JEE (MAIN)

P-BLOCK ELEMENTS
 CONTENTS

BORON FAMILY ................................................................ Page 2 - 10

CARBON FAMILY .............................................................. Page 11 - 17

NITROGEN FAMILY ......................................................... Page 18 - 27

OXYGEN FAMILY .............................................................. Page 28 - 37

HALOGEN FAMILY ........................................................... Page 38- 47

INERT GAS FAMILY ......................................................... Page 48 - 50

SOLVED EXAMPLES ........................................................ Page 51 - 55

EXERCISE–I ...................................................................... Page 56 - 66

EXERCISE–II ..................................................................... Page 67 - 77

EXERCISE–III ................................................................... Page 78 - 85

ANSWER KEY .................................................................... Page 86 - 87

 THE BORON FAMILY
Element Atomic no. Outer shell configuration
B 5 He 2s2 2p1
Al 13 Ne 3s2 3p1
Ga 31 Ar 3d104s24p1
In 49 Kr 4d105s25p1
Tl 81 Xe 4f145d106s2 6p1
 GENERAL POINTS
(a) Penultimate shell of Tl has 18e¯
(b) Anti penultimate shell of Tl has 32e¯
(c) Ga, In, Tl has 18e¯ in penultimate shell.
(d) (7.4%)Al the third most [Ist O2 (46.6%), 2nd Si : (27.7%) abudant element in the earth crust and
is the most abundant metal
 GENERAL PROPERTIES
(i) Nature
(a) Boron is a non metal. Boron atoms has covalent bond in its polymer.
(b) Al, & Ga reacts both with acid & bases and gives H2 gas in the reaction and so are called
amphoteric metals.
(ii) Atomic Radius & Ionic Radii :  Increases
(iii) Density :  Increases
(iv) Melting and Boiling points :
(a) B has very high melting point & boiling point due to polymer.
(b) Generally  Decreases
but B.pt B > Al > In > Tl > Ga
M.pt B > Al > Ga < In < Tl
(c) Ga has least melting point. among all these.
(d) Ga exist in liquid state.
(e) Ga is the only element in periodic table which can exist in liquid state over large range of temp.
(f) Main use of Ga in high temp thermometer.
(v) Ionisation Potential :
(a) Depends on size
Generally  I.P. (decreases)
Exception In < Tl
Due to size difference and nuclear attraction is more in case of Tl.
(vi) Electronegativity :  E.N. (decreases)
(vii) Oxidation sate :
ns2 np1  ns1 npx1 npy1 npz0
G.S. E.S.
(a) Only covalent bonds are formed valency = 3 & oxidation state = 3±
(b) Compounds are formed by sp2 hybridisation and have trigonal planar geometry.
(c) Compounds of B are more covalent than compound ofAl because charge/size ratio of B is more
thanAl.
(d) The charge density of B is more because polarising power of B is more
 more covalent character.
(e) B  T Covalent character decreases due to decrease in charge density or polarising power.

p-Block Elements [2]

 (f) Trivalent compounds of IIIrd group are electron deficient
Eg. BF3 acts as a lewis acid.
(g) In general B shows oxidation state of + 3 and – 3
Eg. Mg3 B2 the oxidation state of B is - 3.
(h) 6s e¯ of T  {Inert pair effect} are same as duplet configuration of He and so 6s e¯ are inert and
does not take part in chemical reaction.
(i) T has valency = 1, 3 & oxidation state = + 1 & + 3.
(j) T+3 is strong oxidising agent.
(k) T+3 is highlyunstable.
(l) Ga & In has trivalent compounds more stable.
(m) T+ Compounds resemble compounds of alkali metals
Thallous T+1 compounds will be more stable as compared to Tallic compounds (T+3)
(n) Ga, In, T show inert pair effect in their compounds.

 Extraction of Boron
Extraction from minerals :
Principle Boron may be obtained by treating borax with hot concentrated HCl igniting the boric
acid H3BO3 to give the oxide B2O3 and finally reduced with Mg.

Ca or Mg 23  Borax Conc

  H BO  ignited
Hot and
  B2O3 Heat
 B
Na CO Mg
. HCl 3 3

2Ca2B6O11 + 3Na2CO3 + H2O  3Na2B4O7 + 3CaCO3 + Ca(OH)2

Colemanite
Na2B4O7 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2B4O7
Borax
H2B4O7 + 5H2O 4H3BO3
2H3BO3 B2O3 + 3H2O
B2O3 + 3Mg 2B + 3MgO
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES
Formation of Halides :
(a) Halides formed have formula MX3 & MX.
(b) Halides of B are MX3 Halides
ie BF3, BCl3, BBr3, BI3.
(c) MX3 halides of Ga & In are more stable while MX halides of Tl is more stable.
(d) Ga & In Halides are more Ionic than Al one.
(e) BCl3  TlCl the rate of hydrolysis decreases because size increases so less is the ionic character
more is the hydrolysis
BCl3
 Ionic character (Increases) so hydrolysis decreases
Tl
H2O
(f) TlCl   No reaction.
TlCl will dissolve in H2O but will not undergo hydrolysis.
(g) AlCl3 to TlCl Charge density decreases. So polarising power decreases & Ionic character
increases.

p-Block Elements [3]

 (h) On BF3  9 lone pairs are available

(i) Acidic order BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3.
(j) In BF3, B has vacant 2p orbital and 2p orbital of F has lone pairs of e¯. The vacant 2p orbital of
B overlaps 2p orbitals of F containing lone pairs e¯. This result in formation of a weak bond
which is called as back bonding.
(k) Due to back bonding, the availability of vacant 2p orbital on boron of BF3 decreases. so it acts
as a weak lewis acid.
(l) From BF3 to BI3. the tendency to undergo back bonding decreases so there will be greater
availability of vacant 2p orbital on Boron and hence the lewis acid character increases.
(m) Al2Cl6 (Aluminium chloride) :- Exist as a dimer.

Above 700°C Al2Cl6 converts to AlCl3.

(n) Al2O3 on heating with coke & Cl2 forms Al2Cl6 and this reaction is called as Reductive
Chlorination.
Al2O3 + 3C + 3Cl2  Al2Cl6 + 3CO.
(o) BF3 do not form dimer while other forms because, the energy released by the formation of an
additional bond to another boron atom is not sufficient to compensate for the loss in energy to
the system in overcorning the B-F p-p bonding in the monomer itself.

 

(p) Al, Ga, In & Tl do not show back bonding because of increase in the size of the element.
Actually they make use of vacant p-orbitals to complete their octet by forming dimers.
 Formation of oxides
(a) Oxides formed are mainly of two types
(A) M2O 3 (B) M2O
B2 O 3 Tl2O
Al2O3
Ga2O3
In2O3

(b) Tl2O3 at 100°C forms Tl2O because Tl2O3 is strong oxidising so decompose into Tl2O, while
B2O3& others will not go change on 100°C.
Tl2O3   Tl2O + O2

(c) Al2O3 is amphoteric oxide as it is dissolved in H2O and neutralising same is with Ga.

(d) Al2O3 has high melting point & does not fuse easily.

p-Block Elements [4]

 (e) Oxides and Hydroxides gradually change from acidic to basic character through amphoteric
(Gallium oxide and Gallic hydroxides). On moving down the group.
So when Tl2O   TlCl + H2O
HCl

This reaction confirms that Tl2O is basic.

(f) Al2O3 has very high melting point & it can with stand very high temp & so it is used in the form
of Refractorylining for furnaces.
(g) B2O3 is a weak acid due to when
B2O3 + H2O  B–O–H
B  O  H, B is in +ve oxidation state and it is electronegative and an element which has both above
conditions, withdraw e¯ from O & O will withdraw e¯ from H and so the strength of bond between O
& H become weak & so in aqueous medium B2O3 releases H+ ion form B – O – H and so behaves as
a weak Acid.
 Formation of Hydrades :
(a) Boron Hydrides are called Boranes and has general formula as BnHn+4 & BnHn+6
(dihydroboranes).
Eg. B2H6 diborane while B4H10  dihydroxy tetra borane.
B5H9 Pentaborane while B5H11 dihydroxy pentaborane.

(b) Q. 1/2 mole of diborane on hydrolysis released ....... moles of H2.

Ans. 3 moles.
B2H6 + 6H2O  2H3BO3 + 6H2but in Q. i.e. 1/2 mole instead of 1 mole.
Note : As much hydrogen will be in hydraides it will gives that much amount of H2 on hydrolysis.
(c) B2H6 to TlH the stability decreases because size of Tl ion be large and in the lattice of Tl ion
there will be maximum repulsion. So least stable. (Ac. to Fajan's Rule.)

(d) The Hydraides of IIIrd group combined with also act as strong reducing agents.
Eq. LiAlH4 or NaBH4.
LiAlH4  Li+ + AlH4¯
 FAMILY MEMBERS OF “BORON FAMILY”
Boron :
Compounds of Boron :
(a) Borax i.e. Na2 B4O7. 10H2O : or Tincal :
(i) It is also named as sodium tetra borate decahydrate.
(ii) Common Indian name is Suhaga.
(iii) Na2B4O7. 5H2O is known as Jeweller's
Boron. - also named as sod.tetra borate penta hydrate.
(iv) Na2B4O7 is known as Boron glass
(b) Preparation :
Form colemanite :
Ca2B6O11 + 2Na2CO3   2CaCO3 + Na2B4O7 + 2NaBO2
Both these are fused together.
Both Na2B4O7 and NaBO2 are solid & soluble in water and so both these are separated by crystallisation.
{which involves heating of solution & then slow cooling}
When crystallisation is done, less soluble, one is first obtained and so Na2B4O7 will first obtained and so
Na2B4O7 will first appear as crystals & then NaBO2.

p-Block Elements [5]

Note: (i) If crystallisation is done below 60°C then ordinary Borane is formed. (Decahydrated).
(ii) Above 60°C jeweller's Borane will be obtained. i.e. Na2B4O7 5H2O.
(iii) Anhydrous Borane will never be precipitated from the aqueous solution.
(c) Chemical Properties :
Action of Heat on Borane :
(i) Borane swells up on heating.
(ii) On heating borax loses water and swells into a white mass which on further heating melts to
forms transparent glassy solid called Borax glass and Borax bead.
Na2B4O7.10H2O  740  C
 Na2B4O7 
Heat
 Na2O + 2B2O3.

(iii) The borax bead is due to the formation of B2O3 which when fused with metal salts form
corresponding metaborate.
B 2O3 + CuO  Cu(BO2)2
Copper meta borate (Blue)
(iv) Colour of meta borates
Cu Fe Co Ni Cr
Blue Green Blue Brown Green

DIBORANE (B2H6) : It exits in gaseous state & is highly inflammable in air and poisonous.
(a) Method of preparation :
(i) ByLiAlH4 :
4 BCl3 + 3LiAlH4  3AlCl3 + 3LiCl + 2B2H6
(ii) Industrially it is obtained by reduction of boron trifluoride with sodium hydride.
2BF3 + 6NaH  B2H6 + 6NaF
 Properties :
(a) Action of Air : Reaction is highly exothermic and due to high evolution of energy it can be
employed as industrial fuel not domestic because it is poisonous
B2H6 + 3O2  B2O3 + 3H2O H = - 2165 kJ/mol

(b) Stability : It is stable only at low temperature when heated between 100°C to 250°C, it
changes to a number of higher hydraides.

(c) Hydrolysis :
B2H6 + 6H2O  2H3BO3 + 6H2

(d) Reaction with alkali : Form meta borates

B2H6 + 2NaOH  2NaBO2 + 6H2.

(e) Chlorination :
B2H6 + 4HCl  B2H2Cl4 + 4H2.

This formation of B2H2Cl4 show that the 2H left in B2H2Cl4 are responsible for dimer formation (Bridge
H). Diborane has only four replacable H and with their replacement, the dimeric structure continuous to
be as such. Remaining 2 hydrogen when they get deplaced, the dimeric structure breaks indicating that
these two hydrogens are acting as bridging hydrogens.

p-Block Elements [6]

 (f) Action of Ammonia :
3B2H6 + 6NH3     2B3N3H6 + 12H2
High. temp .

Borazole.

(i) Borazole has been called as inorganic benzene because it is very close to benzene in structure
and properties.
(ii) When compared with Benzene Borazol is less stable & more reactive due to palanity of N & H
in compound.
 Structure of Diborane :
B = 1s2 2s2 2p1
1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz
————————————————
sp3 Hybridisation

4 {sp3 – s} 2{ sp3 – s – sp3}

(a) 4 Terminal H–are bonded by  bond & remaining 2H are bridging hydrogens and of these are broken
then dimer become monomer.
(b) Boron undergoes sp3 hybridisation 3 of its sp3 hybridised orbitals contain one e¯ each & fourth sp3
hybrid orbital is vacant
(c) 3 of these sp3 hybrid orbitals get overlapped by s orbitals of 3 hydrogen atoms.
(d) One of the sp3 hybrid orbitals which have been overlapped by s orbital of hydrogen gets overlapped by
vacant sp3 hybrid orbital. of 2nd Boron atom. and its vice versa.
(e) By this two types of overlapping take place 4(sp3 – s) overlap bonds & 2 (sp2 – s – sp3) overlap bonds.

(f)

H is held in this bond by forces of attraction from B & This bond is called 3 centred two electron bonds.
also called Banana bonds. Due to repulsion between the two hydrogen nuclei, the delocalised orbitals of
bridges are bent away from each other on the middle giving the shape of banana.

p-Block Elements [7]

 Uses of Diborane :
(i) Diborane is used for preparing substances such as high energy fuel & propellents.
(ii) Boron hydrides have been tried as rocket fuels .
(iii) It is used as a catalyst in polymerisation reaction.
(iv) It is used as a reducing agent in inorganic reaction.
(v) It is used for welding torches.
 H3BO3 (OrthoboricAcid, Boric acid or Boracic acid)
Preparation :
(1) From borax :
Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O  Na2SO4 + 4H3BO3
Hot & conc Conc.
(2) From colemanite :
Ca2B6O11 + 2SO2 + 11H2O  2Ca(HSO3)2 + 6H3BO3
on cooling, Boric acid crystallises out
 Properties :
(1) It forms soft pearly - white needle like crystals.
(2) It is steam volatile.
(3) Acidic nature - It is a very weak acid and ionises mainly as a monobasic acid.
It is not a proton donor but behaves as a Lewis-acid i.e. it can accept a lone pair of electrons
from OH¯ ions.
It reacts with strong alkalies forming salts known as metaborates.
B(OH)3 + NaOH  NaBO2+ 2H2O
orthoboric acid
(4) Action of heat 
o
H3BO3 100   HBO2 + H2
C
o
4HBO2 160 
C
 H2B4O7 + H2O
H2B4O7    
Re d
 2B2O3 + H2O
Heat

Tetraboric acid Boron trioxide.

(5) Reaction with ethanol -
H3BO3 + 3C2H5OH  (C2H5)3BO3 + 3H2O
Triethyl borate (green edged flame.)

p-Block Elements [8]

 Uses :
(1) As a antiseptic, as eye wash (eye-lotion) and as food preservatives.
(2) In leather - industry
(3) In the preparation of glass and enamels.
 Structure :
In H3BO3 (boron is sp2 hybridised), the planar triangular ortho-boric acid units, are bonded through
hydrogen bonds into two dimensional sheets.

 Al2O3(Alumina,Aluminium oxide or Corundum)

Preparation :
(a) 4Al + 3O2  2Al2O3
(b) 2Al(OH)3 
 Al2O3 + 3H2O
(c) 2Al(NO3)3  Al2O3+ 3NO2+ 9/2 O2
2 AlF3 + B2O3 Heating
  Al O + 2BF
Strong
(d) 2 3 3
Crystalline
Properties :
(1) It is very stable and unreactive
(2) Melting point  2050°C
Boilingpoint  2980°C
(3) It is amphoteric oxide :
Al2O3 + 6HCl  2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH  2NaAlO2 + H2O
(4) Reaction with carbon :
2000  C
2Al2O3 + 9C   Al4C3 + 6CO

4Al (OH)3 + 3CH4

Uses : (i) It is used as a refractory material.
(ii) In chromatography for separation of mixture.
(iii) In preparation ofArtificial gems.
 Aluminium chloride :(AlCl3)
(a) Preparation :
Macaffc's process :
Al2O3 + 3C + 3Cl2  2AlCl3 + 3CO ( )
(b) Properties :
(i) It sublimates below 200°C.
(ii) Aluminium chloride is a white crystalline substance which fumes in moist air
AlCl3 + 3H2O  Al (OH)3 + 3HCl ( )
(iii) Its vapour density at below 350°C indicates that its formula is Al2Cl6.
The vapour density at 750° corresponds toAlCl3 as its molecular formula.
(iv) It is highly covalent therefore it is soluble in alcohol, ether and benzene.
(v) Anhy. AlCl3 forms addition compound with NH3, PH3, COCl2.
Al2Cl6 + 12 NH3  2[AlCl3. 6NH3]

p-Block Elements [9]

 FACTS ABOUTALUMINIUM CHLORIDE (AlCl3)
* AnhyAlCl3 can be prepared by passing dry Cl2 or HCl gas over hotAl. It may also be prepared
by passing dry Cl2 gas over a hot mixture of alumina & Coke (MacAff’s process)
* AnhydrousAlCl3 is hygroscopic in nature & forAlCl3. 6H2O which is deliquiscent in nature.
* Anhydrous AlCl3 gives out HCl fumes when exposed to moist air (due to rapid hydrolysis).
* In organic solvents AlCl3 exists as a dimerAl2Cl6.
* InAlCl3 Al is sp2 hybridised, while inAl2Cl6 its state of hybridisation is sp3
* AlCl3 does not conduct current in the fused state.

(a) A lums : Alums are double sulphates with their general formula as M2SO4. M21(SO4)3. 24H2O
where
M = Mono valent radical like Na+, K+, NH4+ & M1 = Trivalent radicals like Al+3, Cr+3, Fe+3
etc.
(b) The different alums are :
(i) Potash alum : K2SO4. Al2 (SO4)3. 24H2O
(ii) ChromeAlum : K2SO4. Cr2 (SO4)3. 24H2O
(iii) AmmoniumAlum: (NH4)2SO4. Al2(SO4)3. 24H2O
(iv) IronAlum : (NH4)2SO4. Fe2(SO4)3. 24H2O

Note : (i) Li does not form alum because Lithium ion too have a Co-ordination number of six.

(ii) In alums each metal ion is surrounded by six water molecules.

(iii) In univalent cation which are large in size, the six water molecule are too far from the ion while in
trivalent cations, being small in size.
Eg. [M(H2O)6]+2, [M1(H2O)6]+3
 Important Points :

(a) AllAlums are isomorphous.

(b) On heating it losses its water of crystallisation and swells up.


Eg. K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3. 24H2O  
 K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3 + 24H2O
200 C

K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3    K2SO4 + Al2O3 + 3SO3.

Re d Heat

(c) It is highly acidic in aq. solution due to the hydrolysis.

(d) Pseudo alums : Double sulphates of divalent ions and trivalent ions with 24 water molecules in
their crystals are known as pseudo alums.
Eg. MSO4. M21 (SO4)3. 24H2O
Where M = divalent or Bivalent
M1 = Trivalent metal
(e) Highlytoxic element of Boron familyis Tl.

p-Block Elements [10]

 CARBON FAMILY
Element Atomic no. Outer shell configuration
C 6 He 2s2 2p2
Si 14 Ne 3s2 3p2
Ge 32 Ar 3d104s2 4p2
Sn 50 Kr 4d105s2 5p2
Pb 82 Xe 4f145d106s2 6p2
 General Electronic configuration
ns2np2
 Important Points
General electronic configuration – ns2 np2
Ge, Sn and Pb have 18 e¯ in penultimate shell whereas C has 2e¯ and Si has 8e¯.
 General Properties of IV-A Group
(i) Nature : C and Si have more non metallic character. Ge has both properties i.e. metalloids
and Sn and Pb are metals.
Reason : Due to reduced nuclear charge and increased in the size of the atom.
(ii) Ionisation Energy : Generallly Decreases.
Exception : Sn to Pb I.P. Increases
(iii) Electron Negativity : Decreases.
(iv) Melting and Boiling Points : Decreases.
(v) Oxidation State : They can form M+4 or M–4 ions. But due to high I.E. they do not form
M+4. C and Si show + 4 oxidation state while Ge, Sn and Pb shows +4 and +2 oxidation
state due to inert pair effect.
(vi) Least variation in size of Sn and Pb due to lanthanide contraction.
(vii) Sn has least I.P. in IV Group because size change by small amount but nuclear charge changes
by larger amounts.
(viii) ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
Crystalline Amorphous
(1) Diamond Coal, Coke, charcoal, Animal charcoal
(2) Graphite Wood charcoal, Lamp black, Carbon black
Gas carbon, Petroleum coke etc.
 Allotropic forms
Carbon have two types of Allotropic forms
(1) Crystalline
(2) Amorphus
 Crystalline : Diamond and Graphite
(a) Diamond :
(1) Each carbon is linked to another atom and so very closed packing in structure of Diamond.
(2) Density and hardness is very much greater for diamond because of closed packing in diamond
due to sp3 hybrid and are tetrahedrally arranged around it.
(3) Diamond has sharp cutting edges that's why it is employed in cutting of glass.
(4) Diamond crystals are non conductor of electricity because of not presence of mobile electron.
(5) 1 carat of diamond = 200 mgm.
(6) Diamond powder if consumed is fatal and causes death in minutes.

p-Block Elements [11]

(b) Graphite :
(1) In graphite carbon are sp2 hybridised and due to this carbon exist as hexagonal layer.
(2) Each carbon is linked with 3 carbons and one carbon will be left and form a two dimensional
shed like structure.
(3) Distance between two layers is very large so no regular bond is formed between two layers.
The layers are attached with weak vander waal force of attraction.
(4) The carbon have unpaired electron so graphite is a good conductor of current.
(5) C–C bond length in Graphite is shorter (1.42 Å) than that of Diamond (1.54 Å).
(6) Due to wide separation and weak interlayer bonds, graphite is soft, greasy and has a lubricant
character and low density.
(7) Graphite marks the paper black so it is called Black lead or plumbago and so it is used
in pencil lead.
(8) Composition of pencil lead is graphite + clay. The percentage of lead in pencil lead = 0%
(9) Graphite has high melting point so it is employed in manufacture of crucible.
(10) Graphite when heated with oxidising agents like alkaline KMnO4 forms metallic acid.

Benzene hexa carboxylic acid

(11) Graphite on oxidation with conc. HNO3 gives acid i.e. known as Graphite acid (C12H6O12)

 CHEMICALPROPERTIES
* Formation of Hydrides :
(i) Carbon form large number of hydrides eq.Alkanes,Alkenes.
(ii) Hydrides of Si are silanes with formula SinH2n + 2. These are also called as Silicon alkanes.
Eg. SiH4 Monosilicane Silicon methane
Si2H6 Disilicane Silicon ethane
(iii) Silanes with 'n' up to 8 are known.
(iv) Hydrides of Ge are called Germains.
General Formula : Gen H2n+2
Eg. GeH4 , Ge2H6
(v) Tin has only two hydrides i.e.
(a) Stannane – SnH4
(b) Distannane – Sn2H6
(vi) Lead has only one hydride i.e.
Plumbane – PbH4
(vii) Thermal stability of hydrides  Decreases, Because ( E.N decreases)

p-Block Elements [12]

* Formation of Oxides :
(i) Two types of oxides
(a) Mono oxide (MO) (b) Dioxides (MO2)
(ii) CO2 is a gas at room temp. while other dioxides are crystalline solids, because CO2 molecules
are held together only by weak vander waal's forces.
(iii) Only carbon forms multiple covalent bonds other not because other have large size of p-orbital.
(iv) Silica : SiO2 has giant molecule having high m.p. In SiO2 silicon has sp3 hybridisation.
(v) Quartz : Crystalline form of SiO2
* Formation of Oxyacids :
(i) Oxyacids are formed by C & Si. (ii) Main inorganic oxyacid is H2CO3
(iii) H4SiO4 is silica acid.
* Formation of Halides :
(i) They form tetra halides MX4 except PbBr4 & PbI4.
(ii) The non existence of PbBr4 and PbI4 is due do that Pb+4 is a strong oxidising agent while Br¯ &
I¯ are highly reducing agent.
(iii) All MX4 are covalent except SnF4. It is Ionic.
(iv) The tetrahalides of carbon cannot undergo hydrolysis due to non availability of vacant 'd' orbitals
CCl4 + H2O  COCl2 + 2HCl.
phosgene
(v) The tetrahalides ofsilicon like SiF4 can form SF62–. In this ion silicon undergoes sp3d2 hydridisation
where carbon cannot form this type of ion.
(vi) Dihalides of these elements are more ionic than their corresponding tetrahalides.
(vii) Thermal stabilityof tetrahalides :
CX4 > SiX4 > GeX4 > SnX4 > PbX4.

 FAMILY MEMBERS OF IV-A GROUP

Carbon (C) :
* Chemical Properties :
(1) Action of HNO3 : Charcoal dissolves slowly in hot dil. HNO3 forming a brown substance
called“Artificial tannin"
C + 4HNO3  CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O
* Oxides of Carbon :
(a) Carbon Mono oxide : (CO)
(i) Structure : :C 
 Ox
x

(ii) It is extremely poisonous in nature due to the fact that it combines with haemoglobin, oxygen
carrier of blood, to form a stable compound carboxy haemoglobin. With the result the oxygen
transportation is disturbed and tissues do not get necessary oxygen and ultimately death occurs.
(iii) Used in extraction of Ni -
Impure Ni + 4CO  [Ni(CO)4] + solid
Highly volatile in the
form of vapours
 180°
Pure Ni + 4CO
This process is Mond's process

p-Block Elements [13]

 (iv) It acts as a reducing agent and reduces metallic oxides to metals.
Fe2O3 + 3CO    2Fe + 3CO2
High temp.

H2O + CO    H2 + CO2

High temp.

(steam)
(v) It is used in making carbonyls which in turn are used in the extraction of iron and nickel.
Ni + 4CO  Ni(CO)4
Fe + 5CO  Fe(CO)5
(vi) CO is poisonous gas antidote for CO poisoning is carbogen (Mixture of oxygen & 5 - 10% CO2)
(b) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) :
(1) Solid CO2 is known as dry ice because it evaporates without liquefying.
(2) Solid CO2 is used as a refrigerant.
(3) CO2 is used as a fire extinguisher.
(4) CO2 is absorbed by plants in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll to from glucose and higher
carbohydrates. This process is known as photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O   C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Light
Chorophyll

(5) Carbonic acid : H2CO3 is used as a good disinfectant

(6) It is acidic in nature :
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  H+ + HCO3¯
A mixture of solid CO2 and ether is used to produce very low temperature of order - 80°
to - 100°C
(7) It neutralises alkalies to form two series of salts, carbonates and bicarbonates.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O
(milky)
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 
(milky appearance)
Ca(HCO3)2  
Heat
CaCO3
Cal.bicarbonates (Milkiness reappear)
(Clear sol.)
This used as a test of CO2 and carbonates
(8) Resonance of CO2 :

  

 Carbides of Carbon :
Compounds of C with less electronegative element are known as carbides.
(a) Ionic or Salt like carbides :
(1) Formed by ionic bonding and exists as crystalline solids.
Ionic carbide = Carbon + Highly Electropositive metal
Eg. Al4C3 : Methanide
CaC2 : Acetylide
Mg2C3 : Allylide
(a) Methanides : In these carbon is in - 4 oxidation state. When subjected for hydrolysis
form methane.
Al4C3 + 12H2O  4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4

p-Block Elements [14]

 (b) Acetylides : In these carbon is in -1 oxidation state. These on hydrolysis form acetylene
CaC2 + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
4
(c) Allylides : Carbon is in  oxidation state. They form propyne on hydrolysis
3
Mg2C3 + 2H2O  2MgO + C3H4.
(2) Carbon is varying in oxidation state in these three compounds
Eg. CaC2  Mg2C3  Al4C3
(3) CaC2 : Calcium carbide
CaC2 + N2  CaCN2 + C
nitroline
CaCN2 + H2O  2NH3 + CaCO3
 It releases NH3 on hydrolysis, it is mainly used as fertilizer.

(b) Covalent Carbides :

(a) Small discrete molecules : Eg : CH4, CCl4 etc
(b) Carbides consist of giant molecules :
Eg SiC etc.
(1) C + Non metals = Covalent carbides
(2) SiC is a polymeric covalent carbide known as carborundum
(3) These are very hard & used for cutting
(4) These are of the two types -
(c) Interstitial carbides or Refractory Carbides :

(1)

Interstitial sties are occupied by carbon.

(2) Carbon are hold by weak vander waal force in interstitial carbides
Eg. Steel
(3) Iron carbides having atomic radii < 1.37A° is not a interstitial carbides
 Interstices are very less.
(4) Ti, Zr, Hg, W, Mo, V : Forms Interstitial carbides, while Co, Ni, Fe do not forms interstitial
carbides.
Rest of transition metal forms interstitial carbides
(5) Characteristics of interstitial compounds :
(i) Density is high so very hard & have high m.p. & b.p.
(ii) They are employed in cutting of tools especially tungustun carbide.
(6) Interstitial compounds are non stoichiometric compounds
 here ratio is not fixed and is in fraction.

 Fuels of Carbon :
Calorific value : It is the total quantity of heat liberated by the complete combustion of a unit mass of
the fuel in air
Unit = Kcal / m3

p-Block Elements [15]

 (a) Water gas :
(a) It is a mixture of CO + H2 with a small amount of CO2 & also known as synthesis gas.
(b) A mixture of water gas and producer gas is used for manufacture of NH3 by Haber's
process
(c) Water gas is also known as blue gas because it burns with blue flame.
(d) Contains maximum percentage of CO.
(b) Producer gas :
(a) It is a mixture of CO + N2
(b) Cheapest gaseous fuel
(c) Coal gas :
It is a mixture of H2 + CH4 + CO and other gases like N2, C2H4, O2 etc.
(d) Oil gas :
It is a mixture of H2 + CH4 + C2H4 + CO and other gases like CO2.
(e) Gobar gas : or Bio gas
CH4 + CO + H2
(f) Natural gas :
CH4 + C2H6 + C3H8 + C4H10
(g) L.P.G. (liquid Petroleum Gas) :
Butane + Isobutane
 Silicon (Si) :
* Physical properties
 Amorphous silicon is a brownish powder.
 Silicon is relatively unreactive except at high temperatures.
 The oxidation number of +4 is a character of non metal silicon.
 Silicon is a bad conductor of electricity .The hydrides of silicon are called silanes.
 Silicon forms complex compounds. SiF42–
 Silicon is a hard and brittle solid, with high melting point (1413ºC)
 All forms of silicon have a diamond like crystal Si - Si bond is weaker than C—C bond and
silicon atoms are unable to form multiple bonds among themselves.
* Silicones :
(a) These are organosilicon polymers containing Si – O – Si linkage.
(b) Water proof papers, clothes & machines can be prepare by spraying silicons as they acts as
water proof substances.
(c) Silicone is used as a lubricant in aeroplane parts where temp is low and all other machines which
work at low temp.
 It does not solidify even at low temp.
(d) Which of the following compounds does not form a silicone on hydrolysis followed by heating.
(i) R2 SiCl2 (ii) RSiCl3
(iii) R3 SiCl (iv) None of these

Onlyform dimers.

p-Block Elements [16]

 R
|
(e) + 2H2O H–O– Si – OH
|
R
Dialdichloro Silane Silicon (dialkyl silandiol)

R R R R
| | | |
(f) H–O– –O– – Si  H2 O
– O – H 
Si  HO – Si –O– Si – OH
| | | |
R R R R

The terminal 'OH' groups which are active, allows the polymerisation reaction to continue and the length
of the chain continues to incre

R R R R R R
| | | | | |
........O– Si –O– Si –O– Si –O– Si –O– Si –O– Si –O ........
| | | | | |
R R R R R R

a straight chain silicane is formed.

(g) A complex cross linked polymer is obtained on the hydrolysis of alkyl trichloro silane.
OH
|
R  Si  OH
|
OH

 SILICATES
It is the general name given to a group of minerals which contains silicon oxygen bonds.( chemical
compounds having SiO4 unit are called as silicates).

p-Block Elements [17]

 NITROGEN FAMILY

Element Atomic no. Outer shell configuration

N 7 He 2s2 2p3
P 15 Ne 3s2 3p3
As 33 Ar 3d104s2 4p3
Sb 51 Kr 4d105s2 5p3
Bi 83 Xe 4f145d106s2 6p3
 NAMING
Commonly Called as Pnicogens and their Compounds are Pniciticles :
 IMPORTANT POINT
Hydrides of these elements are very poisonous and on their presence breathing is difficult
 GENERAL PROPERTIES
* State and Nature :
(a) Only N is gaseous and rest are all solids.
(b) N and P are both non metallic.
(c) As is metalloids.
(d) Sb and Bi are metal.
(e) The existence of Nitrogen as diatomic molecule is due to its ability to form p - p multiple
bonds which is not possible in case of other elements.
* Atomic Radius, Density, Ionic Radius and M.P.:
 increases due to Electro positive
character increases.
* Ionisation Energy and Electronegativity :
I.P. and E.N.  Decreases.
* Electrical and Thermal Conductivity :
 Increases.
Because delocalisation of electron increases. from N to Bi.
Poor conductor (N,P) Semi conductor (As) Good conductor (Sb, Bi)
* Catenation :
Only N, P and As exhibit the property of catenation.
* Valency and Oxidation Number :
(a) Gen. configuration : ns2np3
Valency = 3
O.S. = – 3, + 3,+ 5
P show O.S. = – 3, + 3
(b) P has two sleeping valency.
(c) Sleeping Valency : These electron of valency shell which does not take part in bonding.
(d) P in excited state show + 5 O.S.
So Hybridisation = sp3d
Shape = Triagonal bypyramidal.
(e) P, As, Sb Show 3 & 5 both O.S.
N only 3, absence of d– orbital
Bi only 3, because of inert pair effect

p-Block Elements [18]

* Reactivity :
(a)  Decreases  E.N. Decrease
(b) Least reactive in V group is N {due to triple bond formation of Bond Energy ( )
(c) Max. reactive in V group is P.
(d) Order P > As > Sb > Bi > N
* Allotropic Forms :
(a) N in solid state has  and  allotropy
(b) [Liquid N + liquid HNO2]  employed for surgery called cryo surgery. It is painful surgery
without surgical instruments.
 TYPES OF PHOSPHOROUS
(a) Yellow or white Phosphorous
(b) Red Phosphorous
(c) Black Phosphorous
* White P :
(a) White P exist as discrete P4 molecules. It has tetrahedral geometry. Bond angle is 60° instead
of 109°. With this Bond angle white P is associated with strain and because it is less stable
or more reactive.
(b) Ignition temp of white P is 30°C. i.e. it is highly reactive and when it undergoes ignition,
it releases large amount of energy and this energy is emitted in form of light which is called
as Fluorescence.
* i.e. white P glows into dark.
(c) Because of high reactivity of white P it is stored on H2O.
(d) White P slowly changes into Red P and it will get yellow colouration and finally Red.
(e) If Red P has little % of white P in it as impurity then it is purified by adding NaOH white
P undergoes reaction whereas red P not.
(f) White P is highly poisonous.
(g) It is a waxy solid

* Red P :

(a) Formed from white P by breakage of one P – P bond and so chain of P4 molecules is formed.
(b) Long chain of P4 molecules are formed and when compared with white P, red P has more
density, less reactive with Breakage of P – P bond, strain related with P4 molecules
decreases.
(c) Ignition temp of red P is above 230°C
* Black P :

p-Block Elements [19]

 (a) Exist in the form of Hexagonal layers like graphite.
(b) It is least reactive and has maximum density.
(c) Black P exist as solid of high density.
(d) It is a conductor of electricity.
* Arsenic (As) :
It is the most poisonous element of Vth group.
 COMPOUNDS OF V-A GROUP
* Formation of Hydrides :
(a) Hydrides formed have YH3 formula -{NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3, BiH3}
(b) Except NH3, all Hydrides are poisonous.
(c) NH3 neutralises protic acids as well as aprotic acids (Lewis Acid) so ammonia is strong
base.
(d) PH 3 + HI  PH4I
Phosphene Phosphonium Iodide.
Phosphene is a weak base as compared to NH3 and rest all have amphoteric nature.
(e) NH3 will have high boiling point due to H-bond.
(f) Tendency of H-bonding and B.P.
NH3 > PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 < BiH3.
(g) NH3 cannot acts as a reducing agent and BiH3 is strongest reducing agent.
(h) Stability decreases from NH3 to BiH3
 Size increases and so bond strength decreases.
(i) Oxidation state :
Hydrazine NH2 – NH2 or N2H4   – 2
Hydrazoic Acid N3H     – 1/3
NH2 – OH  – 1
(j) Hydrazine is used as propellant for rocket fuels
 It is undergoes combustion releasing large amount of energy.
(k) H2O2 also a better propellent than N2H4
 H2O2 provides nascent O which is more reactive than O2.
(l) N3¯ is called Azide Ion  Has 4 lone pair
Eg. Ba+2N3¯  Barium Azide [Ba(N3)2].
* Formation of Halides :
(i) YX3 (ii) YX5
(i) Tri Halides :
All possible trihalides of all these elements are known except NCl3, NBr3, and NI3 Because:
(1) Low polarity of the N – X bond.
(2) Weakness of N – X bond due to large size difference.
(3) NCl3 + 3H2O NH3 + 3HOCl
PCl3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HCl
SbCl3 + 3H2O SbOCl + 2HCl (Stibynl Chloride)
BiCl3 + H2O  BiOCl + 2HCl (Bismithyl Chloride)
When an aq. solution of BiCl3 is prepared, after some time a turbidity appears which is milky
in appearance and finally a white ppt is formed due to formation of BiOCl.
(4) Lewis Base Order :
NF3 < NCl3 < NBr3 < NI3.

p-Block Elements [20]

 (ii) Penta Halides :
(1) Except N and Bi all forms pentahalides, N does not form due to absence of d-orbital
Bi does not form due to inert pair effect.
(2) PCl 5 acts as an effective chlorinating Agent so it decomposes into
PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2
* Formation of Oxides :
(i) N2O : laughing Gas
Highly poisonous gas, in very little amount it will have hysteric effect.
(ii) N  N  O It has linear geometry µ must be zero but it is more than zero because it has
only one polar bond.
(iii) Only NO and N2O are neutral oxides of N.
(iv) It is only N which forms paramagnetic oxide.
(v) Stability of oxides decreases with increasing atomic number.
Eg. Thus N2O5 is stable while Bi2O5 is not known.
(vi) The Acidic Character of Oxides Decrease with decrease in O.S.
Eg. N 2 O +1  Neutral
While NO2 +4  Acidic
(vii) Types of Oxides :

Element
N P As Sb Bi
Types of Oxides

X2O3 N2O3 P2O3 As2O3 Sb2O3 Bi2O3

X2O4 N2O4 P2O4 As2O4 Sb2O4 Bi2O4

X2O5 N2O5 P2O5 As2O5 Sb2O5

(viii) Sb2O5 and Bi2O5 are insoluble in water but dissolve in alkali.
Sb2O5 + 6NaOH  2Na3SbO4+ 3H2O (Sodium Antimonate)
Bi2O5 + 6NaOH  2Na3BiO4 + 3H2O (Sodium Bisnuthate)
Exception : P2O5

 ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR OF NITROGEN

(a) Nitrogen is a gas, while other elements are solids.
(b) Nitrogen molecule is diatomic (N2) while molecules of P, As and Sb are tetra atomic
(P4, As4, Sb4) and that of Bi is mono atomic.
(c) Halides of nitrogen except NF3 are highly explosive.
(d) N2O3 and N2O5 are monomeric while trioxides and pentoxides of P, As and Sb are dimeric.
(e) It is chemically inert due to the presence of triple bond other elements are highly reactive
due to presence of single bond in their molecule.
(f) N  N, C = O, (C  N)¯ are isoelectronic species but N  N is less reactive due to nonpolar
nature and high ionisation energy.
(g) N does not form sulphides.
(h) Nitrogen occurs in free state but others are not.

p-Block Elements [21]

 FAMILY MEMBERS OF V-A GROUP
* Nitrogen (N2) :
(1) N2 forms 75% by mass or 78% by volume of the air.
(2) Preparation :
(i) Lab Method : By heating a mixture of NH4Cl and NaNO2.
NH4Cl + NaNO2  NH4NO2 + NaCl (Unstable)
NH4NO2   N2 + 2H2O
Heat

(ii) By heating ammonium dichromate :

(NH4)2Cr2O7   Cr2O3 + N2 + 4H2O.
Heat

(iii) By oxidation of Ammonia

2NH3 + 3CuO   3Cu + N2 + 3H2O
Heat

(iv) Commercially nitrogen is obtained by liquefication of air. The resultant liquid is

fractionally distilled in claude's appratus.
(3) Properties :
(i) Combination with oxygen to form NO (Nitric oxide) i.e. (Birkeland and Eyde
Process) :
N2 + O2 2NO – 43.2 kcal
(ii) Reaction with hydrogen (Haber's process)
Fe MO
N2 + 3H2   2NH3

500 C

(iii) Reaction with metals :


6Li + N2  
 2Li3N
450 C

2Al + N2   2AlN

2B + N2   2BN
1000  C
(iv) CaC2 + N2   CaCN2 (Calcium Cyanide Nitrolium)
* Compounds of Nitrogen
 Oxides :
(a) Nitrous oxide or laughing Gas (N2O) :

(i) NH4NO3  N2O + 2H2O
It is poisonous and when inhaled in small quantities it causes hysterical laughing.
(b) Nitric oxide (NO) :
(i) By the action of dil. HNO3 on Cu : (Lab Method)
3Cu + 8HNO3   2NO + 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O
(ii) This is the only gas which gives coloured gas on reaction with O2 (Blue colour.)
(iii) FeSO4 is employed for purification of NO.

FeSO4 . NO   FeSO4 + NO .
(iv) On lowering the temperature paramagnetic nature of NO decreases and in the liquid
state it becomes diamagnetic in nature.
(v) 2NO + O2  2NO2 (Reddish brown fume)
(vi) 2NO + Cl2  2NOCl
(c) Dinitrogen Trioxide : (N2O3)

O=N–

2NO + N2O4  2N2O3.

p-Block Elements [22]

(d) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) :
(i) 2Pb(NO3)2  673  4NO2 + 2PbO + O2
(ii) 2NO + O2  2NO2
(iii) It is a reddish brown gas.
(iv) It is a mixed anhydride of Nitrous and Nitric acids.
2NO2 + H2O HNO2 + HNO3

110 C
(v) 2NO2   N2O4
Reddish Brown Colourless
(Unpaired electron) (Dimagnetic)
NO2 molecule is paramagnetic and V shaped but dinitrogen tetroxide molecule is
diamagnetic and have long N – N bond in its structure and hence weak.
N

O O
Nitrogen dioxide Dinitrogen Tetraoxide
(e) Nitrogen Penta oxide or Nitric Anhydride (N2O5) :
(i) It is prepared by dehydration of HNO3 and P2O5
2HNO3 + P2O5  4NO2 + O2
(ii) It is a white crystalline solid but it becomes yellow due to partial decomposition into
NO2 .
2N2O5  4NO2 + O2
(iii) It is Anhydride of Nitric Acid
N2O5 + H2O  2HNO3.
(iv) It is also called Nitronium (NO2+) nitrate (NO3–)
 Oxy acids of Nitrogen :

Name of acids Formula Oxidation No. of N

1. Hyponitrous acid H2N2O2 or HNO +1
2. Hydroxynitrous acid H4N2O4 or H2NO2 +2
or Nitroxylic acid
3. Nitrous acid HONO or HNO2 +3
4. Pernitrous acid HOONO +4
5. Nitric acid HNO3 +5
6. Pernitric acid HNO4 +6
But two are mains
(1) Nitrous Acid (HNO2) :
(i) It is used in Mfg. of azo - dyes.
(ii) HNO2 is very unstable and exists only in aq. solution
(2) Nitric Acid (HNO3) :
(i) Commonly called as Aqua Fortis. This indicates that strong water, when it falls on
skin it causes mild burning.
(ii) N is in sp2 hybridisation in HNO3 and shape is triagonal planar geometry.

p-Block Elements [23]

  Preparation :
A. Brikland and Eyde Process :
N2 + O2    2NO – 43.2 kcal (endothermic)
Electric Arc

2NO + O2  2NO2

2NO2 + H2O  HNO2 + HNO3
3HNO2   HNO3 + H2O + 2NO
B. Ostwald Process :
4NH3 + SO2   4NO + 6H2O + 21.5 kcal
Pt. (Exothermic)
2NO + O2  2NO2
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2  4HNO3
* Conc. Increased up to 98% by dehydration with conc. H2SO4.

 Properties of HNO3 :
(i) Action on gold and platinum : These metals do not react even with hot and conc. HNO3.
However these dissolve in Aqua regia (a mixture of 3 parts of conc. HCl and one part of
conc. HNO3).
3HCl + HNO3   NOCl + 2H2O + 2[Cl]
Au + 3[Cl]  AuCl3 HCl
 HAuCl4 (Aurochloric acid)
Pt + 4[Cl]  PtCl4  2HCl H2PtCl6.
(ii) Reaction with copper :
Cu + 4HNO3 (conc.)  Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
3Cu + 8HNO3(dil.)  3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
(iii) Reaction with zinc :
4Zn + 10HNO3  4Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O
While 4Zn + 10HNO3 (dil.)  4Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NH3 + 3H2O
(iv) Reaction with non metals :
(a) I + 10HNO3  HIO3(Iodic Acid) + 10NO2 + 4H2O
(b) C + 4HNO3  CO2 + 2H2O + 4NO2
1
(c) S + 6HNO3(conc.)  H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O
8 8
(d) P4 +20HNO3 (conc.)  4H3PO4 + 20NO2 + 4H2O
Uses : (a) Preparation of explosive such as T.N.T ,Picric acid, Gun cotton and dynamite.
(b) In purification of Ag and Au.
* Family members
 Ammonia (NH3) :
Discovery : - Berthelot, in 1788, pointed out that ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen.
In 1800,Davy established its formula NH3.
* Preparation: -
(i) Ammonia is obtained on a small scale from ammonium salts which evolve it when heated with caustic
soda or lime.
NH4Cl + NaOH  NH3 + NaCl + H2O
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2  2NH3 + CaCl2 + 2H2O
(Slaked lime)

p-Block Elements [24]

(ii) Ammonia is formed when ammonium chloride is heated with litharge
2NH4Cl + PbO  2NH3 + PbCl2 + H2O
(iii) By reacting nitrides with water, ammonia is obtained.
AIN + 3 H2O  A(OH)3 + NH3
Mg3N2 + 6H2O  3Mg (OH)2 + 2NH3
 Manufacture of Ammonia
(i) Haber's process : Principle : Haber process is the most important industrial method of preparing
ammonia. This method was discovered by a German chemist Fritz Haber. The method involves the
direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen according to the following reaction.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + 24.0 kcal
The reaction is reversible, exothermic and formation of NH3 is followed by a decreased in
volume. According to Le Chatelier's principle, the optimum conditions for the greater yield of
ammonia are :
(a) High pressure : Usually a pressure of 200 atmospheres is applied.
(b) Low temperature : The working temperature of 450–550°C is maintained.
(c) Catalyst : At low temperature, although the yield of ammonia is more yet the reaction is
very slow. In order to speed up the reaction, a catalyst is used. The following catalysts have
been proposed for this purpose.
(i) Finely divided iron with some molybdenum as a promotor.
(ii) Finely divided nickel and sodalime deposited over pumice stone.
Raw materials : Nitrogen and hydrogen are the chief raw materials. Nitrogen is obtained from
air by liquefaction followed by fractional evaporation of liquid air. Hydrogen is obtained by elec-
trolysis of water.
Physical properties : (i) Ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent odour. It brings
tears into the eyes.
(ii) It is lighter than air .
(iii) It is highly soluble in water. One volume of water dissolves 1300 volume of ammonia at
0°C and 1 atmosphere. The high solubility is due to the hydrogen bonding. The solubility
of ammonia increase with increase of pressure and decreases with increase of temperature.

H
|  
HN  HO
| |
H H

(iv) It can be easily liquefied at room temperature by the application of pressure. The liquid
ammonia is clourless and boils at -33°C. It freezes at –78°C. Liquid ammonia has a large
heat of vapourisation (327 cal/g.). It is, therefore, used in ice-plants.
* Chemical Properties :
(i) Stability :
It is highly stable. It decomposes into nitrogen and hydrogen at red heat or when electric sparks
are passed throught it .
2NH3 N2 + 3H2

p-Block Elements [25]

 (ii) Basic nature :
Ammonia is a Lewis base, accepting proton to form ammonium ion as it has tendency to donate

H  H 
 | 
| H  N  H
an electron pair . H  N : H   |  It forms salts with acids.
|  
H  H 

NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl (Ammonium chloride)

Thick white fumes

(iii) Oxidation :
(It is oxidised to nitrogen when passed over heated CuO or PbO.
3CuO + 2NH3  3Cu + N2 + 3H2O
3PbO + 2NH3  3Pb + N2 + 3H2O
Both chlorine and bromine oxidise ammonia.
2NH3 + 3Cl2  N2 + 6 HCl
6NH3 + 6HCl  6 NH4 Cl

8 NH3 + 3Cl2  N2 + 6NH4Cl

(Exess)
When chlorine is in excess an explosive substance nitrogen trichloride is formed.
NH3 + 3Cl2  NCl3 + 3 HCl
Hypochlorites and hypobromites oxidise ammonia to nitrogen.
2NH3 + 3NaCIO  N2 + 3NaCl + 3H2O
The oxidation of ammonia with bleaching powder occurs on warming.
3CaOCl2 + 2NH3  3CaCl2 + N2 + 3NaCl + 3H2O
Thus, ammonia acts as a reducing agent.
Uses : (i) Liquid ammonia is used in refrigeration on account of its large heat of evaporation.
(ii) Ammonia is used in the form of ammonium hydroxide (aq.solution) in the laboratoryin qualitative
and quantitative analysis.
(iii) Ammonia is used for making artificial silk.
(iv) It is used as a cleansing agent for removing greese.

* Phosphorous :
(1) Phosphorous is largely used in match industry.
(2) White phosphourous is used as a rat poison.

p-Block Elements [26]

* Compounds of Phosphourous :
(i) Phosphine (PH3) :
Comparison between NH3 and PH3 :
NH3 PH3
1. It is lighter than air 1. It is heavier than air.
2. It is not poisonous 2. It is highly poisonous
3. It forms H-bonding 3. Not form H-bonding
4. Highly soluble in water 4. Sparingly soluble in water.
5. Aqueous solution is Alkaline 5. Aq. solution is neutral.
So Red litmus  Blue
6. Ammonia form NH4OH i.e. stable 6. PH4OH is unstable.
7. Form complexes 7. Does not form complexes.
(ii) Oxides of Phosphorous :
[A] Phosphorous trioxide (P2O3) : (P4O6)
(i) Reaction with oxygen : P2O3 + O2  P2O5
(ii) It burns spontaneously in chlorine :
P4O6 + 4Cl2  2POCl3 (Phosphoryl Chloride) + 2PO2Cl (Metaphosphoryl Chloride)
(iii) Reaction with water :
P4O6 + 6H2O (cold)  4H3PO3 (Phosphorous Acid)
P4O6 + 6H2O (Hot)  3H3PO4 + PH3 (Phosphoric Field)
[B] Phosphorous Pentoxide (P2O5 or P4O10) :
(i) Preparation : By burning phosphorous in excess of dry air. It is collected in the form of snowy
powder called flower of phosphorus.
P4 + 5O2(Excess)  P4O10.
(ii) Reaction with H2O :
P4O10  2
H2 O
 4HPO3
2H2 O
   2H4P2O7  
2H2 O
 4H3PO4
Phosphorus Metaphosphoric Phosphosphoric Ortho phosphoric
Pentoxide Acid Acid Acid
[C] Oxy Acids of Phosphorus :
(a) Phosphorus acid (H3PO3) :
(b) Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) :
(i) Preparation :
Lab Method :
P4 + 20HNO3  I2
 4H3PO4 + 20NO2 + 4H2O.
(ii) Action of heat :
2H3PO4 250  C H 4 P 2O 7 600  C 2HPO3
 
  

Ortho Phosphoric Pyro phosphoric Meta Phosphoric
Acid Acid Acid
(c) Pyrophosphoric Acid (H4P2O7) :
(d) Metaphosphoric Acid (HPO3) :
It is transparent glassy solid called glacial phosphoric Acid.

p-Block Elements [27]

 OXYGEN FAMILY
Element Atomic no. Outer shell configuration
O 8 He 2s2 2p4
S 16 Ne 3s2 3p4
Se 34 Ar 3d104s2 4p4
Te 52 Kr 4d105s2 5p4
Po 84 Xe 4f145d106s2 6p4
 GENERAL PROPERTIES
(i) State and Nature :
(a) Only O2 in gaseous state and rest all are solid.
 Only form p – p bond.
(b) O and S both non metal
(c) Se and Te are metalloids.
(d) Po is metallic.
(ii) Atomicity :
(a) Atomicity of O is 2 or 3 (O3)
(b) S8, Se8 (octa atomic molecules)
These exist as puckered ring structure where all atoms are not on same plane.

[structure of S8 molecule]
(c) Te and Po are mono atomic.
(d) Tellurium exists in two form alpha and Beta.

(iii) Atomic Radii, Ionic Radii, Density and Electropositive :  Increases down the group.
(iv) Ionic Potential and Electron Negativity :  Decreases down the group
C.Q. Most reactive among VIth group elements
Ans. O
C.Q. Least reactive among VIth group elements.
Ans. Te.
(v) Physical State :
Existence of oxygen as a diatomic molecule is due to ability of oxygen atom to form stable p-
p multiple bond where as sulphur and other elements of the group are incapable of p - p
overlap.
(vi) Melting Point and Boiling Point :
From oxygen to tellurium melting and boiling points go on increasing. The M.P. of polonium is
less than tellurium.
(vii) Allotropy andAllotropic Forms :
Oxygen has two allotropes O2 and O3. The type of allotropy is called as monotropy. Sulphur
has number of allotropic forms. The most common are Rhombic sulphur, monolinic sulphur,
plastic sulphur, colloidal sulphur etc.

p-Block Elements [28]

 CHEMICALPROPERTIES
* Formation of Hydraides :
(a) Hydrides which are formed have H 2Y formula where Y is the VIth group elements and O.S. +2.
Eg. H2O  Neutral hydrides {liquid state}

H2 S 

H2 Se  Acidic Nature (Gaseous)
H2 Te 

(b) H2O undergoes strong intermolecular H-bonding so exist in liquid state.

(c) The least boiling Hydrides is H2S. Because no H-bonding.
(d) The B.P. of these hydrides vary as H2O > H2S < H2Se < H2Te
(e) Properties :
(1) Volatility : H2O to H2S increases H2S to H2Te decreases. So H2S is most volatile in
between them.

(2) Thermal Stability :H2O to H2Te decreases.

(3) Acidic character : H2O to H2Te increases
 Charge density decreases and increases size.
(4) Reducing Character :
(a) All hydraides except water are reducing agents
(b) H2O to H2Te increases.
(c) Only on reaction with F, H2O is reducing agent and releases O2 because F is
more E.N. than O.
(5) Bond Angle :  Decreases
 Decreasing electronegativityof central atom.

* Formation of Halides :
(a) YX2 Y2X2 YX4 YX6
(b) Oxygen forms halides with F only
OF 2 O 2F 2
O.S. of O +2 +1
Shape and structure of O2F2 is same as H2O2.
(c) SCl2 S2Cl2 SCl4 SF6.
S2Cl2 used in preparation of mustard gas.
(d) Same for Se
(e) Te2Cl2 and PO2Cl2 are not known. This is due to weaker Te – Te and Po - Po bonds
(f) Thermal stabilityof halides F > Cl > Br > I
(g) All elements form exahalide but only hexafluorides because size of fluorine is small.

p-Block Elements [29]

* Formation of Oxides :
Only S, Se and Te form two types of oxides
(a) YO2 and YO3
O.S. +4 +6
(b) Eg. O.O2  O3 X
SO2 SO3
SeO2 SeO3
Amphoteric TeO2 TeO3
C.Q. Most acidic oxide among oxides of VIth group.
Ans. SO3.
* Formation of Oxyacids :
S, Se and Te form two types of oxyacids - ous and –ic acids.
Sulphur H2SO3 H2SO4
Selenium H2SeO3 H2SeO4
Tellurium H2TeO3 H2TeO4
- ic acids are stronger acids than - ous acids. 1Among - ous acids of different elements acidic strength is
H2SO3 > H2SeO3 > H2TeO3.

 FAMILY MEMBERS OF VITH GROUP

* Oxygen : (O)
(i) Oxygen M olecule (O 2) :
(1) In air as O2 to the entent of 21% by volume or 23% by weight.
(2) Lab method to produce O2 is.
2NaO2 + 2H2O  4NaOH + O2
(3) Air is liquefied by use of joule - thomson effect {cooling by expansion of gas}.
(4) Reaction with compounds :
(a) Contact Process :
2SO2 + O2 Pt
. asbestos
 2SO3
(b) Ostwald Process :
4NH3 + 5O2 Pt  4NO + 6H2O
. Gauze

(c) Deacon's Process :

Cupric
4HCl + O2 Chloride
  2Cl + 2H O.
2 2

(5) Uses :
(a) Oxy-Acetylene flame is used for cutting process and welding process.
(b) Liquid oxygen is a constituents of fuels used in rockets.
* Oxides :
A binary compound of oxygen with another element is called an oxide.
(a) Oxygen combined nearly with all other elements except inert gases, noble metals and halogens.
(b) The binary compounds of oxygen with other element are called oxides. Hence, the compounds
of oxygen and fluorine (OF2, O2, F2) are not called as oxides.

p-Block Elements [30]

 OZONE

Unstable deep blue, diamagnetic gas, with fishy smell. Toxic enough (more toxic than KCN). It's intense
blue colour is due to the absorption of red light.

2F2 + 2H2O  4HF + O2  Ozonised oxygen

F2 + 3H2O  6HF + O3 
These are separated by passing into spiral tube cooled into liquid air. Ozone condenses at –112.4°C.
[b.p. of O2 –183°C ; b.p. of liq. air is –190°C]
Oxidising property of O3
It is one of best oxidising agent, in acid solution, its standard, reduction potential value is 2.07 V.
O3 + 2H+ + 2e  O2 + H2O E° = +2.07 V
It is next to F2. [above 2.07 V, only F2, F2O are there]
(i) Metal Sulphides to Sulphates.
MS + 4O3  MSO4 + 4O2 [M = Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd]
(ii) 2HX + O3  X2 + H2O + O2 [X = Cl, Br, I]

(iii) Moist S, P, As + O3 
S + H2O + 3O3  H2SO4 + 3O2
2P + 3H2O + 5O3  2H3PO4 + 5O2
2As + 3H2O + 5O3  2H3AsO4 + 5O2

KI + 3O3  KIO3 + 3O2 

alk. 
(vi)  KI + 4O3  KIO4 + 4O2 

(v) Hg loses its fluidity(tailing of Hg)

2Hg + O3 Hg2O + O2
similarly 2Ag + O3  Ag2O + O2
Brown
(vi) BaO2 + O3  BaO + 2O2
H2O2 + O3  H2O + 2O2
Na2O2 + O3 + H2O  2NaOH + 2O2
Absorbent : (i) Turpentine oil
(ii) Oil of cinnamon
Uses: (i) Sterilising water
(ii) Detection of position of the double bond in the unsaturated compound.
Classification of oxides
(1) Acidic oxides  H2O + CO2  H2CO3.
e.g. CO2, B2O3, SiO2, N2O3, NO2, N2O5, P4O6
Note: Mixed anhydrides  Those oxides which form two oxy acids.
e.g. 2NO2 + H2O  HNO2 + HNO3
P4O8 + 6H2O  2H3PO3 + 2H3PO4
SiO2 + 2NaOH  Na2SiO3 + H2O
salt water.

p-Block Elements [31]

 (2) Basic oxides :
Oxide + H2O  alkali  e.g. Na2O + H2O  2NaOH
Oxide + acid  salt + H2O ;
e.g. CuO + H2SO4  CuSO4 + H2O
Oxide + Acidic oxide  salt 
e.g. PbO + SO3  PbSO4.
(3) Neutral Oxide -
Oxide + Acid  No reaction
Oxide + Base  No reaction
e.g. CO, H2O, N2O, NO etc.
(4) Amphoteric oxides  React with acid & base both to form salts.
e.g. ZnO, Al2O3, BeO, Sb2O3, Cr2O3, PbO, PbO2 etc.
ZnO + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2O ;
ZnO + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH  2NaAlO2 + H2O ;
Al2O3 + 6HCl  2AlCl3 + 3H2O
PbO + 2NaOH  Na2PbO2 + H2O ;
PbO + H2SO4  PbSO4 + H2O
Cr2O3 + 2NaOH  Na2Cr2O7+H2O ;
Cr2O3 + 3H2SO4  Cr2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
(5) Compound or mixed oxides  Oxides which behaves as mixture of two simple oxides.
e.g. Pb3O4 (2PbO + PbO2)
Fe3O4 (FeO + Fe2O3)
Mn3O4 (2MnO + MnO2)
(6) Peroxides  Oxides + dil acids  H2O2
e.g. Na2O2 + H2SO4(dil)  Na2SO4 + H2O2
BaO2 + H2SO4. (dil)  BaSO4 + H2O2
(7) Dioxides  Like peroxides, these also contain excess of oxygen but do not form H2O2 with
dilute acids. They evolve chlorine with conc. HCl and oxygen with conc. H2SO4.
e.g.  PbO2, MnO2
MnO2 + 4HCl conc.  MnCl2 + Cl2+ 2H2O
2MnO2 + 2H2SO4 (conc.)  2MnSO4 + O2 + 2H2O
(8) Suboxides  The oxides which contain less oxygen than expected from the normal valency of
the elements are termed sub-oxides.
e.g. Carbon suboxide - C3O2
Lead suboxide - Pb3O
Nitrous oxides - N2O
(9) Superoxides  These oxides contain O2¯ ion.
e.g. KO2, RbO2, CsO2.
These react with water to give hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.
2KO2 + 2H2O  2KOH + H2O2 + O2
* Sulphur (S) :
Atomic Number : 16
Outer electronic configuration : 3s2 3px2 3p1 y 3p1z
Number of unpaired electrons : 2
Covalency : 2
Oxidation States : –2, 0, +2, +4, +6

p-Block Elements [32]

 Occurrence : Sulphur is one of the widely occuring element. It constitutes about 0.1 percent of the
earth’s crust. It is found in free (native) as well as combined state. In the combined state it occurs as
sulphides and sulphates.
1. As sulphides : Cinnabar (HgS), Galena (PbS), Zinc blende (ZnS), Copper pyrites (CuFeS2)
2. As Sulphates : Gypsum (CaSO4, 2H2O), barytes (BaSO4), epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O). Organic
substances such as eggs, proteins onions, garlic, mustard, hair and wool contain sulphur.

 PROPERTIES :
* Physical Properties :
1. Sulphur is a pale yellow, crystalline, brittle solid. It is odourless and tasteless.
2. It has no physiological action on human beings as it is poisonous to lower organisms.
3. It is poor conductor of heat and a bad conductor of electricity. Hence sulphur is a very good
insulator.
4. It is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulphide, sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether.
5. Burning : When heated to about 250ºC sulphur burns in air with a pale blue flame forming mainly

S + O2   SO2
Heated
250 º C
(air)
USES :
1. For vulcanization of rubber.
2. In match industry and fireworks.
3. As a disinfectant for houses, for destroying bacteria, fungi, insects, etc.
4. For the manufacture of SO2, CS2, H2SO4 etc.
5. In manufacture of sulphur dyes.
6. In skin medicines.
7. For preparing gun powder (a mixture of charcoal, sulphur and potassium nitrate).
8. Po is radioactive element

* Allotropic forms of Sulphur :

(i) Rhombic octahedral or -sulphur :
(ii) Monoclinic Prismatic or -sulphur :
(a) These two sulphur are called as enantiatropic substances
 - sulphur  - sulphur..
(b)  and  sulphur are crystalline and rest being amorphous and exist as S8 cyclic molecule.
(iii) Plastic or  sulphur :
It is obtained by quenching of boiling sulphur in a thin stream to cold water.
(iv) Milk of sulphur :
It is obtained by boiling milk of lime with sulphur and decomposing the products with HCl.
 3Ca(OH)3 + 12S  2CaS5 + CaS2O3 + 3H2O
 2CaS5 + CaS2O3 + 6HCl  3CaCl2 + 3H2O + 12S
Milk of sulphur is soluble in CS2 and is mainly used in medicine

p-Block Elements [33]

 (v) Colloidal or -sulphur :
It is prepared by passing H2S through a solution of an oxidising agent
Eg. HNO3 + H2S  2NO2 + 2H2O + S
SO2 + 2H2S  2H2O + 3S
* Uses of Sulphur :
(a) In manufacture of H2SO4, CS2 gun powder etc.
(b) Vulcanisation of rubber.
* Compounds of sulphur :
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) :
(i) Also known as sulphuratted hydrogen.
(ii) Lab method : Kipps apparatus
FeS + Conc. 2HCl  FeCl2 + H2S
In this reaction conc. HNO3 cannot be employed because HNO3 is a oxidising agent and
converts H2S into colloidal sulphur.
(iii) Sb2S2 + 6HCl  2SbCl3 + 3H2S.
Antimonysulphide
Here H2S is rotten egg smelling gas. If conc. HNO3 or H2SO4 is added the rotten smell of H2S
disappears.
(iv) Properties :
(1) H2S + Pb (CH3COO)2  PbS (Black) + 2CH3COOH
This would be confirmatory test for H2S.
(2) It bums in air with a blue flame.
2H2S + O2  2H2O + S
If the air supply is in excess.
2H2S + 3O2  2H2O + 2SO3
(3) It reduces moist chlorine to HCl
H2S + Cl2 (moist)  2HCl + S
(4) It is a mild acid
H2S S–2 + 2H+
H2S SH¯ + H+
(5) Ferric salts reduced to ferrous salts
H2S + 2FeCl3  2FeCl2 + 2HCl + S
(6) Acidified KMnO4 gets decoloured by H2S.
2KMnO4 + 5H2S + 3H2SO4  K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5S
(7) Acidified K2Cr2O7 becomes green in colour.
3H2S + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4  K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 8H2O + 3S
green colour
* SO2 Sulphur di-oxide :
••
(i) S
O O
S+4 :
*  bond for nuclei d - p bond.
* v - shape or trigonal planar.

p-Block Elements [34]

 (ii) Bleaching Property : SO2 acts as a bleaching agent in following two ways.
(1) In the presence of H2O, it is oxidised with the liberation of nascent hydrogen
which reduces the colouring matter to colourless.
SO2 + 2H2O  H2SO4 + 2[H]
Colouring matter + 2[H] Colourless compound.
(2) X – OH + SO2  X – HSO3
Coloured Colourless
(iii) Preparations :
(1) Lab Method : By heating copper turnings with conc. H2SO4.
Cu + 2H2SO4 (conc.)  
 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
(2) By roasting ZnS or iron pyrities.
2ZnS + 3O2  2ZnO + 2SO2
4FeS2 + HO2  2FeO3 + 8SO2.
(3) Reaction of anhydride with coke :
2CaSO4 + C  2CaO + CO2 + 2SO3.
(iv) Physical Properties :
(1) It is pungent smelling suffocating gas.
(2) It is soluble in H2O.
* Sulphur trioxide (SO3) :

triagonal planar molecule.

(1) Preparation :
1. Action of heat on Ferric sulphate
Fe2(SO4)3  Fe2O3 + 3SO3
2. Commercial Method :
By the oxidation of dry SO2 with dry oxygen.

2SO2 + O2  2SO3.

Pt

SO2 and O2 are first dried by passing through conc. H2SO4 and then passed over heated (400°C)
platinsed asbestos contained in a hard glass tube.
(2) Physical Properties :
It exists in atleast three forms -SO3,  - SO3 and  - SO3
Thes structure of solid SO3 is complex. It possesses cyclic trimer ( form) structure.
(a)  form: It is branched and sheet like structure
(b)  and  forms : It possesses an infinite helical chain made up of linked SO4 tetrahedron.

- form - form

p-Block Elements [35]

(3) Chemical Reactions :
1. It dissolves in conc. H2SO4 to form pyrosulphuric acid (oleum)
SO3 + H2SO4  H2S2O7.
2. SO3 + 2HBr  H2O + Br2 + SO2. In this SO3 is used as an oxidising agent.
* Oxy Acids of Sulphur :
(a) Sulphurous Acid (H2SO3) :

Structure of Sulphurous Acid (H2SO3)

(b) SulphuricAcid (H2SO4) or oil of vitrol :
Preparation : Mainly two process used
(A) Lead Chamber Process :
S + O2  SO2
1
FeS2 + O  Fe2O3 + 4SO2
2 2
SO2 + NO2  SO3 + NO
SO3 + H2O  H2SO4.
Note :
1. NO (Nitric Oxide) produced takes oxygen from air and gets converted back to nitrogen dioxide. Thus
oxide of nitrogen take oxygen from air and pass it to SO2 and thus act as oxygen carriers.
2NO + O2  2NO2
2. It is seen that in the presence of an insufficient quantity of steam or water spray, lead chamber crystals of
the composition SHSO4. No are obtained.
(B) Contact Process :
S + O2  SO2
FeS2 + O2  Fe2O3 + SO2
2SO2 + O2  2SO3 + Energy
Initially Pt. was employed as catalyst but now V2O5 is used because Pt is poisonous.
SO3 + conc. H2SO4  H2S2O7 
2H O
 2H2SO4
Oleum
(1) To get the appropriate amount of H2SO4 contact process is utilised.
(2) If bottle of H2SO4 is opened, it absorbs unlimited amount of moisture and H2SO4 overflows to
conc. H2SO4 is deliquescent liquid which is highly viscous and has high density.
(3) When H2SO4 is done dilute by adding water the reaction being highlyexothermic so temperature
increases to 120°C and thus along with water vapour the energy released when conc. H2SO4 is
contacted with skin, causing burning.
(4) Conc. H2SO4 + Glucose  6C + 6H2O
The white sugar changes to black and this is called charring of sugar (Blackening of sugar). this is the
conformation test of H2SO4 .

p-Block Elements [36]

* Chemical Reaction of H 2SO4 :
(1) It has greater affinity for water. Hence is used for drying of all gases except ammonia. It is also
employed as dehydrating agent.
(a) C12H22O11  conc
  12C + 11H2O
. H2 SO 4

This called as charring of sugars.

COOH
(b) |  CO + CO2 + H2O
conc. H2 SO 4
 
COOH

(c) Chloro benzene + Chloral  conc

  DDTE.
. H2 SO 4

2 : 1
(2) Action with potassium ferrocyanide:
K4Fe(CN)6 + 6H2SO4 + 6H2O  2K2SO4 + FeSO4 + 3(NH4)2SO4 + 6CO
Uses :
(a) It is regarded as king of chemical.
(b) In manufacture of explosives (T.N.T, gun cotton) etc.
(c) As a pickling agent : Pickly is an industrial process for removing layers of basic oxides from
metals like Fe and Cu. before electroplating, galvanizing and soldering.

* Hypo, or Sodium Thiosulphate (Na2S2O3 . 5H2O) :

(i) It is usedinphotographyforremovingunaffectedsilverbromide(halides).duringfixingofnegatives.
2Na2S2O3 + AgCl  Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] + NaCl.
(ii) It is used an antichlor (To remove excess Cl2 from bleached fabrics).
Na2S2O3 + Cl2 + H2O  Na2SO4 + S + 2HCl

p-Block Elements [37]

 HALOGEN FAMILY
Element Atomic no. Outer shell configuration
F 9 He 2s2 2p5
Cl 17 Ne 3s2 3p5
Br 35 Ar 3d104s2 4p5
I 53 Kr 4d105s2 5p5
At 85 Xe 4f145d106s2 6p5

 HALO : SEA SALTS

Generaly they are called halogen because they are sea salts forming elements.
 IMPORTANT POINT
At (astatine) is a radioactive element.
 GENERAL PROPERTIES
* State and Nature :
(a) F and Cl are Gas. (b) Br : Liquid
(c) , At is solid (d) All are non metallic
(e) metallic character down the group (F  I) non metallic character decreases
(f) I has metallic lustre on heating and its show’s sublimation property
* Atomic Radii, Ionic Radii, Boiling point and Melting point, Density :
All these character increases down the group
* Ionisation potential and Electronegativity
down the group atomic size increases so IP and EN decreases down the group
* Electron Affinity (E.A.) :
Cl > F > Br > I. Generaly down the group electron affinity decreases but the electron affinity of
Cl is more than F because due to the small size and high electron density of F the incoming electron
is not easily enters as comparison Cl because it’s size not as small as size of F and not large as
Br and I.
* Colour properties :
(a) F : Pale yellow. Cl : Greenish yellow Br : Red I : Voilet purple.
2 5
(b) Outermost electronic configuration is to ns np due to the presence of unpaired electron
they absorb visible light and reflect complementary light and exhibit colour.
(c) F absorbs violet colour light and appears yellow. It will absorbs yellow coloured light and
appears violet.
(d) Astatine being stable could have absorbed orange or red light and would have exhibited
indigo or bluish colour.

* Valency and Oxidation state :

(a) ns2np5
(b) valency = 1
if Halogens combines with more E.N. elements then O.S. = + 1.

p-Block Elements [38]

 (c) For Cl. Ground State :
Valency = 1

1st excited state

* Bond Energy :
F – F bond dissociation energy is less than that of Cl – Cl and Br – Br. It is due to larger inter
electronic (electron - electron) repulsion between the non bonding electrons in the 2p orbitals of
fluorine atom. then these in the 3p orbitals of chlorine atoms.
F – F Cl – Cl Br – Br I –I
38 kcal/mol 57 kcal/mol 45.5 kcal/mol 35.6 kcal/mol
Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > l2

* Oxidising Power :
The electron affinity, or tendency to gain electrons reaches a maximum at chlorine. Oxidation may
be regarded as the removal of electron so that an oxidising agent gains electrons.
Thus the halogens act as oxidizing agents.
The strength of an oxidising agent (i.e. oxidation potential) depends upon several energy terms and
represented by following diagram.

H ) disso .
X 2 (   2X 2e H ) hydra .
 2X  (   hydrated ion
( H )eg.

H(reduction potential) = H(dissociation energy) + H(electron gain enthalpy) + H(hydration energy)

Element H(reduction potential)
F2 – 186.5
Cl2 – 147.4
Br2 – 136.4
I2 – 122.4
Thus oxidising powers decrease on descending in group VII. Fluorine is so strong oxidising agent
that H oxidizes water to oxygen. The oxidation of H2O by Cl2 is thermodynamically possible but
since the energy of activation is high this reaction does not occur.
1
F2 + H 2 O  2H+ + 2F¯ + O
2 2
Cl2 + H2O  HCl + HOCl
Iodine is even weaker oxidising agent and the free energy change indicate that energy would have
to be supplied to make it oxidise water.

p-Block Elements [39]

 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
* Reaction with H2 :
All hologens reacts with H to form hydrogen halides.
F2 + H2   H2F2
Dark
(a)
Cl2 + H2 Light
 2HCl

Br2 + H2   2HBr

I2 + H2  2HI
(b) Reactivity of Halogens F > Cl > Br > I
(c) HCl in gaseous state is hydrogen chloride. While HCl in aqueous solution is hydrochloric
acid.
(d) HCl, HBr, HI acts as reducing agent.
(e) H2F2 cannot decompose into H2 and F2 and so its can never acts as reducing agent.
(f) H2F2 has highest boiling point and exist in liquid state.
(g) HCl , HBr and HI exist on gaseous state.
(h) HCl b.p. is very low and after HCl b.p. increases because Vanderwaals forces increases
() and so b.p. ( ).
* Reaction With H2O :
(a) H2O acts as reducing Agent only with F.
2F2 + 2H2O  2H2F2 + O2
(b) Cl2 + H2O  HCl + HClO Hypochlorous acid Light  HCl + [O]
So Cl2 in presence of moisture acts as bleaching agent.
(c) H2O + I2  No Reaction.
(d) All these halogen are soluble in water except I2 when KI solution is added I2 will also dissolve
because adsorption of I2 molecule on the surface of iodide ion KI3 is formed which is a
highly ionic compound.
* Displacement Reaction :
(a) F2 + 2NaX  2NaF + X2 {X = Cl, Br, I}
Cl2 + 2NaX  2NaCl + X2 {X = Br2, I2}
So order of displacement [F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2]
(b) If Halogen is in –ve O.S. then it is replaced by more E.N. element.
(c) If Halogen is +ve O.S. then it is replaced by less E.N. element.
* Reaction with Metals :
Metal halides are formed F > Cl > Br > I
* Reaction with Non Metals : Non metallic halides are formed. Eg. NF3, PCl3 etc.
* Reaction with NH3 :
(a) 3F2 + NH3  NF3 + 3HF
(b) 3Cl2 + NH3  NCl3 + 3HCl
(c) I2 is less reactive and so remains same and Ammoniated compound will form.
3I2 + 2NH3  NI3 . NH3 + 3HI

p-Block Elements [40]

* Reaction with NaOH :
(a) F2 + NaOH (dil.)  2NaF + OF2 + H2O
(b) 2F2 + 4NaOH (conc.)  4NaF + 2H2O + O2.
They are both redox reactions.
(c) Cl2 + NaOH  NaCl + NaClO3 + H2O
(d) Br2 + NaOH  NaBr + NaBrO3 + H2O
* Formation of Oxides :
(a) No oxides of F because of its maximum E.N. character.
(b) Rest forms
X2 O X2 O 3 X2 O 5 X2 O 7
+1 +3 +5 +7
Eg. Cl2O Cl2O3 Cl2O5 Cl2O7

Moleculer formula Str uctur es

Cl2O

Cl2O3

Cl2O5

Cl2O7

(c) All these oxides are acidic

(d) Acidity decreases down the group and maximum active oxide is Cl2O7

* Formation of Oxyacids :
(a) F does not form any oxyacid because High E.N.
(b) Rest oxyacids are
Hypo halous acid (HXO) Halous acid (HXO2) Halic acid (HXO3) Perhalic acid (HXO4)
X = +1 +3 +5 +7
(c) All these oxy acids are acidic
(d) Acidity and thermal stability decreases down the group and maximum acidity and thermal
stability will be of HClO4.
(e) Thermal stability of acids increases with the increasing O.S. of the halogens or with increase
in the no. of oxygen atom.
(f) Oxidising Power :
(i) All these oxyacids acts as strong oxidizing agents.
(ii) Stability of anions increases from ClO¯ to ClO4¯, the oxidising power decreases
from ClO¯ to ClO4¯
(iii) Order of oxidising agent HClO > HClO2 > HClO3 > HClO4

p-Block Elements [41]

* Miscellaneous Reaction :
(a) I2 + Na2S2O3 (Hypo)  2NaI (Colourless) + Na2S4O6
This reaction is employed for identification of I2.
(b) Dry Cl2 + Ca(OH)2(s)  CaOCl2 (Bleaching Powder) + H2O
* Inter Halogens :
Product obtained by uniting two halogen compounds :
AB AB3 AB5 AB7
Where A = less E.N. Halogen
B = More E.N. Halogen
Eg. ClF ClF3 BrF5 IF 7
BrCl BrCl3 ICl5
IBr IBr3
These interhalogens have polarity because of different E.N.

Note : Abnormal Behaviour of Fluorine as Compared to Other Members :

Fluorine differs considerably from other halogens due to -
(i) Small size
(ii) High electronegativity.
(iii) Non availability of d - orbitals in its valency shell.
(iv) Low bond dissociation energy of F – F bond.
(a) Boiling point of HF is the highest and for other increases down the group.

Comparison of [Cl2, Br2 and I2]

S.No. Property Chlorine Bromine Iodine

1. Physical State Gas Liquid Solid

2. Colour of Vapour Greenish Yellow Dark Red Violet

Decomposes into Decomposes Slowly

3. Action of H2O No action
HCl & O2 in Presence of Light

4. Oxidising Action Strong Good Weak

Moist Cl2 is a Good Moist Br2 is a good

5. Bleaching Action No Bleaching
Bleaching Agent Bleaching Agent

6. Action of Halides Displaces Br2 & I2 Displaces I2 No Action

Explosive in Light
7. Combination with H2 Only on Heating Heating + Catalyst
Slow in Dark

(b) Due to hydrogen bonding HF is a liquid while HCl, HBr and HI are gases.
(c) Fluorine, being the most electronegative gives SF6 while other member do not form hexahalides
with sulphur.
(d) It exhibits oxidation state of only –1.
(e) It is the strongest oxidising agent.

p-Block Elements [42]

 (f) It liberates oxygen as well as ozone with water.
(g) HF does not ionize while HCl, HBr and HF ionize in aqueous solution.
(h) Solubility of salts :
(i) AgF is soluble in water while AgCl, AgBr and AgI are insoluble.
(j) It combines with hydrogen with explosion at a low temperature and even in the dark. No
other halogens combines so readily.
H2 + F2  2HF
(k) It liberates oxygen as well as ozone with water.
2H2O + 2F2  4HF + O2
3H2O + 3F2  6HF + O2
 FAMILY MEMBERS OF HALOGEN
* Fl uor i ne (F 2) :
Modern method of Isolation :
In this method F2 is prepared by the electrolysis of fused fluoride, (KHF2) potassium hydrogen fluoride.
* The electrolytic cells are made of Cu, Ni or monel metal.
Reaction in the electrolytic cell :

K+ + e– K F– F + e–
K + HF KF + H 2F F2
2H H2
(i) Uses :
It is used in the preparation of fluorine compound such as.
(a) Freon : Fereon - 12 i.e. CF2Cl2 as used in refrigeration and air conditioning in place of NH3
and SO2.
(b) Teflon : (– F2C – CF2)n It is a new plastic.
* Chlorine (Cl2) :
(i) Preparation :
(a) By the electrolysis of brine (Aq. solution of NaCl) in nelson cell. This is the cheapest method
NaCl Na+ + Cl¯
H 2O H+ + OH¯
At Cathode : H+ + e¯  H
H + H  H2
At anode : Cl¯  Cl + e¯
Cl + Cl  Cl2 .
(b) Decon's Process :
4HCl + O2     2H O + 2Cl .
CuCl
2
2 2
4 : 1
Chlorine gas thus obtained contains N2 and O2 and is used for the manufacture of bleaching powder
by hansenclever's process

p-Block Elements [43]

 (c) Lab Method : MnO2 + 4HCl  MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
(ii) Properties :
Bleaching :
Cl2 + H2O  2HCl + [O]
Coloured matter + [ O]  Colourless matter.
(iii) Uses :
(a) As a Germicide and disinfectant.
(b) Domestic antiseptic solution (NaOCl)
(c) In Mfg of bleaching powder, D.D.T etc.
(d) In warfare gases such as phosgene CaOCl2, tear gas (CCl3.NO2) and mustard gas
(ClC2H4 – S – C2H4Cl)
* Br omi ne (Br 2) :
(i) Preparation :
Bittern : Mother liquar contains about 0.25% of bromine or MgBr2 and is known as bittern.
Bittern is treated with Chlorine gas.
MgBr2 + Cl2  MgCl2 + Br2.
(ii) Uses :
it is used in preparation of ethyl bromide which is used in the mfg of tetraethyl lead (TEL)
as an importantanti - knock compound in the petroleum industry.
C2H6 + Br2  C2H5Br + HBr
4C2H5Br + 4Na – Pb  (C2H5)4 Pb + 4NaBr + 2Pb
* Iodine (I2) :
(i) I2 is the rarest of all the halogens. Its main source is kelp (varee).
(ii) Properties :
(a) It is only sparingly soluble in water but readily soluble in Na or K iodide due to formation
of triiodide.
KI + I2  KI3
However, this solution behaves as a simple mixture of KI and free I2.
1 1
Note : Tincturce of iodine contains ounce I2, ounce KI and 1 pinch of rectified spirit.
2 4
(b) Iodoform Reaction :
2C2H5OH + 6KOH + 4I2  HCOOK + CHI3 + 5KI + H2O
Iodoform or Haloform reaction show by following -
A = CH3 – C – R
||
O

When R = H, CH3, C2H5, .......

R = Benzyl and its derivatives
R = Every 2-Alcohol (not secondary)
R = C2H5OH (only Ethyl Alcohol in Primary)
R = No. tertiary Alcohol.

p-Block Elements [44]

 COMPOUNDS OF DIFFERENT MEMBERS
* Potassium Chlorate (KClO3)
(i) On heating with conc. HCl, KClO3 gives a mixture of chlorine and chlorine dioxide known
as exchlorine.
2KClO3 + 4HCl  2KCl + 2ClO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
(ii) Uses :
In mfg. of matches, fire works and photographic flash powders.
* Pseudohalides and Pseudohalogens :
A few ions are known, consisting of two or more electronegative atoms of which at least one is
nitrogen, that have properties similar to those of halide ions. These ions are called pseudohalide
ions, Pseudohalide ions are univalent and these form salts resembling halide salts.
The pseudohalide ions are :
Cyanide ions (CN–) : Isocyanide ion (NC–)
Cyanate ion (OCN–) : Fulminate ion (ONC–)
Thiocyanate ions (SCN–) : Isothiocyanate ion (NCS–)
Selenocyanate ion (SeCN–) : Tellurocyanate ion (TeCN–)
A zi de i on (N 3–) : Azido carbon disulphide ion (SCSN3–)
As the dimers of halide ions are called halogens, the covalent dimers of the pseudohalide ions are
called halogens or halogenoids.The pseudohalogens known are :
Cyanogen (CN)2 : Oxycyanogen (OCN)2
Thiocyanogen (SCN)2 : Selenocyanogen (SeCN)2
Tellurocyanogen (TeCN)2 : Azido carbon disulphide (SCSN3)2
The best known pseudohalide is CN– .This resembles Cl–, Br– and I– in the following respects:
(i) It forms an acid, HCN.
(ii) It can be oxidised to (CN)2 molecule.
(iii) It forms insoluble salts with Ag+, Pb2+ and Hg22+.
(iv) It forms large number of complexes similar to halide complexes, e.g.
[Cu (CN)4]2– and [CuCl4]2– . [Co(CN)6]3– and [CoCl6]3–
(v) Inter-pseudohalogen compounds ClCN, BrCN and CN can be formed.
(vi) AgCN is insoluble in water but soluble in ammonia like AgCl.

Oxy acids of Halogens

Oxidation state Chlorine Bromine Iodine Name of acid Name of
of halogens salt
+1 HClO HBrO HIO Hypohalous Hypohalite Stability and
acidity
+3 HClO2 - - Halous Halite increases but
+5 HClO3 HBrO3 HIO3 Halic Halate oxidising power
+7 HClO4 HBrO4 HIO4 Perhalic Perhalate decreases

p-Block Elements [45]

* Oxy Acids of Halogens
(1) Fluorine does not form any oxy-acids because it is more electronegative than oxygen.
(2) Other halogens form four series of oxy acids with formulae
HXO  Hypohalous
HX O2  Halous
HXO3  Halic
HXO4  Perhalic acids or Halic (I), Halic (III), Halic (V) and Halic (VII)

* Some important general trends in Oxy-acids of Halogens

(1) In oxy-acids, hydrogen is present as –OH group
(2) All the hypohalous acids (HXO) are unstable and readily form HXO3. Among these the
relative order of stability is
HClO > HBrO > HIO
(3) In halic acids (HXO3), iodic acid is the most stable.
(4) Thermal stability -
Thermal stability  oxidation state of halogens & No. of oxygen atoms.
(a) The thermal stability of both the acids and their salts increases with the increasing oxidation
state of the halogen or with the increase in the number of oxygen atoms i.e. stability of the
oxy halide anion increases from ClO¯, ClO2¯, ClO3¯, ClO4¯.
(b) This is due to the fact with the increasing number of oxygen atoms in the series, the no.
of electron involved in forming  and  bonds increases.
(c) Thus in the most stable perchlorate ion, ClO4¯, all the valence orbitals and electron of
chlorine atom are involved in the formation of bonds.
(d) The stability of perchlorate ion, ClO4¯ may also be said due to greater multiplicity of the
Cl-O bond.

Hypo chlorite Chlorite

Shape - dumb - bell Shape - bent chain

Chlorate Per- chlorate

Shape - Pyramidal Shape - Tetrahedral.

p-Block Elements [46]

 (5) Oxidising power -
ClO¯
 Stability increases and oxidising power decreases
ClO4¯
Hypochlorites are the strongest oxidising agents.
(6) Relative acidity  oxidation no.
HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO
Note : (i) In all these acids and salts halogen is in sp3 hybridised state.
(ii) Stronger the acid, the weaker will be its conjugate base and vice-versa.
ClO4¯ < ClO3¯ < ClO2¯ < ClO¯ (relative basic character)
Thus ClO4¯ is the weakest base and HClO4 (conjugate acid of ClO4¯) is the strongest acid.
ClO4¯ > ClO3¯ > ClO2¯ > ClO¯

Relative stability of Cl–O bonds

p-Block Elements [47]

 INERT GAS FAMILY
Element Atomic no. Outer shell configuration
He 2 1s2
Ne 10 He 2s2 2p6
Ar 18 Ne 3s2 3p6
Kr 36 Ar 3d104s2 4p6
Xe 54 Kr 4d105s2 5p6
Rn 86 Xe 4f145d106s2 6p6
 RARE GASES OR NOBLE GASES
These are found in atmosphere to very less extent so named rare gases and form very few compounds
so termed noble gases.
 IMPORTANT POINT
All have octet configuration except He having duplet confriguation.
(i) They exist on gaseous state.
(ii) Rn is produced by the disintregration of radium and is radioactive itself
226
8 8 Ra  222
86 Rn + 42 He  
(iii) Ramsay was the discoverer of these gases.
(iv) First inert gas which was discovered by ram say firstly i.e. argon.
(v) All except Rn occur in atmosphere almost 1% byvolume in which argon is the major constituent.
 ISOLATION
Except He, non-radioactive noble gases are commercially isolated from air by two method.
(i) Fractional Distillation of Liquid air (Claude's Method) :
Due to difference in b.p. the various constituents of air are seprated from each other.
(ii) Dewar's Coconut Chercoal Adsorption Method :
(a) O2 and N2 are removed by means of compound formation.
(b) The principle of this method is that the adsorption capacity of these gases at low
temperature by coconut charcoal increases with increases in their atomic weights.
(c) Thus He has the lowest and Xe has the maximum adsorption capacity.
 GENERAL PROPERTIES
(i) Atomic Radii, Melting point and Boiling Point, Density :
(a) All increases down the group.
(b) He is the only element having two boiling point i.e. *4.2 K and 2.5 K.
(c) It is [He] only element which exist in two liquid phases i.e. He and He2.
(d) They are colorless, odourless and tasteless.
(ii) Ionisation Energy :
(a) They possess veryhigh ionisation energy.
(b) Ionisation energy of Xe is nearly equal to that of molecular oxygen.
(iii) Electron Affinity :
Due to complete octet, noble gas atoms are unable to take extra electron.
(iv) Monatomicity :
Due to very high I.E. and nearly zero E.A. noble gas atoms are not capable of combine and their
Cp
value of  = C is close to 1.66.
v

p-Block Elements [48]

 (v) Force of attraction between atoms of Noble Gases :
Vander Walls force between the atoms increases from He to Xe.
(vi) Solubility in Water :
Slightly soluble in water and solubility in water increases with increase in atomic number.
(vii) Chemical Nature :
(a) Noble gases are almost chemically inert.
(b) But Kr, Xe and Rn are slightly reactive because of relativly low IP of gases.

(viii) Adsorption of Inert Gases :

(a) Done on coconut. Gas particles are adsorbed in surface of coconut charcoal
(b) Larger the size, more will be the adsorption so maximum adsorption of Xe at highest
temp.
(ix) (a) First gas discovered was Argon. (Ar gas Lazy)
(b) Other inert gas isolated was Neon.
(c) Other inert gas remaining hidden gas krypton (Kryptos = Hidden)
(d) Then Xenon (Xenon = stranger)
(e) Rn emits , ,  radiations.
(f) He has unusual property of diffusion through lab matarial like Rubber, Glass, Plastic.
 FAMILY MEMBERS OF NOBLE GASES
* Xenon (Xe) :
It is the only element that forms true compounds.

(i) XeF2:  

5s 5p 5d
sp3d
Linear Geometry

(ii) XeF4 :  

5s 5p 5d
sp3d2
Square Planar

(iii) XeF6 :  

sp3d3
Distorted octahedral

p-Block Elements [49]

 (iv) Reaction with H2O :
XeF6 + H2O  H2F2 + XeOF4
sp3d2(Square Pyramidal)
XeOF4 + H2O  XeO2F2 + H2F2
Xenon dioxydifluoride (sp3d) i.e. Triagonal bipyramid
XeO2F2 + H2O  XeO3 + H2F2
Explosive Xenon trioxide (sp3)

* Neon and Argon :

(i) Gets trapped in the intersitital spaces of H2O or alcohols and this type of mixture resulted is
called as clatharate compound.
(ii) These compounds are not formed by He.,

 USES

(i) Noble gases are widely used to provide inert atmosphers in metallurgical process.

(ii) He is used as a cooling medium in gas cooled atomic reaction because of its high thermal
conductivity, low viscocityand low density.

(iii) Liquid He is used in gas thermometer required for low temperature measurement.

(iv) Neon in neon lamps.

(v) Neon in neon tubes for rectifiers, voltage regulators etc.

(vi) Argon is in filling in candesent lamps.

(vii) Xe is used in discharge tube for quick photography.

(viii) Rn is used in treatment of cancer (Radiotherapy)

p-Block Elements [50]

 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 In P4O6 and P4O10, the number of oxygen atoms bonded to each phosphorus atoms
are respectively -
(A) 3 and 3 (B) 4 and 4 (C) 3 and 4 (D) 4 and 3
Sol. (C)
In P4O6 each phosphorus is linked to three oxygen atoms; whereas in P4O10 each phosphorus atom
is linked to four oxygen atoms.
Ex.2 Pick out out incorrect statement -
(A) Orthophosphorus acid can be obtained by reacting P4O6 with H2O
(B) Orthophosphoric acid can be obtained by reacting P4O10 with H2O
(C) Pyrophosphoric acid can be obtained by heating orthophosphourus acid
(D) Metaphosphoric acid is obtained by the dehydration of orthophosphoric acid at 316°C.
Sol. (C)
OH OH OH OH
| | | |
O=P–OH+HO–P=O O=P–O–P=O+H 2O
| | | |
OH OH OH OH

Ex.3 Hypophosphorus acid H3PO2 is –

(A) Tribasic acid (B) Dibasic acid
(C) Monobasic acid (D) Not acidic at all
Sol. (C)
Structure of Hypophosphorus acid. As it contains only one replaceable H atom. it is mono basic.

OH
|
P
H || | H
|

O
Ex.4 Maximum covalency of sulphur is –
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) – 2
Sol. (C)
Sulphur atom in ground state

sulphur atom in excited state

3s 3p 3d

Due to presence of six unpaired electrons, it can form maximum of six bonds, so covalency is six.

Ex.5 The formula of sulphur molecule is –

(A) S2 (B) S4 (C) S6 (D) S8
Sol. (D)
Sulphur atom in S8 molecule is in sp3 hybridization state and involves both bonding and non bonding
pairs of electrons.

p-Block Elements [51]

Ex.6 Which of the following is the strongest oxidant –
(A) F2 (B) Cl2 (C) Br2 (D) I2
Sol. (A)
F2 is strongest oxidant, because(i) F2 has exceptionally low dissociation energy of
F–F bond, (ii) F– has high energy of hydration due to small size of the F– ion.

Ex.7 Which of the following is a false statement-

(A) Halogens are strong oxidizing agent
(B) Halogens show only (–1) oxidation state
(C) HF molecules form intermolecular H-bonds
(D) Fluorine is highly reactive
Sol. (B)
Fluorine, being most electronegative element, always show the oxidation state of –1. Other halogens
can show higher positive oxidation state in addition to negative oxidation of –1.

Ex.8 Consider the following perhalate ion in acidic medium

ClO4– (I), BrO4– (II), lO4– (III)
Arrange these in the decreasing order of oxidizing power.
(A) I > II > III (B) I > III > II (C) II > I > III (D) II > III > I
Sol. (D)
Standard reduction potential (in volts) of the perhalate ions are gives as below –
ClO4– + 2H+ + 2e– – ClO3– + H2O; E° = 1.19V
BrO4– + 2H+ + 2e– – BrO3– + H2O ; E° = 1.74V
IO4– + 2H+ + 2e– – IO3– + H2O ; E° = +1.65V
more the standard reduction potential, the more is tendencyof perhalite ion to undergo reduction and
more stronger it will be an oxidizing agent.

Ex.9 Which of the following reactions will give bleaching powder –

(A) CaCl2 + H2O (B) CaO + HCl (C) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 (D) ClO2 + Ca(OH)2
Sol. (C)
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 – CaOCl2 + H2O
Slaked lime

Ex.10 The boiling point and melting point of inert gases are –
(A) Low (B) High (C) Very high (D) Very low
Sol. (D)
Due to very weak, Vander Waals forces.

Ex.11 The ease of liquefaction of noble gases increases in the order –

(A) He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe (B) Xe < Kr < Ne < Ar < He
(C) Kr < Xe < He < Ne < Ar (D) Ar < Kr < Xe < Ne < He
Sol. (A)
As size increases, Vander Waals forces also increases.

p-Block Elements [52]

Ex.12 Noble gases can be separated by –
(A) Passing them through some solution
(B) Electrolysis of their compounds
(C) Adsorption and desorption on coconut charcol
(D) None
Sol. (C)
Coconut charcoal possess characteristic property for adsorbing different noble gases at different
temperatures.

Ex.13 The statement, which prompted Neil Bartlett to prepare the first noble gas compound was -
(A) Xe-F bond has high bond energy
(B) F2 has exceptionally low bond energy
(C) PtF6 is a strong oxidant
(D) O2 molecule and Xe atom have very similar ionization energies.
Sol. (D)
Both Xe and O2 have comparable ionisation energies.
Xe – Xe+ + e– ionisation energy = 1,170 kJ/mol
O2 – O2+ + e– ionisation energy = 1,175 kJ/mol

Ex.14 Which of the following halides is most acidic ?

(A) PCl3 (B) SbCl3 (C) BiCl3 (D) CCl4
Sol. (A)
In CCl4, carbon atom does not have d-orbitals to accommodate a lone pair of electrons and hence
is not a lewis acid. In PCl3, SbCl3,BiCl3 centre atom has empty d-orbitals but electronegativity of
P is maximum, hence PCl3 is strongest acid.

Ex.15 Compounds A and B are treated with dilute HCl separately. The gases liberated are Y and Z
respectively. Y turns acidified K2Cr2O7 paper green while Z turns lead acetate paper black. The
compounds A and B are respectively -
(A) Na2S and Na2SO3 (B) Na2SO3 and Na2S
(C) NaCl and Na2CO3 (D) Na2SO3 and Na2SO4
Sol. (B)
SO2 turns acidified K2Cr2O7 paper green.
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 – Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2O
(Y)
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2 – Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
Green
H2S turns lead acetate paper black.
Na2S + H2SO4 – Na2SO4 + H2S
(Z)
H2S + Pb(CH3COO)2 – PbS + 2CH3COOH

p-Block Elements [53]

Ex.16 Which of the following are isoelectronic and isostructural ?
(A) NO3–, CO32–, (B) SO3, NO3– (C) ClO3–, CO32– (D) CO32–, SO3
Sol. (A)
NO3– and CO32– both have same number of electrons (32 electrons) and central atom in each being
sp2 hybridized.
O O
|| ||
–
C | – –
N SO3 = 40 electrons
–
|

|
O O O O ClO3 = 42 electrons
Structure of Structure of
2– –
CO3 NO3

Ex.17 Which of the following is correct structure of S2Cl2 -

Cl Cl
| |

(A) S S (B) Cl–S–S–Cl (C) S S (D) Cl=S=S=Cl

|
|
||

Cl Cl

|
Sol. (C)

Ex.18 What is the hybrid state and oxiation state of sulphur in Caro’s acid ?
(A) sp2, +10 (B) sp3, +10 (C) sp2, +6 (D) sp3, +6
Sol. (D)
The structure of Caro’s acid is
O
||
HO–S–O–O–H. The hybrid state is sp3 and its O.N. is +6.]
||
O

Ex.19 Identify the correct sequence of increasing number of -bonds in structures of the following molecules–
(i) H2S2O6 (ii) H2SO3 (iii) H2S2O5
(A) I, II, III (B) II, III, I
(C) II, I, III (D) I, III, II
Sol. (B)
O O
|| ||
H2S2O6, H–O–S–S–OH – 4-bonds ;
|| ||
O O

O
||
H2SO3, HO–S–OH –one -bond ;
O
||
H2SO5, H–O–S–S–OH – 3-bonds ;
|| ||
O O
Ex.20 I4O9 is an –
(A) covalent bond (B) coordinate compound
(C) ionic compound (D) double salt
Sol. (C)
I4O9 is actually I(IO3)3 which gets ionised.
I(IO3)3 I3+ + 3(IO3)

p-Block Elements [54]

 Cold and dilute NaOH
(A) + NaCl + H 2O
Ex.21 Cl2
Hot and conc. NaOH
(B) + NaCl + H 2O
Compounds (A) and (B) are -
(A) NaClO3, NaClO (B) NaOCl2, NaOCl
(C) NaClO4, NaClO3 (D) NaOCl, NaClO3

Sol. (D)
Cl2 + 2NaOH – NaCl + NaClO + H2O
Cold and dil. (A)
3Cl2 + 6NaOH – 5 NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O
Hot and conc. (B)
Ex.22 When chlorine water is added to an aqueous solution of sodium iodide in the presence of chloroform,
a violet colouration is obtained. On adding more of chlorine water and vigorous shaking, the violet
colour disappears. This shows the conversion of.......into.....
(A) I2, HIO3 (B) I2, HI (C) HI, HIO3 (D) I2, HIO
Sol. (A)
Cl2 + 2NaI – 2NaCl + I2
(Violet colouration in chloroform)
5Cl2 + 6H2O + I2 – 2HIO3 + 10HCl
colourless

Ex.23 A greenish yellow gas reacts with an alkali hydroxide to form a halate which can be used in fireworks
and safety matches. The gas and the halate are –
(A) Br2, KBrO3 (B) Cl2, KClO3 (C) I2, NaIO3 (D) I2, KIO3
Sol. (B)
The halate used in fireworks and safety matches is KClO3. Thus, the gas is Cl2.
3Cl2 + 6KOH – KClO3 + 5KCl + 3H2O
greenish
yellow gas

p-Block Elements [55]

 EXERCISE–I
BORON FAMILY
Q.1 Thallium shows different oxidation states because -
(A) Of its high reactivity (B) Of inert pair effect
(C) Of its amphoteric nature (D) It is a transition metal
Q.2 Which out of the following is potash alum -
(A) K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3.24H2O (B) K2SO4. Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O
(C) K2SO4. Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O (D) (NH4)2SO4. FeSO4.6H2O
Q.3 In diborane
(A) 4 bridged hydrogens and two terminal hydrogen are present
(B) 2 bridged hydrogens and four terminal hydrogen are present
(C) 3 bridged and three terminal hydrogen are present
(D) None of the above
Q.4 Which of the following property does not support anamalous behaviour of boron ?
(A) Small size (B) High electronegativity
(C) High ionization energy (D) Formation of trihalides
Q.5 In B2H6 -
(A) There is a direct boron-boron bond
(B) The boron atoms are linked through hydrogen bridges
(C) The structure is similar to C2H6
(D) All the atoms are in one plane
Q.6 B2O3 is -
(A) Acidic (B) Basic (C) Amphoteric (D) None of these
Q.7 Which of the following statements about aluminium chloride is incorrect -
(A) It exists as a dimer
(B) It is a covalent compound
(C) It involves back bonding between Cl and Al
(D) Its aqueous solution conducts electricity
Q.8 AlCl3 exist as dimer because -
(A) Al has greater IP (B) Al has larger radius
(C) High charge in nucleus (D) Incomplete p-orbital
Q.9 Corundum is -
(A) SiO2 (B) Al2O3 (C) CaF2 (D) Cr2O3
Q.10 Boron compounds behave as Lewis acids because of their -
(A) Acidic nature (B) Covalent character
(C) Electron deficient character (D) Ionising property
Q.11 Al(OH)3 is-
(A) Acidic (B) Basic
(C) Amphoteric (D) Neither Acidic nor basic
Q.12 Hybridisation of Boron in diborane is -
(A) sp (B) sp3 (C) sp2 (D) sp3d
Q.13 Pick up the wrong statment -
(A) Anhydrous AlCl3 exists as Al2Cl6 (dimer) (B) Anhydrous AlCl3 is a trigonal planar molecule
(C) Anhydrous AlCl3 fumes in air (D) Anhydrous AlCl3 is ionic

p-Block Elements [56]

Q.14 Aluminium vessels should not be washed with materials containing washing soda because -
(A) Washing soda is expensive
(B) Washing soda is easily decomposed
(C) Washing soda reacts with aluminium to form soluble aluminate
(D) Washing soda reacts with aluminium to form insoluble aluminium oxide.
Q.15 Specify the coordination geometry around and hybridization of N and B atoms in a 1 : 1 complex
of BF3 and NH3 -
(A) N : Tetrahedral, sp3 ; B : Tetrahedral, sp3 (B) N : Pyramidal, sp3 ; B : Pyramidal, sp3
(C) N : Pyramidal, sp3 ; B : planar, sp3 (D) N : Pyramidal, sp3 B : tetrahedral, sp3
Q.16 Al and Ga have same covalent radii because of -
(A) Greater shielding power of s-electrons of Ga atoms
(B) Poor shielding power of s-electrons of Ga atoms
(C) Greater shielding power of d-electrons of Ga
(D) Poor shielding power of d-electrons of Ga atoms
Q.17 Alums are used for -
(A) Tanning of Leather (B) Coagulation of Blood
(C) Purification of water (D) All the above
Q.18 Boric acid is polymeric due to -
(A) Its acidic nature (B) The presence of hydrogen bonds
(C) Its monobasic nature (D) Its geometry
Q.19 The power of halides of Boron to act as Lewis acids decreases in the order -
(A) BF3 > BCl3 > BBr3 (B) BBr3 > BCl3 > BF3
(C) BCl3 > BF3 > BBr3 (D) BCl3 > BBr3 > BF3
Q.20 Lithum cannot form alums because of its -
(A) Small size (B) High electropositivity
(C) High ionisation energy (D) Small number of electron
Q.21 Which of the following statements regarding boric acid is false -
(A) It acts as a tribasic acid (B) It has a planar structure
(C) It acts as a monobasic acid (D) It is soluble in hot water
Q.22 The states of hybridizatrion of boron and oxygen atoms in boric acid (H3BO3) are respectively -
(A ) sp2 and sp2 (B) sp3 and sp3 (C) sp3 and sp2 (D) sp2 and sp3
Q.23 Which species does not exist -
(A) [BF6]–3 (B) [AlF6]–3 (C) [GaF6]–3 (D) [InF6]–3
Q.24 The nature of the solution of Potash alum is -
(A) Basic (B) Acidic (C) Neutral (D) Amphoteric
Q.25 Melting point is highest for -
(A) B (B) Al (C) Ga (D) In
Q.26 The final product obtained when boric acid is heated to red heat is-
(A) Metaboric acid (B) Tetraboric acid (C) Boron oxide (D) Pyroboric acid
Q.27 A mixutre of boric acid with ethyl alcohol burns with green edged flame due to the formation of-
(A) Ethyl borax (B) Ethyl borate (C) Methyl borax (D) Methyl borate
Q.28 The hydrolysis of borax produces -
(A) An acidic medium (B) A basic medium
(C) A neutral medium (D) An acidic or an neutral medium

p-Block Elements [57]

Q.29 In the following reaction -
B(OH)3 + H3O  [B(OH)4]– + H+
(A) B(OH)3 is a Lewis acid (B) B(OH)3 is a Lewis base
(C) B(OH)3 is amphoteric (D) None is correct
Q.30 Identify the statement that is not corect as far as structure of diborane is concerned-
(A) There are two bridging hydrogen atoms in diborane
(B) Each boron atom forms four bonds in diborane
(C) The hydrogen atoms are not in the same plane in diborene
(D) All B-H bonds in diborane are similar
C
Q.31 (a) Al N2 A (b) Al  B, Product A and B on hydrolysis yields respectively..
(A) Ammonia and acetylene (B) Ammonia and methane
(C) Nitric oxide and acetylene (D) None
Q.32 Covalency of B in BF4– is :
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2
Q.33 Which oxide is more stable than the other three :
(A) Tl2O3 (B) TI2O (C) Ga2O (D) In2O
Q.34 AlCl3 is ?
(A) Anhydrous and covalent (B) Anhydrous and ionic
(C) Covalent and basic (D) Coordinate and acidic
Q.35 Outer shall electrons will be present in Aluminium
(A) 2s2 2p1 (B) 3s2 3p1 (C) 3s1 3p2 (D) (B) and (C) both
Q.36 The correct atomic size order for boron family is :
(A) B > Al > Ga > In (B) B < Al < Ga < In
(C) B > Al = Ga > In (D) B < Al = Ga < In
Q.37 Boric acid is not used as :
(A) As an antiseptic (B) As a flux in soldering
(B) In making optical glasses (D) In making enamels and pottery glasses
Q.38 In organic graphite is :
(A) B3N3H4 (B) B2H6 (C) BN (D) None of these
Q.39 Boric acid is polymeric because of :
(A) It's acidic nature (B) Presence of hydrogen bonds
(C) It's monobasic nature (D) It's geometry
CARBON FAMILY
Q.40 Ni(CO)4, Fe(CO)5 and Cr(CO)6 are:
(A) Organometallics (B) Carbonyls (C) Both A & B (D) None
Q.41 CCl4 is used as a fire extinguisher because
(A) Its m.p. is high (B) Its forms covalent bond
(C) Its b.p. is low (D) It gives incombustible vapours.
Q.42 Different layers in graphite are held together by:
(A) Ionic bonding (B) Metallic bonding
(C) Covalent bonding (D) Vander waals forces
Q.43 Which element-element bond has the highest bond dissociation energy ?
(A) C–C (B) Si–Si (C) Ge–Ge (D) Sn–Sn

p-Block Elements [58]

Q.44 Silicones have the general formula
(A) SiO44– (B) Si2O76– (C) (R2SiO)n (D) (SiO3)n2–
Q.45 Carbon has no tendency to form complex compounds because of :
(A) Its small size (B) The availability of vacant d-orbitals
(C) Non availability of vacant d-orbitals (D) No tendency to form covalent bonds
Q.46 Which of the following statement is false :
(A) Dry ice is solid CO2 (B) CO2 is weakly acidic
(C) CO2 and SiO2 are linear molecules (D) CO2 is a gas while SiO2 is solid
Q.47 Trisilylamine [N(SiH3)3] has a
(A) Planar geometry (B) Tetrahedral geometry
(C) Pyramidal geometry (D) None of these
Q.48 Glass or silica soluble in :
(A) HClO4 (B) HF (C) Aqua-regia (D) H2SO4
Q.49 Which of the following halides is the most stable:
(A) CF4 (B) Cl4 (C) CBr4 (D) CCl4
Q.50 CO forms a volatile compound with
(A) Nickel (B) Copper (C) Sodium (D)Aluminium
Q.51 The structure and hybridization of Si(CH3)4 is
(A) bent, sp (B) trigonal, sp2 (C) Octahedral, sp3d2 (D) tetrahedral, sp3
Q.52 Phosgene is the common name given to
(A) Carbonyl chloride (B) Phosphine
(C) Phosphorus oxychloride (D) Phosphorus trichloride
Q.53 The number and type of bonds between two carbon atoms in CaC2 are :
(A) One sigma and one pi bonds (B) One sigma and two pi bonds
(C) One sigma and half pi bond (D) One sigma bond
Q.54 Which does not exist :
(A) [CCl6]2– (B) [SiF6]2– (C) [GeF6]2– (D) [SnCl6]2–
Q.55 Solid carbon dioxide is used as :
(A)Poison (B) Fire extinguisher (C) Refrigerant (D) Artificial respirant
Q.56 Which of the following is correct composition of water gas :
(A) CO + Cl2 (B) CO + N2 (C) CO + H2 (D) CO + H2 + N2
Q.57 What is the formula of carbon suboxide :
(A) CO (B) CO2 (C) C2O4 (D) C3O2
Q.58 Carborundum is :
(A) Al2O3 (B) SiC (C) BF3 (D) B4C
Q.59 When tin is treated with concentrated nitric acid
(A) It is converted into stannous nitrate (B) It becomes passive
(C) It converted into stannic nitrate (D) It is converted into metastannic acid
Q.60 Which of the following lead oxides is ‘sindur’:
(A) PbO (B) Pb2O3 (C) PbO2 (D) Pb3O4
Q.61 Which gas is liberated when Al4C3 is hydrolysed:
(A) CH4 (B) C2H2 (C) C2H6 (D) CO2

p-Block Elements [59]

Q.62 Lead pipes are not suitable for drinking water because:
(A) A layer of lead dioxide is deposited over pipes
(B) Lead forms basic lead carbonate
(C) Lead reacts with water containing air to form Pb(OH)2
(D) Lead reacts with air to form litharge
Q.63 Suppose you have to determine the percentage of carbon dioxide in a sample of a gas available
in a container. Which is the best absorbed material for the carbon dioxide :
(A) Heated copper oxide (B) Cold, solid calcium chloride
(C) Cold, solid calcium hydroxide (D) Heated charcoal
Q.64 If a person is injured by the shot of a gun and all the pellets could not be removed, it may cause
poisoning by :
(A) Hg (B) Pb (C) Fe (D) As
NITROGEN FAMILY
Q.65 Red phosphorus is chemically unreactive because :
(A) It does not contain P – P bonds
(B) It does not contain tetrahedral P4 molecules
(C) It does not catch fire in air even up to 400°C
(D) It has a polymeric structure.
Q.66 Phosphine is produced by adding water to :
(A) CaCl2 (B) HPO3 (C) Ca3P2 (D) P4O7
Q.67 Nitric acid (conc.) oxidizes phosphorus to :
(A) H3PO4 (B) P2O3 (C) H3PO3 (D) H4P2O7
Q.68 In the compound of type ECl3, where E = B, P, As, or Bi, the angle Cl – E – Cl for different E are
ion the order :
(A) B > = P = As = Bi (B) B > P > As > Bi
(C) B < P = As = Bi (D) B < P < As < Bi
Q.69 Mixture used in Holme's signal is :
(A) CaC2 and CaCl2 (B) CaCl2 and Ca3P2 (C) CaC2 and Ca3N2 (D) CaC2 and Ca3P2
Q.70 Phosphine is not evolved when :
(A) white phosphorus is boiled with a strong solution of Ba(OH)2
(B) phosphorus acid is heated
(C) Calcium hypophosphite is heated
(D) metaphosphoric acid is heated
Q.71 Which out of the following gases is obtained when ammonium dichromate is heated -
(A) Oxygen (B)Ammonia (C) Nitrogen (D) Nitrous oxide
Q.72 Among the trihalides of nitrogen which one is most basic -
(A) NF3 (B) NCl3 (C) NI3 (D) NBr3
Q.73 The correct sequence of decrease in the bond angle of the following hydrides is - :
(A) NH3> PH3 > AsH3> SbH3 (B) NH3> AsH3 > PH3> SbH3
(C) SbH3> AsH3 > PH3> NH3 (D) PH3> NH3 > AsH3> SbH3
Q.74 The low reactivity of nitrogen is due to -
(A) Small atomic radius (B) High electronegativity
(C) Stable configuration (D) High bond dissociation energy

p-Block Elements [60]

Q.75 Which one of the following does not undergo hydrolysis -
(A)AsCl3 (B) SbCl3 (C) PCl3 (D) NF3
Q.76 Which one of the following properties of white phosphorous are shared by red phosphorous -
(A) It dissolves in CS2 (B) It burns when heated in air
(C) It reacts with NaOH to give PH3 (D) It phosphorescences in air
Q.77 Which one of the following pentafluorides cannot be formed -
(A) PF5 (B) AsF5 (C) SbF5 (D) BiF5
Q.78 Phosphine is not obtained bythe reaction when -
(A) White P is heated with NaOH (B) Red P is heated with NaOH
(C) Ca3P2 reacts with water (D) P4O6 is boiled with water
Q.79 In P4O6 the number of oxygen atoms bonded to each phosphorus atom is -
(A) 1.5 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.80 Which of the following statements are not correct about the hydrides of group 15 elements -
(A) The hydrides of the elements of group 15 are ionic and have planar triangular shape
(B) The thermal stability of the hydrides decreases down the group
(C) the basic character of the hydrides decreases down the group
(D) The reducing nature of the hydrides increases down the group
Q.81 Bismuth does not form stable pentahalide because of -
(A) Its higher electronegativity (B) Its smaller size
(C) Inert pair effect (D) Non availability of d-orbitals
Q.82 Which of the following is basic in nature -
(A) H3PO3 (B) H3BiO3 (C) H3AsO3 (D) H3SbO3
Q.83 Acidic nitrogen hydride is -
(A) N2H4 (B) N3H (C) NH2OH (D) NH3
Q.84 PCl5 exists but NCl5 does not because -
(A) Nitrogen has absence of d-orbital (B) NCl5 is unstable
(C) Nitrogen atom is much smaller (D) Nitrogen is highlyinert.
Q.85 On heating a mixture of NH4Cl and KNO2 we get -
(A) NH4NO3 (B) N2 (C) NO (D) N2O
Q.86 Which of the following phosphorus oxyacids can act as a reducing agent ?
(A) H3PO3 (B) H3PO4 (C) H4P2O8 (D) H4P2O7
Q.87 When white phosphorous is heated with caustic soda, the compounds formed are -
(A) PH3 + NaH2PO3 (B) PH3 + NaH2PO2
(C) PH3 + Na2HPO3 (D) PH3 + NaH2PO4
Q.88 Phosphine produces smoky rings when it comes in contact with air because -
(A) It reacts with water vapour (B) It reacts with nitrogen
(C) It burns in air (D) It contains impurities of P2H4
Q.89 The solid PCl5 exists as -
(A) PCl5 molecules (B) P2Cl10 (C) [PCl4]+ [PCl6]¯ (D) None of these
Q.90 PCl5 is kept in well stoppered bottles because -
(A) It is highly volatile (B) It reacts with oxygen
(C) It reacts readily with moisture (D) It is explosive
p-Block Elements [61]
Q.91 Which of the following oxides will be least acidic -
(A) P4O6 (B) P4O10 (C) As4O6 (D) As4O10
Q.92 Which of the following oxy acids of Phosphorus is a reducing agent and monobasic -
(A) H3PO2 (B) H3PO3 (C) H3PO4 (D) H4P2O6
Q.93 Which of the following is used as anaesthetic -
(A) NH3 (B) NO (C) N2O (D) NO2
Q.94 Which pair of oxides of nitrogen is paramagnetic ?
(A) NO, N2O (B) N2O5, NO2 (C) N2O5, N2O (D) NO, NO2
Q.95 Which of the following oxides is most acidic ?
(A) As2O3 (B) P2O3 (C) Sb2O3 (D) N2O3
Q.96 Least acidic and most acidic oxides of nitrogen are -
(A) N2O, N2O5 (B) N2O, N2O4 (C) N2O, NO (D) N2O, N2O3
Q.97 Aqua regia is mixture of –
(A) 3HCl + HNO3 (B) 3HNO3 + HCl (C) H3PO4 + HCl (D) PH3 + HClO
Q.98 The number of molecules of water needed to convert one molecule of P2O5 into orthophosphoric
acid is –
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
Q.99 Aqueous solution of ammonia consists of -
(A) H+ (B) OH– (C) NH4+ (D) NH4+ and OH–
OXYGEN FAMILY
Q.100 The oxidation number of sulphur in S8, S2F2, H2S respectively are :
(A) 0, +1 & –2 (B) +2, +1 & –2 (C) 0, +1 & +2 (D) – 2, +1 & –2
Q.101 Sulphuric acid can not be used as :
(A) Hygroscopic agent (B) oxidising agent
(C) sulphonating agent (D) efflorescent
Q.102 A salt of sulphurous acid is called :
(A) sulphate (B) sulphurate (C) sulphite (D) sulphide
Q.103 The most stable allotropic form of sulphur is :
(A) Rhombic sulphur (B) monoclinic sulphure
(C) plastic sulphur (D) flowers of sulphur
Q.104 When H2S is passed through nitric acid solution, the product formed is :
(A) milk of sulphur (B) colloidal sulphur (C) – sulphur (D) – sulphur
Q.105 Which statement is correct ?
(A) SO2 dissolve in water & forms sulphurous acid (B) SO2 act as a bleaching agent
(C) SO2 has pungent odour (D) All
Q.106 Ozone is -
(A) An isobar of oxygen (B) An isotope of oxygen
(C) A polymer of oxygen (D) An allotrope of oxygen
Q.107 Ozone reacts with dry iodine to give -
(A) IO2 (B) I2O3 (C) I2O4 (D) I4O9

p-Block Elements [62]

Q.108 Which of the following isotopes is present in largest amount -
(A) O16 (B) O17 (C) O18 (D) All in equal amounts
Q.109 One gas bleaches the colour of the flowers by reduction while the other by oxidation. The gases
are-
(A ) CO and CO 2 (B) H2S and Br2 (C) SO2 and Cl2 (D) NH3 and SO3
Q.110 The commercial name for peroxodisulphuric acid is -
(A) Sulphuric acid (B) Marshall's acid
(C) Sulphuric acid crystals (D) Sulphurous acid
Q.111 The decreasing order of catenation of group 16 elements is -
(A) O > S > Se > Te (B) S > O > Se > Te
(C) S > Se > O > Te (D) O > S > Te > Se
Q.112 The correct increasing order of dipole moments of the following is -
(A) H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te (B) H2Te < H2Se < H2S < H2O
(C) H2Se < H2Te < H2O < H2S (D) H2S < H2O < H2Se < H2Te
Q.113 Low volatile nature of H2SO4 is due to -
(A) Hydrogen bonding (B) Vander Waals' forces
(C) Strong bonds (D) None of these
Q.114 Oxygen is more electronegative than sulphur, yet H2S is acidic while H2O is neutral. This is because-
(A) Water is a highly associated compound (B) H – S bond is weaker than H – O bond
(C) H2S is a gas while H2O is a liquid (D) The molecular weight of H2S is more than that of H2O
Q.115 The acidic character of dioxides of members of oxygen family decreases in the order -
(A) SeO2 > SO2 > TeO2 > PoO2 (B) SO2 > SeO2 >Te O2 > PoO2
(C) PoO2 > TeO2 > SeO2 > SO2 (D) TeO2 > PoO2 > SeO2 > SO2
Q.116 A solution of SO2 in water reacts with H2S precipitating sulphur. Here SO2 acts as -
(A)An oxidising agent (B)Areducing agent
(C) An acid (D)Acatalyst
Q.117 In the upper layers of the atomosphere ozone is formed by the -
(A) Combination of oxygen molecules
(B)Action of electric discharge on oxygen molecules
(C)Action of ultra - violet rays on oxygen
(D) None of these
Q.118 Which one has the highest bond energy -
(A) O – O (B) S – S (C) Se – Se (D) Te – Te
Q.119 Caro's acid is -
(A) H2S2O3 (B) H2S2O8 (C) H2SO3 (D) H2SO5
Q.120 Vegetable colouring matter in presence of moisture is bleached by SO2 due to -
(A) Oxidation (B) Reduction (C) Sulphonation (D) Unsaturation
Q.121 When water is added in conc. H2SO4 the reaction is exothermic because -
(A) H2SO4 is viscous (B) Hydrates of H2SO4 are formed
(C) H2SO4 is corrosive (D) None of these
Q.122 H2SO4 reacts with sugar and acts as -
(A)Adehydrating agent (B)An oxidizing agent
(C)Asulphonating agent (D) None of these

p-Block Elements [63]

Q.123 Which of the following has p–d bonding ?
(A) NO 3 (B) SO32 (C) BO 33 (D) CO23
Q.124 The decreasing tendency to exist in puckered 8-membered ring structure is -
(A) S > Se > Te > Po (B) Se > S > Te > Po
(C) S > Te > Se > Po (D) Te > Se > S > Po
Q.125 The increasing thermal stability of the hydrides of group 16 follows sequence -
(A) H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te (B) H2Te < H2Se < H2S < H2O
(C) H2S < H2O < H2Se < H2Te (D) H2Se < H2O < H2S < H2Te
Q.126 In SF4, sulphur is -
(A) dsp2-Hybridized (B) sp3d-Hybridized (C) d2sp3-Hybridized (D) sp3-Hybridized
Q.127 The correct order of decreasing stability of hexafluorides of group 16 members is -
(A) SF6 > SeF6 > TeF6 (B) TeF6 > SeF6 > SF6
(C) SF6 > TeF6 > SeF6 (D) TeF6 >SF6 > SeF6
HALOGEN FAMILY
Q.128 Which of the following statement is not correct when a mixture of NaCl and K2Cr2O7 is gently
warmed with con. H2SO4 :
(A) A deep red vapour is evolved.
(B) The vapour when passed in to NaOH solution gives a yellow solution of Na2CrO4
(C) Chlorine gas is evolved
(D) Chromyl chloride is formed
Q.129 Oxidising action increases from left to right in the order :
(A) Cl2 < Br2 < I2 < F2 (B) Cl2 < I2 < Br2 < F2
(C) I2 < F2 < Cl2 < Br2 (D) I2 < Br2 < Cl2 <F2
Q.130 The bleaching action of bleaching powder is due to the formation of :
(A ) OCl – (B) O2 (C) Cl2 (D) Cl–
Q.131 The correct statement is :
(A) SO2 is the anhydride of sulphurous acid
(B) H2S is the anhydride of hydrosulphuric acid
(C) NO2 is the anhydride of HNO3
(D) HCl is anhydride of HCl
Q.132 When Cl2 water is added to an aqueous solution of potassium halide in presence of chloroform a
violet colour is obtained on adding more of Cl2 water; the violet colour disappears and a colourless
solution is obtained. This test confirms the presence of the following in aqueous solution :
(A) Iodide (B) bromide (C) chloride (D) iodide and bromide
Q.133 Solid Cl2O6 exists as -
(A) ClO2+ClO4¯ (B) Covalent species (C) (ClO3)2 (D) None

Q.134 Fluorine does not show positive oxidation states because -

(A) It is most electronegative element
(B) It forms only anions in ionic compounds
(C) It cannot form multiple bonds
(D) It shows non-bonded electron pair repulsion due to small size
Q.135 When iodine reacts with NaF, NaBr and NaCl -
(A) It gives mixture of F2, Cl2 and Br2 (B) It gives chlorine
(C) It gives bromine (D) None of the above

p-Block Elements [64]

Q.136 Which one of the following is wronglymatched ?
(A ) ClO3–, sp3 pyramidal (B) ClO4–, sp3 tetrahedral
(C) ICl4–, sp3d2 square planar (D) ICl2–, dsp2 trigonal bipyramidal
Q.137 T-shape molecule are -
(A) ClF3 (B) ICl3 (C) BrF3 (D)All of these
Q.138 Which of the following statements about the halogen is correct ?
(A) They are all diatomic and forms univalent ions
(B) They are all diatomic and forms divalent ions
(C)All shows variable oxidation state
(D)All
Q.139 Volatile nature of halogen is because -
(A) Halogen molecules are bonded by strong forces
(B) Halogen molecules are bonded by electrostatics force
(C) The forces existing between the discrete molecule are only weak vander waal’s force
(D) Halogen molecules are more reactive
Q.140 Hydrogen fluoride is a liquid unlike other hydrogen halides because -
(A) F atom is small in size (B) HF is a weakest acid
(C) HF molecule are hydrogen bonded (D) Fluorine is highly reactive
Q.141 The property of halogen acids, that indicated incorrect is -
(A) HF > HCl > HBr > HI.......acidic strength
(B) HI > HBr > HCl > HF.......reducing strength
(C) Hl > HBr > HCl > HF......bond length
(D) HF > HCl > HBr > HI .....thermal stability
Q.142 Bleaching powder is an example of -
(A) An acidic salt (B) Acomplex salt (C) A double salt (D) Amixed salt
Q.143 Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched -
(A)Ahalogen which is liquid at room temperature-Bromine
(B) The most electronegative element - Fluorine
(C) The most reactive halogen-Fluorine
(D) The strongest oxidising agent - Iodine
Q.144 Which of the following has the greatest reducing power -
(A) HBr (B) HI (C) HCl (D) HF
INERT GAS FAMILY
Q.145 A clatharate is defined as a :
(A) cage compound (B) liquid crystal (C) mixture (D) solid solution
Q.146 Noble gas do not react with other elements because :
(A) they are mono atomic
(B) they are not found in abundance
(C) the size of their atoms are very small
(D) they have completely paired up and stable electron shells
Q.147 The inert gases can be isolated and separated by -
(A) Electrolysis of their compounds (B) Fractional distillation of liquid air
(C) Adsorption on charcoal (D) Both (B) and (C)
Q.148 Hybridisation involved in the structure of XeF2 -
(A) sp3d2 (B) dsp2 (C) sp3d (D) sp3

p-Block Elements [65]

Q.149 Which of the following two are isostructural -
(A) XeF2, IF2– (B) NH3, BF3 (C) CO32–, SO32– (D) PCl5, ICl5
Q.150 Hybridization and structure of XeF4 is -
(A) sp3 d, trigonal bipyramidal (B) sp3, tetrahedral
(C) sp3d2, square planar (D) sp3 d2, hexagonal
Q.151 Number of lone pairs of electrons on Xe atoms in XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 molecules are respectively-
(A) 3, 2 and 1 (B) 4, 3 and 2 (C) 2, 3 and 1 (D) 3, 2 and 0
Q.152 The ease of liquefication of noble gases decreases in the order -
(A) He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe (B) Xe > Kr > Ar > Ne > He
(C) Kr > Xe > He > Ar > Xe (D) Ar > Kr > Xe > He > Ne

Q.153 Which of the following is an explosive compound -

(A) XeOF4 (B) XeOF2 (C) XeF2 (D) XeO3

Q.154 The forces acting between noble gas atoms are -

(A) Hydrogen bond (B) Ion-dipole forces
(C) London dispersion forces (D) Magnetic forces

Q.155 XeF4 on partial hydrolysis produces -

(A) XeF2 (B) XeOF2 (C) XeOF4 (D) XeO3

Q.156 The first compound of noble gases prepared by N-Bartlett was -

(A) Xe+[Pt F6]¯ (B) XeF4 (C) XeF6 (D) XeOF4

p-Block Elements [66]

 EXERCISE–II
Q.1 The solubility of noble gases in water shows the order :
(A) He > Ar > Kr > Ne > Xe (B) He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe
(C) Xe > Kr > Ar > Ne > He (D) none
Q.2 Among the C – X bond (where X = Cl, Br, I) the correct bond energy order is :
(A) C – Cl > C – Br < C – I (B) C – I > C – Cl > C – Br
(C) C – Br > C – Cl > C– I (D) C – I > C – Br > C – Cl
Q.3 Which one is most basic in character ?
(A) F– (B) Cl– (C) Br– (D) I–

Q.4 The following acid have been arranged in order of decreasing acid strength. Identify the correct
order ?
I ClOH II BrOH III IOH
(A) I > II > III (B) II > I > III (C) III > II > I (D) I > III > II
Q.5 Ozone molecule is :
(A) linear (B) triangular (C) tetrahedral (D) none of these
Q.6 Ozone readily dissolve in :
(A) H2O (B) CS2 (C) turpentine oil (D) NH3
Q.7 Inert gases such as helium behave like ideal gases over a wide range of temperature. How ever
they condense in to the solid state at very low temperature there is a :
(A) weak attractive forces between the atoms
(B) weak repulsive force between the atoms
(C) strong attractive force between the atoms
(D) strong repulsive force between the atoms

Q.8 Aluminium is more reactive than iron. But aluminium is less easily corroded than iron because:-
(A) Oxygen forms a protective oxide layer on aluminimum
(B) Aluminium is a noble metal
(C) Iron undergoes reaction easily with water
(D) Iron forms mono and divalent ions
Q.9 The maximum number of unpaired electrons exists in :
(A) O2 (B) O2– (C) O2–2 (D) O2+2
Q.10 Ammonia react with excess of chlorine to form :
(A) N2 & NH4Cl (B) NCl3 & HCl (C) NH4Cl & NCl3 (D) N2 & HCl
Q.11 Nitrogen is produced when NaNO2 is heated with :
(A) NH4Cl (B) NH4NO3 (C) (NH4)2CO3 (D) NH4OH

Q.12 Molecule with a three electron bond is :

(A) Cl2 (B) NO (C) H2O (D) Cl2O

p-Block Elements [67]

Q.13 Mark the wrong statement regarding BF3
(A) It acts as a Lewis acid
(B) If forms an addition compound with NH3
(C) It is a Volatile liquid at room temperature
(D) It combines with ether to form boron trifluorides etherate
Q.14 Aluminium (III) chloride forms a dimer because aluminium -
(A) Cannot form a trimer (B) Has high ionisation energy
(C) Belongs to third group (D) Can have higher coordination number
Q.15 Carbon suboxide C3O2 has :
(A) Bent structure (B) Trigonal planar structure
(C) Linear structure (D) Distorted tetrahedral structure
Q.16 SiCl4 is easily hydrolysed by water whereas CCl4 is stable towards hydrolysis in water because:
(A) CCl4 exists as a molecule whereas SiCl4 is ionic
(B) The C-Cl bond is stronger than the Si-Cl bond
(C) Silicon has vacant 3d orbital available for further co-ordination with water whereas carbon has
no d orbital for bonding
(D) Silicon is more electropositive than carbon
Q.17 BCl3 does not exist as dimer but BH3 exist as dimer (B2H6) because-
(A) Chlorine is more electronegative than hydrogen
(B) There is p-p back bonding in BCl3 but BH3 does not contain such multiple bonding
(C) Large sized chlorine atoms do not fit in between the small boron atoms whereas small sized
hydrogen atoms get fitted in between boron atoms
(D) None of the above
Q.18 Select the correct matching
List – I List – II
A. XeF4 1. Pyramidal
B. XeF6 2. Trigonal bipyramidal
C. XeO3 3. Distorted octahedral
D. XeO2F2 4. Square planer
A B C D
(A) 4 3 1 2
(B) 1 2 3 4
(C) 2 1 3 4
(D) 4 1 3 2
Q.19 Which of the following is amphoteric ?
(A) Al(OH)3 (B) B(OH)3 (C) Mg(OH)2 (D) NaOH
Q.20 Boron does not form B3+ ions whereas Al forms Al3+ ions. This is because :
(A) The size of B atom is smaller than that of Al
(B) The sum of IE1 + IE2 + IE3 of B is much higher than that of Al
(C) the sum of IE1 + IE2 + IE3 of Al is much higher than that of B
(D) Both (A) and (B)
p-Block Elements [68]
Q.21 TI3 is an ionic compound which furnishes the following ions in solution :
(A) T3+ and I– ions (B) T+ and I3– ions
(C) T+, I– ions and I2 (D) T+ and I– ions
Q.22 The dissolution of Al(OH)3 by a solution of NaOH results in the formation of :
(A) [Al(H2O)4(OH)2]+ (B) [Al(H2O)3(OH)3]
(C) [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]– (D) [Al(H2O)6] (OH)3
Q.23 In BF3 :
(A) B-F bond has some double bond character and this bond is delocalised
(B) All the B-F bonds are single covalent in nature
(C) Bond energy and bond-length of B-F bond indicate its single bond character
(D) All of the above bonds are ionic
Q.24 Which of the following is false statement:-
(A) Boranes are easily hydrolysed
(B) LiAlH4 reduces BCl3 to borane
(C) BH3 is a Lewis acid
(D) All the B-H distances in diborane (B2H6) are equal
Q.25 In OF2 molecule the total number of bond pair and lone pair of electrons present respectively are
(A) 2 , 6 (B) 2 , 8 (C) 2 , 10 (D) 2 , 9
Q.26 Alum is found to contain hydrated monovalent cation [M(H2O)6]+, trivalent cation [M’(H2O)6]+3
and SO42– in the ratio of :
(A) 1 : 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 1 : 2 (C) 1 : 2 : 2 (D) 1 : 2 : 3
Q.27 Quartz is made of silicon and oxygen joined in a network arrangement that is similar to :
(A) Diamond (B) Graphite (C) O2 (D) None of these
Q.28 Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the structure of diborane
(A) All the terminal B-H bond length are equal
(B) The terminal B-H bond is a 2-centre 3-electron bond
(C) The terminal B-H bond is a 2-centre 2-electron bond
(D) The bridge H is a 3-centre 2-electron bond
B B

Q.29 Borax Na2B4O7 .10H2O is actually :-

(A) Na2[B4O5(OH)4].8H2O (B) Na2[B2O4(OH)6].7H2O
(C) Na2[B4O3(OH)8].6H2O (D) Na2[B4O2(OH)10].5H2O
Q.30 Inorganic graphite is:-
(A) B3N3H6 (B) B2H6 (C) BN (D) BF3
Q.31 Reactivity of borazole is greater than that of benzene because : -
(A) Borazole is non-polar compound (B) Borazole contains polar bond
(C) Borazole is electron deficient compound (D) Of localized electrons in it
Q.32 In potash alum, potassium and aluminium are present as:-
(A) Simple cations (B) Metal atoms
+ 3+
(C) [K(H2O)6] and [Al(H2O)6] ions (D) None of these

p-Block Elements [69]

Q.33 On hydrolysis, diborane produces :
(A) H3BO2 + H2O2 (B) H3BO3 + H2 (C) B2O3 + O2 (D) H3BO3 + H2O2
Q.34 Boron has an extremely high melting point because of :
(A) The strong vander Waals forces between its atoms
(B) The strong binding forces in the covalent polymer
(C) Its ionic crystal structure
(D) Allotropy
Q.35 Diborane is Lewis acid forming addition compound B2H6.2NH3 with NH3, a Lewis base. This
(A) Is ionic and exists as [BH2(NH3)2]+ and [BH4]– ions
(B) On heating, is converted into borazine, B3N3H6
(C) Both are correct (D) None is correct
Q.36 Rubies and sapphire are chemically:
(A) Al2O3 (B) Al2O3 + Ag2O (C) Ag2O + Au2O3 (D) Al2O3 + C
Q.37 From B2H6, all the following can be prepared except
(A) B2O3 (B) H3BO3 (C) B2(CH3)6 (D) NaBH4
Q.38 Carbon dioxide is not isostructural with :
(A) HgCl2 (B) ZnI2 (C) C2H2 (D) NO2
Q.39 Carbon shows strong catenation while silicon shows little or no catenation because :
(A) Silicon is a metalloid and carbon is a nonmetal
(B) Silicon forms ionic compounds whereas carbon forms covalent compounds
(C) The Si-Si bond is stronger than the C-C bond
(D) The C-C bond is stronger than the Si-Si bond
Q.40 Carbon-60 contains :
(A) 20 pentagons and 12 hexagons (B) 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons
(C) 30 pentagons and 30 hexagons (D) 24 pentagons and 36 hexagons
Q.41 In the sale of diamonds the unit of weight is carat One carat is equal to :
(A) 100 mg (B) 300 mg (C) 400 mg (D) 200 mg
Q.42 When oxalic acid is heated with concentrated H2SO4 it produces :
(A) CO (B) SO2 and CO2 (C) CO and SO3 (D) None of these
Q.43 Alum is a double salt made up of two salts
(A) Salt of a (SA + WB) + Salt of a (WA + WB)
(B) Salt of a (SA + SB) + Salt of a (SA + WB)
(C) Salt of a (SA + SB) Salt of a (WA + WB)
(D) Salt of a (SA + WB) + Salt of a (WA + WB)
Q.44 The thermal stability order for gp. 14 tetra halides is:
(A) CX4 > SiX4 > GeX4 > SnX4 (B) SnX4 > GeX4 > SiX4 > CX4
(C) SiX4 > CX4 > GeX4 > SnX4 (D) None of these
Q.45 Which of the following is more stable :
(A) Pb4+ (B) Sn4+ (C) Ge4+ (D) Si4+

p-Block Elements [70]

Q.46 Least stable hydride is:
(A) Methane (B) Plumbane (C) Silane (D) Stibine
Q.47 Which form of carbon of used in public address microphones systems is:
(A) Graphite (B) Charcoal (C) Coke (D) None of these
Q.48 The correct order of decreasing ionic nature of lead dihalides is :
(A) PbF2 > PbCl2 > PbBr2 > PbI2 (B) PbF2 > PbBr2 > PbCl2 > PbI2
(C) PbF2 < PbCl2 > PbBr2 < PbI2 (D) PbI2 < PbBr2 < PbCl2 < PbF2
Q.49 Graphite is good conductor of current but diamond is non-conductor because :
(A) Diamond is hard and graphite is soft
(B) graphite and diamond have different atomic configuration
(C) Graphite is composed of positively charged carbon ions
(D) Graphite has hexagonal layer structure with mobile  -electrons while diamond has continuous
tetrahedral covalent structure with no free electrons
Q.50 Carbon monoxide acts as a Lewis base because it has :
(A) A double bond between C and O atoms
(B) A triple bond between C and O atoms
(C) A lone pair of electrons on the C atom
(D) Two lone pairs of electrons on the O atom
Q.51 Percentage of lead in lead pencil is :
(A) 31.6% (B) 84% (C) 20% (D) Zero
Q.52 The wrong statement about ammonia is -
(A) NH3 is oxidised with oxygen at 700°C in the presence of platinum
(B) NH3 gives black precipitate with calomel
(C) NH3 can be dried by P2O5, H2SO4 and CaCl2
(D) NH3 gives white fumes with HCl
Q.53 In the compounds of the type POX3, P atoms show multiple bonding of the type -
(A) p – p (B) d – d (C) p – d (D) None of these
Q.54 How many P–O bonds and how many lone pairs respectivelyare present in P4O6 molecule -
(A) 12, 4 (B) 8, 8 (C) 12, 16 (D) 12, 12
Q.55 Ammonia reacts with Nessler’s reagent to give -
(A) Deep blue precipitate (B) White precipitate
(C) Green precipitate (D) Brown precipitate
Q.56 Red phosphorus is less reactive than yellow phosphorus because -
(A) Its colour is red (B) It is monomer (C) It is tetratomic (D) It is hard
Q.57 In P4O10, the number of oxygen atoms bonded to each phosphorus atom is -
(A) 2.5 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
Q.58 Mixture used in Holme’s signal is -
(A) CaC2 and CaCl2 (B) CaCl2 and Ca3P2
(C) CaC2 and Ca3N2 (D) CaC2 and Ca3P2

p-Block Elements [71]

Q.59 N2O3 is -
(A) An acidic oxide, and the anyhydride of HNO2
(B) An acidic oxide, and the anhydride of H2N2O2
(C) An neutral oxide, and the anydride of HNO3
(D) A basic oxide, and the anhydride of HNO2
Q.60 Choose the incorrect statement -
(A) Solid PCl5 exists as tetrahedral [PCl3]+ and octahadral [PCl7] – ions
(B) Solid PBr5 exists as [PBr4]+ Br–
(C) Solid N2O5 exists as NO2+NO3–
(D) Oxides of phosphorus P2O3 and P2O5 exist as monomers
Q.61 PCl3 reacts with water to form -
(A) PH3 (B) H3PO3 and HCl (C) POCl3 (D) H3PO4
Q.62 The correct order of decreasing acid strength of oxy acids of group 15 elements is -
(A) HNO3 > H3SbO4 > H3AsO4 > H3PO4 (B) H3PO4 > H3AsO4 > H3SbO4 > HNO3
(C) HNO3 > H3PO4 > H3AsO4 > H3SbO4 (D) HNO3 > H3AsO4 > H3PO4 > H3SbO4
Q.63 Which of the follwing oxides of nitrogen is neutral -
(A) N2O5 (B) N2O3 (C) N2O4 (D) N2O
Q.64 Nitrogen forms N2 but phosphorus do not forms P2, but it exists as P4 the reason for this is -
(A) Triple bond is present between phosphorus atoms
(B) p - p bonding is weak
(C) p - p bonding is strong
(D) Multiple bond is formed easily
Q.65 H2 S cannot be dried by passing over conc. H2SO4 because -
(A) The acid oxidises it (B) The acid combines with H2S to form a salt
(C) Both form complex (D) It dissolves in the acid
Q.66 Which of the following oxacids of sulphur contains a sulphur-sulphur single bond -
(A) H2S2O6 (B) H2S2O7 (C) H2S2O8 (D) H2S2O3
Q.67 The stucture of oleum is -
O O O O O O O
|| || || || || || ||
(A) HO–S–OH (B) HO–S–O–S–OH (C) HO–S–S–O–OH (D) HO–S–O–O–S–OH
|| || || || || || ||
O O O O O O O

Q.68 Which one can be used to test for H2S gas -

(A) A smell of rotten egg (B)Avioletcolourationwithsodium nitroprusside
(C) Turnning lead acetate paper black (D) All of these
Q.69 Sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid in nature, hence it forms -
(A) Acidic salt (B) Acidic and basic salt
(C) Acidic and normal salt (D) double salt
Q.70 Which of the following is incorrect ?
(A) O2 is weaker oxidant than O3 (B) O2 has small bond length than O3
(C) Both O2 and O3 are paramagnetic (D) O2 is linear and O3 is angular in shape

p-Block Elements [72]

Q.71 Sulphuric acid reacts with PCl5 to give -
(A) Thionyl chloride (B) Sulphur monochloride
(C) Sulphuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) (D) Sulphur tetrachloride
Q.72 Tincture of iodine is -
(A) I2, KI and rectified spirit (B) I2 and rectified spirit
(C) KI and reactified spirit (D) I2 and water
Q.73 Which reaction is possible -
(A) I2 + 2NaBr  Br2 + 2NaI (B) I2 + 2NaCl  Cl2 + 2Nal
(C) Br2 + 2NaCl  Cl2 + 2NaBr (D) Cl2 + 2NaBr  Br2 + 2NaCl
Q.74 Which has maximum pH in aqueous solution -
(A) NaClO (B) NaClO2 (C) NaClO3 (D) NaClO4
Q.75 Which one of the following is the strongest oxidising agent -
(A) HCIO (B) HClO2 (C) HClO3 (D) HClO4
Q.76 The solubility of iodine in H2O may be increased by the addition of -
(A) Na2S2O3 (B) CHCl3 (C) KI (D) CS2
Q.77 Which one of the following is the strongest acid -
(A) SO(OH)2 (B) SO2(OH)2 (C) ClO2((OH) (D) ClO3(OH)
Q.78 Chorine acts as a bleaching agent only in the presence of -
(A) Dry air (B) Sun light (C) Moisture (D) Pure oxygen
Q.79 Which of the following statements is correct in the context of diborane (B2H6) ?
(A) There are 12 valence electrons-three from each of the two boron atoms and six from the six hydrogen
atoms
(B) Two of the six hydrogen atoms form two bridges between two boron atoms
(C) The two bridging hydrogen atoms are in a plane perpendicular to the rest of the molecule and
prevent rotation between the two boron atoms
(D)All of these
Q.80 B2H6 reacts with (CH3)3N to produce:
– –
(A) BH3+ N (CH3)3 (B) B2H+6 N (CH3)2CH3.BH3
 –
(C) (CH3)3 N B H3 (D) BH3N+(CH3)2CH3BH3
Q.81 When an inorganic compound (X) having 3c-2e as well as 2c-2e bonds reacts with ammonia gas
at a certain termperature, gives a compound (Y), isostructural with benzene. Compound (X) with
ammonia at a high temperature produces a substance (Z) :
(A) (X) is B2H6 (B) (Z) is known as inorganic graphite
(C) (Y) is B3N3H6 (D) All of these
Q.82 The bonds present in borazole (B3N3H6) are:
(A) 9, 6 (B) 12, 3 (C) 6, 9 (D) 15, Only
Q.83 Among the following compounds of boron, the species which also forms -bond in addition  -bonds is:
(A) BH3 (B) BF3 (C) BF4– (D) B2H6
Q.84 Which gas is responsible for green house effect :
(A) CO2 (B) SO2 (C) CO (D) SO3

p-Block Elements [73]

Q.85 Bucky ball or buck minister fullerene is :
(A) An allotrope of carbon
(B) It is referred as C-60
(C) It has sp2-hybridised nature and resembles with soccer ball
(D) all of these
Q.86 When CO is heated with NaOH under pressure, we get :
(A) Sodium benzoate (B) Sodium acetate (C) Sodium formate (D) Sodium oxalate
Q.87 Artificial gem used for cutting glass is :
(A) Graphite (B) Diamond (C) SiC (D) CaCN2
Q.88 Amongst the elements of group 14, the reducing power of the divalent species decreases in the
order
(A) Ge > Sn > Pb (B) Sn > Ge > Pb (C) Pb > Sn > Ge (D) Sn > Pb > Ge
Q.89 The non existence of PbI4 is due to :
(A) Small size of Pb4+ ions and large size I– ions
(B) Highly oxidising power of Pb4+ ions
(C) Highly reducing power of I– ions
(D) Both (B) and (C)
Q.90 The reducing character of hydrides of group 14 elements is :
(A) Maximum for CH4 and minimum for PbH4
(B) Maximum for CH4 and minimum for SnH4
(C) Maximum for PbH4 and minimum for SiH4
(D) Maximum for PbH4 and minimum for CH4
Q.91 The tetrahalides of group 14 elements (except that of carbon) act as :
(A) Strong Lewis bases (B) Strong Lewis acids
(C) Strong oxidising agents (D) None of these
Q.92 Which of the following statement is not true:
(A) SnCl2 is ionic solid (B) SnCl4 is reducing in nature
(C) SnCl2 is reducing in nature (D) SnCl4 is covalent liquid
Q.93 Plumbosolvency is represented by the reaction:
(A) 2 Pb + O2  2 PbO (B) Pb + 2HCl  PbCl2 + H2
(C) 2Pb + O2 + 2H2O  2Pb(OH)2 (D) 2PbS + 3O2  2 PbO + 2SO2
Q.94 Which of the following gases, if present, in the atmosphere darkens the surface painted by white
lead
(A) SO2 (B) SO3 (C) H2S (D) N2
Q.95 Water transported through lead pipes becomes poisonous due to the formation of:
(A) PbO (B) PbO2 (C) Pb(OH)2 (D) Pb3O4
Q.96 Semi water gas is :
(A) CO + H2 (B) CO + N2 (C) CO + H2 + N2 (D) None
Q.97 The increasing order of boiling point of hydrides of group 15 elements is -
(A) PH3 < AsH3 < NH3 < SbH3 (B) PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 < NH3
(C) NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 (D) AsH3 < PH3 < NH3 < SbH3

p-Block Elements [74]

Q.98 Dimerisation of NO2 as the temperature is lowered, is accompanied by -
(A) An increase in pressure (B) Adarkening in colour
(C) A decrease in paramagnetism (D) The formation of a colloid
Q.99 P4O10 has short and long P-O bonds. The number of short P-O bonds in this compound is -
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.100 Which one of the following is not an acid salt -
(A) NaH2PO2 (B) NaH2PO3 (C) NaH2PO4 (D) Na2HPO4
Q.101 When excess of water is added to BiCl3 solution
(A) Ionization of BiCl3 is increased
(B) A white ppt. of Bi(OH)3 is obtained
(C) BiCl3 is hydrolysed to give white ppt. of BiOCl
(D) BiCl3 is precipitated
Q.102 Skin becomes yellow in conc. HNO3 because -
(A) The proteins are converted into xanthoproteins
(B) HNO3 acts as a dehydrating agent
(C) Nitrocellulose is formed
(D) HNO3 acts as an oxidising agent
Q.103 P–O–P bond is present in -
(A) H4P2O7 (B) H4P2O5 (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
Q.104 Cyclic trimer sturcture of SO3 contains -
(A) 6 S=O bonds and three S–O–S bonds (B) 3 S=O bonds and six S–O–S bonds
(C) 6 S=O bonds and six S–O–S bonds (D) None of these
Q.105 A certain compound when burnt gives three oxides. The first turne lime water milky. The second
turned anhydrous CuSO4 dark blue and the third formed an aqueous solution of pH = 3. The elements
present in the compound are -
(A) C, O and S (B) C, H and Ca (C) C, H and Na (D) C, H and S
Q.106 When chlorine water is added to an aqueous solution of sodium halide in the presence of chloroform,
a violet colouration is obtained. When more of chlorine water is added, the violet colour disappears
and solution becomes colourless. This confirms that sodium halide is -
(A) Chloride (B) Fluoride (C) Bromide (D) Iodide
Q.107 Anion of Prussic (HCN) acid is -
(A) Iso electronic with carbon monoxide (B) Isoelectronic with N2
(C) Called pseudohalide (D) All of these
Q.108 Order of boiling point is -
(A) HF > HI > HBr > HCl (B) HF > HBr > HI > HCl
(C) HCl > HBr > HI > HF (D) HCl > Hl > HBr > HF
Q.109 The iodine atom is ICl2– involves -
(A) sp3d hydridization (B) sp3d2 hybridization
(C) sp2 hybridization (D) sp3 hydridization
Q.110 When the vapours of chromyl chloride are passed through NaOH solution, it turns yellow. This is due to
formation -
(A) Na2Cr2O7 (B) Na2CrO4 (C) CrO3 (D) H2CrO4

p-Block Elements [75]

Q.111 The reaction - 3CIO– (aq)  ClO3– (aq.) + 2Cl–(aq)
is an example of -
(A) Oxidation reaction (B) Reduction reaction
(C) Disproportionation reaction (D) Decomposition reaction

Q.112 The set with correct order of acidity is -

(A) HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4 (B) HClO4 < HClO3 < HClO2 < HClO
(C) HClO < HClO4 < HClO3 < HClO2 (D) HClO4 < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO

Q.113 If Cl2 gas is passed into aqueous solution of KI containing some CCl4 and the mixture is shaken,
then-
(A) Upper layer becomes violet (B) Lower layer becomes violet
(C) Homogeneous violet layer is formed (D) None of these

Q.114 Iodine can form the ions -

(A) I– (B) I+ (C) I3+ (D)All

Q.115 The F–F bond is weak because -

(A) The repulsion between the nonbonding pairs of electrons of two fluorine atoms is large
(B) The ionization energy of the fluorine atomis very low
(C) The length of the F-F bond much larger than the bond lengths in other halogen molecules
(D) The F-F bond distance is small and hence the internuclear repulsion between the two F atoms is
very low

Q.116 Iodine flasks when rubbed with liquor ammonia give dark brown precipitate -
(A) NI3 (B) NH4I (C) NI3.NH3 (D) NH4.NI3

Q.117 XeF6 on complete hydrolysis gives -

(A) Xe (B) XeO2 (C) XeO3 (D) XeOF2

Q.118 In solid argon, the atoms are held togetherby -

(A) Ionic bonds (B) Hydrogen bonds
(C) Vander Waals’forces (D) None of these
Q.119 The structure of XeF6 is -
(A) Distorted octahedral (B) Pyramidal
(C) Tetrahedral (D) None of these

Q.120 Which of the following is paramagnetic and that’s structure presents three electron bond -
(A) N2O (B) NO (C) N2O3 (D) N2O5

Q.121 Which of the following is not correct -

(A) XeO3 has four  and four  bonds
(B) The hybridisation of Xe in XeF4 is sp3d2
(C) Among noble gases, the occurrence of argon is highest in air
(D) Liquid helium is used as cryogenic liquid

p-Block Elements [76]

STATEMENTS TYPE QUESTIONS :
Each of the questions given below consist of Statement – I and Statement – II. Use thefollowingKey
to choose the appropriate answer.
(A) If both Statement- I and Statement- II are true, and Statement - II is the correct explanation of
Statement– I.
(B) If both Statement - I and Statement - II are true but Statement - II is not the correct explanation of
Statement – I.
(C) If Statement - I is true but Statement - II is false.
(D) If Statement - I is false but Statement - II is true.
Q.122 Statement I : Boric acid is a tribasic acid
Statement II : Boric acid contains three hydroxyl groups.

Q.123 Statement I : BF3 is a weaker Lewis acid than BCl3

Statement II :BF molecule is stabilized to a greater extent than BCl by p-p bonding or back
3 3
bonding.

Q.124 Statement I : HNO3 is stronger than HNO2.

Statement II : In HNO3 there are two nitrogen to oxygen bonds whereas in HNO2 there is only one.

Q.125 Statement I : PH3 is more basic than NH3.

Statement II : Electronegativity of N is more than phosphorus.

Q.126 Statement I : H3PO3 is a dibasic acid.

Statement II : There are two H-atoms directly attached to P.

Q.127 Statement I : Ozone is a powerful oxidising agent in comparison to O2.

Statement II : Ozone is diamagnetic while O2 is paramagnetic.

Q.128 Statement I : SeCl4 doesnothavetetrahedralstructure.

Statement II : Se in SeCl4 has two lone pairs.

Q.129 Statement I : All the halogens are coloured.

Statement II : Halogen molecules absorb some wavelengths of visible light and the electrons are
promoted to higher energy molecular orbitals.

Q.130 Statement I : HClO4 is a stronger acid than HClO3.

Statement II : Oxidation state of chlorine in HClO4 is + 7 and in HClO3; it is + 5.

Q.131 Statement I: The bond between F–F is stronger than between Cl–Cl.
Statement II : Atomic size of F is smaller than that of Cl.

Q.132 Statement I : The boiling point of HF is maximum among the hydracids of halogens.
Statement II : The high boiling point HF is due to H-bonding on account of high electronegativity of
fluorine.

p-Block Elements [77]

 EXERCISE–III
SECTION– A
(JEE Main Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 The correct no. of lone pairs on the central atom of compounds XeF2, XeF4 & XeF6 are respectively-
[AIEEE-2002]
(A) 3, 2,1 (B) 4, 3, 2 (C) 1, 3, 4 (D) 1, 2, 3

Q.2 The no. of  bonds in the compound P4O10 is - [AIEEE-2002]

(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 16

Q.3 Aluminium is industrially prepared by : [AIEEE-2002]

(A) Fused cryolite (B) Bauxite ore (C) Alunite (D) Borax

Q.4 Graphite is a soft solid lubricant extremely difficult to melt. The reason for this anomalous behaviour
is that graphite : [AIEEE-2003]
(A) Has molecules of variable molecular masses like polymers
(B) Has carbon atoms arranged in large plated of rings of strongly bonded carbon atoms with weak
interplate bonds
(C) Is a non crystalline substance
(D) Is an allotropic form of diamond

Q.5 For making good quality mirrors, plates of float glass are used. These are obtained by floating molten
glass over liquidmetal which does not solidify before glass. The metal used can be:
(A) Sodium (B) Meganesium (C) Mercury (D) Tin [AIEEE-2003]

Q.6 The Soldiers of Napolean army while at Alps during freezing winter suffered a serious problem as
regards to the tin buttons of their uniforms. White Metallic tin buttons get converted to grey powder. This
transformation is related to: [AIEEE-2004]
(A)An interaction with water vapour contained in humid air
(B)Achange in crystalline structure of tin
(C) Achange in the partial pressure of O2 in air
(D)An interaction with N2 of air at low temperature

Q.7 The states of hybridisation of boron and oxygen atoms in boric acid (H3BO3) are respectively
[AIEEE-2004]
2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3
(A) sp , sp (B) sp , sp (C) sp , sp (D) sp , sp

Q.8 Aluminium chloride exists as dimer, Al2Cl6 in solid state as well as in solution of non-polar solvents
such as benzene. When dissolved in water, it gives- [AIEEE-2004]
(A) Al3+ + 3Cl– (B) [Al(H2O)6]3+ + 3Cl–
(C) [Al(OH)6]3– + 3HCl (D) Al2O3 + HCl

p-Block Elements [78]

Q.9 The structure of diborane contains [AIEEE- 2005]
(A) Four 2c-2e bonds and four 3c-2e bonds
(B) Two 2c-2e bonds and two 3c-2e bonds
(C) Two 2c-2e bonds and four 3c-2e bonds
(D) Four 2c-2e bonds and two 3c-2e bonds

Q.10 Heating an a queous solution of aluminium chloride to dryness will give :- [AIEEE- 2005]
(A) AlCl3 (B) Al2Cl6 (C) Al2O3 (D) Al(OH)Cl2

Q.11 The number of hydrogen atoms (s) attached to phosphorus atom in hypophosphorous acid is –
(A) two (B) zero (C) three (D) one [AIEEE-2005]

Q.12 In silicon dioxide : [AIEEE- 2005]

(A) Each silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms and each oxygen atom is bonded to
two silicon atoms
(B) Each silicon atom is surrounded by two oxygen atoms and each oxygen atoms is bonded to
two silicon atoms
(C) Silicon atom is bonded to two oxygen atoms
(D) There are double bonds between silicon and oxygen atoms

Q.13 Which of the following oxide is amphoteric: [AIEEE-2005]

(A) CaO (B) CO2 (C) SiO2 (D) SnO2

Q.14 What products are expected from the disproportionation reaction of hypochlorous acid –
[AIEEE- 2006]
(A) HClO2 and HClO4 (B) HCl and Cl2O (C) HCl and HClO3 (D) HClO3 and Cl2O

Q.15 The stability of dihalides of Si, Ge, Sn and Pb increases steadily in the sequence:
[AIEEE-2007]
(A) GeX2 << SiX2 << SnX2 << PbX2 (B) SiX2 << GeX2 << PbX2 << SnX2
(C) SiX2 << GeX2 << SnX2 << PbX2 (D) PbX2 << SnX2 << GeX2 << SiX2

Q.16 Which one of the following statements regarding helium is incorrect [AIEEE-2007]
(A) It is used to produce and sustain powerful superconducting magnets
(B) It is used as a cryogenic agent for carrying out experiments at low tempeatures
(C) It is used to fill gas balloons instead of hydrogenbecauseititlighterthanhydrogenand non-inflammable
(D) It is used in gas-cooled nuclear reactors

Q.17 W hich one of the following is the correct statement [AIEEE- 2008]
(A) Boric acid is a protonic acid
(B) Beryllium exhibits coordination number of six
(C) Chlorides of both beryllium and aluminium have bridged chloride structures in solid phase
(D) B2H6, 2NH3 is known as ‘inorganic benzene”

p-Block Elements [79]

Q.18 Which one of the following reactions of Xenon compounds is not feasible ? [AIEEE-2009]
(A) 3 XeF4 + 6 H2O  2 Xe + XeO3 + 12 HF + 1.5 O2
(B) 2 XeF2 + 2H2O  2 Xe + 4 HF + O2
(C) XeF6 + RbF  Rb [XeF7]
(D) XeO3 + 6 HF  XeF6 + 3 H2O
Q.19 In which of the following arrangements, the sequence is not strictly according to the property written
against it ? [AIEEE-2009]
(A) HF < HCl < HBr < HI : increasing acid strength
(B) NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 : increasing basic strength
(C) B < C < O < N : increasing first ionization enthalpy
(D) CO2 < SiO2 < SnO2 < PbO2 : increasing oxidising power
Q.20 Which of the following statements is wrong ? [AIEEE-2011]
(A) The stability of hydrides increases from NH3 to BiH3 in group 15 of the periodic table.
(B) Nitrogen cannot form d – p bond.
(C) Single N – N bond is weaker than the single P – P bond.
(D) N2O4 has two resonance structures
Q.21 Boron cannot form which one of the following anions ? [AIEEE-2011]
(A) BF63– (B) BH4– (C) B(OH)4– (D) BO2 –

Q.22 Which of the following is the wrong statement? [JEE Mains-2013]

(A) O3 molecule is bent (B) Ozone is violet-black in solid state
(C) Ozone is diamagnetic gas (D) ONCl and ONO¯ are not isoelectronic.
Q.23 Which of the following exists as covalent crystal in the solid state? [JEE Mains-2013]
(A) Silicon (B) Sulphur (C) Phosphorus (D) Iodine
Q.24 Among the following oxoacids , the correct decreasing order of acid strength is : [JEE Main-2014]
(A) HClO4 > HOCl > HClO2 > HClO3 (B) HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HOCl
(C) HClO2 > HClO4 > HClO3 > HOCl (D) HOCl > HClO2 > HClO3 > HClO4
Q.25 In which of the following reactions H2O2 acts as a reducing agent? [JEE Main-2014]
(a) H2O2 + 2H + 2e  2H2O
+ – (b) H2O2 – 2e  O2 + 2H
– +

(c) H2O2 + 2e–  2OH– (d) H2O2 + 2OH– – 2e–  O2 + 2H2O

(A) (c), (d) (B) (a) , (c) (C) (b), (d) (D) (a), (b)
Q.26 Which among the following is the most reactive? [JEE Main-2015]
(1) I2 (2) ICl (3) C12 (4) Br2
Q.27 Which one has the highest boiling point ? [JEE Main-2015]
(1) Kr (2) Xe (3) He (4) Ne
Q.28 From the following statements regarding H2O2, choose the incorrect statement: [JEE Main-2015]
(1) It has to be stored in plastic or wax lined glass bottles in dark
(2) It has to be kept away from dust
(3) It can act only as an oxidizing agent
(4) It decomposes on exposure to light
Q.29 The reaction of zinc with dilute and concentrated nitric acid, respectively, produces
[JEE Main 2016]
(A) NO2 and N2O (B) N2O and NO2 (C) NO2 and NO (D) NO and N2O

p-Block Elements [80]

Q.30 The products obtained when chlorine gas reacts with cold and dilute aqueous NaOH are :
[JEE Main 2017]
(A) ClO2¯ and ClO3¯ (B) Cl¯ and ClO¯ (C) Cl¯ and ClO2¯ (D) ClO¯ and ClO3¯
Q.31 Which of the following reactions is an example of a redox reaction ? [JEE Main 2017]
(A) XeF2 + PF5  [XeF] PF6¯
+ (B) XeF6 + H2O  XeOF4 + 2HF
(C) XeF6 + 2H2O  XeO2F2 + 4HF (D) XeF4 + O2F2  XeF6 + O2
Q.32 The compound that does not produce nitrogen gas by the thermal decomposition is :
(A) NH4NO2 (B) (NH4)2SO4 (C) Ba(N3)2 (D) (NH4)2Cr2O7
[JEE Main 2018]

SECTION –B
(JEE ADVANCED Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 Ammonia can be dried by - [IIT-2000]
(A) Conc. H2SO4 (B) P4O10 (C) CaO (D) Anhydrous CaCl2

Q.2 The number of P – O – P bonds in cyclic metaphosphoric acid is - [IIT-2000]

(A) Zero (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four

Q.3 Amongst H2O, H2S, H2Se and H2Te, the one with the highest boiling point is – [IIT-2000]
(A) H2O because of hydrogen bonding (B) H2Te because of higher molecular weight
(C) H2S because of hydrogen bonding (D) H2Se because of lower molecular weight

Q.4 Electrolytic reduction of alumina to aluminium by Hall-Heravlt process is carried out:-[IIT- 2000]
(A) In the presence of NaCl
(B) In the presence of fluorite
(C) In the presence of cryolite which forms a melt with lower melting temperature
(D) In the presence of cryolite which forms a melt with higher melting temperature

Q.5 The number of S – S bonds in sulphur trioxide trimer (S3O9) is – [IIT- 2001]
(A) Three (B) Two (C) One (D) Zero

Q.6 Read the following statement and explanation and answer as per the option given below :[IIT-2001]
Statement-I : F atom has a less negative electron gain enthalpy affinity than Cl atom.
Statement-II : Additional electrons are repelled more effectively by 3 p electrons in Cl atom than by
2p electron in F atom
(A) If both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, and Statement-II is the correct ex
planation of the Statement-I
(B) If both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II is not correct
explanation of the Statement-I
(C) If Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
(D) If Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Q.7 The set with correct order of acidity is [IIT- 2001]
(A) HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4 (B) HClO4 < HClO3 < HClO2< HClO
(C) HClO < HClO4 < HClO3 < HClO2 (D) HClO4 < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO

p-Block Elements [81]

Q.8 The reacti on 3ClO –(aq )  ClO3 (aq) + 2 Cl– (aq) is an example of [IIT-2001]
(A) Oxidation reaction (B) Reduction reaction
(C) Disproportionation reaction (D) Decomposition reaction

Q.9 H3PO4 and H3PO3 is [IIT-2003]

(A) H3PO3 is reducing agent and dibasic acid
(B) H3PO4 is reducing agent and dibasic acid
(C) H3PO4 is bothreducingagent and tribasicacid
(D) H3PO3 is not reducing agent and dibasic acid

Q.10 The acid having O–O bond is - [IIT-2004]

(A) H2S2O3 (B) H2S2O6 (C) H2S2O8 (D) H2S4O6

Q.11 Which phosphorus is thermodynamically most stable ? [IIT-2005]

(A) White (B) Red (C) Black (D)Yellow
Q.12 When two gases are mixed at 30ºC the blue coloured gas is formed [IIT-2005]
(A) N2O3 (B) N2 (C) NO (D) N O
2 2 5

Q.13 When PbO2 reacts with conc. HNO3, the gas evolved is : [IIT-2005]
(A) NO2 (B) O2 (C) N2 (D) N2O

Q.14 B(OH)3 + NaOH  NaBO2 + Na[B(OH)4] + H2O

How can this reaction is made to proceed in forward direction? [JEE 2006]
(A) addition of cis 1,2 diol (B) addition of borax
(C) addition of trans 1,2 diol (D) addition of Na2HPO4

Q.15 Match the following: [JEE 2006]

Column I Column II
(A) Bi3+  (BiO)+ (P) Heat
(B) [AlO2]–  Al(OH)3 (Q) Hydrolysis
(C) SiO 44  Si 2O 67 (R)Acidification

(D) (B4O 72 )  [B(OH)3] (S) Dilution by water

Paragraph for Question No. 16 to 19

The noble gases have closed-shell electronic configuration and are monoatomic gases under normal
conditions. The low boiling points of the lighter noble gases are due to weak dispersion forces between
the atoms and the absence of other interatomic interactions.
The direct reaction of xenon with fluorine leads to a series of compounds with oxidation numbers +2,
+4 and +6. XeF4 reacts violently with water to give XeO3. The compounds of xenon exhibit rich
stereochemistry and their geometries can be deduced considering the total number of electron pairs in
the valence shell.

p-Block Elements [82]

Q.16 Argon is used in arc welding because of its- [IIT-2007]
(A) low reactivity with metal (B) ability to lower the melting point of metal
(C) flammability (D) high calorific value

Q.17 The structure of XeO3 is -

(A) linear (B) planar (C) pyramidal (D) T-shaped

Q.18 XeF4 and XeF6 are expected to be -

(A) oxidizing (B) reducing (C) unreactive (D) strongly basic
Q.19 A solution of colourless salt H on boiling with excess NaOH produces a non-flammable gas. The gas
evolution ceases after sometime. Upon addition of Zn dust to the same solution, the gas evolution
restarts. The colourless salt(s) H is (are)- [IIT-2008]
(A) NH4NO3 (B) NH4NO2 (C) NH4Cl (D) (NH4)2SO4

Paragraph for Question No. 20 to 21

There are some deposits of nitrates and phosphates in earth’s crust. Nitrates are more soluble in
water. Nitrates are difficult to reduce under the laboratory conditions but microbes do it easily.
Ammonia forms large number of complexes with transition metal ions. Hybridization easily explains
the ease of sigma donation capability of NH3 and PH3. Phosphine is a flammable gas and is prepared
from white phosphorous.

Q.20 Among the following, the correct statement is-

(A) Between NH3 and PH3, NH3 is a better electron donor because the lone pair of electrons occupies
spherical ‘s’ orbital and is less directional
(B) Between NH3 and PH3, PH3 is a better electron donor because the lone pair of electrons occupies
sp3 orbital and is more directional
(C) Between NH3 and PH3, NH3 is a better electron donor because the lone pair of electrons occupies
sp3’ orbital and is more directional
(D) Between NH3 and PH3, PH3 is a better electron donor because the lone pair of electrons occupies
spherical ‘s’ orbital and is less directional

Q.21 White phosphorus on reaction with NaOH gives PH3 as one of the products. This is a -
(A) dimerization reaction (B) disproportionation reaction
(C) condensation reaction (D) precipitation reaction

Q.22 The reaction of P4 with X leads selectively to P4O6. The X is - [IIT-2009]

(A) Dry O2 (B) A mixture of O2 and N2
(C) Moist O2 (D) O2 in the presence of aqueous NaOH

Q.23 The nitrogen oxide(s) that contain(s) N-N bond(s) is (are) - [IIT-2009]
(A) N2O (B) N2O3 (C) N2O4 (D) N2O5

p-Block Elements [83]

Q.24 Match each of reactions given in Column I with the corresponding product(s) given in ColumnII -
[IIT-2009]
Column I Column II
(A ) Cu + dil HNO3 (p) NO
(B) Cu + conc HNO3 (q) NO2
(C) Zn + dil HNO3 (r) N2O
(D) Zn + conc HNO3 (s) Cu(NO3)2
(t) Zn(NO3)2
Q.25 In the reaction [JEE 2009]
2X + B2H6  [BH2(X)2]+ [BH4]¯
the amine(s) X is (are)
(A) NH3 (B) CH3NH2 (C) (CH3)2NH (D) (CH3)3N
Q.26 Extra pure N2 can be obtained by heating [JEE 2011]
(A) NH3 with CuO (B) NH4NO3 (C) (NH4)2Cr2O7 (D) Ba(N3)2
Q.27 Among the following the number of compounds that can react with PCl5 to give POCl3 is
O2, CO2, SO2, H2O, H2SO4, P4O10 [JEE 2011]
Q.28 Which ordering of compounds is according to the decreasing order of the oxidation state of nitrogen ?
(A) HNO3, NO, NH4Cl, N2 (B) HNO3, NO, N2, NH4Cl [JEE 2012]
(C) HNO3, NH4Cl, NO, N2 (D) NO, HNO3, NH4Cl, N2
Q.29 Concentrated nitric acid, upon long standing, turns yellow-brown due to the formation of :
(A) NO (B) NO2 (C) N2O (D) N2O4 [JEE Adv. 2013]
Q.30 The unbalanced chemical reactions given in List I show missing reagent or condition (?) which are
provided in List II. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the
lists: [JEE Adv. 2013]
List I List II
(P) PbO2 + H2SO4 

? PbSO4 + O2 + other product (1) NO
(Q) Na2S2O3 + H2O 

? NaHSO4 + other product (2) I2
(R) N2H4 

? N2 + other product (3) Warm
(S) XeF2 

? Xe + other product (4) Cl2
Codes:
P Q R S P Q R S
(A) 4 2 3 1 (B) 3 2 1 4
(C) 1 4 2 3 (D) 3 4 2 1
Q.31 The correct statement(s) for orthoboric acid is/are [JEE Adv. 2014]
(A) It behaves as a weak acid in water due to self ionization.
(B)Acidityof its aqueous solution increases upon addition of ethylene glycol
(C) It has a three dimensional structure due to hydrogen bonding
(D) It is a weak electrolyte in water.
Q.32 Hydrogen peroxide in its reaction with KIO4 and NH2OH respectively, is acting as a
(A) reducing agent, oxidising agent (B) reducing agent, reducing agent [JEEAdv. 2014]
(C) oxidising agent, oxidising agent (D) oxidising agent, reducing agent
Q.33 The product formed in the reaction of SOCl2 with white phosphorous is [JEE Adv. 2014]
(A) PCl3 (B) SO2Cl2 (C) SCl2 (D) POCl3

p-Block Elements [84]

Q.34 Under ambient conditions, the total number of gases released as products in the final step of the reaction
scheme shown below is [JEE Adv. 2014]
Complete
Hydrolysis
XeF6 P + other product
OH¯ / H 2O

Q
slow disproportionation in OH¯/H 2O

Products
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Q.35 Three moles of B2H6 are completely reacted with methanol. The number of moles of boron containing
product formed is : [JEE Adv. 2015]
Q.36 Under hydrolytic conditions, the compounds used for preparation of linear polymer and for chain
termination, respectively, are [JEE Adv. 2015]
(A) CH3SiCl3 and Si(CH3)4 (B) (CH3)2SiCl2 and (CH3)3SiCl
(C) (CH3)2SiCl2 and CH3SiCl3 (D) SiCl4 and (CH3)3SiCl
Q.37 The crystalline form of borax has [JEE Adv. 2016]
(A) tetranuclear [B4O5(OH)4]2– unit
(B) all boron atoms in the same plane
(C) equal number of sp2 and sp3 hybridized boron atoms
(D) one terminal hydroxide per boron atom.
Q.38 The nitrogen containing compound produced in the reaction of HNO3 with P4O10 [JEEAdv. 2016]
(A) can also be prepared by reaction of P4 and HNO3
(B) is diamagnetic
(C) contains one N–N bond
(D) reacts with Na metal producing a brown gas
Q.39 The correct statement(s) about the oxoacids, HClO4 and HClO, is(are) [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) The conjugate base of HClO4 is weaker base than H2O
(B) The central atom in both HClO4 and HClO is sp3 hybridized
(C) HClO4 is formed in the reaction between Cl2 and H2O
(D) HClO4 is more acidic than HClO because of the resonance stabilization of its anion
Q.40 Among the following, the correct statement(s) is(are) [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) BH3 has the three-centre two-electron bonds in its dimeric structure.
(B) Al(CH3)3 has the three-centre two-electron bonds in its dimeric structure.
(C)AlCl3 has the three-centre two-electron bonds in its dimeric structure.
(D) The Lewis acidity of BCl3 is greater than that of AlCl3.
Paragraph for Question No. 41 to 42
Upon heating KClO3 in the presence of catalytic amount of MnO2, a gas W is formed. Excess amount
of W reacts with white phosphorus to give X. The reaction of X with pure HNO3 gives Y and Z.
[JEE Adv. 2017]
Q.41 W and X are, respectively
(A) O2 and P4O10 (B) O2 and P4O6 (C) O3 and P4O6 (D) O3 and P4O10
Q.42 Y and Z are, respectively
(A) N2O5 and HPO3 (B) N2O4 and HPO3 (C) N2O4 and H3PO3 (D) N2O3 and H3PO4

p-Block Elements [85]

 ANSWER KEYS

EXERCISE–I

Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 D Q.5 B Q.6 A Q.7 C

Q.8 D Q.9 B Q.10 C Q.11 C Q.12 B Q.13 D Q.14 C
Q.15 A Q.16 D Q.17 D Q.18 B Q.19 B Q.20 A Q.21 A
Q.22 D Q.23 A Q.24 B Q.25 A Q.26 C Q.27 B Q.28 B
Q.29 A Q.30 B Q.31 B Q.32 B Q.33 B Q.34 A Q.35 B
Q.36 D Q.37 B Q.38 D Q.39 B Q.40 C Q.41 D Q.42 D
Q.43 A Q.44 C Q.45 C Q.46 C Q.47 A Q.48 B Q.49 A
Q.50 A Q.51 D Q.52 A Q.53 B Q.54 A Q.55 C Q.56 C
Q.57 D Q.58 B Q.59 D Q.60 D Q.61 A Q.62 C Q.63 C
Q.64 B Q.65 D Q.66 C Q.67 A Q.68 B Q.69 D Q.70 D
Q.71 C Q.72 C Q.73 C Q.74 D Q.75 D Q.76 B Q.77 D
Q.78 B Q.79 C Q.80 A Q.81 C Q.82 B Q.83 B Q.84 A
Q.85 B Q.86 A Q.87 B Q.88 D Q.89 C Q.90 C Q.91 C
Q.92 A Q.93 C Q.94 D Q.95 D Q.96 A Q.97 A Q.98 B
Q.99 D Q.100 C Q.101 D Q.102 C Q.103 C Q.104 A Q.105 A
Q.106 D Q.107 D Q.108 A Q.109 C Q.110 B Q.111 C Q.112 B
Q.113 A Q.114 B Q.115 B Q.116 A Q.117 C Q.118 B Q.119 D
Q.120 B Q.121 B Q.122 A Q.123 B Q.124 A Q.125 B Q.126 B
Q.127 A Q.128 C Q.129 D Q.130 A Q.131 A Q.132 A Q.133 A
Q.134 A Q.135 D Q.136 D Q.137 D Q.138 A Q.139 C Q.140 C
Q.141 A Q.142 D Q.143 D Q.144 B Q.145 A Q.146 D Q.147 D
Q.148 C Q.149 A Q.150 C Q.151 A Q.152 B Q.153 D Q.154 C
Q.155 B Q.156 A

p-Block Elements [86]

 EXERCISE–II

Q.1 A Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 C Q.5 D Q.6 D Q.7 C

Q.8 A Q.9 A Q.10 B Q.11 A Q.12 B Q.13 C Q.14 D
Q.15 C Q.16 C Q.17 C Q.18 A Q.19 A Q.20 D Q.21 B
Q.22 C Q.23 A Q.24 D Q.25 B Q.26 B Q.27 A Q.28 B
Q.29 A Q.30 C Q.31 B Q.32 C Q.33 B Q.34 B Q.35 C
Q.36 A Q.37 C Q.38 D Q.39 D Q.40 B Q.41 D Q.42 A
Q.43 B Q.44 A Q.45 D Q.46 B Q.47 A Q.48 A Q.49 D
Q.50 C Q.51 D Q.52 C Q.53 C Q.54 C Q.55 D Q.56 D
Q.57 C Q.58 D Q.59 A Q.60 A Q.61 B Q.62 B Q.63 D
Q.64 B Q.65 A Q.66 A Q.67 B Q.68 D Q.69 C Q.70 C
Q.71 C Q.72 A Q.73 D Q.74 A Q.75 A Q.76 C Q.77 D
Q.78 C Q.79 D Q.80 C Q.81 D Q.82 B Q.83 B Q.84 A
Q.85 D Q.86 C Q.87 C Q.88 A Q.89 D Q.90 D Q.91 B
Q.92 B Q.93 C Q.94 C Q.95 C Q.96 C Q.97 A Q.98 C
Q.99 D Q.100 A Q.101 C Q.102 A Q.103 C Q.104 A Q.105 D
Q.106 D Q.107 D Q.108 A Q.109 A Q.110 B Q.111 C Q.112 A
Q.113 B Q.114 D Q.115 A Q.116 C Q.117 C Q.118 C Q.119 A
Q.120 B Q.121 A Q.122 D Q.123 A Q.124 C Q.125 D Q.126 C
Q.127 B Q.128 C Q.129 A Q.130 B Q.131 D Q.132 A

EXERCISE–III

SECTION– A

Q.1 A Q.2 D Q.3 B Q.4 B Q.5 C Q.6 B Q.7 D

Q.8 B Q.9 D Q.10 C Q.11 A Q.12 A Q.13 D Q.14 C
Q.15 C Q.16 C Q.17 C Q.18 D Q.19 B Q.20 A Q.21 A
Q.22 D Q.23 A Q.24 B Q.25 C Q.26 2 Q.27 2 Q.28 3
Q.29 B Q.30 B Q.31 D Q.32 B

p-Block Elements [87]

 SECTION– B

Q.1 C Q.2 C Q.3 A Q.4 C Q.5 D Q.6 C Q.7 A

Q.8 C Q.9 A Q.10 C Q.11 C Q.12 A Q.13 B Q.14 A
Q.15 (A) Q,S (B) R (C) P (D) Q,R Q.16 A Q.17 C Q.18 A Q.19 AB
Q.20 C Q.21 B Q.22 B Q.23 ABC
Q.24 (A) p, s ; (B) q, s (C) r, t ; (D) q, t Q.25 BC Q.26 D Q.27 4 Q.28 B
Q.29 B Q.30 D Q.31 BD Q.32 A Q.33 A Q.34 C Q.35 6
Q.36 B Q.37 ACD Q.38 BD Q.39 ABD Q.40 ABD Q.41 A Q.42 A

p-Block Elements [88]