BY THE SAME AUTHOR

REFERENCE BOOK OF

TABLES AND FORMULAS

FOR

Electric Street Railway Engineers

Flexible Morocco. Price, $1.00

THE W. J. JOHNSTON COMPANY

253 BROADWAY, NEW YORK
ELECTRIC LIGHTING
SPECIFICATIONS
FOR THE USE OF

ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTS

BY

E. A. MERRILL, A. M.,
Author of "Reference Book of Tables and Formulas for
"
Electric Street Railway Engineers

Second Edition. Entirely Rewritten

NEW YORK
THE W. J. JOHNSTON COMPANY
253 BROADWAY
1896
 8\

COPYRIGHT, 1893 AND 1896,

BY THE W. J. JOHNSTON COMPANY.

 * *

UNIVERSITY
===
S*J>/r *

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Introduction ... .19

23
Working Outline

SPECIFICATIONS.

Warning ... .30

PREAMBLE.

Bids .31
Bond 32

Contractor 32

Commencement and Completion of Work . 32

Damages ... . .34

GENERAL SPECIFICATION.

Duties of Contractors . . .34

Work, Labor, and Materials ... 36

Additional, Omitted, or Changed Work . 36

Replacement of Defective Material . . 37

V CONTENTS.
PAGE

Patented Apparatus 37

Special Devices 37

Safeguards and Debris . . . .37

Plans 38

Tests 38

Inspection 40

Insurance Rules . . . . . .41

Acceptance .41
Terms of Payment 42

INSTALLATION OP DYNAMOS AND SWITCH-

BOARDS. LOW POTENTIAL, DIRECT CUR-

RENT SYSTEM, TWO-WIRE OR THREE-WIRE.

Dynamos ... . . . 43

Foundations . . . . . .46
Instruments . , . . . . 48

Cables to Switchboard ... . . 50

Starting Plant and Instruction . . . 51

Renewal Parts ... . . .51

Summary . . < . . . . 52

Switchboard . , . . .-. - 53

Switchboard Apparatus . . . .54

Connections (concealed) . . . 55
 CONTENTS. Vll

.
* PAGE

Connections (surface) 56

Circuits 57

INCANDESCENT SERIES SYSTEM, DYNAMOS

MEDIUM OB HIGH POTENTIAL, (VARIABLE
OR CONSTANT), CURRENT DIRECT OR
ALTERNATING.

Dynamos ....... 58

61
Foundations

Instruments ...... 62

Cables to Switchboard.... 63

Starting Plant and Instruction ... 64

Renewal Parts 64

Summary 64

Switchboard 65

Switchboard Apparatus and Connections . 65

Circuits 66

CONSTANT POTENTIAL, ALTERNATING

CURRENT SYSTEM.

Dynamos ....... 67

69
Foundations

Instruments 69

Converters 71
Vlll CONTENTS.
PAGE
Cables to Switchboard . . . .71
Starting Plant and Instruction . . .71
Renewal Parts 71

Summary 72

Switchboard 72

Switchboard Apparatus and Connections . 72

Circuits 73

ALTERNATING CURRENT OR DIRECT CURRENT

SYSTEM WITH THE PARALLEL SYSTEM OF
DISTRIBUTION.

Dynamos . , . . . . 74

Foundations . . . . .76
Instruments . . . .
,
78

Converters . . . . , . . 79

Cables to Switchboard ... * 79

Starting Plant and Instruction * . . 81

Renewal Parts .. . . . . .81

Summary . \ . ... . : . 81

Switchboard ,. . ..,'. . . . 82

Switchboard Apparatus and Connections . 82

Circuits 84
 CONTENTS. ix
-
* PAGE
SERIES ARC SYSTEM, DIRECT OR
ALTERNATING CURRENT.

Dynamos .85
Foundations 87

Instruments . . . . . . 87

Cables to Switchboard .87

.......
. . :

Arc Lamps 87

Hanger Boards ...... 88

Hoods . . . . . . . .88
Globes 89

Spark Arresters and Nets . . . .89

Carbons 89

Starting Plant and Instruction ... 89

Renewal Parts ...... 89

Summary ....... 89

Switchboard Complete .... v

90

FIXTURES, ETC.

Fixtures and Shades 91

Lamps 91

Sockets and Receptacles .92

.....
. . .

Meters 92
X CONTENTS.
PAGE
INTERIOR WIRING. ALTERNATING OR DIRECT

CURRENT, TWO-WIRE SYSTEM.

Outlets and Lights ..... 94

System 94

Variation in Pressure . . , . . 94

Insulation . . . . . .95
Insulation Resistance 95

j Risers )

Subdivision of
| Feederg j-

Risers )
Location of
(

1
(
^
Feeders
, f
)
. . .96
Mains (If taps terminate in secondary distri-

bution boxes) . . .
-
. . 96

Taps . .

"
. ... .. . 96

Joints . . . . . . \ . 97

Cut-out and Switch Cabinets . . . 98

Cut-outs . . . . ... 99

Fuses . . . . . . . . 99

Switches . . . . . . . 99

Fixture Supports . . . . . .100

Meter Outlets . . * . . . 100

Elevator Lights .
- . . . . . 101

Molding . . V . . . -101
 CONTENTS.
PAGE

Additions and Deductions . . . .101

Instruction .... . . 102

of Fixtures 102
Hanging
Wiring and Attaching Sockets to Fixtures

103
already in Place
103
Suspension of Sockets and Lamps .

THREE-WIRE SYSTEM.

System .105

THREE-WIRE SYSTEM ADAPTED TO TWO-

WIRE SYSTEM.

System 106

ARC SYSTEM.

Circuits 108

Insulation of Wire 108

Insulation Resistance 108

Joints 108

Method of Wiring ..... 108

Suspension of Lamps ..... 109

Xll CONTENTS.
PAGE
CONDUIT SYSTEM. TWO-WIRE.

Method of Wiring 110

Appliances 110

Placing of Conduits . . . . .110

Sealing Openings 110

Outlets and Lights . . . . .111

System . . . . . . .111
Variation in Pressure Ill

Insulation . . . . . .111
Insulation Resistance . . . . . Ill

j Risers )
Subdivision of
-j Feeders f
. HI

j Risers )

Location of
j Feedel .
J ..
_ |
Mains (If taps terminate in secondary junc-

tion boxes) . . . . . .112

Taps . . . . .
'"' 113

Junction Boxes . f . . .
-
.
'
.113
Cut-outs . < . . . . . . 114

Fuses . . . . V .114
Switches 114

Fixture Supports . . . . .114

Sizes of Tubes 114
 CONTENTS. Xlll

PAGE
.
4
114
Fastenings
Joints ........
Elbow Limitation
114

115

Outlets 115

Floor Work with Brass or Uuarmored Con-

duits 115

Separation of Wires 115

Meter Outlets 116

Elevator Lights 116

Additions and Deductions . . . .116

Instruction 116

Hanging of Fixtures . . . . .116

Wiring and Attaching Sockets to Fixtures

already in Place 116

Suspension of Sockets and Lamps . .116

Three-wire System 116

Three-wire System Adapted to the Two-wire

System 116

INTERIOR WIRING FOR CENTRAL STATION

PLANTS.

Number of Lights 117

Fixtures 117
XIV CONTENTS.
PAGE

Lamps . . . . . . . .117
Sockets . . . . . . .117
System 117

Variation in Pressure 117

Insulation . . . . . . .118
Character of the Work . . . .118
Circuits - . .118
Cut-outs and Switches . . . .118
Meters ... . . . . .118
Suspension of Lamps 119

Molding 119

Additions and Deductions . . . .119

Instruction . . . . . . .119
Hanging of Fixtures . . ... .119
Wiring and Attaching Sockets to Fixtures

already in Place . . . . .119

POLE LINES. LOW POTENTIAL DIRECT CUR-

BENT SYSTEM TWO- OR THREE-WIRE.

Franchises and Permits f . . .120

Division of Circuits 121

Points of Control 121

Poles 121
 CONTENTS. XV
PAGE

Setting and Guying 121

Distances 122

Painting 122

Gains and Cross-arms 122

Pins and Insulators ... .123

Steps 123

Soil 123

Wiring . . . . . . .123
Joints 124

Lightning Arresters 125

Maximum Fall of Potential . . .125

ALTERNATING CURRENT SYSTEM.

Note 125

STREET LIGHTING CIRCUITS ARC OR

INCANDESCENT.

Note .
-
126

Poles 126

Gains and Cross-arms 126

Steps 126

Suspension of Lamps 126

XVI CONTENTS.
PAGE
Fixtures (Incandescent) . . . .127
Fixtures (Arc) 128

Wiring 129

Point of Control . . . . . .129

Additions and Deductions . . . . 130

Instructions . ... . . .130

Schedules 130

STORAGE BATTERY.

Type . . . . . , . .137
Capacity . . . . . .137
Number of Cells and Voltage . . . 137

Erection . 137

Connections . . . 1 . . 137

Guarantees . . . . . .137
Summary . . . . . . . 138

STEAM PLANT.

Note . . .
'

.< , . . . .139
Engines . 139

Fittings * , , , , f .140
 CONTENTS. XV11

* PAGE

Painting 141

Foundations 142

Starting Plant and Instruction . . . 143

Belts 143

Renewal Parts 144

Summary . . . . . . .144
Counter-shafting 145

Pulleys 145

Foundations 146

Boilers ....... 146

Fittings 147

Setting 147

Stack 148

Smoke Connections . . . . .148

148
Piping
Condensers .......
Feed Pumps and Injectors . . . .151
150

Feed- water Heaters and Purifiers . .151

Separators 151

Gauge Board 151

Painting
Renewal Parts
....... 152

152

Summary 153
XV111 CONTENTS.
PAGE
RULES AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE
NATIONAL BOARD OF FIRE UNDER-
WRITERS 154

ARCHITECT'S AND BUILDER'S UNIFORM CON-

TRACT , 204
 INTRODUCTION.

The following "Specifications" are in-

tended as outlines to aid in the construc-
1

tion of specifications for individual instal-

lations. They do not in any way take the
place of the rules and regulations adopted
by insurance companies and electric light
associations, but on the contrary are so
drawn as to depend largely on such rules
for the details of construction work; such
rules should therefore invariably be in-

corporated as provided for in the General

"
Specification under " Sec.
Inspection,
"
17, p. 40, and under "Insurance Rules,
Sec. 18, p. 41.
For ready reference there added to
is

these specifications the latest Rules and

Requirements of the National Board of
Fire Underwriters governing electrical
installations. We have also added the
form of Uniform Contract adopted by the
National Association of Builders and the
American Institute of Architects.
18 INTRODUCTION.

It isnot expected that these specifica-

tions will be followed in detail or without
elaboration for all classes of work, and if
so followed will lead into serious error, but
they are presented with the hope that in
their proper use constructing engineers,
architects and others called upon to get
out specifications may be relieved of some
of the petty detail accompanying such
work, which, though important, is too
often neglected on account of its tedi-
ousness and the time it consumes.
Though expected that these speci-
it is

fications will be found sufficiently full and

explicit for some of the pmaller installa-

tions, not requiring special appliances or

precautions, in the majority of instances
a careful study must be made, for reasons
which will suggest themselves, of the sur-
rounding conditions and limitations and
the specifications modified in accordance
therewith.
No attempt has been made throughout
the specifications to lay down ironclad
rules or to volunteer technical informa-
 INTRODUCTION. 19

tion. It is fairlyassumed that no one

will attempt to make out a definite and
detailed specification who is not himself
competent to determine for any installa-
tion under consideration the best meth-
ods and system to be adopted and the
kind and quality of materials and work-
manship required by its purposes or by
local conditions.
ELECTRIC LIGHTING
SPECIFICATIONS
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING

SPECIFICATIONS.

The outline given below is one that the lt working

outline
author has often found convenient for -

use in checking a specification, or for

reference in outlining the points to be
taken up in detail in making up a speci-
fication.

In those cases where a formal specifi-

cation is not required, as sometimes oc-
curs in the case of a preliminary specifi-
cation or a specification for a small iso-
lated plant or wiring job, the necessary
data for estimates and bids can often be
easily and rapidly dictated, item by item,
as suggested by these headings, with
little liability of making any important

omissions.
24 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS,

f Dynamos and erection.

Storage batteries and erection.
Switchboard.
Plant to w ,
Wiring j
j Interior.
Exterior>
c o m- ^
Fixtures.
prise ? Pole line.
Engines and erection.
Boilers and erection.
Piping and erection.
Direct current.
Alternating current.
Constant current.
Constant potential.
High potential.
Incandescent. Low potential.
System ? Series.
Two wire.
Three wire.
Combination.
Direct current.
Arc. Alternating current.
I Combination of arc and incandescent.
Number.
Capacity in volts and amperes.
Series.
Shunt.
Compound.
Self-excited.
Separately excited.
Hand regulated.
Automatically regulated.
Direct-connected or belted.
Dynamos ? Foundation.
Pressure (
Hand.
Regu-j
lators. Automatic.
(

Amperemeters.
Voltmeters.
Regulating J Galvanometers,
instruments. | Indicators.
Shunts.
Equalizers.
Compensators.
Impedance coils.
Renewal parts. [Synchronizers,
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS, 25

Type.
Maximum voltage.
Maximum amperes.
Total ampere-hours.
Storage Batteries ?
Kind of cells.
Erecting.
Connections.
Guarantees.

Insulation. On insulators.
Wires to Undei cleats.
switch- Wires to be run, In molding.
boards V
,

1 In conduit.
Capacity.

Number.
Material.
Size.
Design.
To be wired how.
See dynamo regulating instruments.
Lightning arresters.
Ground detectors.
Testing sets.

Snap.
Knife.
Switch- Automatic.
boards? Breakdown.
Instru- Single pole. Throwover.
"
ments. Switches. \
Double -{Dynamo
Three wire. changing.
Circuit chang-
ing.
Short circuit-
ing.
. Reversing, etc,

pole. Fusible.
Double "
(

\
Automatic.
Three wire.
(Single ( Magnetic.
26 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Number of circuits.
Incandescent.
Lamp. Arc.
Number of outlets.
Switch.
Meter.
Motor.
Number of lights.
Incandescent.
Arc.
Insulation.
Insulation resistance.
f Under cleats.

Interior
wiring ?
Method of wiring.
[
^-S
In conduits.
r

Variation in pressure.
Cut-outs.
Switches.
Cabinets, junction boxes, etc.
(
Number.
Meters. -]
Kind.
( Capacity.
Converters.
Dumber.
|
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 27

Number.
Voltage or amperage.
Incandescent. Candle-power.
(Plain.
Kind. -/Frosted.
(Colored, etc.

Number.
Lamps ? Direct current.
Alternating current.
Series working.
Parallel
Arc.
Candle-power.
Single carbon.
"
Double
Triple
Plain or ornamental.

(
Number.
Interior. \ Kind.
( Finish.
Hoods.
Incandescent. Reflectors.
Brackets.
Exterior.
Cross- suspension
fixtures.
Waterproof globes,
Hoods.
Plain.
Opal.
Fixtures? Globes. \ Ground.
Half-ground.
^Colored, etc.
.Spark arresters.
Arc. Nets.
Hanger boards.
Circuit cut-outs.
Outriggers.
Pole tops.
Mast arms.
Posts.
[ Lowering devices.
28 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS,

Number of circuits.
Number of street lamps.
Insulation.
Poles.
Pole line ? -
Cross arms.
Pins and insulators.
Steps.
Line lightning arresters.
Fall of potential.

f Number.
Horizontal.
Vertical.
Kind. High speed.
Medium speed.
-j

[ Low speed.
Direct connected.
Belted.
? Horse-power.
Engines Single cylinder or compound.
Condensing or non-condensing.
Initial pressure.
Back pressure.
Speed.
Fittings.
Foundations.
Belts.
Renewal parts.

f Shafting.
j Pulleys and idlers.
av^f" Clutches and couplings,
shafting ,?
-1

stands O r hangers.
i Foundations.
Number.
f Horizontal.
J Vertical.
Kind. 1 Eeturn tubular.
[ Water tube.
Boilers ? Horse-power.
Fittings.
Setting.
Tools.
Renewal parts.
 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 29

Material.
Diameter.*
Stack ? -I Height.
Flues and dampers.
Pier or stack foundations.

f
Method.
Connection with heating system.
( Ordinary gate
or globe.
Valves. { Reducing.

Piping ?
\ ( Back pressure.
Atmospheric exhaust.
Exhaust heads.
,
Water supply, drips, blow off.
.
Pipe covering.
(
Number.
Condensers ?
{
Kind.
( Capacity.

Pumps and injectors.

Heaters and purifiers.
Separators.
Oil extractors.
Date of commencement and completion
Date of starting plant.
Inspections.
Tests.
Terms of payment.
30 ELECTEIO LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

SPECIFICATION.

2. warning. making bids for any portion

Parties
of the work contemplated under these
specifications (and plans) must familiarize
themselves therewith both as regards that
portion of the work covered by their bid
and such other work as must be carried on,
or intended to operate in conjunction
is

therewith in order that the true spirit and

intent of these specifications (and plans)

may be fulfilled. In case these specifica-

tions (and plans) are in any part deficient
or not clearly expressed, the parties
making bids shall apply to for the

required information before such bids are

submitted, as no changes will be allowed
in specifications (or plans) after the con-
tract is awarded except under the con-
ditions named in article "Additional,
Omitted or Changed Work."
It must be understood and agreed that
these specifications (and plans) shall be
fulfilled in their true spirit and intent

and that any apparatus or appliance

 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 31

essential to the proper and convenient

operation of the system shall be supplied
and installed without extra charge even

though not specifically called for.

PBEAMBLE.

Parties bidding shall state specific-

ally just what part of these specifica-
tions their bid covers.
A complete and correct copy of these
specifications shall be attached to each
bid submitted.
All bids must be submitted on or before

The right is reserved to reject any or

all bids.

No bid will be considered unless accom-

panied by a certified check in the sum of
payable to
,
said check to be
,

forfeited if the successful bidder shall

fail todeposit with within days
after the acceptance of his bid the bond

required under these specifications. The

32 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

checks of unsuccessful bidders will be

returned to them within - - days from
date of opening bids.

4. Bond. Successful bidders will be required to

furnish an approved bond within -
days after the acceptance of their bid in
the sum of - - to commence,
faithfully
carry on, and complete their work in every

respect according to the true spirit and

intent of these specifications.

" "
5. contractor. The word contractor as herein
used refers to the party or parties whose
bid or bids for the whole or any part of
the work contemplated uiider these spec-
have been accepted.
ifications
e. commence- Contractors under these specifications
rnent and
Coi 1 p n shall commence work on dates to be
o f work?

assigned, notice to be given of such dates

not less than- days in advance. All
work shall proceed as rapidly as is con-
sistent with thoroughness and good work-
manship, and shall be completed in the
following times:
 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 33

Installation o dynamos, storage bat-

teries and apparatus within - - days af-
ter assigned date of commencement.
Installation of wiring and wiring devices
within - -
days after assigned date of
commencement.
Erection of pole line and wire within
- days after assigned date of com-

mencement.
Installation of fixtures and dependent
work within - - days after assigned date
of commencement.
Installation of steam plant complete
-
within -
days after assigned date of
commencement.
But delays due to strikes, riots, or acci-
dents beyond the control of contractors
shall be added to the time stipulated
above for the completion of the work
provided application is made in writing
by the contractor at the time such de-
lay occurs, giving nature and extent,
its

such application to be subject to the

approval of .
34 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

7. Damages. If any contractor shall fail to complete

his work in the time stipulated above, in-

cluding time lost through unavoidable

delays if such time has been approved,
there be deducted as liquidated
shall

damages from the contract price the sum

of per day for each and every day
the work remains uncompleted after the
date set as above.

GENERAL SPECIFICATION.
s. Duties of Each contractor shall personally or
Contractors,
^rough an authorized and competent
representative constantly supervise the
work from its beginning to its completion
and acceptance.
He shall, so far as possible, keep the
same foremen and workmen on the work
from its commencement to its completion
and acceptance.
He shall furnish all transportation,
labor, apparatus and materials necessary
for performing his work according to the
true spirit and intent of these specifica-
tions (and plans).
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 35
*
He shall obtain all necessary permits
and licenses for temporary obstructions,
etc., and shall pay all fees for same.
He shall at all times, until its completion
and final acceptance, protect his work,
apparatus and materials from accidental
damage by other contractors or other-
wise, making good any damage thus oc-
curring at his own expense also making
;

good any injury done the building in the

performance of his work.
He shall comply with all corporation,
city, state and other ordinances and laws
relating to his work.
He shall be responsible for all accidents
resulting through his work.
He sub -let no portion of his work
shall

except on the written permission and

approval of the -
- and shall be re-
sponsible for work thus sub-let as though
it were his own.

(The purchaser) agrees to afford the

contractor all reasonable facilities to
enable the work to proceed without inter-

ruption from beginning to end and to

36 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

make good any loss which the contractor

suffers in consequence of delay on the
part of said (purchaser.)

9. work, La- All work contemplated under these

bor and Ma-
terials,
specifications shall be executed in a
workmanlike and substantial manner; no
patched or slovenly work will be allowed.
The labor shall be thoroughly compe-
tent and skillful in its line.
All materials shall be of the very best
quality, shall be of standard dimensions,
unless specified otherwise, and samples
shall be submitted to and ap-
proved before being used.

w. Addition- Additional work will be allowed only

o
r a ed
wo rkf on the written order of (the purchaser.)
Specified work shall be omitted or
changed only by written agreement be-
tween the contracting parties.
The addition or rebate for such added,
omitted, or changed work shall be as mut-
ually agreed upon, the amount to be stip-
ulated in the order or agreement.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 37
*
The contractor shall make good for a n. Replace-
ment of De-
- -
period of days after the final accept-
ance of the work all defects which de-
velop on account of defective work or
material.

All patented apparatus and material 12. patented

must be furnished by the contractor under

guarantee against loss through suits, royal-
ties, or claims of any kind whatsoever,
and that any loss or damage to (purchaser)
through such suits or claims will be made
good by said contractor.

Every bidder is expected to include in 13. special

his proposal not only everything called

for in these specifications, but also any

special devices or methods peculiar to

his system which will add to the safety,

completeness, or efficiency of the plant,

stating clearly the advantages to be de-
rived from their use.

Contractors must provide all necessary u. safe-

guards and
safeguards from accidents to persons or
L>0 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

property; must keep passages, en-all

trances, sidewalks, etc., free from debris

and incumbrances and on the completion
;

of the work must remove from the prem-

ises all surplus material of every kind and

description.

15. pians. All plans and detailed drawings neces-

sary to show the scope and character of
the work contemplated under these
specifications will be furnished by the

SffiXi as re(l uired -

Kgnred dimen-
{ }

sions and detailed drawings are in all

cases to be followed in -preference to
scaled dimensions. The interpretation of
all plans and drawings shall rest with the
-
I
an(j n cage any doubt arises
j engineer^
as to their interpretation or correctness,
work shall be discontinued until such
doubt is removed, or if continued it shall

be at the risk of the contractor.

16. Tests. (Note. The character and extent of

 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 39
*
the tests, especially the final tests, must
be determined for the most part by a con-
sideration of each individual case. The
purpose for which the plant is installed,
unusual conditions to which any part
may be subjected, necessary delays oc-
curring during the process of construction,
relation of one part of the installation
to another, time intervening between the

completion of the plant and its active

operation, operation before completion
and like considerations, should be given
careful attention.)
All work be regularly and sys-
shall

tematically tested while in process of con-

struction and any defects found shall be
immediately remedied.
The final tests shall be made in the

presence of the or his 'repre-

{
JJjggJ [

sentative, and the right is reserved by

(the purchaser) in case any doubt arises
as to the fulfillment of the true spirit and
intent of the specifications, to demand a
test by expert engineers selected as is
40 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

usual in matters of arbitration, whose de-

cision shall be final on
disputed points, all

the expense of such test to be borne

equally by both parties unless the appa-
ratus or material shall prove defective,
in which case the contractor shall bear
the expense and shall also remedy the
defects. He shall also be liable for any
damage or loss to (the purchaser) result-

ing from conditions incident to the

remedying of such defects.

17. inspec-
tio-n.
During its progress the work shall
be subject to the inspection of the
eil ei
or k^ s re P re seritative, an d of
^h^ fc I

the
- - Board of Fire
j Underwriters, /

- - Board of Inspectors.
j j

On its completion a
( Board of Fire Underwriters -n )

certlfi <^e
\ Board of Inspectors \

shall be furnished (the purchaser) by the

contractor stating that all the insurance
rulesand regulations under which the
work was done have been complied with.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 41
*
All costs of such inspection to be borne
by the contractor.
This inspection is a part of the test and
the work will not be considered ready for
acceptance until the certificate has been
delivered to .

All work shall be done in accordance 18 - insurance

Rules.
with the rules and regulations of .

(Note. The same considerations that i9- Accept-

ance.
determine the character of the tests will
also enter largely into the conditions of
the acceptance.)
(The purchaser) will assume no liability
nor responsibility for any part of the in-
stallation until formally accepted in
writing.
No part of the installation will be ac-
cepted until (the purchaser) is satisfied
that it fully complies with the spirit and
intent of the specifications.
The acceptance of any portion of the
work shall not be construed as a final
acceptance.
42 ELECTKIO LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

The acceptance will be given

final

only after the completion of the work

contemplated under the specifications ac-
cording to their true spirit and intent
and after the final tests as specified.
Such acceptance, however, shall not prej-
udice any claim which (the purchaser)
may have for the replacement of defect-
ive material for the time specified.
The date of the completion of the final
tests shall be taken as the date of such
final acceptance provided such tests

prove satisfactory.

20 of
paymen?. (To conform to individual cases.)
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 43

INSTALLATION OF DYNAMOS AND SWITCH-

BOARDS.

Low Potential, Direct Current System, Two-

Wire or Three- Wire.

This contractor shall furnish, and, un-

less otherwise specified, erect the follow-

ing apparatus and material:

(Note. The following specification is 21. Dynamos,

for belted dynamos; for direct-connected,

or direct- driven dynamos it must be
modified in several particulars, but there
is such considerable difference in the
methods adopted by different manufact-
urers for adapting their dynamos for
direct- connecting that it is difficult to
frame a single specification to cover them
all, and at best it would be an awkward

affair. The principal points to be covered

are the methodof connection, such as by

slipping the armature over the extended

44 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

engine shaft or connecting engine and

dynamo shafts by a coupling; the out-
board bearing; the method of supporting
the fields; the brush-holder support; the
extended foundation box, and the speed.
It should also be mentioned where and
by whom the dynamo is to be connected
to the engine; how the freight and hand-
ling charges are to be divided; and where
and by whom tests of the combination, if
any are to be made before erection, are
to be conducted.)

- direct
current, constant poten-
tial dynamo(s) (each) having a normal
-
capacity of -amperes at - -
volts.
The (se) dynamo (s) shall be
j
shunt wound ; f

( compound wound;)
of the latest and most efficient pattern;
mounted on a base provided with an ad-
justable belt tightener so that the belt
may be tightened while in operation;
capable of operating under full load for
consecutive hours without increas-
ing the temperature of any part, especial-
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 45

ly the armature, fields and commutator,

to such a degree as to endanger the ins u-
lation or decrease the efficiency of oper-

ation; shall not spark appreciably with

proper care of the commutator and ad-
justment of brushes, nor under consider-
able variation of load; shall have an in-
sulation resistance of not less than
ohms between parts insulated from
all

each other; shall be adapted to operate at

such speed as will allow the use of high
speed, automatic cut-off engines belted
direct; shallbe provided with efficient
oiling devices; the armature shall be bal-
anced both electrically and mechanically
so that there will be no tendency to spring
the shaft, or to draw the armature toward
either bearing so as to cause excessive
frictionand heating, and no vibration; the
'dynamo(s) shall be so designed that with
the proper connections any number may
be operated in parallel of whatever am-
pere capacity, provided the voltage be the
same; that when connected so to operate
it shall be possible, with ordinary care
46 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

and precaution, to add to or take away

from the circuit any dynamo without in
any manner affecting the operation of the
remainder, or causing any change in the
candle-power or steadiness of the lamps;
and that when two or more are operating
on the same circuit in parallel the load
may be divided between them in propor-
tion to their respective capacities under
all conditions, from no load to full load;

and that with the proper connections any

number of pairs, a pair consisting of two
similar dynamos, may be manipulated
in the same manner and with the same
effect as single dynamos, as indicated
above.
Thedynamo(s) shall be rated with such

margin of safety that j ^ I shall not

- be

subjected to an overload of

-
in]ured if

per cent, above such rating for a pe riod

of .

(Note. The following specification is

for foundations for belted dynamos; while

 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 47

the dynamo foundation need not be as

massive as the engine foundation it

should, nevertheless, be of ample dimen-

sions.
For direct- connected outfits the foun-

dation the engine foundation sufficient-

is

ly enlarged to also support the dynamo

and therefore is properly included under
the head of engine foundation.
For either purpose the foundation
should be entirely separated from walls,
floor or sub -stratum of rock by some

deadening material such as felt, cork,

or sand.)

The foundation(s) for the(se) dynamo(s)

shall be built by the of

j purc^ser [

laid ,
or other material subject to the

approval of the and shall be

j jggg* [

of sufficient length, width and depth to

tj
safely and firmly sustain |
}eir I
weight.
(
1I}S )

y I shall be insulated and isolated

j^
48

in the following -
ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

manner: so that
no vibration or noise whatsoever shall be
,

transmitted to any part of the building.

Above the
t] y be

faced with - floor

.
line
j

All necessary excavating or filling and

^ j-
shall

the removal of all debris shall be done by

alsorestore
sha11

the floor in the following manner - .

The height
above the
of the dynamo
floor line will be - base-frame(s)
.

The dynamo base-frame(s) shall be

firmly and securely fastened to the(se)

foundation(s) in such a way as to prevent

lateral motion in either direction, and
to give an even bearing surface at every
point.

23.
jenstru- (Note. This specification simply pro-
vides for such instruments as are actual-
ly necessary for operating the dynamo; if
extra instruments are desired such as
portable voltmeters, portable ammeters,
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 49

testing sets, etc., they should be distinct-

ly specified as well as the make if a par-
ticular kind is preferred.)

There shall be provided with each dy-

namo one hand regulator for adjusting
the pressure, made entirely of incombus-
tible material; one ampere meter for in-

dicating the current supplied by the dy-

namo and graduated to read amperes; one
voltmeter or pressure indicator, which
may remain constantly in circuit so as
to indicate continuously the pressure at
the point to which it is connected, and
which shall be so constructed that the
scale is plainly visible at a distance of at
least - one brush jig for trimming the
;

brushes; and one insulating base frame

provided with rails and a suitable device
for shifting the position of the dynamo to
alter the belt tension. There shall also
be provided for the installation

ground detector(s), which shall contin-

uously indicate the insulation from the

ground maintained on both sides through-
50 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

out the system, and lighting arresters

of the type.
(Note. In the case of compound dy-
namos operating in parallel the equalizing
wire may often more conveniently be car-
ried direct from dynamo to dynamo in
which case this contractor should furnish
and connect a suitable equalizing switch
at each dynamo.)

This contractor shall carry to the

switchboard location at all regulator

and main wires, leaving the ends coiled up

neatly, properly tagged, and sufficiently
long to make the necessary switchboard
connections. All main wires shall have a
capacity of at least C. M. per ampere,

and no wire smaller than - - B. & S.

or B. W. G. shall be used. Regu-
lator wires shall be covered with
insulation, and shall be
cleated to the ceiling, 1

carried on insulators, mA
main
n W1
-

[ { wires
rp q
concealed in molding, f
run in conduits ; J

n i, bare copper wire supported

i, f
shall be of
\

j
g
on por( ain insu i at s ^ ,
j
 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 51

or insulated wire*

'carefully cleated to the ceiling,

carried on porcelain insulators,
concealed in molding consisting
of a backing thick and a cap-
ping - - thick,
run in conduit,
wires of opposite polarity being separated
not less than - In no case shall in-
.

sulated wires be carried in such proximity

to heated surfaces, vapors or air as to

endanger their insulation.

When the plant shall be ready for oper- 25. starting

Plant and In-
8truction -
ation the dynamo(s) shall be operated for a
period of consecutive days by com-
petent engineers furnished by the con-
tractor; all oil, waste, power, etc., to be
furnished by (the purchaser). This con-
tractor shall also give all necessary instruc-
tion to the engineer of (the purchaser) for
the proper care, maintenance and opera-
tion of the dynamo(s), such instruction tc
be given during the trial period stipulated
above.

This contractor shall furnish such re-

52 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

newal parts as it is advisable to keep on

hand, adding hereto an itemized list of

same.

27 S m" (Note. The object of this summary is

ma ry
to present in a concise, tabulated form,
the essential data concerning the appara-
tus to be supplied, thus enabling the dif-
ferent bids to be easily and quickly com-
pared. For complete plants a single
form, systematically arranged, will be
found extremely convenient both in mak-
ing comparisons and in being able to see
at a glance just what apparatus and ap-
pliances are called for, thus constituting a
check on the specifications themselves.)
Each bidder shall fill out completely
the following summary:
Number of
dynamos
Trade number or designation
Rating in volts .... .

Rating in amperes
Shunt or compound . . .

Speed
Dimensions of pulleys . .
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. .53

H. P. required tfo

pulley at full load . . .

-
be delivered at the

Switchboard and Appliances.

This contractor shall furnish and erect
the following apparatus and material:

(Note. In plants of any considerable

size the switchboard specification is an
extremely important one. Its general
characteristics will be determined by

questions of purpose, economy, utility,

available space, beauty, etc., but the de-
tails of material, method of wiring, attach-
ment of instruments, location, number of
switchboards, etc., require the most care-
ful study. It may be advisable in one in-
stance to have a single switchboard con-
trolling everything from a single centre,
in another to have a dynamo switchboard
and a separate circuit switchboard, while
in yet another to even divide the dynamo
switchboard into two or more parts and
to have several circuit switchboards. In
determining the location of switchboards
54 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

not only should questions of convenience

be considered, but also questions of its
relation to economy
The switchboard
in the wiring.
shall be made of - ,

neatly and substantially built, of suffi-

cient size to accommodate the regulat-
all

ing apparatus, switches, bus bars, etc.,

on a stout framing of
less than --
-
named below without crowding, supported
and set out not
,

from the wall.

(Note. This specification includes only

the instruments used in the simplest of
installations.The instruments required
for any particular installation must be
determined by its individual purposes
and necessities.)
There shall be placed upon this switch-

--
board all the
dynamo regulating appara-
tus and the following appliances:
main ampere meters.

-
- ampere meters for risers.
dynamo galvanometers.

-
-
dynamo galvanometer switches.
-dynamo switches.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 55

change-over switches.
break- down switches.
main cut-outs.
(switches, cut-outs, etc., for purely local
conditions).
All switches carrying over amperes
shall be knife switches all other switches
;

shallhave sliding contacts, and shall

make and break contact automatically
beyond the control of the operator, who
shall simply set the switch at the point
of making or breaking.
Cut-outs shall be so protected that the
molten metal cannot be spattered about
on the fusing of the strip.
All switches and cut-outs shall be
mounted on incombustible bases.

All connecting wires shall be carried 30. connec-

tions (con-
back of the switchboard using only ceal ^'
-wire. All joints shall be soldered.
All connections to switches, cut-outs,
etc., shall be soldered or made with an
56 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

approved form of lug or set screw, in all

cases care being taken to secure good and
sufficient contact to prevent heating and
insure permanency; when made with lugs
or set screws they shall be in plain sight
and easily accessible for tightening.
Connecting wires shall be so run and
secured that crosses or grounds are im-
possible in the normal operation of the
plant.
capacity of at least - -
All main wires shall have a
C. M. per ampere
and no wire smaller than B. & S. or
- B. W. G. shall be used.

All dynamo, bus, feeder and riser wires

shall be ofwire lated

fastened
neatly and securely to the front surface
of the switchboard. All bare wires shall

shall be of -
space of not less than
section.
-
be separated from the board by an air
Bus bars .

All minor con-

nections, such as to pressure indicators,
ground detectors, etc., shall be made on

the board
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPCEIFICATIONS. 57

wire. All joints sh*all be soldered. All

connections to switches, cut-outs, etc.,
shall be soldered or made with an ap-
proved form of lug or set screw, in all
cases care being taken to secure good and
sufficient contact to prevent heating and
insure permanency when made with lugs
;

or set screws they shall be in plain sight

and easily accessible for tightening. All
main wires shall have a capacity of at
least - - C. M. per ampere, and no wire
smaller than - - B. & S. or - - B. W.
G. shall be used.

The following circuits will centre at the 32. circuits,

switchboard:
(Enumeration of circuits
To different floors;
To different sections of the building;
Residence circuits;
Commercial circuits;
Street lighting circuits;
Power circuits, etc.
This enumeration will largely determine
the extra instruments to be supplied.)
58 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Incandescent Series System, Dynamos Me-

dium or High Potential (Variable or
Constant), Current Direct or Alternat-
ing.

This contractor shall furnish, and, un-

less otherwise specified, erect the follow-

ing apparatus andmaterial:

33. Dynamos. (See Note: p. 43, sec. 21.)

dynamo(s) (each) having a capac-
ity of kilowatts. The maximum
voltage at the terminals of the dynamo(s)
shall not exceed volts at full load.
The dynamo(s) shall be of the latest and
most efficient pattern; mounted on a base
provided with an adjustable belt tighten-
er so that the belt may be tightened
while in operation; capable of operating
under full load for consecutive hours
without increasing the temperature of any
part, especially the armature, fields and
commutator, to such a degree as to en-
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 59

danger the insulation or decrease the effi-

ciency of operation; shall not spark un-
duly with proper care of the commutator
and adjustment of the brushes, nor under
considerable variation of load; shall have
an insulation resistance of not less than
- ohms between all parts insulated

from each other; shall be adapted to oper-

ate at such speed as will allow the use
of high-speed, automatic cut- off engines
belted direct; shall be provided with effi-
cient oiling devices; the armature shall be
balanced both electrically and mechanical-
ly so that there will be no tendency to
spring the shaft or to draw the armature
toward either bearing so as to cause ex-
cessive friction and heating, and no vibra-
tion; if of the direct and constant -current

type ]
u ey r shall be so designed that

with the proper connections two or more

may be operated successfully in series, so
that with ordinary care and precaution
any dynamo may be added to or taken
from the circuit without in any manner
60 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

affecting the efficient operation of the re-

mainder, and with but a momentary fluc-
tuation in the candle-power and steadi-
ness of the lamps ;
if of the direct- current ,

ev
constant-potential type \ >, shall be
j-

so designed that with the proper connec-

tions two or more may be operated suc-
cessfully in parallel so that with ordinary
care and precaution any dynamo may be
added to or taken from the circuit with-
out in any manner affecting the operation
of the dynamos remaining in circuit or
causing any change in the candle-power
of the lamps; and that when two or more
same circuit the load
are operating on the
may be divided between them in propor-
tion to their respective capacities under
all conditions from no load to full load.
The dynamo(s) be rated with such
shall
ev
margin of safety that j ^ will not be >

injured if subjected to an overload of

per cent, above such rating for a period
of .
 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 61

34 -
(See Note: p. 46*, sec. 22.)

The foundation(s) for the(se) dynamo(s)

laid - ,
or of other material subject to

the approval of the andsha11

^itTct'
be of sufficient length, width, and depth
eir
to safely and firmly sustain
j ^ J-

weight. The
foundation(s) shall be
capped with a framing of well- seasoned
timber securely fastened thereto, the dy-
namo baseframe(s) being securely fast-
ened to the framing or to the foundation
through the framing, both framing and
baseframe being secured in such a manner
as to prevent lateral motion in either di-
rection and to give an even bearing surface
at every point. If metal is used to fast-

en framing or baseframe to the foundation

it must be thoroughly insulated where it

passes through them, and at all places

liable to come in contact with the dyna-
mo must be countersunk and covered with
62 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

a moisture-proof insulating compound.

All necessary excavating and filling
and the removal of all debris shall be
done by the who
j Jj [
shall also

restore the floor in the following manner:

. The height of the dynamo base-

frame^) above the floor line will be .

35. instni-
meats.
(See Note: p. 48, sec. 23.)
There shall be provided with each dy-
namo one voltmeter or pressure indicator
which shall remain constantly in circuit
so as to indicate at all times the pressure
at the point to which
connected; one
it is

brush jig for trimming the brushes; one

insulating baseframe provided with rails
and a suitable device for shifting the po-
sition of the dynamo to alter the belt
tension; if of the constant-potential type,
one hand regulator made entirely of in-
combustible material, a compensator or
suitable balancing device for keeping the
current in each circuit practically con-
stant; if of the constant-current type a reg-
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 63

ulator for so controlling the potential as

lights are turned on or off that the current
shall not vary appreciably from its normal
value under any condition of load. There
shall be provided for each circuit one

ampere meter for indicating the current

in said circuit, one ground detector which
shall continuously indicate the insulation
from the ground maintained at both poles
and approximately the distance of any
ground from the station, and one pair of
lighting arresters. There shall also be
provided one testing set capable of
measuring up to - - ohms.

This contractor shall carry to the

switchboard location at - all regulator,

exciter, auxiliary and main wires, leaving

the ends coiled up neatly, properly
tagged and sufficiently long to make the
necessary switchboard connections. All

least -
main wires shall have a capacity of at
C. M. per ampere and no wire
-- B. & -- B.
smaller than S. or W.
Gr. shall be used. All wires shall be in-
64 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

sulated with ; shall be run ;

when
of opposite polarity shall be separated at
least ;
and where crossing each other,
wires of other circuits, or passing near
metal pipes, girders, etc., shall be further
protected by - In no case shall insu-
.

lated wires be carried in such proximity

to heated surfaces, vapors or air as to en-

danger their insulation.

37. Starting
Plant and In-
fSpp
V P- J1
ot5fc; r> SPC" 25
51 btH ^'/}
struction.

38. Renewai
p (See p. 51, sec. 26.)

39. Summary.
(g ee Note: p. 52, S6C. 27.)
Each bidder shall fill out completely
the following summary:
Number of
dynamos ,.
. .. . ;..-

Trade number or designation .

-
Rating in volts . . . . . , .

Rating in amperes . . . .

Direct or alternating current . .

-

Constant or varying current . .

Constant or varying potential .

Series, shunt, compound, self or

 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 65

separately excited
Rating of exciter in volts . . .

Rating of exciter in amperes . .

Trade number or designation . .

Regulation by hand or automatic

Number of fully loaded circuits pos-
sible to operate per dynamo .

Volts per - - c. p. lamp . . .

Amperes per- - c. p. lamp . .

H. P. required to be delivered at
the pulley at full load . . .
-

40.
(See p. 53, sec. 28.)

There shall be placed upon this switch- . switch-

board Appa-
u
board, in addition to all the dynamo regu- con nectk>ns.

lating apparatus, such switches, cut-outs

and other appliances as are necessary for
the proper and convenient manipulation
of the circuits, such appliances to be
named by each bidder in his proposal.
For systems operating dynamos and cir-
cuits in parallel, the appliances and con-
nections shallbe such as will permit
adding to or taking from the circuit any
)0 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

dynamo without in any manner affecting

the operation of the dynamos remaining
in circuit or the candle-power of the

lamps, and will permit the cutting in or

out of any circuit without affecting the
stability of other circuits. For systems
operating one dynamo for each circuit or
series of circuits the connections shall be
such as will permit any circuit to be con-
nected to or disconnected from any dy-
namo with certainty and rapidity. (For
switchboard connections see sees. 30 and
3 1, pp. 55 and 56.

43. circuits.
(See p. 57, sec. 32.)
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 67
*

Constant Potential, Alternating Current

System.

This contractor shall furnish, and, un-

less otherwise specified, erect the follow -

ling apparatus and material:

(See Note: p. 43, sec. 21.) 43. Dynamo.

- constant potential, alternating
current dynamo(s) {each) having a capac-

ity of
-
kilowatts. The maximum
voltage at the terminals of the dynamo(s)
shall not exceed - volts.
The dynamo(s) shall be of the latest
and most efficient pattern; mounted on a
base provided with an adjustable belt
tightener so that the belt may be tight-
ened while in operation; capable of oper-
- - consecutive
ating under full load for
hours without increasing the temperature
of any part, especially the armature, fields
and commutator, to such a degree as to

endanger the insulation or decrease the

68 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

efficiency of operation; shall

sulation resistance of not less than
ohms between
have an
- in-

all parts insulated from

each other; shall be adapted to operate at
such speed as will allow the use of high-
speed, automatic cut-off engines belted
direct; be supplied with efficient
shall

oiling devices; the armature shall be

balanced both electrically and me-
chanically so that there will be
no tendency to spring the shaft, or to
draw the armature toward either bearing
so as to cause excessive friction and heat-
ing, and no vibration; all contacts,
brushes, binding posts, etc., shall be so

placed and protected that there is the

least possible danger of receiving a shock.
The dynamo(s) shall be rated with such
ey will not be
margin of safety that

injured
j

subjected to an overload of
if
j
j-

-
of-
per cent, above such rating for a period
if self -exciting the coils furnish-
;

ing the exciting current, and the commu-

tator shall be so insulated and protected
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 69

that it will be impossible under the ordi-

nary conditions of operation to ground or
cross them on themselves or on the arma-
ture circuit; if separately excited the ex-
citing dynamo(s) also shall be subject to
the general conditions given above, shall
operate at a potential not exceeding -
volts, shall be of ample capacity to excite
the fields of - -
dynamo(s) (each) having
a capacity of- -kilowatts, and shall
operate with no appreciable sparking at
the brushes.

(Seep. 61, sec. 34.)

45 ru
(See Note: p. 48, sec. 23.) mJSte.
There shall be provided with each dy-
namo one ampere meter for indicating
the current supplied by the dynamo; one
voltmeter or pressure indicator which
shall remain constantly in circuit so as to
indicate continuously the pressure on the
primary mains at the point to which it is
connected, and shall be so constructed
that the scale is plainly visible at a dis-
70 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

tance of at least ;one insulating base-

frame provided with rails and a suitable
device for shifting the position of the dy-
namo to alter the belt tension; one ground
detector which shall continuously indicate
the insulation maintained on both sides
throughout the system; one pair of light-
ning arresters for the field -exciting circuit
;

one hand regulator made entirely of in-

combustible material, one voltmeter, one
brush jig, one double-pole knife switch
mounted on an incombustible base, one
double -pole fusible cut-out mounted on
an incombustible base; if the fields are
separately excited there shall be provided
with the exciting dynamo one insulating
baseframe as above, one endless belt,
and also, if it excites the fields of more
than one dynamo, one hand regulator for
the field circuit of the exciting dynamo,
one hand regulator for each of the field cir-
cuits of the excited dynamos, and one
double-pole knife switch and double-pole
fusible cut-out for each of the above field
circuits, including that of the exciting dy-
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 71

namo unless lights are operated there-

from, in which case a switch and cut-out
shall be placed in the main circuit before
branching off to the various dynamos.

There shall be provided the following 46. convert-

numbers and sizes of converters:

Number. Size.
It.
etc. etc.

Each converter shall reduce the volt-

age on the primary circuit to - - volts

on the secondary circuit; shall have its
capacity plainly marked upon it; and
shall be provided with a separate fuse-
box which shall be so arranged that
when replacing fuses or otherwise work-
ing about the converter the primary cir-
cuit may be opened.

(See p. 63, sec. 36.)

(See p. 51, sec. 25.)

struetion.

49 -

(See p. 51, sec. 26.)

72 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

50. summary. (See Note: p. 52, sec. 27.)

Each bidder shall fill out completely
the following summary:
Number of alternators . . . .
-

Trade number or designation . ./-

Number of exciters . . .
.

, . .
-

Trade number or designation . ,

-

-
Rating of alternators in volts . .

-
Rating of alternators in amperes .

-
Rating of exciters in volts . . .

Rating of exc iters in amperes . .

-

-
Self or separately excited . . .
-

Reduction recommended in con-

verters ........
H. P. required to be delivered at
the pulley at full load . . .
--
? gec 28.)
.

There shall be placed upon this switch -

u
coSL ections. board, in addition to the dynamo regulat-
ing apparatus, such switches, cut-outs
and other appliances as are necessary for
the proper and convenient manipulation
of the circuits, such appliances to be
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 73

named by each bidder in his proposal.

The appliances and connections shall
be such as will permit the operation of
any dynamo on any circuit or number of
circuits, and the cutting in or out of any
dynamo or circuit with certainty and
rapidity without in any manner affecting
the operation of other dynamos or cir-
cuits. (They shall also be arranged in
such manner as to render it possible to
connect two dynamos in parallel by an
arrangement of switches or combination
of circuits.) (For switchboard connec-
tions see sees. 30 and 31, pp. 55 and 56.)

&. circuits.
(See p. 57, sec. 32.)
74 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Alternating Current or Direct Current

System, with the Parallel System of
Distribution.

This contractor shall furnish, and, un-

less otherwise specified, erect the follow-

ing apparatus and material:

54. Dynamo(8). (See Note: p. 43, sec. 21.)

A dynamo capacity of, as nearly as

possible, (The num-

kilowatts.
ber of dynamos shall not be less than
nor more than
, .)

The dynamo (s) shall "be of the latest

and most efficient pattern; shall be
mounted upon a base provided with an
adjustable belt tightener so that the belt
may be tightened while in operation;
capable of operating under full load for
consecutive hours without increasing
the temperature of any part, especially
the armature, fields, and commutator, to
such a degree as to endanger the insula-
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 75

tion or decrease tne efficiency of opera-

tion; not spark appreciably with
shall

proper care of the commutator and ad-

justment of the brushes, nor under con-
siderable variation of the load; shall have
an insulation resistance of not less than
ohms between all parts insulated
from each other; shall be adapted to
operate at such speed as will allow the
use of high-speed, automatic cut-off en-
gines belted direct; shall be provided
with efficient oiling devices; the armature
shall be balanced electrically and me-
chanically so that there will be no ten-
dency to spring the shaft, or to draw the
armature toward either bearing so as to
cause excessive friction and heating, and
no vibration; all contacts, binding posts,
brushes, etc., having considerable differ-
ences of potential between them shall be
so placed and protected that the danger
of receiving a shock the least possi-
is

ble; armature conductors shall be so se-

curely attached to the armature as to
preclude any possibility of their being
76 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

dragged from their proper position under

normal conditions of operation; all coils,
connections, commutators, brushes, etc.,
belonging to different circuits shall be so
insulated and protected that it will be
impossible under the ordinary conditions
of operation to cross or ground them; the

dynamo(s) shall be rated with such mar-

that 6y will not be in-
of u
gin

jured
safety

if
]

subjected to an over-load of
[

- per
eir
cent, above -I
+ I normal rating for a

period of- -;if(an) auxiliary dynamo(s)

3

[
required for the operation of the

dynamo(s) specified above ]

u y [
shall

be subject to the same conditions.

55> u nda" See Note: P- 46 sec 22 -)-

tFon s ( >

The foundation(s) for the(se) dynamo(s)

shall

laid -
be built by the
j $%* [of,
, or of other material subject to

the approval of the and sha11

j ^rfMtect [
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 77

be of sufficient length, width and depth

to safely and firmly sustain J

^
weight.
For dynamos operating at voltages be-
low - the baseframe may be firmly
-

and securely fastened directly on the

foundation. For dynamos operating at
voltages above - - the foundation shall
be capped with a framing of well- sea-
soned timber securely fastened there-
to,the baseframe being securely fastened
to the framing or to the foundation

through the framing; both framing and

baseframe being secured in such a man-
ner as to prevent lateral motion in either
direction, and to give an even bearing
surface at every point.
If metal used to fasten framing or
is

baseframe to the foundation it shall be

thoroughly insulated where it passes
through them and at all places liable to
come in contact with the dynamo shall
be countersunk and covered with a moist-
ure-proof insulating compound.
78 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

All necessary excavating and filling,

and the removal of all debris shall be

done by the who

) J^*J f
shall also

--
restore the floor in the following
ner: .
man-

The height
above the
of the
floor line will be -
dynamo base -frame(s)
.

mstru-
56.
meats. (g ee Note: p. 48, sec. 23.)
There shall be provided with each dy-
namo one hand regulator for adjusting
the pressure, made entirely of incombus-
tible material; one ampere meter for in-

dicating the supplied by the

current
dynamo; one voltmeter or -pressure-in-
dicator which shall remain constantly
in circuit so as to indicate continuously
the pressure at the point to which it is

connected, and shall be so constructed

tance of at least
frame provided with
-
that the scale is plainly visible at a dis-
;
one insulating base-
rails and a suitable
device for shifting the position of the
dynamo to alter the belt tension; there
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 79

shall be provided for the installation one

ground detector, or if the circuits have

no common junction one ground detector
for each circuit which shall continuously
indicate the insulation from the ground
maintained on both sides throughout the
system, and one pair of lightning arrest-
ers for the common circuits, or for each
circuit if they are kept separate; there
shall also be provided such brush jigs,
switches, out -outs, belts and other ap-
pliances as are requisite and proper for
the operation of the system; all switches
and cut-outs to be of the double pole
type and mounted on incombustible
bases.

For alternating systems there shall be 57 <

ers.

provided the following numbers and sizes

of converters:
Number. Sizes.
-It.
etc. etc,

(See Note: p. 50, sec. 24.)

80 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

This contractor shall carry to the

switchboard location at all regulator,
exciter, auxiliary, and main wires, leav-
ing the ends coiled up neatly, properly
tagged and sufficiently long to make the
necessary switchboard connections. All
main wires have a capacity of at
shall
least C. M. per ampere, and no wire
smaller than - - B. & S. or - -B. W. G.
shall be used. All regulator, exciter, and
for systems carrying over volts all

auxiliary and main wires, shall be insu-

lated with - ;
all wires of systems car-
rying over volts shall be run ;

where of opposite polarity shall be

separated at least ;
and where cross-
ing each other, wires of other circuits or
passing near metal pipes, girders, etc.,
shall be further protected by .

For systems carrying less than

volts the main wires shall be of
copper wire supported
on porcelain
ibare insulators.
 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 81

carefully cleated to
the ceiling,

^^
carried on porcelain
insulators,
insulated wirej

ing of a backing
thick and a
capping- -thick,
run in conduit,
wires of opposite polarity being separated
not less than - .

In no case shall insulated wires be car-

ried in such proximity to heated surfaces,

vapors or air as to endanger their insula-

tion.

(See p. 51, sec. 25.)

struction.

wal
(Seep. 51, sec. 26.) ?rts?

(See Note: p. 52, sec. 27.) ei. summary.

Each bidder shall fill out completely,
so far as it pertains to his apparatus, the
following summary:
Number of direct -current dynamos
Trade number or designation .
82 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Number of alternating, current

dynamos
Trade number or designation . .

Number of exciter dynamos . .

Trade number or designation . .

Rating of dynamos in volts . .

Eating of dynamos in amperes .

-
Eating of exciters in volts . . .

-
Eating of exciters in amperes . .

-
Self or separately excited . . .

Shunt or compound
Reduction recomm ended in convert-
ers
H. P. required to be delivered at pulley
at full load ......
62 ch "
boaTd. (
See P- 58 > sec -

There shall be placed upon this switch -

Con "
necuons board, in addition to all the dynamo regu-
lating apparatus, such switches, cut-outs
and other appliances as are necessary for
the proper and convenient manipulation
of the circuits, such appliances to be
named by each bidder in his proposal.
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 83

For the two-wire, direct -current sys-

tem the appliances and connections shall
be such as will permit any dynamo to be
added to or taken from parallel circuit
without in any manner affecting the oper-
ation of the dynamos remaining in cir-

cuit, or the candle-power and steadiness

of the lamps.
For the three-wire, direct -current sys-
tem the appliances and connections shall
be such as will permit any dynamo on
either side to be added to or taken from

parallel circuit without in any manner

affecting the operation of the dynamos
remaining in circuit on that side, or the
candle-power and steadiness of the lamps;
and a breakdown switch for connecting
the two outside wires in case it shall be
come necessary or desirable to operate on
the two -wire system.
For the alternating- current system the
appliances and connections shall be such
as will permit the operation of any dy-
namo on any circuit or number of cir-

cuits, and the cutting in or out of any dy-

84 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

namo or circuit with certainty and rapid-

ity, without in any manner affecting the
operation of other dynamos or circuits
(and such that it will be possible to con-
nect two dynamos together by an
arrangement of switches or combination
of (For switchboard connec-
circuits.)
tions see sees. 30 and 31, pp. 55 and 56.

64. circuits.
(See p. 57, sec. 32.)
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 85

Series Arc System, Direct or Alternating

Current.

This contractor shall furnish, and, un-

less otherwise specified, install the fol-

lowing apparatus and material:

- arc light 65
dynamo(s) (each) hav-
-

ing a capacity of - -,
- c.
p.,
- - am-
- - volt arc
pere, lamps.
Each dynamo shall be provided with a
regulator which shall automatically make
the proper adjustments for all changes of
load from no load to full load, the adjust-
ments to be made in such a way as not to
endanger any part of the dynamo, appli-
ances or lamps, nor to cause any percep-
tiblechange in the balance remaining in
operation; shall be of the latest and most
efficient pattern; mounted on a base pro-
vided with an adjustable belt -tightener,
so that the belt may be tightened while in
operation; capable of operating under full
86 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

load for consecutive hours without

increasing the temperature of any part,
especially the armature, fields, and com-
mutator, to such a degree as to endanger
the insulation or decrease the efficiency
of operation; shall have an insulation re-
sistance of not less than - - ohms be-
tween all parts insulated from each other;
shall be adapted to operate at such speed
as will allow the use of high-speed, auto-
matic -cut -off engines belted direct; shall
be provided with efficient oiling de-
vices; the armature shall be balanced
both electrically and magnetically so that
there will be no tendency to spring the
shaft or to draw the armature toward
either bearing so as to cause excessive
friction and heating, and no vibration;
especial attention shall be given the insu-
lation, protection and separation of con-
tacts, binding posts and bared surfaces
having extreme differences of potential
in order to minimize the danger of acci-
dental shocks, crosses, or grounds under
normal conditions of operation; the dy-
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 87

namo(s) shall be so designed and automat-

ically regulated that the power will be
automatically proportioned to the num-
ber of lamps burning at any time.

(See p. 61, sec. 34.) eo.

lions*

(See Note: p. 48, sec. 23.)

There shall be provided with each dy-
namo, in addition to the automatic regu-
lator required above, one ampere meter
for indicating the current supplied by the

dynamo and graduated to read amperes ;

one brush jig for trimming the brushes;

one insulating baseframe, provided with
rails and a suitable device for shifting the

position of the dynamo to alter the belt

tension; one main switch; one pair of

lightning arresters; and for the general
installation

measuring up to -
one testing set capable of
ohms.

(See p. 63, sec. 36.)

There shall be provided

88 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

- I

<
single carbon
double carbon
)

>
(

arc lamps of -
triple carbon )

nominal candle-power.
Each lamp shall be provided with a
switch by which it may be cut in or out
of circuit; shall be regular in its feeding
from hissing, nicker-
action; shall be free
ing or flaming when provided with proper
carbons; shall contain an efficient device
which shall automatically cut out a lamp
for any reason defective, without inter-
fering with the operation of the lamps re-
maining in circuit; and shall be simple,
strong, and durable in its mechanical con-

-
struction.

hanger boards for inside use, each

hanger board to contain a switch by which
the lamp may be cut entirely out of cir-
cuit.

7i. Hoods. waterproof hoods, complete with

(
hanger boards for outside use }

-< out- rigger attachments

(
cross -suspension attachments )
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

f clear glass ]
ground
full
half ground ^globes.
-^
opal
[ colored, etc. J

- wire -gauze spark arresters, and

Nets.
- wire globe nets.

74 - Carbons -
sets of carbons, a set consisting
of one upper and one lower carbon.

~- N 75. Starting
Plantandln-
(Seep. 51, SeC. 25.)

oi r -i oc \ 76. Renewal
(See p. 51, sec. 2o.) p ar ts.

sec. 27.) summary.

(See Note: p. 52,
Each bidder shall fill out completely
the following summary:
Number dynamos
of ....
-
Trade number or designation . .

Rating in volts
Eating in amperes
- - c. p. lamps
Capacity in
. .

Series or shunt wound . . .

,

H. P. required to be delivered at
pulley at full load
90 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

SWITCHBOARD APPARATUS AND CONNECTIONS.

This contractor shall furnish and erect

the following apparatus and material :

5>arf comi~
plete>
with a capacity for -
^ ne combination (material) switchboard
circuits, and pro-
vided with the necessary sockets, plugs,
main and transfer cables, testing connec-
tions, and a suitable and convenient de-
vice for holding cables not in use. It
shall be so arranged and marked that any
circuit or series of circuits may be quick-
ly connected with or disconnected from
any dynamo with the least possible dan-

ger of short-circuits or error. Sockets

shall be so designed that it is practically
impossible to short-circuit, ground or
receive a shock from them. All connec-
tions with the dynamo leads shall be
easily accessible. All wires used in
making connections shall have in- --
sulation. All plugs shall have well in-
sulated wooden handles and the cables
shall be covered with soft-rubber tubing
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 91

or equivalent as,an extra precaution. All

cables shall be of stranded wire.
All joints shall be soldered. All con-
nections to switches, cut-outs, etc., shall
be soldered or made with an approved
form of lug or set- screw, in all cases care
being taken to secure good and sufficient
contact to prevent heating and insure
permanency; when made with lugs or set-
screws they shall be in plain sight and
easily accessible for tightening. Con-
necting wires shall be so run and secured
that crosses or grounds are impossible in
the normal operation of the plant.

FIXTURES, ETC.

(Note. No set specification can be made -

for fixturesand shades; their character

must be determined wholly from individ-
ual requirements. See schedule, p. 136).

liver at -
This contractor shall furnish and de-
the following number, sizes,
and kinds of incandescent lamps:
so. Lamps.
92 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Number. C. p.
["Voltage. f Plain.

etc. etc.
-
I

1 ---
Amperage
etc.
|

{
Frosted.
Colored, etc.

[ etc.

stating, also, their make and the make of

the socket for which they are adapted.
Lamps shall be guaranteed to

average life of not less than

burned at their normal voltage. They
- have an
hours if

shall burn with a white light and shall not

blacken under proper use. All lamps giv-

period of
er use shall
-
ing out or proving defective during the trial
days under normal and prop-
be replaced without charge.

This contractor shall furnish and de-

taoies.
|- yer a _ _ ne f ii ow i n numbers and
^. ^.

kinds of sockets and receptacles:

Number. Kind. Finish.

etc. etc. etc.

82. Meters. This contractor shall furnish and

Bowing num -

bers and sizes of the

 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 93

( watt meter, *
K recording ampere meter,
(
current counter.
Number. Capacity in Two or three

amperes. wire.

etc. etc. etc.

94 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

INTERIOR WIRING.

Alternating or Direct Current, Two- Wire

System.

83. outlets
and Lights.
The
-
building shall be wired to -
_
lamp

--
outlets, switch outlets, (and
meter outlets) for the equivalent of
--
volt lamps. The
, ampere,
wiring shall be (to outlets only) (except
for cut-outs and switches; cut-outs and
switches shall be furnished and installed
complete). At each outlet the loose wire
shall be neatly coiled and the ends care-
fully taped.

system. ^11 wiring shall be for the parallel

two-wire system of distribution.

The fall of between the

potential
switchboard (centre of distribution) and
the (farthest lamp) shall not exceed at
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 95

load pr cent, of the initial

pressure; this difference to be divided as

"
follows:
filers per cent " mains
| ["
per cent., taps per cent.

All wire used throughout the installa- 8 - insulation,

tion shall be insulated with .

Each main and ta P sha11 "LS^S.

011
j Jke^fer 1

test out with an insulation resistance of

at least ohms.

From the switchboard (or centre of dis- ss. subdivi-

sion of
(
i
TMcore
risers, \
i
(Risers \
^ {pedersf
tribution) -<
groups of risers, V
( feeders, )

shall be carried to the following points:

( Riser ) ( riser i

-< Group >No. 1 to , -<

group >No. 2
(
Feeder ) (
feeder )

to , etc.

( Riser )

x Group VNo. 1 shall feed all lights (lo-

( Feeder )
96 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

I riser )

cation), -<
group V No. 2 shall; feed, etc.
f feeder \

o. Location
From the switchboard (or centre of dis-
f Risers ) ,

BrsJ *
tribution) the shall be carried
[

j
f

I
under cleats,
on insulators,
in moulding,
_ and thence
[in conduit, etc., J

upward in (channels, wooden conduits,

elevator shaft, air shaft, etc., with loca-
tion) to their respective cut-out boxes.

90. Mains (If ( ri^Pr )

*.
From the cut-out boxes mams
feeder
ary distribu-
tionboxes) -
f under cleats,
>
shall be carried
{ in conduit, etc. ,

secondary cut-out boxes where all tap

lines shall centre. From f^er No. 1

shall be carried - j

mains terminating at
[

:
from 2, etc.
j feeder [NO.

9i. Taps. (Note. In certain cases it is advisable

 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 97
*

to run the circuits in such a manner that

no room shall be dependent on one cir-
cuit only; if so desired it should be add-
ed under this heading.)
( riser )

From the -< feeder > cut-out boxes dis-

(
main )

tributing circuits shall be run to the

various outlets as specified in the sched-
ule and located on the plans. The
cleats,

in conduit,
(under etc.,
such a manner that the highest possi-
ble insulation shall be maintained under
all circumstances.

Except in case of single outlets for a

group of lamps and circuits specifically
mentioned no distributing circuit shall

carry over - -

amperes. Distributing
circuits shall be of one size of wire
throughout their entire length.

92 Joints -
Throughout the installation joints shall
-

be avoided where possible; where abso-

 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

lutely necessary they must be made me-

chanically strong and secure, carefully
soldered, wiped from any moisture
free
and excess of flux and so taped and com-
pounded that the insulation of the joints
shall be equal to the original insulation;
the solder shall be relied on ^only to give
a good electrical connection.

(Note. A complete description of the

cabmets.
^^^3 should be given covering mate-
rial, doors, hinges, locks, finish, etc. ;
also

stating what parts, if any, will be fur-

nished by other contractors, specifying
what switches are to be placed in the
cabinets, and locating and describing cabi-
nets for switches alone if such are to
be provided; if name plates are to be fur-
nished so specify and describe.)

The terminals
and taps shall
of all
j e^
be brought together
g |
mains

in
cabinets at the points designated in this
specification and on the plans. (If wiring
contractor does not furnish cut-outs and
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 9(

switches, add: The terminals of the

mains and taps sha11 be

| feeders, f

brought into these cabinets in such a

way as to permit the easy and convenient
insertion and connection of the cut-outs
and switches specified.)

)/
A cut-out shall be provided for each
94 - cut-outs.

branch circuit. All cut-outs shall be

double-pole, mounted on incombustible
bases, and with connections of such size
and shape as to afford ample contact sur-
face for both conductors and fuses.

No fuses shall be put in the cut-outs 95.

except by special order, but a complete

-
supply, consisting of not less than
sets foreach cut-out, shall be provided.
These fuses shall be of the plug type or
furnished with metal tips and shall have
their capacity plainly marked upon them.

For the number and

capacity of 96 switches,

switches see the attached schedule.

100 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

All switches be double-pole,

shall
mounted on incombustible bases, with
automatic make and break, the switch
being merely set at the point of making
and breaking by the operator, and with
sliding contacts. The capacity of each
switch shall be plainly marked upon it
and shall not be less than per
c. p. lamp controlled.

97
su
FiX
rts
e Where no fixture support is provided
this contractor shall furnish for all

S1
1
ou ^ e ^ s a suitable support con-
'lino (

sisting of a wooden block firmly fastened

to the wall flush with the plaster, and of
sufficient dimensions to securely bold the
fixture, a piece of gas-pipe securely an-
chored by means of an iron plate; or such
other device as shall be best adapted to
the construction of the building and the
character of the fixture to be installed
in each particular location.

(Specify approximate number required.)

98. Meter Out-

Jots*
At the places located in the schedule
 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 101

and on the plans, meter outlets shall be

vided consisting of
to the wall).
-
run (and a support for each meter pro-
securely fastened

--Each elevator

shall
,

be on
c. p.
its
is to be provided with

lamp(s). Each elevator

own cut-out and circuit
which shall be run from the distribution
box at (location). The wiring shall in-
clude the wiring of the elevator car, all
necessary cables and the connection with
its outlet. The cables shall be well in-
sulated, flexible and properly protected
from abrasion.

The molding used in the places speci- 100. Molding.

fied above shall be of - , and finished

On all outside walls, bare.brick or stone

walls, etc., it shall consist of a backing
and capping.

10
While the schedule is intended to rep-
tlon8
resent very closely the number of lights
'
102 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

and outlets to be wired to, yet, as some

changes may become necessary during
the process of construction, each bidder
shall name in his proposal a price to be
added to or deducted from the contract
price for each light or outlet wired for in
excess of the number specified, or which
shall be cancelled, provided such addition
or cancellation involves no change in the
work already completed and shall be
along the lines of existing circuits.

102 I stnic"
ti n. (Note. It may be desirable that the
purchaser furnish one man to work un-
der the contractor in order that he may
have a man
thoroughly familiar with all
the details of the construction; the con-
tractor to give such instruction as will en-
able him to acquire a thorough and intel-

ligent knowledge of methods, appliances,

location of circuits, etc.)

10 3
e f iiStSSSf (Note. To be inserted if this contract-
or is complete the wiring, including
to
the attachment of lamps and sockets.)
 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 103

This contractor shall hang all fixtures,

including the assembling and wiring of

the fixtures (unless provided for under
Fixtures), the attaching of sockets,
lamps
and shades, and the connection with the
ends of the taps.
Insulating joints will be furnished,
where required, by the fixture contractor
but this contractor shall furnish and con-
nect a suitable cut-out for each outlet,
protecting both sides of the circuit.

This contractor shall attach - sockets

by means of a (suitable gas attachment)
Place*
to the (gas) fixtures already in place.
These fixtures shall be properly insulat-

manner: -- with ,
-
ed and shall be wired in the following
At each
outlet a suitable cut-out shall be pro-
.

vided protecting both sides of the circuit.

In each socket the proper lamp shall be
placed and all shades shall be attached.

by means of -
Sockets and lamps shall be suspended
pendants from the ceil-
and Lamps>
104 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

ing. Each pendant to be in length,

(provided with a cord adjuster) and pro-

tected by a double -pole ceiling cut-out.
Both at the cut-out and in the socket the
cord shall be knotted so that in no case
will the weight come on the binding
screws. Where the cord passes through
the neck of the socket it shall be protect-
ed by a bushing. In each socket
the proper lamp shall be placed and all

shades shall be attached.

 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 105

TJiree- Wire System.

This specification is identical with the

two- wire specification, except in " Sys-
tem," p. 94, sec. 84, in place of which in-
sert the following:

All and mains shall be fig- ioe. system.

j fgg^|rs [

ured on the basis of the three -wire sys-

tem, but the distribution circuits shall
consist of two wires only except to out-
lets for a of - - -
group c. p., lamps
,

or more, and for special circuits specific-

ally mentioned. Care shall be taken in

arranging the distribution circuits to have
the same number of lamps on each side of
the system and that no circuit shall be
connected across the outside wires. The
neutral wire shall in all cases be proper-

ly tagged and shall be run between the

outside wires.
106 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Three-Wire System Adapted to the Two-

Wire System.

This specification is identical with the

two- wire specification, except in " Sys-
tem, "p. 94, sec. 84, in place of which in-

sert the following:

107. system. All \ and mains shall consist

^J. g [

of three wires, but the neutral wire shall

consist of two wires each equal in
cross -section to the outside wires, or
of one wire equal in cross -section to the
outside wires combined, in order that if

desired all lights may be operated on the

two- wire system; if two neutral wires are
run they shall be permanently connected
at each cut-out box. All distribution
circuits shall consist of

except to outlets for a group of --

two wires only
,

c. p., lamps or more, and for special cir-

cuits specifically mentioned. In all three-
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 107

wire distributioif circuits the neutral shall

be equal in cross-section to the two out-
side wires combined. Care shall be taken
in arranging the distribution circuits to
have the same number of lamps on each
side of the system and that no circuit
shall be connected across the outside
wires or between the neutral wires. The
neutral shall in all be properly
cases
tagged and shall be run between the out-
side wires.
108 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Arc System.

IDS. circuits.
The lights shall be divided into the fol-

lowing circuits:
Circuit No. 1 (Number of lights and
location.)
Circuit No. 2 (Number of lights and
location), etc.

lion oi'wiJt All wire used in the installation shall

and with -
be insulated with - - for inside circuits,
for outside circuits.

Each circuit shall test out with an in-

sulation resistance of at least -- ohms.

in. joints. gee p. 97 9
sec 92.
.

interior wires shall be run

the highest possible insulation is obtained.

All wiring shall be neat in its mechanical
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 109

appearance aiMarrangement. All ex-

terior wires shall be run .

In the interior of (the) building(s) the us.

lamps specified shall be suspended from

- securely fastened to the ceiling
(and
provided with a suitable device for raising
and lowering). On the exterior of (the)
building(s) thelamps specified shall be
suspended from - securely attached to
,

(and provided
,
with a suitable device
for raising and lowering).
(Add details
concerning any posts,
pole-steps, ornamental treatment desired,
etc.)
110 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Conduit System. Two- Wire.

114 e dof
wLJi ng The building shall be wired according
to thesystem of - - and using the -
conduit manufactured by .

115 pli
"
an4?. All appliances employed shall be such
as are especially adapted for use in con-

junction with the conduit system.

All conduits shall be placed in position

i the plastering is done, and

shall be firmly secured

j

and ceilings.

11 e all ng After the tubes are installed all open-

opefi n s

ings in walls and floors shall be sealed so

that it be impossible, in the event of
shall

fire, for smoke or flame to pass from one

floor to another or from one room to an-

other about the tubes,

 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. Ill

(See p. 94, secf. 83.) ^ 6 8

Light *.

119' Syst * m '

(Seep. 94, sec. 84.)

(See p. 94, sec. 85.) *%$?

121 ' 9ular"
All single conductors shall be insulated ti Jn.

with - All duplex conductors shall

.

be insulated with .
Duplex con-
ductors and all single conductors larger

than be
j
J*- *^L ^ j-
-
shall

stranded.

(See p. 95, sec. 87.) 122. insula-

tion Resist-
ance.

From the switchboard (or centre of dis-

( rJQprq
^J^
-IS
180 8
/ \
\ ilbeib \
(Feeders) .

tribution) -<
groups of risers >- shall
(
feeders \

be carried to the following points:

(

-<

(
Riser
Group
Feeder
)

>No.
)
1 to - ,
(

<

(
riser]
group
feeder
)

>-

)
No.

2 to - -, etc.

Every conductor in each

112 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

rser,
~
groups of risers, >-and main shall be
( feeder, )

provided with an independent tube.

( Riser )

-< Group >- No. I shall feed all lights (lo-

/ Feeder \

(
riser )

cation), -<
group
"
>
[-No. 2 shall feed, etc.
/ feeder
fee )

^itchboard )
i 24 . Location From the \
centre of distribution
of. j (
Rig B
1 Feeders J .
( ri c /
iT,ci )

sha11 be carried to ~ " and

/
feeders [

thence upward in (channels, elevator

shaft, etc., with location) to their respect-
ive junction boxes.

125. Mains (n From the | JS

leeCler r junction boxes,
taps terrain- /
\

ate in sec-
n a
ti on
1 c"
boxe 8"
mams sna ^ be carried to secondary junc-
tion boxes where all tap lines shall centre.
(
r jg er
From P n
I

[ No. 1 shall be carried

-j

(
Lemuel )

mains terminating at ;
from
et,
1Ser[No.2 ;
 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 113

126 Taps *

(Note. In ceptain cases it is advisable -

to run the circuits in such a manner that

no room shall be dependent on one cir-
cuit only; if so desired, it should be
added under this heading.)
( riser )

From the -< feeder >-

junction boxes dis-
(
main )

tributing circuits shall be run to the vari-

ous outlets as specified in the schedule
and located on the plans. For all taps
duplex conductor requiring but one tube
may be employed provided the current
- - amperes.
required does not exceed

The terminals of all the

j

mains and taps shall be brought together

in junction boxes at the points designated
in this specification and on the plans [and
connected with their respective cut-outs
and switches; (unless the wiring contractor
does not furnish cut-outs and switches,
in which case add, in such a way as to
permit the easy and convenient insertion
of the cut-outs and switches specified.)].
114 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

128. cut-outs. sec. 94.)

(See p. 99,

129. Fuses. (See p. 99, sec. 95.)

130. switches. (See p. 99, sec. 96.)

13
si P 5?te
ure Where no gas pipe or other support
for the fixture exists, the special form of
terminal box designed to furnish such
support shall be employed and shall be
substantially fixed to a suitable founda-
tion in the ceiling or wall.

132 e80f All tubes shall be of sufficient size to

TubS
allow the wires t-o be readily drawn in,
withdrawn and reinserted at will.

133. Fasten- Tubes, whether concealed or on the

ings.
surface, should be held in place by the
fastenings especially designed for use
with this conduit.

134. joints. The tubes shall be cut squarely, reamed

out smoothly, and the ends joined by the
use of the coupling designed for that
purpose.
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 115

Where more tfian three elbows are un- Limitation?

avoidable an intersection box shall be in-
serted to relieve both the wires and the
tubes of strain when the wires are being
drawn in.

All tubes shall emerge at outlets in 136 - outlets,

terminal boxes leaving the outlets so

protected as not to be injured by the
plasterers.

To guard against mechanical injury and ^rk

a
^h r I

the destructive action of cement all floor ar m re d

Conduit.
conduits shall be made of double tube,
one telescoped within the other, and both
the outer and inner tubes joined in the
usual manner. The outer tube shall, in
the case of contact with cement, be alkali
proof. As a further protection floor
tubes shall be covered, during construc-
tion, with a light board. Such other
precautions shall be taken to insure the
safety of the tubes as the character of
the building and work require.

Each side of circuits carrying more than 8 e

{? n Of $?^
116 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

amperes shall be run in a separate

tube. Wires forming parts of two dis-
tinct circuits shall in no case be inclosed
in the same tube.

(See p. 100 , sec, 98.)

14 e vator
Lights . (Seep. 101 , sec. 99.)

(See p. 101 , sec.

tions.

142< 8truc ~
(Seep. 102
I

tion ! , sec. 102.)

(Seep. 102 , sec. 103.)

144. Wiring
(Seep. 103 , sec. 104.)
ures Already in
Place.

& (^ep. 103 , sec. 105.)

and Lamps.

(^ G P- 105 '

147. Three-

( See P- 106, sec. 107.)

System,
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 117

Interior Wiring for Central Station Plants.

This specification contemplates the

complete installation of - ,
- - c. p. , in-

candescent lamps located in blocks as

designated on the plans hereto attached
and made a part of this specification.

149- Fixtures,
(See p. 91 , sec. 79.)

15 Lam P 8
(See p. 91 sec. 80.) - -

151 - Sockets-
(Seep. 92 , sec. 81.)

152
(Note. Specif y whether bids for two- system,

wire direct-current systems only, for

three-wire direct- current, for two-wire
alternating current, or for any system
will be considered.)

The fall of between the serv-

potential
ice cut-out and the most distant lamp
in building shall not exceed
-
any
per cent.
118 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

154
'tkm?
ula~

-
All wires used inside of buildings shall
be insulated with .

(
open cleat )

^thJwork? All wiring shall be < molding V work,

f
conduit )

neat in its mechanical appearance and ar-

rangement.

156. circuits.

than -
^0 distributing
amperes.
circuit shall carry
In buildings requir-
more

ing a greater supply of current the lights

shall be divided into circuits; these cir-
cuits shall be brought together at con-
venient and accessible centres of distribu-
tion where all branch cut-outs shall be
placed.

7
in d sSitSs! Each branch circuit shall be provided
with a double-pole cut-out. The switches
specified below shall be furnished and in-
stalled All cut-outs and switches shall
be mounted on incombustible bases.
(List of numbers and sizes of switches.)

158. Meters.
(
g ee p> 9 2> SeC 82.)
.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 119

159 s U8 p en '
lamps shall be suspended with
-

(All) 8io n f

flexible cord pendants from double-pole

ceiling cut-outs, the average length of the
pendants to be . This contractor is

to furnish all necessary - cord, ceiling

cut-outs and socket bushings. In both
cut-outs and sockets the cord shall be
knotted so that no weight shall come on
the binding screws.

16 - Moldin*-
(See p. 101, sec. 100.)

1
(See p. 101, sec. 101.) ^i^SSSK
tiona.

162> 8truc ~
(See p. 102, sec. 102.) tiJn.

(See p. 102, sec. 103.)

(May require slight modification.)

164. Wiring
(Seep. 103, sec. 104.)
fc'JsS
tur
(May require slight modification.) aiready fn
Place.
120 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

POLE LINES.

Low Potential Direct- Current System

Two or Three- Wire.

IBS. Fran.
chises and
(The purchaser) shall secure all fran-
chises, rights of way, and permits from the
Permits,

authorities and abutting proper ty-

owners for the erection and guying of poles
and stringing of wires
along the routes
on the map hereto attached and made a
part of this specification, shall make all

necessary arrangements with cpmpanies

already having pole lines on any part of
the same route for crossing, raising, lower-
ing or otherwise moving their wires, and
for using,
moving or changing their poles,
cross-arms, etc.; shall do all necessary
trimming of trees; and in every reason-
able way shall secure and furnish facili-
ties for the uninterrupted continuance of
the work to its completion.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 121'

The lights shaft be supplied by circuits ^cSJ&X

11

divided as follows: - ,
etc.

187 of
All circuits shall be controlled by 6oS
switches placed (location.)

168> Pole8
The pole line shallbe composed of
'

straight, select, shaved poles, sound

and free from shakes, checks or large
knots; poles subject to extra strain shall
be specially selected and of ample strength
to bear the strain.

All poles must be set of their ie. setting

and Guying.
length in the ground and solidly tamped,
must measure not less than in -

diameter at the top, and the distance from

the ground line to the lowest cross-arm
shall be not less than - . Corner, ter-
minal and other poles subject to extra
strain shall be securely guyed wherever

possible; where impossible guy them

to

they shall be set with such rake and to

such extra depth that the strain shall .not
pull them beyond the vertical position,
122 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

allowance being made for the action of

water and frost.

170. Distances. N O two

consecutive poles shall be set
at a greater distance apart than ex-

cept by special permission from - ,

and all poles carrying heavy feeders or

mains shall be set not more than
apart.

171. painting.
(As desired.)

172
c ^l n
rms
nd
Gains shall be carefully cut so that
the cross-arms make a snug fit and stand
at right angles to the pole.
Cross-arms shall be of - , thoroughly
seasoned,
knots; painted -
sound and
;
free from
the vertical distance
large

-
between cross-arms shall not be less than
.Double cross-arms must be placed

ing wires larger than -

on terminal poles and corner poles carry-

] B W f ['
At
than
all
- corners making an angle greater
two sets of cross-arms shall be
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 123

used placed at the proper angle to each

other.

Pins shall be of selected - ,

shall
and be nailed
fit

closely in the cross-arms in

place.
Insulators shall be of glass,
and of a size suitable for the
- pat-
wire
tern,
they are to hold.

All poles on which cut-outs are placed 174 - steP8 -

shall be stepped.

(Note. Specify character of soil, as 175. son.

loam, sand, etc.; also whether rock,

marsh land, quicksands, etc., requiring
special work.)

All feeder, main and pressure wires 176 -

ice wires shall be insulated

All
with
wires shall be so handled as to
- .

avoid kinking; wagons, drays, etc., shall

not be allowed to drive over them; they
124 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

shall not be dragged along the ground,

over cross-arms or through trees in such
a way as to injure the insulation; and
shallnot be allowed to sag unduly be-
tween supports, allowance being made for
expansion and contraction with changes
of temperature. All necessary and proper

precautions shall be taken in passing

over, through or near buildings of every
description, through trees, crossing other
lines,turning corners, etc.
Pressure wires shall be carried from
the (switchboard) to each centre of dis-
tribution unless such centres are connect-
ed by an equalizing main, in which case
the pressure wires shall be carried to a
point on the equalizing main electrically
equidistant from the centres of distribu=
tion which it connects.

177, joints. Joints shall be mechanically strong and

secure so that no movement of the two ends
relatively to each other possible, and
is

shall be carefully sweat-soldered, the

joint being wiped free from any excess of
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 125

flux; the solder *shall be relied on only to

give good electrical connection.

An efficient lightning arrester shall be

placed on the pole, connected to the lino
and to a permanent ground for every
of conductor.

The mains shall be so proportioned 179 - a mum

F5Ji Jf
Potentlau
that the maximum fall of potential be-
tween the centre of distribution and any
service cut-out, including the loss in any
transforming device, shall not exceed
per cent, under full load.

Alternating Current System.

(Note. The specification for the low-

S5rstem
potential system, p. 120, et seq., may be
followed in general. There should be
added a specification for placing convert-
ers on poles where so required, and for

running secondary mains where a single

converter supplies a number of buildings,
including the distance that the secondary
main must be kept from the primary.)
126 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Street Lighting Circuits Arc or Incandes-

cent.

i8i. street (Note. The specification for the low

Lighting cir-
cuits,
potential system, p. 120, et seq., may be
followed in general but the following ad-
ditions and modifications should be in-

troduced.)

IBS. poles.
(Add to sec. 168, p. 121.)
Lamp poles shall be not less than
in length, with tops not less than in

diameter, and set of their length in

the ground.

183. Gains aud (Add to SCC. 172, p. 122.)

Cross- Arms.
W here there is but . .

a single wire on a
pole a bracket may be used instead of a
cross-arm. Where necessary break-arms
shall be used to carry wires from the line
out to the lamp.

184. steps. (Note. Steps may be desirable on lamp

poles, if so add to sec. 174, p. 123.)

8 S
sion of Lamp S ". Lamps shall be suspended at the places
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS 127

located on the attached map by means

of (brackets, mast-arms, cross suspen-
sion, etc.) The bottom of the lamp to
be not less than above the road-
way.
The lamps and fixtures must be se-
cured against damage or interference
through ordinary wind storms, and all
wires so connected that there shall be a
minimum danger of short-circuiting or
grounding.
The following fixtures and appliances 186. Fixtures

shall be furnished and erected: cent).

water-proof hoods complete with

reflectors, sockets, and

j "suspension [attachments.
'oose-neck brackets, in length

complete with post- socket or flange

and the necessary guy wires.
-
sleet-proof pulleys.
feet inch weather-proof rope
for raising and lowering lamps.
double cleats for winding up sur-
plus rope.
128 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

feet inch rope for suspending

lamps, ,
c. p. volt

lamps.

is?. Fixtures
water-proof circuit cut-outs for
(Arc. See also,
CS
72, 73 and 74). cutting out circuits inside buildings
from the exterior circuit. The " Off"
and "On" positions shall be plainly
marked and the switch shall be so
constructed that when at the position
marked " Off" the wires on the inside
shall be entirely cut out of the main
circuit.

outriggers,- -
in length for at-

taching to the exterior of build-

ings.
- in length for at-
outriggers,
taching to poles.

P le to P s -
1
ornamental (

mast arms, in length, with

proper arrangement for raising and
lowering lamps. Bidders shall submit
design of mast-arm recommended.
sleet-proof pulleys.
- ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

feet -- inch weather-proof rope

129

_ for raising

feet - -
and lowering lamps.
weather-proof rope
inch \
stranded cable
for suspending lamps.
)
)

surplus rope.

(Note. The specification for wiring

must be made up with reference to the
system or systems to be installed, whether
parallel or series wiring with incandes-
cent or arc lamps, or a combination of
systems.)

189
(Note. The point at which streetlight- oontl5l:
*f

ing circuits will be controlled will depend

much on the system adopted and on local
conditions; it is sometimes absolutely

necessary that they shall be controlled

from the station; in other cases for the
sake of economy or convenience it is
desirable to have them controlled from
some other point such as the centre of

distribution.)
130 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

All street lighting circuits shall be con-

trolled by switches at (location.)

While the schedule is intended to repre-

sent very closely the number of lights to
be installed, yet as some changes may be-
come necessary during the process of con-
struction each bidder shall name in his

proposal a price to be added to or deduct-

ed from the contract price for each light
installed in excess of the number speci-
fied or which shall be cancelled, provided
such addition or cancellation involves no
change in the work already completed
and shall be along the line of existing cir-
cuits. The price shall include lamp, fix-

tures, extra poles required and labor.

191.1nstruc- /g ee p< 1Q2 SeC 102.)

.
tion.

192. schedules. In or cfer to tabulate clearly and concise-

ly the location and number of outlets
for lights, switches, and meters, together
with the number of lights per outlet in
each individual case and the capacity of
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 131

each switch and^neter, also the location,

catalogue number and incidental informa-
tion on each fixture and shade, the at-
tached schedules will often be found of
great convenience; indeed, in making up
estimates, such schedules are almost in-
dispensable and will prove of very con-
siderable assistance if incorporated in
the specification. They will also be
found useful in checking the accuracy
with which the details have been taken
from the plans and an aid in checking
the work during construction, since they
give the detailed distribution in a concise
form, free from distracting explanatory
clauses or directions, and are more con-
venient and accessible than plans; plans,
too, often have the disadvantage of con-
taining details foreign to the electrical

work, which may confuse and mislead.

The shade schedule can often be incor-
porated in the fixture schedule. The
catalogue number of fixtures is added
in this schedule order to keep in
in
mind the exact fixture for which a given
132 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

shade is intended, thus insuring against

mistakes in putting them on.

In the fixture schedule, if sockets are to

be furnished by another contractor, the
column for same may be cancelled. As a
memorandum, notes concerning the sup-
plying of insulating joints or flanges, the
wiring of fixtures, etc., may be added.
The item " length" is very important and
should never be omitted.
The capacity of switches is often
marked in lights and is so given in the

schedule; it may, however, often be ad-

visable to designate them by their current

carrying capacity in amperes to provide

for the use of low volt as well as high volt

lamps. The form of schedule for switches

can also be used for meters, but in this
case the current consumed by the lamp
should be given and it should be clearly
specified whether the meter is to measure
direct currents only, alternating currents

only, or either direct or alternating cur-

rents, also whether two or three wire.
 ELECTEI'C LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 133

In the lamp schedule the vertical col-

umn of outlets gives the total number for
each location, the horizontal line across
the bottom of the page gives the total
number of outlets of each size in the

building, and the sum in each case should

be the same. The vertical column of lights
gives the total number of lights in the
building. This sum may be checked from
the horizontal line of totals by multiply-
ing those totals by the number of lights
per outlet given at the top and adding the
results. If the results obtained by the

two methods do not agree some mistake

has been made either in the arithmetical
work or in placing outlets under the

wrong heading; the results, to be correct,

must agree. The division into "side"
and "ceiling "outlet sis important to the
contractor, since the quantity both of
labor and material required is often very

largely dependent upon this relation

which may also determine the method of
running the circuits.
134 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.
ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 135

*
136 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Remarks.

11

.P
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 137

STORAGE BATTERY.
This contractor shall furnish and erect,
complete in all its details, the following
storage battery plant.
The cells shall be of the- type.
193 - ^^
The capacity of the battery be at

- -
shall 194. capacity.

least equal to a steady discharge at the

rate of amperes for consecu-
tive hours and it shall be capable of with-
maximum
standing a
rate of - - amperes
discharge at the
for - consec-
utive hours without injury.

-The
.

series of -
total

They
number

cells
of cells

shall be arranged in -
shall

each and so connect-

be

ed that they can be discharged at a prac-

tically uniform potential of- volts. -
(Note. Describe method of erecting.) 196 Erection.

(Note. Specify and describe connec-

19
\ <

10 S;S
nec '

tions for charging and discharging;

switches for throwing entire battery or
single cells in and out; devices for keep-
ing the potential constant on discharging
circuits; connections for testing; and any
special devices and apparatuses desired.)
Each bidder shall incorporate in his io8.Guaran-
 ^
ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

proposal such guarantees as he desires to

make as to efficiency, life and cost of
maintenance and repairs.
199. summary. Each bidder shall fill out completely
the following summary:
Number of cells
Number of series
Dimensions of each cell ....
Weight of each cell complete .

Rated capacity in ampere-hours .

Normal voltage each cell ...

Normal discharging rate . . .

Maximum safe discharging rate .

Normal charging rate . . . .

Maximum safe charging rate , .

 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 139

STEAM PLANT.

(Note. This specification will be found 200. specifica-

tion for Steam

applicable to many central station plants

up to 200 h. p. or 300 h. p., and for isolated
plants where the conditions imposed by
municipal and insurance regulations, con-
siderations of the utilization of exhaust
steam, or of combining a heating and
power plant, and questions of a similar
nature do not require special attention.
The forms of Warning, Preamble, and
General Specification are, with but slight
changes, also adapted to this specifica-
tion.)

This contractor shall furnish and erect,

complete in all its details, the following
steam plant:

horizontal single cylinder

^
j j j
201. Engines.
vertical f j compound j"

T^ \
"***
adapted for electric lighting service.
140 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

en S me ( s ) snaH ^ e capable of
j Th(fse (

developing indicated horse-power

with pounds steam pressure
initial

at the throttle, - - pounds back

pres-
sure, - cut-off and - revolutions per
minute, and must be designed in all
"
611
] its [ P ar ^ s ^ develop thi 8 power for

indefinite periods.
The variation in speed from no load to
full load shall not exceed per cent.
All material and workmanship shall be
of the highest grade; all parts accurately
made to standard gauge all moving parts ;

carefully balanced; all valves and pack-

ing free from leakage.

J Iney /

g^^j O p era te noiselessly and

(
xt I

without vibration when set on (a) suitable

fcundation(s) and properly piped.

202. Tlie
>e provided
Fittings. ( )

a
( foundation plate,
full height foundation box,
I
form ^
| f
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING'SPECIFICATIONS. 141

tion bolts and washers, sight feed cylin-

der lubricator, throttle valve, sight feed
oil cups, full set of wrenches, governor
pulley, driving pulley of proper dimen-
sions for driving the dynamo selected (and
allnecessary pipes, valves, reducing mo-
tion and attachments for taking indicator
cards.
Indicators to be furnished by the pur-
chaser.)

re
(Note. If the dynamo(s) to be
j
fg j-

direct driven by the engine(s) there should

be added to the above specification the
type or types of dynamo(s) which may be
selected from; the method of connecting

engine(s) and dynamo(s); and any special

fittings such as extension to engine foun-
dation box, extended shaft, out board
bearing, spot for supporting fields, attach-
ment for securing brush-holder, etc.)

203. Painting.
(As required.)
142 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Founda- The foundation(s) for the(se) engine(s)

;
tions.

be built by the ~
shall

laid - ,
and shall
width and depth to safely and firmly sus-
j

be of
J^S [

sufficient length,
f '

ei
tain
j -^
(
weight and all strains to

e^ c
which -j
-x -

[
subjected. All neces-

sary excavating or filling and the removal

of all debris shall be done by the
cont ractor. )

\
T1 foundations shall be
j purchaser, j

of such height that the driving pulley(s)

will swing
j j^ of
}
the floor - .

(Note. Foundations for direct- connect-

ed outfits should extend under both en-
gine and dynamo.)

(Character of the soil should also be

specified, and the method of isolat-
ing and insulating the foundation if

required.)
 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 143

/Note. If this contractor furnishes

* struction.
, . . , ,

plant complete, this section can be put

before final summary.)

ready

ev run for a
for operation .
shall be
] [

period of days by competent en-

gineers furnished by the contractor,
Assistant Engineer,
oil , waste, etc .,
j J

willbe furnished by (the purchaser).

This contractor shall also give all neces-
sary instructions to the engineer of (the
purchaser) for the proper care, mainte-

nance, and operation of the

such instructions to be given during the

trial period stipulated above.
double leather, endless, solid ]
206 Belts -

per-
forated
link -belts
rubber
cotton-leather
rope, etc.,
144 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

free
---
from defects of any kind, in -
width by in length, and capable of
transmitting
speed of - .
horse-power at a belt

207 ewal
Such renewal parts as it is advisable to
parS
keep on hand, adding hereto an itemized
list of same'.

Summary.
^g e e Note: p. 52, S6C. 27.)
208.

Each bidder shall fill out completely

the following summary:
Number of engines .....
Size of cylinder(s)
Diameter of steam pipe
.....
-
-
--
. . .

Diameter of exhaust pipe . .

Floor space ...... *.

Indicated horse-power at revo-

lutions, --
-- initial steam pres-
back pressure, cut-
-
-
sure,
ting off at stroke . . .

Speed v ....
-
. . . .

Maximum variation in speed be-

tween no load and full load
Number of pulleys . e . . .
--
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Dimensions of pulleys .... - 145

- of-<
( turned steel,
hammered iron,
(etc.,
)

>-

)
shafting -
in diameter.
f floor

[
stands,

pedestals, etc.,
)

\
J
**** ^
adjustable, (self-oiling) boxes, base-plates,

bolts,et, m to
jgjf*
[fro
centre line of shaft - .

Shafting to be key-seated for the pul-

leys specified below, and provided with
all necessary collars, guard rings, etc.
plain cast iron,

- f
split
-(plain wood,
|
"
split
" " 1
|

}-

I
pulleys accur-

[ grooved, etc. J

ately bored, turned, balanced, and pro-

to be -
vided with key seats and keys. Pulleys
in diameter by face, and ca-
--
-- horse-power
pable of transmitting
at - - revolutions.

pulleys,
,
- - arm, balanced friction- clutch
- in diameter by - face*
146 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

and capable of transmitting horse-

power at - -
revolutions. Each pulley
to be provided with a - - shifter
rig, to

operate from . The clutch must

pick up the load without shock or jar,
and the shifter rig must be positive in its
action, not liable to get out of order,
freefrom any tendency or liability to be
thrown in or out accidentally.
( friction -clutch couplings, cut-off

couplings, compression couplings, plate

couplings, jaw clutches, etc., also idlers
and method of applying.)

unc
tions
(Note. Specify character of foundation
upon which shafting is to be placed,
whether special foundations of brick or
stone, floor timbers, walls, ceilings, posts,
etc.)

2i3.Boii.r(8). _ _
9 9 boiler(s) (each) rated at
-horse-power.
The boiler(s) shall contain not less than
of heating surface per rated horse

power. The shell(s) shall be made of

 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 147

steel having a tensile strength of not less

than and shall be braced and stayed
,

for a working pressure of- pounds, -

and tested to - pounds hydrostatic -

pressure.
ey i shall be inspected and insured
j -j^.

by a responsible steam boiler insurance

company, this contractor to furnish a cer-
tificate of inspection and a policy of in-

surance for - .

boiler sha11 be 2iaFIttinari

The* P rovided with
|

dome .or drums the necessary lugs>

| p J

brackets, plates, bolts, stays, anchor and

binder rods, man and hand holes, steam
and blow-off connections, stop and safety
valves, pressure gauge, water column,
gauge cocks and drip, set of stoking tools
consisting of- and all other appli-
,

ances properly coming under this head.

The be set in masonry in

boiler(s) shall 214. setting,

a first- class manner, according to standard

148 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

practice. This contractor to do all neces-

sary excavating or filling for the founda-
tion^) and to remove all debris.
(Specify character of soil upon which
boilers will be placed.)

sis. stack. material, diameter,

(Note. Specify
height, lining, base, location, etc.)

Smoke connections of -
, having an
area - ,
are to be made with the stack,
and are to be provided with - - dampers
and - - cleaning doors arranged as fol-
lows :

217. piping. (Note. If the piping is to be "erected

with reference to existing piping or to
meet special conditions the specification
must be made up with due regard to such
conditions; for entirely new piping, inde-
pendent of auxiliary connections, the fol-

lowing specification will cover many

cases.)

This contractor shall furnish and erect

 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 149

allnecessary ancf proper piping to pipe

the entire plant. From each boiler a
branch pipe shall be carried to a main
header located and from this header
,

a branch pipe shall be carried to each

engine ;
all branch pipes from boilers and
to engines shall be provided with a
valve so that any boiler or any engine
may be cut out without interfering with
the operation of the remainder. The
valve in the engine branch shall be in
addition to the throttle at the engine.
The engine exhausts shall be connected to
an exhaust header and each exhaust branch
shall be provided with a valve ;

the exhaust header shall be connected

with the heater and from the heater shall
be carried .
(For non- condensing en-
gines carry to atmosphere for condensing
;

engines to the condenser.) The exhaust

from the(condenser and) feed pumps
shall be carried (For non- condens-
.

ing engines carry to exhaust header

or atmosphere; for condensing engines
carry to the condenser or to an auxiliary
150 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

heater.) Feed
and condensing ) water
(

will be brought to by the purchaser).

Drip (and condenser discharge) connec-
tions shall be made at . All piping
and larger be flanged. (Add speci-
shall
fication as to hot-well, exhaust head,

back-pressure valve, automatic atmos-

pheric relief valve, connections for auxili-
ary heater, etc., if required; also the dis-
posal of drips from live steam pipes,
separator, engine jackets, receiver, etc.)
All live steam piping and larger,
(and also the following sections of ex-
haust piping ) shall be neatly
covered with a substantial, non-heat-con-
ducting pipe covering.

218 condensers.
^dependent steam
,

driven (

(
driven j

condenser ( s ) complete with

"j
surface [

pump( s ) and all connections ;

each
j |
con denser to have a capacity of
j
the j

pounds of steam condensed per hour

 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

with condensing* water at

Fahr.
- degrees
|
j

I
Cent. \

-- , pump(s) of standard
feed
manufacture (each) having ample capacity
2eed
ee
p a mp() and
Injector(s).

to feed h. p. in boilers.

- feed-water heater(s) [and puri- ^f^"n

fier(s)] of standard manufacture (each) purffler%?.

having ample capacity for h. p. in boil-

ers.

(Specify character of water to be used,

and whether exhaust steam is to be used
for any other purpose than heating feed-

water.)

separator(s) of standard manufact-

221
tor(s)

ure.

A gauge board of shall be erected

in - and the following instruments
,

mounted thereon: Connections .

shall be made between these instruments

and in the following manner .
152 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

223. Painting.
(Ag re q U i re d.)

224 ewal
parts
Such renewal parts as it is advisable to
have on hand shall be furnished, a list of
same to be added hereto.

225. Summary.
(g ee Note: p. 52, SCC. 27.)
Each bidder shall fill out completely
the following summary:
Number of boilers
Rated horse-power -
.

Kind . . . ....
Diameter of shell .

Length of shell .

Number of tubes
Diameter of tubes , .'

Heating surface
Tensile strength of steel . A-
Working pressure .

Testing pressure . . . .

Outside dimensions of setting .

Number of condensers . ,
.

Kind ." . . .'

Capacity of each . . .

Number of pumps .
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 153

Kind
Capacity of each
Number of heaters
Kind
Capacity of each
154 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

RULES AND REQUIREMENTS

OF THE

NATIONAL BOARD OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS FOR

THE INSTALLATION OF WIRING AND AP-
PARATUS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER
AS RECOMMENDED BY THE UNDERWRITERS*
NATIONAL ELECTRIC ASSOCIATION.
EDITION OF JAN. 1, 1895.

The use of wire ways for rendering

concealed wiring permanently accessible,
is most heartily endorsed and recom-

mended; and this method of accessible

concealed construction is advised for

general use.
Architects are urged, when drawing
plans and specifications, to make pro-
vision for the channeling and pocketing
of buildings for electric light or power
wires, and in specifications for electric

gas lighting to require a two-wire circuit,

whether the building is to be wired for
electric lighting or not, so thatno part of
the gas fixtures or gas piping be allowed
to be used for the gas lighting circuit.
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 155

CENTRAL STATIONS.
Class A.
FOE LIGHT OB POWER.
These Rules also apply to Dynamo Rooms
in Isolated Plants, connected with or de-
tached from building's used for other pur-
poses also to all varieties of apparatus
;

therein of both high and low potential.

1. GENERATORS:
Must be located in a dry place.
a.

b. Must be insulated on floors or

base-frames, which must be kept filled,
to prevent absorption of moisture, and
also kept clean and dry.
c. Must never be placed in a room
where any hazardous process is carried
on, more in places where they would be ex-
posed to inflammable gases, or flyings, or
combustible material.
d. Must each be provided with a
waterproof covering.
2. CARE AND ATTENDANCE:
A competent man must be kept on
156 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

duty in the room where generators are

operating.
Oily waste must be kept in approved
metal cans, and removed daily. (See
Definitions).
3. CONDUCTORS:
From generators, switchboards, rheo-
stats, or other instruments, and thence
to outside lines, conductors
a. Must be in plain sight, and readily
accessible.
b. Must be wholly on non-combusti-
ble insulators, such as glass or porcelain.
c. Must be separated from contact
with floors, partitions or walls,
through
which they may pass, by non- combusti-
ble insulating tubes, such as glass or
porcelain.
d.Must be kept rigidly so far apart
that they cannot come in contact.
e. Must be covered with non-in-
flammable insulating material sufficient
to prevent accidental contact, except
"
that " bus bars may be made of bare
metal.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 157

/. Must havp ample carrying capac-

ity, to prevent heating. (See Capacity of
Wires Table.)
4. SWITCHBOARDS:
a. Must be so placed as to reduce to
a minimum the danger of communicating
fire to adjacent combustible material.
(See Definitions).
b. Must be accessible from all sides
when the connections are on the back; or
may be placed against a brick or stone
wall when the wiring is entirely on the
face.
c. Must be kept free from moisture.
d. Must be made of non- combusti-
ble material, or of hard wood in skele-
ton form, filled to prevent absorption of
moisture.
e. Bus bars must be equipped in ac-

cordance with Rule 3 for placing con-

ductors.
5. RESISTANCE BOXES AND EQUALIZERS:
a. Must be equipped with metal, or

other non -combustible frames. (See Defi-

nitions) -
/^i^\
UNIVERSITY
I

^C/iuwiH\N
158 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

bt Must be placed on the switch-

board, or, not thereon, at a distance of
if

a foot from combustible material, or sepa-

rated therefrom by a non-inflammable,
non-absorptive, insulating material.
6. LIGHTNING ARRESTERS:
a. Must be attached to each side of

every overhead circuit connected with

the station.
b. Must be mounted on non-com-
bustible bases in plain sight on the switch-
board, or in an equally accessible place,
away from combustible material.
c. Must be connected with at least two
" earths"
by separate wires, not smaller
than No. 6 B. & S., which must not be
connected to any pipe within the building,
and must be run as nearly as possible in
a straight line from the arresters to the
earth connection.
d. Must be so constructed as not to

maintain an arc after the discharge has

passed.
7. TESTING:
a. All series and alternating circuits
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 159

must be tested etery two hours while in

operation, to discover any leakage to earth,
abnormal in view of the potential and
method of operation.
b. All multiple arc low potential
systems (300 volts or less) must be pro-
vided with an indicating or detecting de-
vice, readily attachable, to afford easy
means of testing where the station oper-
ates continuously.
c. Data obtained from all tests must
be preserved for examination by insurance
inspectors.
These rules on testing to be applied
at such places as may be designated by
the association having jurisdiction.
MOTORS.
8. MOTORS:
Must be wired under the same pre-
a.

cautions as with a current of the same

volume and potential for lighting. The
motor and resistance box must be pro-
tected by a double pole cut-out and con-
trolled by a double pole switch, except
in cases where one-quarter horse-power
160 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

or less is used on low tension circuit, a

single pole switch will be accepted.
Must be thoroughly
b. insulated,
mounted on filled dry wood, be raised at
least eight inches above the surrounding

floor, be provided with pans to prevent

oil from soaking into the floor, and must
be kept clean.
c. Must be covered with a waterproof

cover when not in use, and, if deemed

necessary by the Inspector, be enclosed
in an approved case. (See Definitions).
9. RESISTANCE BOXES:
a. Must be equipped with metal or
other non-combustible frames. (See Defi-
nitions). ;

b. Must be placed on the switch-

board, or at a distance of a foot from com-
bustible material, or separated therefrom
by a non-inflammable, non-absorptive,
insulating material.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 161

*
'Class B.
HIGH POTENTIAL SYSTEMS.
OVER 300 VOLTS.
Any circuit attached to any machine, or
combination of machines, which develop
over 300 volts difference of potential between
any two wires, shall be considered as a hi^h
potential circuit and coming under that
class, unless an approved transforming de-
vice is used, which cuts the difference of po-
tential down to less than 800 volts.
10. OUTSIDE CONDUCTORS. All outside
overhead conductors (including serv-
ices):
a. Must be covered with some ap-
proved insulating material, not easily
abraded, firmly secured to properly insu-
lated and substantially built supports, all
tie wires having an insulation equal to
that of the conductors they confine. (See
Definitions).
b. Must be so placed that moisture
cannot form a cross connection between
them, not less than a foot apart, and not
in contact with any substance other than
their insulating supports.
162 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

c. Must be at least seven feet above

the highest point of flat roofs, and at
least one foot above the ridge of pitched
roofs over which they pass or to which

they are attached.

d. Must be protected by dead insu-

lated guard irons or wires from possibility

of contact with other conducting wires
or substances towhich current may leak.
Special precautions of this kind must
be taken where sharp angles occur, or
where any wires might possibly come in
contact with electric light or power wires.
e. Must be provided with petticoat
insulators of glass or porcelain. Porcelain
knobs or cleats and rubber hooks will not
be approved.
/. Must be so spliced or joined as
to be both mechanically and electrically
secure without solder. The joints must
then be soldered, to insure preservation,
and covered with an insulation equal to
that on the conductors. (See Definitions).
g. Telegraph, telephone, and similar
wires must not be placed on the same
 ELECTBIO LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 163

cross-arm with* electric light or power

wires.
11. SERVICE BLOCKS:
Must be covered over their entire
surface with at least two coats of water-
proof paint.
INTERIOR CONDUCTORS.
12. ALL INTERIOR CONDUCTORS:
a. Must be covered where they enter
buildings from outside terminal insulators
to and through the walls, with extra
waterproof insulation, and must have drip
loops outside. The hole through which
the conductor passes must be bushed with
waterproof and non- combustible insulat-
ing tube, slanting upward toward the in-
side. The tube must be sealed with
tape, thoroughly painted, and securing
the tube to the wire.
b. Must be arranged to enter and leave
the building through a double contact
service switch,which will effectually
close the main circuit and disconnect the
interior wires when it is turned "off."
The switch must be so constructed that
164 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

it shall be automatic in its action, not

stopping between points when started,
and prevent an arc between the points
under all circumstances it must indicate
;

on inspection whether the current be

" on " or
"off," and be mounted in a non-
combustible case, and kept free from
moisture, and easy of access to police or
" "
firemen. So-called snap switches shall
not be used on high potential circuits.
c. Must be always in plain sight, and
never encased, except when required by
the Inspector.
d. Must be covered in all cases with
an approved non- combustible material that
will adhere to the wire, not fray -by fric-

tion, and bear a temperature of 150 F.

without softening. (See Definitions).
e. Must be supported on glass or por-

celain insulators, and kept rigidly at least

eight inches from each other, except with-
in the structure of lamps or on hanger
boards, cut-out boxes, or the like, where
less distance is necessary.

f. Must be separated from contact

 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 165

with walls, floods, timbers, or partitions

through which they may pass by non-

combustible insulating tube.
g. Must be so spliced or joined as to
be both mechanically and electrically se-
cure without solder. They must then
be soldered, to insure preservation, and
covered with an insulation equal to that
on the conductors.
LAMPS AND OTHEE DEVICES.
13. ARC LAMPS In every case:
a. Must be carefully isolated from
inflammable material.
b. Must be provided at all times with
a glass globe surrounding the arc, secure-
ly fastened upon a closed base. No
broken or cracked globes to be used.
c. Must be provided with an approved

hand switch, an automatic switch,

also
that will shunt the current around the
carbons should they fail to feed properly.
(See Definitions).
d. Must be provided with reliable

stops to prevent carbons from falling out

in case the clamps become loose.
166 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

e. Must be carefully insulated from

the circuit in all their exposed parts.
/. Must be provided with a wire net-
ting around the globe, and an approved
spark arrester above to prevent escape of
sparks, melted copper, or carbon, where
readily inflammable material is in the
vicinity of the lamps. It is recommend-
ed that plain carbons, not copper plated,
be used for lamps in such places. (See
Definitions).
Hanger boards must be so con-
g.

structed that all wires and current -carry-

ing devices thereon shall be exposed to
view, and thoroughly insulated by being
mounted on a waterproof, non- combus-
tible substance. All switches attached
to the same must be so constructed that

they shall be automatic in their action,

not stopping between points when started,
and preventing an arc between points un-
der all circumstances.
h. Where hanger boards are not used,
lamps to be hung from insulated supports
other than their conductors.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 167

14. INCANDESCENT* LAMPS IN SERIES CIR-

CUITS HAVING A MAXIMUM POTENTIAL
OF 300 VOLTS OR OVER:
a. Must be governed by the same
rules as for arc lights, and each series
lamp provided with an approved hand-
spring switch and automatic cut-out.
b. Must have each lamp suspended

from a hanger board by means of a rigid

tube.
c. No electromagnetic device lor
switches and no system of multiple series
or series multiple lighting will be ap-
proved.
d. Under no circumstances can series

lamps be attached to gas fixtures.

Class C
Low POTENTIAL SYSTEMS.
300 VOLTS OR LESS.
OUTSIDE CONDUCTORS.
15. OUTSIDE OVERHEAD CONDUCTORS:
a. Must be erected in accordance with
the rules for (high potential; conductors.
168 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

b. Must be separated not less than

12 inches, and be provided with an ap-
proved fusible cut-out, that will cut off
the entire current as near as possible to
the entrance to the building and inside
the walls. (See Definitions).
16. UNDERGROUND CONDUCTORS:
a. Must be protected against moisture

and mechanical injury, and be removed

at least two feet from combustible mate-
rial when brought into a building, but not
connected with the interior conductors.
b. Must have a switch and a cut-out
for each wire between the underground
conductors and the interior wiring when
the two parts of the wiring are connected.
These switches and fuses must be
placed as near as possible to the end of
the underground conduit, and connected
therewith by specially insulated conduct-
ors, kept apart not less than two and a
half inches. (See Definitions).
c. Must not be so arranged as to
shunt the current through a building
around any catch-box.
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 169

INSIDE WIRING.

GENERAL RULES.

17. At the entrance of

every building
there shall be an approved switch placed
in the service conductors by which the
current may be entirely cut off. (See
Definitions).
18. CONDUCTORS:
Must have an approved insulating
a.

covering, and must not be of sizes smaller

than No. 14 B. & S., No. 16 B. W. G., or
No. 4 E. S. G., except that in conduit
installed under Rule 22, No. 16 B. & S.,
No. 18 B. W. G., or No. 4 E. S. G., may
be used. (See Definitions).
b. Must be protected when passing
through floors; or
through walls, parti-
tions, timbers, etc., in places liable to be

exposed to dampness by waterproof, non-

combustible, insulating tubes, such as
glass or porcelain.
Must be protected when passing
through walls, partitions, timbers, etc.,
in places not liable to be exposed to
170 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

dampness by approved insulating bushings

specially made for the purpose.
c. Must be kept free from contact with
gas, water, or other metallic piping, or any
other conductors or conducting material
which they may cross (except high po-
tential conductors) by some continuous
and firmly fixed non-conductor creating a
separation of at least one inch. Devi-
ations from this rule may sometimes be
allowed by special permission.
d. Must be so placed in crossing high

potential conductors that there shall be a

space of at least one foot at all points
between the high and low tension con-
ductors.
e. Must be so placed inwet places
that an air space will be left between con-
ductors and pipes in crossing, and the
former must be run in such a way that
they cannot come in contact with the pipe
accidentally. Wires should be run over
all pipes upon which condensed moisture

is likely to gather, or which by leaking

might cause trouble on a circuit.

 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 171

/. Must be so spliced or joined as to

be both mechanically and electrically
secure without solder. They must then
be soldered, to insure preservation, and
covered with an insulation equal to that
on the conductors. (See Definitions).
SPECIAL RULES.
19. WIRING NOT ENCASED IN MOLDING OB
APPROVED CONDUIT:
a. Must be supported wholly on non-

combustible insulators, constructed so as

to prevent the insulating coverings of the
wire from coming in contact with other
substances than the insulating supports.
6. Must be so arranged that wires of

opposite polarity, with a difference of

potential of 150 volts or less, will be kept
apart at least two and one -half inches.
c. Must have the above distance in-

creased proportionately where a higher

voltage is used.
d. Must not belaid in plaster, cement
or similar finish.
e. Must never be fastened with
staples.
172 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

IN UNFINISHED LOFTS, BETWEEN FLOORS AND

CEILINGS, IN PARTITIONS, AND OTHER CON-
CEALED PLACES.

/. Must have at least one inch clear

space surrounding them.

air

g. Must be at least ten inches apart

when possible, and should be run singly
on separate timbers or studding.
h. Wires run as above immediately

under proximity to water tanks

roofs, in
or pipes, will be considered as exposed to
moisture.
i. When from the nature of the case it

is impossible to place concealed wire on

non- combustible insulating supports of

glass or porcelain, the wires may be fished
on the loop system, encased through-
if

out in approved continuous flexible tubing

or conduit.
Wires must not be fished for any
j.

great distance, and only in places where

the inspector can satisfy himself that the
above rules have been complied with.
k. Twin wires must never be em-
ployed in this class of concealed work.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 173

20. MOLDINGS:
a. Must never be used in concealed
work or in damp places.
6. Must have at least two coats of
waterproof paint or be impregnated with
a moisture repellant.
c. Must be made of two pieces, a
backing and capping, so constructed as
to thoroughly encase the wire, and main-
tain a distance of one -half inch between
conductors of opposite polarity, and af-
ford suitable protection from abrasion.
21. SPECIAL WIRING:
In breweries, packinghouses, stables,
dye-houses, paper and pulp mills, or other
buildings specially liable to moisture or
acid, or other fumes liable to injure the
wires or insulation, except where used
for pendants, conductors
a. Must be separated at least six
inches.
b. Must be provided with an approved
waterproof covering. (See Definitions).
c. Must be carefully put up.

d. Must be supported by glass or por-

174 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

celain insulators. No switches or fusible

cut-outs will be allowed where exposed
to inflammable gases or dust, or to flyings
of combustible material.
e. Must be protected when passing
through floors, walls, partitions, timbers,

etc., by waterproof, non-combustible, in-

sulating tubes, such as glass or porcelain.

22. INTERIOR CONDUITS*: (See Defini-
tions).
Must be continuous from one junc-
a.

tion box to another, or to fixtures, and

must be of material that will resist the
fusion of the wire or wires they contain
without igniting the conduit.
b. Must not be of such material or

construction that the insulation of the

conductor will ultimately be injured or
destroyed by the elements of the com-
position.

* The
object of a tube or conduit is to facilitate
the insertion or extraction of the conductors to pro-
tect them from mechanical injury, and, as far as
possible, from moisture. Tubes or conduits are to
be considered merely as raceways, and are not to be
relied on for insulation betweeu wire and wire, or
between the wire and the ground.
 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 175

c. Must be fij:st installed as a com-

plete conduit system, without conductors,
strings, oranything for the purpose of
drawing in the conductors, and the con-
ductors then to be pushed or fished in.
The conductors must not be placed in
position until all mechanical work on the
building has been, as far as possible,
completed.
d. Must not be so placed as to to be
subject to mechanical injury by saws,
chisels, or nails.
e. Must not be supplied with a twin
conductor, or two separate conductors, in
a single tube. (See page 198, Rule 22).
/. Must have all ends closed with good
adhesive material, either at junction boxes
or elsewhere, whether such ends are con-
cealed or exposed. Joints must be made
air-tight and moisture proof.
g. Conduits must extend at least one
inch beyond the finished surface of walls
or ceilings until the mortar or other simi-
lar material be entirely dry, when the
projection may be reduced to half an inch.
176 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

23. DOUBLE POLE SAFETY CUT-OUTS:

a. Must be in plain sight or enclosed

in an approved box readily accessible.

(See Definitions).
b. Must be placed at every point
where a change is made in the size of the
wire (unless the cut-out in the larger wire
will protect the smaller).
c. Must be supported on bases of
non-combustible, insulating, moisture-
proof material.
d. Must be supplied with a plug (or
other device for enclosing the fusible strip
or wire) made of non- combustible and

moisture-proof material, and so con-

structed that an arc cannot be maintained
across its terminals by the fusing of the
metal.
e. Must be any com-
so placed that on
bination fixture no group of lamps requir-
ing a current of six amperes or more shall
be ultimately dependent upon one cut- out.
Special permission may be given in writ-
ing by the Inspector for departure from
this rule in case of large chandeliers.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 177

/. All cut-out Blocks must be stamped

with their maximum safe- carrying capac-
ity in amperes.
24. SAFETY FUSES:
Must all be stamped or otherwise
a.

marked with the number of amperes they

will carry indefinitely without melting.
b. Must have fusible wires or strips

(where the plug or equivalent device is

not used), with contact surfaces or tips of
harder metal, soldered or otherwise, hav-
ing perfect electrical connection with the
fusible part of the strip.
c. Mustbe so proportioned to the
all

conductors they are intended to protect

that they will melt before the maximum
safe-carrying capacity of the wire is ex-
ceeded.
25. TABLE OF CAPACITY OF WIRES:
It must be clearly understood that the

size of the fuse depends upon the size

of the smallest conductor it protects, and
not upon the amount of current to be
used on the circuit. Below is a table
showing the safe -carry ing capacity of
178 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

conductors of different sizes in Brown &

Sharpe gauge, which must be fol-

lowed in the placing of interior conduct-

ors:
TABLE A. TABLE B.
Concealed Work. Open Work.
B. & S. Amperes. Amperes.
0000 218 . . . ,

000
00

1
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 179

proof and non- combustible bases, such as

slate or porcelain.
Must be double pole when the
b.

circuits which they control supply more

than six 16-candle-power lamps, or their
equivalent.
c. Must have a firm and secure con-
tact; must make and break readily, and
not stop when motion has once been im-
parted by the handle.
d. Must have carrying capacity suffi-

cient to prevent heating.

e. Must be placed in dry, access-
ible places, and be grouped as far as
possible, being mounted when prac-
ticable upon slate or equally non-
combustible backboards. Jackknife
switches, whether provided with friction
or spring stops, must be so placed that

gravity will tend to open rather than close

the switch.
FIXTURE WORK.
27. a. In all cases where conductors are
concealed within or attached to gas fixt-
ures, the latter must be insulated from
180 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

the gas-pipe system of the building by

means of approved joints. The insulating
material used in such joints must be of a
substance not affected by gas, and that
will not shrink or crack by variation in

temperature. Insulating joints, with soft

rubber in their construction, will not be
approved. (See Definitions).
Supply conductors, and especially
b.

the splices to fixture wires, must be kept

clear of the grounded part of gas pipes,
and where shells are used the latter must
be constructed in a manner affording
sufficient area to allow this requirement.
c. When fixtures are wired outside,
the conductors must be so secured as not
to be cut or abraded by the pressure of
the fastenings or motion of the fix-

ture.
d. All conductors for fixture work
must have a waterproof insulation that is

durable and not easily abraded, and must

not in any case be smaller than No. 18 B.
& S., No. 20 B. W. G., No. 2 E. S. G.
e. All burrs or fins must be removed
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 181

before the conductors are drawn into a

fixture.

/. The
tendency to condensation
within the pipes should be guarded
against by sealing the upper end of the
fixture.

g. No combination fixture in which

the conductors are concealed in a space
lessthan one-fourth inch between the in-
side pipe and the outside casing, will be

approved.
h. Each must be tested for
fixture
"contacts" between conductors and fix-
tures, for" short circuits," and for ground
connections before the fixture is connected
to its supply conductors.
i. Ceiling blocks of fixtures should be
made of insulating material; if not, the
wires in passing through the plate must
be surrounded with hard rubber tubing.
28. ARC LIGHTS ON Low POTENTIAL CIR-

CUITS:
a. Must be supplied by branch con-

ductors not smaller than No. 12 B. & S.

gauge.
182 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

b. Must be connected with main

conductors only through double pole
cut-outs.
c. Must only be furnished with such
resistances or regulators as are enclosed
in non-combustible material, such re-
sistances being treated as stoves.
Incandescent lamps must not be used
for resistance devices.
d. Must be supplied with globes and
protected as in the case of arc lights on
high potential circuits.
29. ELECTKIC GAS LIGHTING:

Where be
electric gas lighting is to
used on the same fixture with the electric
light-
a. No
part of the gas piping or fix-
ture shall be in electrical connection with
the gas lighting circuit.
b. The wires used with the fixtures

must have a non-inflammable insulation,

or, where concealed between the pipe
and shell of the fixture, the insulation
must be such as required for fixture wir-

ing for the electric light.

 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.. 183

c. The whole* installation must test

free from " grounds."
d. The two installations must test

perfectly free from connection with each

other.
30. SOCKETS:
a. No portion of the lamp socket
exposed to contact with outside ob-

jects must be allowed to come into

electrical contact with either of the
conductors.
b. In rooms where inflammable gases
may exist, or where the atmosphere is

damp, the incandescent lamp and socket

should be enclosed in a vapor-tight
globe.
31. FLEXIBLE CORD:
a. Must be made of conductors, each
surrounded with a moisture-proof and a
non-inflammable layer, and further in-
sulated from each other by a mechanical
separator of carbonized material. Each
of these conductors must be composed of
several strands.
b. Must not sustain more than one
184 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

light not exceeding 50 candle-power.

c. Must not be used except for

pendants, wiring of fixtures, and portable

lamps or motors.
d. Must not be used in show windows.

Must be protected by insulating

e.

bushings where the cord enters the

socket. The ends of the cord must be
taped, to prevent fraying of the covering.
/. Must be so suspended that the en-
tireweight of the socket and lamp will be
borne by knots under the bushing in the
socket, and above the point where the
cord comes through the ceiling block
or rosette, in order that the strain may
be taken from the joints and binding
screws.
g. Must be equipped with keyless
sockets as far as practicable, and be con-
trolled by wall switches.
RULE 32. DECORATIVE SERIES LAMPS.
Incandescent lamps run in series cir-
cuits shall not be used for decorative

purposes inside of buildings.

 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 185

Class D.
ALTERNATING SYSTEMS. CONVERTERS OB
TRANSFORMERS.
33. CONVERTERS:
a. Must not be placed inside of any
building, except the Central Station, un-
less by special permission of the Under-
writers having jurisdiction.
b. Must not be placed in any bat me-
tallic or other non- combustible cases.
c. Must not be attached to the outside
walls of buildings, unless separated there-
from by substantial insulating supports.
IN THOSE CASES WHERE IT MAY NOT BE POS-
SIBLE TO EXCLUDE THE CONVERTERS AND
PRIMARY WIRES ENTIRELY FROM THE
BUILDING, THE FOLLOWING PRECAUTIONS
MUST BE STRICTLY OBSERVED:
34. Converters must be located at a point

as near as possible to that at which the

primary wires enter the building, and

must be placed in a room or vault con-
structed of, or lined with, fire -resisting
and used only for the purpose.
material,
They must be effectually insulated from
186 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

the ground, and the room in which they

are placed be practically air-tight, except
that it shall be thoroughly ventilated to
the out-door air, if possible, through a
chimney or flue.
35.PRIMARY CONDUCTORS:
a. Must each be heavily insulated with

a coating of moisture-proof material from

the point of entrance to the transformer,
and, in addition, must be so covered and
protected that mechanical injury to them,
or contact with them, shall be practically
impossible.
b. Must each be furnished, if within a
building, with a switch and a fusible cut-
out where the wires enter the' building,
or where they leave the main line, on the
pole or in the conduit. These switches
should be enclosed in secure and fire-
proof boxes, preferably outside the build-
ing.
Must be kept apart at least ten
c.

inches, and at the same distance from all

other conducting bodies when inside a
building.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 187

36. SECOND ABY CONDUCTORS:

Must be installed according to the
"
rules for Low Potential Systems."

Class E.
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.
37. All rules pertaining to arc-light
wires and stations shall apply (so far as
possible) to street railway power stations
and their conductors in connection with
them.
38. POWER STATIONS:
Must be equipped in each circuit as
it leaves the station with an approved
"
automatic breaker," or other device
that will immediately cut off the current
in case the trolley wires become grounded.
This device must be mounted on a fire-

proof base and in full view and reach of

the attendant. (See Definitions).
39. TROLLEY WIRES:
a. Must be no smaller than No.
B. & S. copper, or No. 4 B. & S. silicon

bronze, andmust readily stand the strain

put upon them when in use.

188 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

Must be well insulated from their

b.

supports, and in case of the side or double

pole construction, the supports shall also
be insulated from the poles immediately
outside of the trolley wire.
Must be capable of being discon-
c.

nected at the power house, or of being di-

vided into sections, so that in case of fire
on the railway route the current may be
shut off from the particular section, and
not interfere with the work of the fire-

men. This rule also applies to feeders.

d. Must be safely protected against
contact with all other conductors.
40. CAR WIRING:
Must be always run out, of reach
of the passengers, and must be insulated
with a waterproof insulation.
41. LIGHTING AND POWER FROM RAILWAY
WIRES:
Must not be
permitted, under any
pretense, in thesame circuit with trolley
wires with a ground return, nor shall theT
same dynamo be used for both purposes,
except in street railway cars, electric car
houses, and their power stations.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 189

42. CAR HOUSES:

Must have special cut-outs located at
a proper distance outside, so that all cir-
cuits within any car house can be cut out
at one point.
43. GROUND RETURN WIRES:
Where ground return is used it must
be so arranged that no difference of poten-
tial will exist greater than 5 volts to 50

feet, or 50 volts to the mile between any

two points in the earth or pipes therein.

Class F.
44. STORAGE OR PRIMARY BATTERIES:
a. When current for light and power is

taken from primary or secondary batteries,

the same general regulations must be ob-
served as apply to similar apparatus fed
from dynamo generators developing the
same difference of potential.
6. All secondary batteries must be
mounted on approved insulators.
c. Special attention is directed to the
rules (page 173) for rooms where acid
fames exist.
190 ELEGTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

The use of any metal liable to cor-

d.

rosion must be avoided in connections of

secondary batteries.

MISCELLANEOUS.
45. a. The wiringany building must
in

test free from grounds; i. e., each main

supply line and every branch circuit shall

have an insulation resistance of at least
25,000 ohms, and should have an insula-
tion resistance between conductors and
between all conductors and the ground
(not including attachments, sockets, re-
ceptacles, etc.), of not less than the fol-
lowing:
Up to 10 amperes 4,000,000
25
"
V. 1,600,000
50 800.000
100 "
" 300,000
200 160,000
400 "
" 80,000
800 22,000
1600 . 11,000

All cut-outs and safety devices in

place in the above.
Where lamp sockets, receptacles and
electroliers, etc., are connected, one-half
of the above will be required.
 191

b. Ground wires for lightning arrest-

ers of all classes, and ground detectors,

must not be attached to gas pipes within

the building.
c. Where telephone, telegraph, or
other wires connected with outside circuits
are bunched together within any build-
ing, or where inside wires are laid in con-
duit or duct with electric light or power
wires, the covering of such wires must
be fire -resisting, or else the wires must
be enclosed in an air-tight tube or
duct.
d. All conductors connecting with
telephone, district
messenger, burglar
alarm, watch clock, electric time, and oth-
er similar instruments, must be provided
near the point of entrance to the building
with some protective device which will
operate to shunt the instruments in case
of a dangerous rise of potential, and will

open the circuit and arrest an abnormal

current flow. Any conductor normally
forming an innocuous circuit may become
a source of fire hazard if crossed with
192 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

another conductor, through which it may

become charged with a relatively high
pressure. (See Definitions).
e. The following formula for soldering
fluid is suggested:
Saturated solution of ziac 5 parts
Alcohol 4 parts
Glycerine 1 part

DEFINITIONS.
Definitions of the word APPROVED as used
in these Rules, and notice of the approval
of certain wires and materials, and Ihe
interpretation of certain rules.
RULE 2. CARE AND ATTENDANCE:
Approved waste cans shall be made of
metal, with legs raising can three inches
from the floor and with self-closing
covers.
RULE 4. SWITCHBOARDS:
Section a. Special attention is called
to the fact that switchboards should not
be built down to the floor, nor up to
the ceiling, but a space of at least eigh-
teen inches, or two feet, should be left
between the floor and the board, and be-
 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 193

tween the ceiling<and the board, in order

from communicating from
to prevent fire
the switchboard to the floor or ceiling,
and also to prevent the forming of a
partially concealed space very liable
to be used for storage of rubbish and
oily waste.
RULE 5. RESISTANCE BOXES:
Section a. The word " frame " in this
section relates to the entire case and
surrounding of the rheostat, and not
alone to the upholding supports.
RULE 8. MOTORS:
Section c. From the nature of the
question, the decision as to what is an
approved case must be left to the Inspect-
or to determine in each instance.
RULE 9. RESISTANCE BOXES:
" frame " in
Section a. The word this
section relates to the entire case and sur-
rounding of the rheostat, and not alone to
the upholding supports.
RULE 10. OUTSIOE CoNDaorous:
Section a. Insulation that will be ap-

proved for service wires mast be solid, at

194 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

least 3-64ths of an inch in thickness,

and covered with a substantial braid. It
must not readily carry fire, must show an
insulating resistance of one megohm per
mile after two weeks' submersion in water
at 70 degrees Fahrenheit, and three days'
submersion in lime water, with a current
of 550 volts and after three minutes' elec-
trification. (See List of Wires, page 202).
Section /. All joints must be soldered,
even if made with the Mclntyre or any
other patent splicing device. This ruling
applies to joints and splices in all classes
of wiring covered by these Rules.
RULE 12. INTERIOR CONDUCTORS:
Section d. Insulation that will be ap-
proved for interior conductors must be sol-
id, at least 3-64th of an inch in thickness,
and covered with a substantial braid. It
must not readily carry fire, must show an
insulating resistance of one megohm per
mile after two weeks' submersion in water
at 70 degrees Fahrenheit, and three days'
submersion in lime water, with a current
of 550 volts and after three minutes' elec-
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 195

trification. (See List of Wires, page 202).

RULE 13. ARC LAMPS:
Section c. The hand switch to be
approved, if placed anywhere except
on the lamp itself, must comply with
requirements for switches on hanger
boards as laid down in Section (g) of
Rule 13.

Section /. An
approved spark arrester
is one which will so close the upper orifice
of the globe that it will be impossible for

any sparks thrown off by the carbons to

escape.
RULE 15. OUTSIDE OVERHEAD CONDUCT-
ORS:
Section b. An approved fusible cut-out
must comply with the sections of Rules
23 and 24 describing fuses and cut-outs.
The cut-out required by this section
must be placed so as to protect the
switch required by Rule 17.
RULE 16. UNDERGROUND CONDUCTORS:
Section b. The cut-out required by
this section must be placed so as to pro-
tect the switch.
196 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

RULE 17:
The switch required by this rule to be
approved mast be double pole, must plain-
ly indicate whether the current is "on"
"
or off," and must comply with Sections

a, cf d and e of Rule 26 relating to

switches.
RULE 18. CONDUCTORS:
Section a. In so-called "concealed"
wiring, molding, and conduit work, and
in places liable to be exposed to damp-

ness, the insulating covering of the wire,

to be approved, must be solid, at least
3 -64th of an inch in thickness, and cov-
ered with a substantial braid. It must not
readily carry fire, must show an insulat-

ing resistance of one megohm per mile

aftertwo weeks' submersion in water at
70 degrees Fahrenheit, and three days'
submersion in lime water, with a current
of 550 volts and after three minutes' elec-
trification. (See List of Wires, page 202).
For work which is entirely exposed to
view throughout the whole interior cir-
cuits, and not liable to be exposed to
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 197

dampness, a wire with an insulating

covering that will not support combus-

tion, will resist abrasion, is at least l-16th

of an inch in thickness, and thoroughly
impregnated with a moisture repellent,
will be approved.
Section b. Second paragraph. Ex-
cept for floors, and for places liable to be
exposed to dampness, Glass, Porcelain,
and Vulca
metal- sheathed Interior Conduit,
Tube, when made especially for bushings,
will be approved.

The last two named will not be approved

if cut from tlie usual lengths of tube made
for conduitwork, nor when made without a
head or flange on one end.
Section /. All joints must be sol-
dered, even if made with the Mclntyre
or other patent splicing device. This
ruling applies to joints and splices in all

classes of wiring covered by these rules.

RULE 21. SPECIAL WIRING:
Section b. The insulating covering of
the wire to be approved under this section
must be solid, at least 3 -64th of an inch in
198 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

thickness, and covered with a substantial

braid. It must not readily carry fire,

must show an insulating resistance of one

megohm per mile after two weeks' sub-
mersion in water at 70 degrees Fahren-
heit, and three days' submersion in lime
water with a current of 550 volts after
three minutes' electrification, and must
alsowithstand a satisfactory test against
such chemical compounds or mixtures as
it will be liable to be subjected to in the
risk under consideration.
RULE 22. INTERIOR CONDUITS:
The American Circular Loom Co.
Tube, the brass- sheathed and the iron- ar-
mored tubes made by the Interior Conduit
and Insulation Company, and the Vulca
Tube are approved for the class of work
called for in this rule.
NOTE. The use of two Standard wires
(see page 202), either separate or twin con-
ductor, in a straight conduit installation
is approved in the iron- armored conduit
of the Interior Conduit and Insulation
Co., but not in any of the other approved
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 199

conduits. (See page 175, Rule 22, e.)

RULE 23. DOUBLE POLE SAFETY CUT-OUTS:

Section To be approved, boxes must

a.

be constructed, and cut-outs arranged,

whether box or not, so as to obviate
in a

any danger of the melted fuse metal com-

ing in contact with any substance which
might be ignited thereby.
RULE 27. FIXTURE WORK:
Section a. Insulating joints to be ap-
proved must be entirely made of material
that will resist the action of illuminat-
ing gases, and will not give way or soften
under the heat of an ordinary gas flame.
They shall be so arranged that a deposit
of moisture will not destroy the insulating

effect, and have an insulating re-

shall
sistance of 250,000 ohms between the
gas pipe attachments, and be sufficiently
strong to resist the strain they will be
liable to in attachment.
RULE 38. POWER STATIONS:
Section a. Automatic circuit- break-
ers should be submitted for approval
before being used.
200 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

RULE 44. STORAGE OR PRIMARY BAT-

TERIES:
Section Insulators for mounting
b.

secondary batteries to be approved must

be non -combustible, such as glass, or
thoroughly vitrified and glazed porcelain.
RULE 45. WIRE PROTECTORS :

Protectors must have a non- combus-

tible, insulating base, and the cover to
be provided with a lock similar to the lock
now placed on telephone apparatus or
some equally secure fastening, and to be
installed under the following require-
ments:
1. The Protector to be located at the
point where the wires enter the* building,
either immediately inside or outside of
the same. If outside, the Protector to be
inclosed in a metallic waterproof case.
2. If the Protector
placed inside of
is

building, the wires of the circuit from the

support outside to the binding posts of
the Protector to be of such insulation as
is approved for service wires of electric
light and power, and the holes through
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 201

the outer wall to *be protected by bushing

the same as required for electric light
and power service wires.
3. The wire from the point of en-
trance to the Protector to be run in
accordance with rules for high potential
wires; i. e., free of contact with building,
and supported on non-combustible insu-
lators.
4. The ground wire shall be insu-
lated, not smaller than No. 16 B. & S.
gauge. This ground wire shall be kept at
least three (3) inches from all conductors,
and shall never be secured by uninsu-
lated double -pointed tacks.
5. The ground wire shall be attached
to a water pipe if possible; otherwise may
be attached to a gas pipe. The ground
wire shall be carried to and attached to
the pipe outside of the first joint or coup-

ling inside the foundation walls, and the

connection shall be made by soldering, if
possible. In the absence of other good
ground, the ground shall be made by
means of a metallic plate or a bunch of
202 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

wires buried in a permanently moist earth.

MATERIALS:
The following are given as a list of
NON- COMBUSTIBLE, NON- ABSORPTIVE, INSU-
LATING materials, and are listed here for
the benefit of those who might consider
hard rubber, fibre, wood, and the like
as fulfilling the above requirements.
Any other substance, which it is claimed
should be accepted, must be forwardedfor

testing before being put on the market :

1. Thoroughly vitrified and glazed

Porcelain.
2. Glass.
3. Slate without metal veins.
4. Pure Sheet Mica.
5. Marble (filled).
6. Lava (certain kinds of).
7. Alberene Stone.
WIRES:
The following list of wires have been
tested,and found to comply with the re-
quirements for an approved insulation un-
der Rule 10 (a), Rule 12 (d) and Rule 18 (a):
9

Acme.
 ELECTBIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 203

Ajax.
Americanite.
Bishop.
Canvasite.
Clark.
Columbia.
Crescent.
Crown.
Edison Machine.
Globe.
Grimshaw (white core).

Habirshaw (red core.)

Kerite.
National India Rubber Co. (N. I. R.).

Okonite.
Paranite.
Raven Core.
,
-,
\
Requa white core I

Safety Insulated j Safe ty black core j

Salamander (rubber covered).

Simplex (caoutchouc).
U. S. (General Elec. Co.)
None of the above wires to be used un-
braided
less protected with a substantial
outer covering.
204 ELECTEIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

THE UNIFORM CONTRACT.

FOKM OF CONTRACT ADOPTED AND RECOM-

MENDED FOE GENEEAL USE
BY THE
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
AND THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUILDERS.

THIS AGREEMENT, made the

day of in the year one thou-
sand eight hundred and ninety by
and between ,

party of the first part (hereinafter desig-

nated the Contractor), and
party of second part (hereinafter
the
designated the Owner),
WITNESSETH that the Contractor, in
consideration of the fulfillment of the

agreements herein made by the Owner,

agrees with the said Owner, as follows:
AETICLE i. The Contractor under the
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 205

direction and to tbe satisfaction of

Architects, acting for
the purposes of this contract as agents of
the said Owner, shall and will provide all
the materials and perform all the work
mentioned in the specifications and shown
on the drawings prepared by the said
Architects for the
which drawings and specifications are
identified by the signatures of the parties
hereto.
ART. ii. The Architects shall furnish
to the Contractor such further drawings
or explanations as may be necessary to
detail and illustrate the work to be done,
and the Contractor shall conform to the
same as part of this contract so far as
they may be consistent with the original
drawings and specifications referred to
and identified, as provided in Art. i.
It is mutually understood and agreed

that drawings and specifications are

all

and remain the property of the Architects.

ART. in. No alterations shall be made
in the work shown or described by the
206 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

drawings and specifications, except upon

a written order of the Architects, and
when so made, the value of the work
added or omitted shall be computed by
the Architects, and the amount so ascer-
tained shall be added to or deducted from
the contract price. In the case of dissent
from such award by either party hereto,
the valuation of the work added or
omitted shall be referred to three (3) dis-
interested Arbitrators, one to be. appoint-
ed by each of the parties to this contract,
and the third by the two thus chosen;
the decision of any two of whom shall be
finaland binding, and each of the parties
hereto shall pay one-half of the expenses
of such reference.
ART. iv. The Contractor shall provide
sufficient, safe and proper facilities at all

times for the inspection of the work by

the Architects or their authorized repre-
sentatives. He within twenty-four
shall,
hours after receiving written notice from
the Architects to that effect, proceed to
remove from the grounds or buildings all
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 207

materials condemned by them, whether

worked or un worked, and to take down
all portions of the work which the Archi-

tects shall by like written notice condemn

as unsound or improper, or as in anyway
failing to conform to the drawings and

specifications.
ART. v. Should the Contractor at any
time refuse or neglect to supply a suffi-

ciency of properly skilled workmen, or of

materials of the proper quality, or fail in

any respect to prosecute the work with

promptness and diligence, or fail in the
performance of any of the agreements
herein contained, such refusal, neglect or
failure being certified -by the Architects,
the Owner shall be at liberty, after
days' written notice to the Contractor, to
provide any such labor or materials, and
to deduct the cost thereof from any money
then due or thereafter to become due to
the Contractor under this contract; and if
the Architects shall certify that such re-
fusal, neglect or failure is sufficient ground
for such action, the Owner shall also be
208 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

at liberty to terminate the employment

of the Contractor for the said work and to
enter upon the premises and take posses-
sion, for the
purpose of completing the
work comprehended under this contract,
of all materials, and appliances
tools

thereon, and to employ any other person

or persons to finish the work, and to pro-
vide the materials therefor; and in case of
euch discontinuance of the employment
of the Contractor he shall not be entitled
to receiveany further payment under this
contract until the said work shall be
wholly finished, at which time, if the un-
paid balance of the amount to be paid
under this contract shall exceed the ex-
pense incurred by the Owner in finishing
the work, such excess shall be paid by
the Owner to the Contractor, but if such
expense shall exceed such unpaid balance,
the Contractor shall pay the difference to
the Owner, The expense incurred by the
Owner as herein provided, either for fur-
nishing materials or for finishing the work,
and any damage incurred through such.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

default, shall be audited and certified by

the Architects, whose certificate thereof
shall be conclusive upon the parties.
ART. vi. The Contractor shall com-
plete the several portions, and the whole
of the work comprehended in this agree-
ment by and at the time or times here-
inafter stated

provided that
ART. vn. Should the Contractor be
obstructed or delayed in the prosecution
or completion of his work by the act,

neglect, delay or default of the Owner, or

the Architects, or of any other contractor
employed by the Owner upon the work,
or by any damage which may happen by

fire, lightning, earthquake or cyclone, or

by the abandonment of the work by the
employes through no default of the Con-
tractor, then the time herein fixed for the

completion of the work shall be extended

for a period equivalent to the time lost

by reason of any or all of the causes afore-

said; but no such allowance shall be made
unless a claim therefor is presented in
210 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

writing to the Architects within twenty-

four hours of the occurrence of such de-
lay. The duration of such extension shall
be certified to by the Architects, but ap-
peal from their decision may be made to
arbitration, as provided in Art. in of this
contract.
ART. vni. The Owner agrees to pro-
vide all labor and materials not included
in this contract in such manner as not to

delay the material progress of the work,

and in the event of failure so to do, there-
by causing loss to the Contractor, agrees
that he will reimburse the Contractor for
such loss; and the Contractor agrees that
if he shall delay the material progress of
the work so as to cause any damage for
which the Owner shall become liable (as
above stated), then he shall make good to
the Owner any such damage. The amount
of such loss or damage to either party
hereto shall, in every case, be fixed and
determined by the Architects or by ar-
bitration, as provided in Art. in of this
contract.
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 211

ART. ix. It is
hereby mutually agreed
between the parties hereto that the sum
to be paid by the Owner to the Contract-
or for said work and materials shall be
$ subject to additions and
,

deductions as hereinbefore provided, and

that such sum shall be paid in current
funds by the Owner to the Contractor in
installments, as follows:

The final payment shall be made within

days after this contract
is fulfilled.

All payments shall be made upon writ-

ten certificates of the Architects to the
effect that such payments have become
due.
If at any time there shall be evidence
of any lien or claim for which, if estab-

lished, Owner or the said premises

the
might become liable, and which is charge-
able to the Contractor, the Owner shall
have the right to retain out of any payment
then due or thereafter to become due an
amount sufficient to completely indemnify
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS.

him against such lien or claim. Should

there prove to be any such claim after all
payments are made, the Contractor shall
refund to the Owner all moneys that the
latter may be compelled to pay in dis-
charging any lien on said premises made
obligatory in consequence of the Con-
tractor's default.
ART. x. It is further mutually agreed
between the parties hereto that no certifi-
cate given or payment made under this

contract, except the final certificate or

final payment, shall be conclusive evi-
dence of the performance of this contract,
either wholly or in part, and that no pay-
ment shall be construed to
be an accept-
ance of defective work or improper ma-
terials.
ART. xi. The Owner shall during the
progress of the work maintain full insur-
ance on said work, in his own name and
in the name of the Contractor, against
loss ordamage by fire. The policies
shall cover allwork incorporated in the
building, and all materials for the same
 ELECTKIC LIGHTING SPECIFICATIONS. 213

in or about tha premises, and shall be

made payable to the parties hereto, as
their interest may appear
AKT. xii. The said parties for them-
selves, their heirs, executors, administra-
tors and do hereby agree to the
assigns,
full performance of the covenants herein
contained.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties to
these presents have hereunto set their
hands and seals, the day and year first
above written.
In presence of

L.S.

COPYRIGHTED 1893.

[NOTE: Persons desiring to use this form of con-

tract (printed here by special permission) can ob-
tain printed copies from the publishers, the In-
land Architect Press, 19 Tribune Building,
Chicago, who will furnish prices upon application.]
Elementary Electro=Technical Series.

BY
EDWIN J. HOUSTON, PH.D.,

AND

A. E. KENNELLY, Sc.D

Alternating Electric Currents. Electric Incandescent Lighting.

Electric Heating. Electric Motor.
Electromagnetism. Electric Street Railways.
Electricity in Electro-Therapeutics. Electric Telephony.
Electric Arc Lighting. Electric Telegraphy.

Cloth. Price per volume, $1.00.

The publication of this series of elementary electro-technical treatises

en applied electricity has been undertaken to meet a demand which is
believed to exist on the part of the public and others for reliable informa-
tion regarding such matters in electricity as cannot be readily understood
by those not specially trained in electro-technics. The general public,
students of elementary electricity and the many interested in the subject
from a financial or other indirect connection, as well as electricians desiring
information in other branches than their own, will find in these works
precise and authoritative statements concerning the several branches of
applied electrical science of which the separate volumes treat. The repu-
tation of the authors and their recognized abilities as writers, are a
sufficient guarantee for the accuracy and reliability of the statements con-
tained. The entire issue, though published in a series of ten volumes, is
nevertheless so prepared that each book is complete in itself and can be
understood independently of the others. The volumes are profusely illus-
trated, printed on a superior quality of paper, and handsomely bound in
covers of a special design.

Copies of this or any other electrical book published will be sent by mat'/, POSTAGE PREPAID,
to any address in the world on receipt ofprice.

The W. J. Johnston Company, Publishers,

253 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
 THIRD EDITION. GREA TL Y ENLARGED.

A DICTIONARY OF
Electrical Words, Terms,
and Phrases.
BY EDWIN J. HOUSTON, PH.D. (Princeton),
AUTHOR OF
Advanced Primers of Electricity ; Electricity One Hundred
Years Ago and To-day, etc., etc., etc.

Cloth. 667 large octavo pages, 582 Illustrations.

Price, $5.00.
Some idea of the scope of this important work and of the immense amount
of labor involved in it, may be formed when it is stated that it contains defini-
tions of about 6000 distinct words, terms, or phrases. The dictionary is not a
mere word-book the words, terms, and phrases are invariably followed by a
;

short, concise definition, giving the sense in which they are correctly employed,
and a general statement of the principles of electrical science on which the defi-
nition is founded. Each of the great classes or divisions of electrical investiga-
tion or utilization comes under careful and exhaustive treatment ; and while
close attention is given to the more settled and hackneyed phraseology of the
older branches of work, the newer words and the novel departments they belong
to are not less thoroughly handled. Every source of information has been re-
ferred to, and while libraries have been ransacked, the note-book of the labora-
tory and the catalogue of the wareroom have not been forgotten or neglected.
So far has the work been carried in respect to the policy of inclusion that the
book has been brought down to date by means of an appendix, in which are
placed the very newest words, as well as many whose rareness of use had con-
signed them to obscurity and oblivion. As one feature, an elaborate system of
cross-references has been adopted, so that it is as easy to find the definitions as
the words, and aliases are readily detected and traced. The typography is ex-
cellent, being large and bold, and so arranged that each word catches the eye at
a glance by standing out in sharp relief from the page.
Copies of this or any other electrical book published will be sent by mail, POST-
AGE PREPAID, to any address in the world, on receipt ofprice.

The W. J. Johnston Company, Publishers,

253 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
Electrical Power Transmission.
>
By LOUIS BELL, PH.D.
Uniform in size with " The Electric Railway in Theory
and Practice. "Price, $2.5O.
"
The Electric Railway in
The plan of the work is similar to that of
Theory and Practice," the treatment of the subject being non-mathematical
and not involving on the part of the reader a knowledge of the purely
scientific theories relating to electrical currents. The book is essentially
practical in its character, and while primarily an engineering treatise, is
also intended for the information of those interested in electrical trans-
mission of power, financially or in a general way. The author has a
practical acquaintance with the problems met with in the electrical trans-
mission of energy from his connection with many of the most important
installations yet made in America, and in these pages the subject is devel-
oped for the first time with respect to its practical aspects as met with in
actual work. The first two chapters review the fundamental principles
relating to the generation and distribution of electrical energy, and in the
three succeeding ones their methods of application with both continuous
and alternating currents are described. The sixth chapter gives a genera/
discussion of the methods of transformation, the various considerations
applying to converters and rotary transformers being developed and these
apparatus described. In the chapter on prime movers various forms of
water-wheels, gas and steam engines are discussed with respect to their
applicability to the purpose in view, and in the chapter on hydraulic
development the limitations that decide the commercial availability' of
water power for electrical transmission of power are pointed out in de-
tail. The succeeding chapters deal with practical design and with
five
construction workthe power-house, line, and centres of distribution being
taken up in turn. The chapter on the latter subject will be found of par-
ticular value, as it treats for the first time in a thorough and practical
manner one of the most difficult points in electrical transmission. The
chapter on commercial data contains the first information given as to costs,
and will, therefore, be much appreciated by engineers and others in decid-
ing as to the commercial practicability of proposed transmission projects.
This is the first work covering the entire ground of the electrical trans-
mission of power that has been written by an engineer of wide practical
experience in all of the details included in the subject, and thus forms a
valuable and much-needed addition to electrical engineering literature.

Copies of this or any other electrical book published will be sent by mail, POSTAGE
PREPAID, to any address in the world, on receipt of price.

The W. J. Johnston Company, Publishers,

253 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
 The Theory and Calculation of

Alternating-Current Phenomena.
BY

CHARLES PROTEUS STEINMETZ.

Cloth. Price, $2.5O.

This is thefirst work yet written in any language dealing in a complete

and logical manner with all of the phenomena of alternating currents and
their calculation in the design of alternating-current machinery. In the first

six chapters the various primary conceptions and methods of treatment are

developed, the use of complex quantities being explained in a remarkably clear

and effective manner. The various alternating-current phenomena are then
taken up in turn and the more complex parts of the subject approached so
gradually and with such a logical preparation that but little if any difficulty will
be met in their understanding. The remaining chapters of the book, forming
half of its contents, are devoted to the methods of calculation of transformers,
simple alternating and polyphase generators and motors, all of the various
reactions involved being thoroughly analyzed and discussed. The work con-
tains the very latest knowledge relating to alternating-current phenomena,
much of which is original with the author, and here appears for the first time
in book form. The high authority of the author on the questions of which he
and the original methods which he pursues in their exposition, give this
treats,
work a character which will assign it to a high place in electrical literature,
in which it promises to rank as a classic.

Copies of this or any other electrical book published -will be sent by mail, POSTAGE
PREPAID, to any address in the -world, on receipt of price.

The W. J. Johnston Company, Publishers,

253 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism.
BY
* Prof. ERIC GERARD,
DIRECTOR OF
LInstitut Electrotechnique Montefiore, University of Liege, Belgium.
TRANSLATED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

LOUIS DUNCAN, PH.D.,

Johns Hopkins University.

With American Additions A Chapter on the Rotary Field,

as follows
:

by Dr. Louis Duncan ; A

Chapter on Hysteresis, by Charles
Proteus Steinmetz; A Chapter on Impedance, by
A. E. Kennelly ; A Chapter on Units, by Dr.
Cary T. Hutchinson.
Cloth. Price, $2.5O.
As a beautifully clear treatise for students on the theory of electricity and
magnetism, as well as a resume for engineers of electrical theories that have a
practical bearing, the work Gerard has been without a rival in any
of Professor

language. As it has been largely used in American

a text-book of reference
colleges, the logical methods of the author and his faculty of lucid expression
and illustration simplifying to students in a remarkable manner the understand-
ing of the various subjects treated. The scope of the present translation has
been limited to those parts of the original work treating of theory alone, as the
practical portions would not have the same value for American students as for
those to whom the book was originally addressed. In order to make it a
treatise comprehensive of all electrical theory having a bearing on practical
work, and to bring the subject-matter up to date, several chapters written by
American authors are added. As will be s~en above, the authors of these chap-
ters are authorities on the several subjects with which they deal, and the work
as thus extended forms the most complete treatise yet published relating par-
ticularly to electrical theory as it enters into the domain of the engineer.

-will be sent by mail^ POSTAGE

Copies of this or any other electrical book published
PREPAID, to any address in the -world* on receipt of price.

The W. J. Johnston Company, Publishers,

253 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
Publications of The Klf, J, Johnston Co,
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E. A. Merrill 1.00
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Wheeler's Chart of Wire Gauges 1.00
A Practical Treatise on Lightning Conductors. By H. W. Spang. 48 pages, 10 illus-
trations 75
Proceedings of the National Conference of Electricians. 300 pages, 23 illustrations, .75
Tables of Equivalents of Units of Measurement. By Carl Hering 50

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