT or secondaryof PT.
• The main function of relay is to just detect or sense
the inception of fault, whereas the rest of the tripping
task that is isolation of the faulted part or circuit or
section, that is done by auxiliary relay or circuit
breaker.
• Since the relay does the function of just sensing or
detection of fault, so it’s speed increases and some
relay may operate instantaneously.
Auxiliary relay

• It carries high trip coil current during the fault.


• It also gives signals to perform several other
functions like alarms, interlocking, say, we may
require mechanical interlocking or we may require
electrical interlocking, then those task, that is
performed by the auxiliary relay as it has multiple
contacts.
Classification of relay
Protective relays used are classified based on what
function they perform, what are the actuating
quantities or what components that are used in the
relay.
1. According to the quantities by which the relay
operates: They are thermal relays, over current relays,
over voltage/ under voltage relay, under / over
frequency relay, over fluxing relay and power relays .
2. According to their construction: These are attracted
armature type relay, induction disc / induction cup
type relays and balanced beam type relays.
3. According to number of sensing quantities:
4. According to its function in protective scheme:
Thermal relay
Attracted armature relay
Induction relay
Balanced beam relay
Universal Torque Equation
Overcurrent Protection of Transmission Lines
IDMT Overcurrent Relay
Discrimination Philosophy of Relay
Instantaneous Over current of Relay
Application of Instantaneous Over
current of Relay
Application of Over current of Relay
Application of Over current of Relay
Application of DMT over current Relay
Application of over current Relay
Application of over current Relay
Application of IOC Relay
Application of IOC Relay
Application of over current Relay
Application of over current Relay
Application of over current Relay
Application of over current Relay
Overcurrent Relays
Phase and Ground Relays
Phase and Ground Relays
Phase and Ground Relays
Phase and Ground Relays
Phase and Ground Relays
Phase and Ground Relays
Three O/C and one E/F scheme of
feeders
Two O/C and one E/F scheme of
feeders
Two O/C and one E/F scheme of
feeders

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