Solution

PRACTICE

Class 12 - Physics
1. a. i. Two electric field lines never cross each other because if they do so, we can draw two tangents at the same point, it means
there will be two directions of electric field at the same point of intersection which is not possible.
ii. Since the electric field lines start from positive charge and terminate at the negative charge hence closed loops are not
possible.
qE
b. a = m
2 × 10 − 6 ( 80iˆ + 60j )
=
1.6 × 10 − 3
→
∵ v =→
u+→
at
v = 4î + (10î + 7.5 j) × 10-2 × 5
v = 4.5î + 0.375 j
2. a. The electrostatic force exerted by the line charge on the electron provides the centripetal force for the revolution of the
electron.
∴ Force exerted by electric field = Centripetal force

mv 2
eE = r
Here v is the orbital velocity of the electron
λ
But E = 2πε 0r
eλ mv 2 eλ
∴
2πε 0r
= r
or v2 = 2πε 0m
Kinetic energy of the electron will be
1 eλ
Ek = 2
mv2 = 4πε 0
b. As Ek ∝ λ, the graph of kinetic energe Ek vs. charge density λ will be straight line as shown in Fig.

3. In the figure, if a is uniform surface charge density of an infinite plane sheet with x-axis to be normal to the plane, then by
symmetry, the electric field will not depend on y and z coordinates and their directions. Considering the Gaussian rectangular
parallelepiped surface with cross-sectional area A, two faces 1 and 2 will contribute to flux where electric field lines result as
parallel to other faces which do not contribute to total flux.
It is analyzed that the unit vector which is normal to the first surface will be in the negative x-direction while the unit vector which
is normal to the second surface will be in positive +x direction, so flux E. ΔS by the surfaces will results equal and will add up.
Consider an infinite sheet of positive charge having a density σ on sheet. Let P be the point on which
net flux through Gaussian surface = 2EA
charge enclosed by closed surface = σA
As per Gauss's law,
→
→ q
∮ E ⋅ ds =
ε0
σA
∴ 2EA = ε0
σ
or E = 2ε 0
This shows that the electric field around an infinite plane of charge does not vary with distance from the plane.
In terms of vector,

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 → σ
E= 2ε 0
n̂
where,
n̂ = unit vector normal to plane and going away from it
→
E = directed away from the plate if σ is (+) positive and toward the plate if σ is (-) negative.
Since the two charged infinite plates have identical charges, so the electric field between two identical charged sheets will be as
shown in the figure:

Now the electric field due to surface 1

→ σ
E1 = 2ε 0
Now the electric field due to surface 2
→ σ
E2 = − 2ε 0
Now the resultant electric field between the uniformly charged infinite plates
→ →
= E 1 + E 2, θ = 180 ∘
2 2
So, E =
√E 1 + E 2 + 2E 1E 2cosθv

= E1 - E2
σ σ
= − =0
2ε 0 2ε 0
4. At any vertex, the charge will be in equilibrium if the net electric force due to the remaining three charges is zero.

Let Q be the charge required to be kept at the centroid G. Then,

→
F 1 = Force at A due to the charge at B
1 q2 →
= 4πε 2 , along BA
0 l
→ 1 q2 →
F 2 = = Force at A due to charge at C = ⋅
2
, along CA
4πε 0 l

→ →
→ 1 q2 →
F 1 + F 2 = 2F1 cos 30o, along GA = √3 ⋅ ⋅ , along GA
4πε 0 l2

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 Force at A due to charge at G
1 Qq 1 Qq 1 3Qq
= ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅
4πε 0 AG 2 4πε 0 4πε 0 l2

( ) √3
l 2

( )
→ →
This must be equal and opposite to F 1 + F 2
q
∴ 3Qq = − √3q2 or Q = −
√3
5. The charge at B repels the charge at A with a force,
q 1q 2 (
9 × 10 9 × 5 × 10 − 6 × 10 × 10 − 6 ) ( )
F1 = k = N
r2 ( 0.05 ) 2
= 180 N, along BA

The charge at C attracts the charge at A with a force

( ) (
9 × 10 9 × 5 × 10 − 6 × 10 × 10 − 6 )
F2 = N
( 0.05 ) 2
= 180 N, along AC
→
By the parallelogram law of vector addition, the magnitude of the resultant force F on the charge at A is

√F
2
F= 1 + F 22 + 2F 1F 2cosθ

= √(180) 2 + (180) 2 + 2 × 180 × 180 × cos120 ∘

N
1

√
= 180 1 + 1 + 2 × ( − )N = 180 N
2

Let the resultant force F make an angle β with the force F2 Then
F 2sin 120 ∘ 180 × sin 120 ∘
tanβ = =
F 1 + F 2cos 120 ∘ 180 + 180cos 120 ∘
180 × √3 / 2
= = √3
180 + 180 ( ) −2
1

∴ β = 60o
→
i.e., the resultant force F is parallel to BC.

6. Here, qA = 3μC = 3 × 10-6 C ;

qB = -3μC = - 3 × 10-6 C and r = 20 cm = 0 ⋅ 2 m

Let O be the mid-point of the line AB as shown in Fig.

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 r 0⋅2
Then, OA = OB = 2
= 2
=0⋅1m
a. The electric field at point O due to qA
1 qA 3 × 10 − 6
EA= ⋅ = 9 × 109 ×
4πε 0 ( OA ) 2 ( 0 ⋅ 1 )2

= 2 ⋅ 7 × 106 NC-1 (along OB)

The electric field at point O due to qB,
1 qA 3 × 10 − 6
EB = ⋅ = 9 × 109 ×
4πε 0 ( OB ) 2 ( 0 − 1 )2

= 2 ⋅ 7 × 106 NC-1 (along OB)

Therefore, net electric field at point O due to the charges qA and qB,

E = EA + EB = 2 ⋅ 7 × 106 + 2 ⋅ 7 × 106

= 5 ⋅ 4 × 106 N C-1 (along OB)

b. Force on a negative charge of magnitude 1 ⋅ 5 × 10-9 C placed at point O,
F = qE = 1 ⋅ 5 × 10-9 × 5 ⋅ 4 × 106
= 8 ⋅ 1 × 10-3 N (along OA)
The force on the negative charge acts in a direction opposite to that of the electric field.
7. a. Fig. shows the forces on the metal ball when the upper plate of the capacitor is positively charged.

If E is strength of the electric field between the plates, then the apparent weight of the ball,
mg' = m g + q E
qE
or g ′ = g +
m
The period of oscillation of the ball is given by
l l
t = 2π
√ √ g′
= 2π g + qE / m

Since (g + q E/m) > g, the time period of the ball will decrease.
b. When the upper plate of the capacitor is made negative, then
mg' = mg - q E
Obviously, the period of oscillation of the ball will be
1
t = 2π
√ g − qE / m

Since (g - qE/m ) < g, the time period of the ball will increase.
8. The resultant electric field at point A will be the resultant of electric fields produced by charge +q and -2q placed at B and C
respectively.
1 q
|EAB | = 4πε 0
×
a2
=E

as charge on B is q and its distance from A is 'a'

1 2q
|EAC | = 4πε 0
×
a2
= 2E

as charge on C is -2q and its distance from A is 'a'

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 2 2
E net =
√E AB + E AC + 2E ABE ACcosθ

where θ is the angle between two electric field vectors.

Now, θ = ∠ABC + ∠ACB (Exterior angle property)
= 60o + 60o (as the triangle is equilateral triangle)
= 120o

Thus, Enet = √ (2E) 2 + E 2 + 2 × 2E × E × ( )

−
1
2

= √4E 2 + E 2 − 2E 2 = E√3 ........ (i)

q
We know that, E =
4πε 0a 2
q√ 3
So, E net =
4πε 0a 2

i. Direction of resultant electric field at vertex with side AC:

E ABsin 120 ∘
tanα =
E AC + E ABcos 120 ∘
E × √3 / 2 1
= 2E + E × ( − 1 / 2 )
=
√3

⇒ α = tan − 1
() 1

√3
⇒ α = 30 ∘
ii. Direction of resultant electric field at vertex with side AB:
E ACsin 120 ∘
tanα =
E AB + E ACcos 120 ∘
2E × √3 / 2
= E + 2E × ( − 1 / 2 )
=∞
⇒ α = 90 ∘

9.

i. If we place the third charge 2q between A and B the direction of the force on 2q due to A and B on C will be same.
So the net force cannot be zero, so the charge q cannot be placed between A and B.
ii. If 2q is placed the right side of A then rAC > rBC as qA < qB. So FCA < FCB always as the direction of FCA is towards right and
FCB is left so, FCA + FCB ≠ 0 we can not obtain required condition.
iii. Now consider 2q at the C to left of q at distance x from q.
Force on 2q at C (left of q) is in opposite direction so net force will be zero if magnitude is equal. So,
⇒ FCA + FCB = 0 or FCA = - FCB

Kq Cq A − Kq Cq B
⇒ =
r 2CA r 2CB
2qq − 2q ( − 3q )
⇒ =
x2 ( x + d )2
2q 2 6q 2 1 3
⇒ = ⇒ =
x2 ( x + d )2 x2 ( x + d )2

⇒ 3x2 = x2 + d2 + 2xd
⇒ 2x2 - 2xd - d2 = 0

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 + 2d ± √ ( − 2d ) 2 − 4.2 ⋅
( −d ) 2

⇒ x= 2.2
+ 2d ± √ 4d 2 + 8d 2 2d ± 2d√3
⇒ x= =
4 4
d ( 1 ± √3 )
⇒ x= 2
d
So, x = 2
(1 + √3) m to the left of q, it will not experience any force
10.

By Gauss law
→ → q
∮ E ⋅ ds = ε0
q = 0 in interval 0 < x < R
E=0
dV
or E = − dr
1 Q
Hence, V = constant = V = 4πε 0
⋅
R
The variation of E and V with x for 0 < x < 2R.

11. Electric flux is defined as the number of electric field lines passing through an area normal to the surface.
Alternatively, it is defined as surface integral of the electric field is defined as the electric flux through a closed surface
→
→
ϕ = ∮ E ⋅ ds
N ⋅ m2
SI unit: C
or volt metre
Let point P1 is at a distance R from the centre O. S1 is the Gaussian surface, then according to Gauss's theorem

→
→ q
∮
sE ⋅ ds = ε0
q
or E∮ sds = ε0
q
or E =
ε 0 × ∮ sds
q
=
4πε 0R 2 [ As ∮
sds = 4πR 2 ]

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 Inside the shell, the net charge is zero, so the field is also zero. Hence, the electric field at point P2 will be zero.

12. a. Here q1 = q2 = 6.5 × 10-7 C,

r = 50 cm = 0.50 m
Using Coulomb's law,
q 1q 2
Fair = k ⋅
r2
6.5 × 10 − 7 × 6.5 × 10 − 7
= 9 × 109 ⋅ N
( 0.50 ) 2

= 1.5 × 10-2 N
The mutual gravitational attraction,
m 1m 2
FG = G
R2
6.67 × 10 − 11 × 0.5 × 0.5
= = 6.67 × 10-11 N
( 0.5 ) 2
Clearly, FG << Fair

b. i. When the charge on each sphere is doubled, and the distance between them is halved, the force of repulsion becomes
2q 1 ⋅ 2q 2 q 1q 2
′
F air = k ⋅ 2 = 16 k ⋅
(r/2) r2

= 16 × 1.5 × 10-2 = 0.24 N

ii. The force between two charges placed in a medium of dielectric constant k is given by
1 1 q 1q 2
F= ⋅ ⋅
4πε 0 κ r2
For water, k = 80
F air 1.5 × 10 − 2
∴ Fwater = κ
= 80

= 1.875 × 10-4 N ≃ 1.9 × 10-4 N

13. i. p1: stable equilibrium
p2: unstable equilibrium
The electric field, on either side, is directed towards the negatively charged sheet and its magnitude is independent of the
distance of the field point from the sheet. For position, p1 dipole moment and electric field are parallel For position P2 they are

anti-parallel. In the case of P1 dipole makes 180o angle with electric field hence in the stable equilibrium whereas in case P2

dipole makes 0o angle with the electric field hence unstable.

ii. The dipole will not be in equilibrium in any of the two positions. The electric field due to an infinite straight charged wire is
1
non-uniform (Eα r ). Hence, there will be a net non-zero force on the dipole in each case.
λ
14. Electric field of a line charge, E = 2πε 0r
, acting radially outward

i. At the two plane end faces,

→ →
ϕE = ∫ E ⋅ dS = 0
→
ii. Any finite distance from the line charge, E cannot be zero.
→
iii. At all points of the curved surface, | E | is constant.
→
iv. At the plane end faces, | E | decreases with the increase in distance r.

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15. Force acting on an electric dipole in the positive z-direction which is placed in a non-uniform electric field, is given by:-
∂E ∂E ∂E
F = p x ∂x + p y ∂y + p z ∂z
As, the electric field changes uniformly in the positive z-direction, only,
Thus,
∂E
∂z
= + 10 5NC − 1m − 1
∂E ∂E
∂y
= 0 and ∂x
=0

As, the system has the total dipole moment equal to 10-7 cm in the negative z-direction.
Thus,
px = 0, py = 0, pz = -10-7cm . Hence, force equal to
∴ F = 0 + 0 − 10 − 7 × 10 5 = − 10 − 2N
It is indicated by the negative sign that the force 10-2 N acts in the negative z-direction.
→ →
In an electric field E, the torque on dipole moment p is given by:-

τ = p×E →
→ →

Thus,
τ = pEsinθ
→ →
As p and E are acting in opposite direction,
θ = 180 ∘
So, τ = pEsin180 ∘ = 0
Therefore, the torque experienced by the system is zero.
→
16. Given, E = 3 × 10 3î NC − 1
a. ΔS (Area of the square) = 10 × 10 = 100cm 2 = 10 − 2m 2
The area of a surface can be represented as a vector along normal to the surface. Since normal to the square is along x-axis, we
have
→
Δ S = 10 − 2 î m 2

Electric flux through the square is given by :-

→
→
ϕ = E ⋅ ΔS
= (3 × 10 3î) ⋅ (10 − 2 î)
= 30Nm 2C − 1
b. Given, the angle between area vector and the electric field is 60°. Therefore,
→ →
ϕ = E ⋅ ΔS
= E ⋅ ΔS cos60 ∘
1
= 3 × 10 3 × 10 − 2 × 2

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 = 15Nm 2C − 1

17. a. Work done in placing the charge Q3 at the mid point of line joining the charges
= Q3 × net potential at the mid point

= Q3

1
[ ( ) ( )]
1
4πε 0

2Q 3
Q1
r
2
+
1
4πε 0
− Q2
r
2

= 4πε 0 r [Q 1 − Q 2 ]
b. Let the required distance be x, to the right of Q1. We then have net potential at this point = zero

1
4πε 0 [ Q1
x
−
Q2
(x−r) ] =0

(x - r)Q1 = Q2x
r
x= Q1
( Q1 − Q2 )
18. Gauss's Law: It states that the total electric flux crossing through a closed surface is equal to times the total charge contained
inside the closed surface.

E = Cxî
Electric field at left face of cube = E 1 = Caî
Electric field at the right surface = E 2 = 2Caî
Electric flux through left surface of cube = E1A cos 180 = -E1A = - Ca.a2 = -Ca3 units

Electric flux through right surface of cube = E2A cos 0 = E2 A = 2Ca.a2 = 2Ca3 units

i. Net flux through the cube = 2Ca3 - Ca3 = Ca3 units

q
ii. Using gauss law net flux inside the cube = ε0
From (i),
q = Ca 3ε 0
This is the net charge inside the cube.

19. Given, AB and CD are dipoles kept at an angle of 120o to each other in an external electric field along the X -axis
a. Resultant magnetic dipole moment is given by,

√p2 + p2 + 2ppcos120
→
pr = ∘

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 = √2p2 + 2p2cos120 ∘

= √ ( )
2p 2 + 2p 2 ×
( )
−
1
2

= √2p2 − p2 = p
Resultant magnetic dipole makes an angle 60o with Y-axis or 30o with x-axis.
b. Now, torque is given by,
→ →
τ= p×E
= pE sin θ
= pE sin 30o
1
= 2 pE
Direction of torque is along negative Z-direction.
20. Electric flux: The electric flux may be defined as the number of electric lines of force crossing through a surface normal to the
surface. It can be measured as the surface integral of the electric field over that surface, i.e.
¯ ¯
ϕ = ∫ sE ⋅ d s
Electric flux ϕ is a scalar quantity.
Now to calculate the electric flux passing through the square of side d, draw a cube of side d such that it completely encloses the
charge q. Now by using Gauss's law.

Total flux through the all the six surfaces of a cube is given as
total charge enclosed
ϕ total = 6 × ϕ square face = ϵ0
q
⇒ 6ϕ square = ϵ0
q
⇒ ϕ square face =
6ϵ 0
Hence the flux through the square of side d with charge q at a distance d/2 directly above the head is q/6ϵo.
If a charge is now moved to the distance d from the center of square and side of the square is doubled, then electric flux remains
unchanged because electric flux in a closed surface depends only on the amount of charge contained inside the closed surface and
is independent of the distance of charge.
21. i. The graph comparing the variation of potential V and electric field is shown below:

ii. Let C1 = C and C2 = 2C

Equivalent capacitance in parallel combination, CP = 2C + C = 3C
2C × C 2C 2 2C
and in series combination, C s = 2C + c
= 3C
= 3

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 Let VP and Vs are potential difference across the equivalent capacitance in parallel and series combination respectively, to
have same potential energy.
i.e. UP = Us
Vp Cs

√
1 2 1 2
∴ C V =
2 p p
CV
2 s s
⇒
Vs
= Cp

VP ( 2C / 3 ) 2
⇒
VS
=
√ ( 3C )
=
√ 9

∴ Vp : Vs = √2 : 3
This is the required ratio of the potential differences across the parallel and series combination of the capacitors.
22. 1. Points P and Q are located on the equatorial line of the electric dipole therefore the net potential of the dipole at an equatorial
point is zero.
2. ∴ Work done in moving a test charge q0 from P to Q

W = q0(VQ - VP) = q0(0 - 0) = 0.

23. a. When a conductor is placed in an external electric field, the free charges present inside the conductor rearrange themselves in
such a manner that the electric field due to induced charges opposes the external field within the conductor. After some time a
static situation is achieved when the two fields cancel each other and the net electrostatic field in the conductor becomes zero.

Dielectrics are non-conducting in nature, i.e. they have no free charge carriers. Thus, in a dielectric, free movement of charges
is no possible. In Dielectrics the external field induces dipole moment by stretching molecules of the dielectric. The collective
effect of all the molecular dipole moments creates the net charge on the surface of the dielectric which produces a field that is
the net electrostatic field in a dielectric is non-zero.

b. The dipole moment per unit volume of a polarized dielectric is known as the polarization of a dielectric. It is denoted by the
letter P for the linear isotropic dielectric.
The polarisation of a linear isotropic dielectric, P = χ eE
Where χ e is the electric susceptibility of the dielectric medium.
24. Let the potential at any point P(x, y, z) is zero then -V1 + V2 = 0
kq 1 kq 2
+ =0
√x 2 + y 2 + ( z − d ) 2 √x 2 + y 2 + ( z + d ) 2
q1 q2
+ =0
√x 2 + y 2 + ( z − d ) 2 √x 2 + y 2 + ( z + d ) 2
q1 − q2
+
√x 2 + y 2 + ( z − d ) 2 √x 2 + y 2 + ( z + d ) 2
q1 − √x 2 + y 2 + ( z − d ) 2

q2
=
√x 2 + y 2 + ( z + d ) 2

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 2
q1 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + d 2 − zd
=
q 22 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + d 2 + zd

x y x+a y+b
Componendo and dividend of a
= b
is x−a
= y−b
Then componendo and dividend of

() q1 2
q2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + d 2 − 2zd
=
1 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + d 2 + 2dz

() q1 2
+1
q2
( )
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + d 2 − 2dz + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + d 2 + 2dz
=
x + y + z + d − 2dz − ( x + y + z + d + 2dz )
() q2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

q2 −1

[ ] ()
q1 2

q2 +1

x2 + y2 + z2 + d2 = -2dz

()
q1 2
q2 −1

[ ] () q1 2

q2 +1

x2 + y2 + z2 = 2d z + d2 = 0

() q1 2

q2 −1

[ ]
2 2
q1 + q2
x2 + y2 + z2 = 2d z + d2 = 0
q 21 − q 22

This is the equation of the sphere with centre at

( [ ])
2 2
q1 + q2
0, 0, − 2d
q 21 − q 22

Note: if q 1 = − q 2 then z = 0, which is a plane through mid-point.

Therefore, locus of points where potential is zero is the plane through mid point of the two charges.
25. Let Qr and QR be the charges distributed over the smaller and the larger spheres, respectively.
Then Q = Qr + QR
The surface charge densities will be
QR Qr
σ= =
4πR 2 4πr 2
Qr r2 Qr + QR r2 + R2
or = or =
QR R2 QR R2

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 or
Q
QR
=
r2 + R2
R2 ( )
or Q R =
R2
R2 + r2
Q

Similarly, Q r =
( ) r2
R2 + r2
Q

Potential due to the charge on the smaller sphere is

Vr =
Qr
4πε 0r
=
1
4πε 0r
⋅
( ) r2
R2 + r2
Q=
(
Q⋅r

4πε 0 R 2 + r 2 )
Potential due to the charge on larger sphere is

VR =
QR

4πε 0R
= 4πε 0R
1
⋅
( ) R2
R2 + r2
Q=
(
Q⋅R

4πε 0 R 2 + r 2 )
The total potential at the centre,
Q(r+R)
V = Vr + VR =
(
4πε 0 R 2 + r 2 )
26. Here, C1 = 20 μF, C2 = 30 μF, C3 = 15 μF, V = 90 V

The equivalent capacitance C of the series combination is given by

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
C
= C1
+ C2
+ C3
= 20
+ 30
+ 15
= 20
20
∴ C= 3
μF
Total potential difference = 90 - 0 = 90 V
20 × 10 − 6
∴ Total charge, q = CV = 3
.90 = 600 × 10 − 6C
P.D. between the plates of capacitor C2 is
q 600 × 10 − 6C
V2 = = = 20 V
C2 30 × 10 − 6 F

27. i. The charge on the capacitor is q = C V = 900 × 10-12 F × 100 V = 9 × 108 C

The energy stored by the capacitor is
1 1 1
U= 2
CV 2 = 2
qV = 2
× 9 × 10 − 8C × 100 V

= 4.5 × 10-6 J.

ii. In the steady situation, the two capacitors have their positive plates at the same potential and their negative plates at the same
potential. Let the common potential difference be V'. The charge on each capacitor is then q = CV'. By charge conservation,
q
q' = C
∴ Total energy of the system
1 q′
= 2 × 2 q ′V ′ = q ′V ′ = q ′ ⋅ C

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 =
1 q2
4
, C
=
1
4
⋅ qV =
1
2
1
× 2 qV [ ∵ q′ =
q
2
and
q
C
=V ]
1
= × 4.5 × 10-6 J = 2.25 × 10-6 J
2
iii. There is a transient period before the system settles to the situation (ii). During this period, a transient current flows from the
first capacitor to the second. Energy is lost during this time in the form of heat and electromagnetic radiation.
28. Dipole moment of dipole is given by,
→
i. | p| = q × (2a)
Force on -q at A = -qE
Force on +q at B = +qE
So,
Net force = qE - qE = 0
We have (i),
θ2
W = ∫ τdθ
θ1
π
∴ W = ∫ pEsinθdθ
0

W = pE[-cos θ]πv
W = -2pE
ii. ∵ τ = pE sinθ
π
For θ = , τ is maximum.
2
29. Potential at A due to charges at B and C is given by
1 0.1 1 0.1
VA = 4πε 0 1
+ 4πε 0 1
1
= 2 × 9 × 10 9 × 10
= 18 × 10 8volt
Potential at D due to charges at B and C is given by
1 0.1 1 0.1
VD = 4πε 0 0.5
+ 4πε 0 0.5
1
= 2 × 9 × 10 9 × 5
= 36 × 10 8V
Now, VD - VA = (36 − 18) × 10 8 = 18 × 10 8V
Work done in moving charge 0.1 C from A to D, W = V. q
W = 0.1 × 18 × 10 8 = 1.8 × 10 8J
We know that
Work Work
Power = Time
or Time = Power
Time taken to move the charge from A to D,
1.8 × 10 8J 1.8 × 10 8J
= =
1k W 10 3Js − 1
1.8 × 10 5 50
= 1.8 × 10 5s = 3600
h = 50 h = 24
= 2.08 days
C0
30. According to the question d0 = 0.02 m, t = 0.01 m, K = 5, C = 3
,d=?
Capacitance of the capacitor without any dielectric slab,
ε 0A
C0 = (i)
d0
The capacitance of the capacitor on inserting a dielectric slab,
ε 0A
C= t (ii)
d−t+ K
2C 0
According to question C = 3
, from (i) and (ii), we have

14 / 30
 ε 0A 2 ε 0A
C= 1
=
3 d0
d−t+ K

Solving it we get,
2t
3d 0 + 2t − K
d= 2
3 × 0.02 + 2 × 0.01 − 4 × 10 − 3
=
2
0.076
= 2
= 0.038 m
31. a. Figure shows a long straight wire of a circular cross-section (radius a) carrying steady current I. The current I is uniformly
distributed across this cross-section. Consider the case r > a. The Amperian loop, labelled 2, is a circle concentric with the
cross-section. For this loop,
L = 2πr
Ie = Current enclosed by the loop = I
The result is the familiar expression for a long straight wire
B (2π r) = μ0I
μ 0I
B= 2πr
1
B ∝
r
(r > a)
b. Consider the case r < a. The Amperian loop is a circle labelled 1. For this loop, taking the radius of the circle to be r, L = 2π
r Now the current enclosed Ie

is not I, but is less than this value. Since the current distribution is uniform, the current enclosed is, I e = I

Ir 2
( )
πr 2
πa 2
=
Ir 2
a2

Using Ampere’s law, B(2πr) = μ 0

a2

B=
( ) μ 0I

2a 2
r

B ∝ r (r < a)

The figure shows a plot of the magnitude of B with distance r from the centre of the wire. The direction of the field is
tangential to the respective circular loop (1 or 2) and given by the right-hand rule described earlier in this section. This
example possesses the required symmetry so that Ampere’s law can be applied readily.
→
32. i. As the magnetic field B acts parallel to sides PS and QR, no forces act on these sides. Force on side PQ is
F = ILBsinθ = 1.5 × 0.7 × 40 × sin60 ∘
= 1.5 × 0.7 × 40 × 0.866 = 36.37 N
According to Fleming's left hand rule, the force F will act normally upward.
Similarly, force on side SR will also be 36.37 N, but it will be directed normally inward.
ii. As the forces on the sides PQ and SR are equal, opposite, and parallel, they form a couple that exerts torque.
τ = Force × ⊥ distance between the two forces
τ = Force × ⊥ distance between the two forces
= 15.75 Nm

15 / 30
33. Resistance per volt is another way of specifying the current at full scale deflection. The grading of 5000 ΩV-1 at full scale
deflection means that the current required for full-scale deflection is
1
Ig = 5000
A = 0.2 mA
In order to convert it into a voltmeter of range 0 to 20 V, a resistance R has to be connected in series with it. Then on applying an
extra P.D. of 15 V (20 V - 5 V ), the current through it is again 0.2 mA at full scale deflection.
∴ R × 0.2 × 10-3 = 15
15
or R = Ω = 75, 000Ω
0.2 × 10 − 3
Thus
i. to convert the given voltmeter (0 - 5 V range) into a voltmeter of range 0 to 20 V, a resistance of 75,000 Ω should be
connected in series with the given meter.
ii. Original resistance of voltmeter
=5000 ΩV-1 × 5 V = 25,000 Ω
∴ Total resistance after conversion

= 25/100 + 75/100 = 100/300 μ

Resistance per volt of new meter
100 , 000
= 20
= 5, 000ΩV − 1
i.e., it has the same grading as before.
iii. The higher the 'resistance per volt' of the meter, the lesser is the current it draws from the circuit and the better it is. So this
meter is more accurate than the one graded as 2000 ΩV − 1.
34. l = 8 cm = 0.08 m, b = 6 cm = 0.06 m N = 2000, I = 200 mA = 0.2 A, B = 0.2 T
The magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment is given by
m = N I A = 2000 × 0.2 × (0.08 × 0.06) = 1.92 Am2
→
→
The direction of m is normal to area A of the coil from S-pole to N -pole. The magnitude of the torque on the coil is
τ = mBsinθ
→ →
For maximum torque m must be perpendicular to B
Therefore,
​​​​​​τ max = m B = 1.92 × 0.2 = 0.384 Nm
Thus the torque on the coil is maximum whenever the X-axis lies in the plane of the coil.
→ →
The torque on the coil is zero when m is parallel or antiparallel to B, i.e., when it lies in the YZ -plane. The coil will be in stable
→ → → →
equilibrium when m is parallel to B, and in unstable equilibrium, when m is antiparallel to B,
o
35. i. Here r = 0.5 A = 0.5 × 10-10 m
v = 2.2 × 106 ms-1
Period of revolution of electron,
2πr 2 × 22 × 0.5 × 10 − 10 1
T= = = × 10 − 15 s
v 7 × 2.2 × 10 6 7
Equivalent current,
Charge e 1.6 × 10 − 19 × 7
I= = = = 1.12 × 10-3 A
Time T 10 − 15
ii. Equivalent dipole moment,
m = IA = l × nr2
= 1.12 × 10-3 × 3.14 × (0.5 × 10-10)2 Am2
= 8.8 × 10-24 Am2
iii. Magnetic field produced at the centre of the nucleus,
μ 0I 4π × 10 − 7 × 1.12 × 10 − 3
B= = = 14.07 T
2r 2 × 0.5 × 10 − 10

16 / 30
 Voltmeter reading V
36. Apparent resistance, R ′ = Ammeter reading
= I
E 1
From Ohm's law, = RA + 1 1
I
R +R
V

Also, E=I RA + V
E V
or = RA + = RA + R′
I I
1
or R A + 1 1 = RA + R′
R + RV
1 1 1
or = +
R′ R RV
1 1 1
or = −
R R′ RV

37. i. According to the right-hand grip rule, the field B1 of wire 1 at point P will point normally outward while the field B2, of wire
2 will point normally inward, hence
μ 0I μ 0I 2
BP = B1 - B2 = 2πr 1
= 2πr 2

=
4π × 10 − 7
2π [ 20
0.10
−
30
0.30 ]
= 2 × 10-5 T, pointing normally outward.
ii. At point Q, both B1 and B2, will point normally inward,

∴ BQ = B1 - B2 =
4π × 10 − 7
2π [ 20
0.10
+
30
0.10 ]
= 10-4 T, pointing normally inward.
iii. At point R, B1 points normally inward and B2 points normally outward,

∴ BR = B2 - B1 =
4π × 10 − 7
2π [ 30
0.10
−
20
0.30 ]
= 4.5 × 10-5 T, pointing normally outward.
38. Given N = 100, r = 8 cm = 0.08 m, I = 0.40 A
μ 0NI 4π × 10 − 7 × 100 × 0.40
∴ B= 2r
= 2 × 0.08
= π × 10 − 4 = 3.1 × 10 − 4 T
39. a. Formula and
Calculation of work done in the two cases
i. Work done = mB(cos θ 1 - cos θ 2)
θ 1 = 60°, θ 2 = 90° and magnetic field B = 0.44 T
∴ Work done = mB(cos 60° - cos 90°)

= mB

1
( ) 1
2
−0 =
1
2
mB

= 2
× 6 × 0 ⋅ 44J = 1 ⋅ 32J
ii. θ 1 = 60°, θ 2 = 180°
∴ Work done = mB(cos 60° - cos 180°)

= mB
( 1
2
− ( − 1) =
) 3
2
mB

3
= 2
× 6 × 0.44J = 3.96J

b. Calculation of torque in case

→
→
Torque = | m × B | =mB sin θ

17 / 30
 For θ = 180°, we have
Torque = 6 × 0.44 sin 180° = 0
40. Magnetic induction at O due to the line segment AB is
μ0 I
B1 = 4π
× Rcos ϕ
[sinϕ + sinϕ]
μ 0 2I
= 4π
⋅
R
tanϕ, acting normally downwards
Magnetic field at O due to the current through arc segment is
μ0 I
B2 = 4π
× R
(2π − 2ϕ), acting normally downwards
Total magnetic induction at O,
μ0 I
B = B1 + B2 = = 2π
⋅
R
[π − ϕ + tanϕ]

=
4π × 10 − 7 × 5
2π × 0.120 [ π−
π
4
+ tan 4
π
]
2 × 10 − 7 × 5 × 3.356
= 0.120
= 2.8 × 10-5 T
→ →
41. a. F = q(→
v × B)
i. When the charged particle moves perpendicular to the magnetic field, it will move in a circular path.
ii. When charged particle moves obliquely (neither parallel nor perpendicular) to the magnetic field, it will move in a helical
path.
→
b. The magnetic force acts on the charged particle perpendicular to its instantaneous velocity v , at all instants. It cannot change
the speed of the particle. As speed remains constant, the kinetic energy also remains constant.
42. Principle : The current carrying coil placed in normal magnetic field experiences a torque when current passes through it, which is
given by
→ →
τ = NI(A × B)
where, N =number of turns of the coil, I = current in the coil, A = area of coil and B = magnetic field applied
The galvanometer cannot be used to measure the current because
i. all the currents to be measured has to be passed through coil which would get damaged due to heating effect of electric current
or
ii. its coil has considerable resistance because of length and it may affect original current.
Current sensitivity is defined as the angular deflection of a moving coil galvanometer when unit current pass through it and
θ NAB
expressed as I
= K
. It can be increased by
i. increasing the magnetic field intensity, B and
ii. decreasing the value of torsional constant, K.
43. Magnetic field due to a straight current-carrying conductor,
μ 0I
B= 4πa (sinϕ + sinϕ2 )
For the straight part lying along X-axis, we have
π r
ϕ= 2
, ϕ 2 = 0, a= 2
∴ The magnetic field at point C due to the straight part along X-axis,

( )
μ 0I π
B1 = 4π ( r / 2 )
sin 2 + sin0

μ0 2I
= 4π
⋅
r
, acting along negative Y-axis
→
μ 0 2I
or B 1 = − 4π
, r
ĵ
r
The semicircular part subtends an angle π at the centre C and, its radius is 2 . Magnetic field due to this part at point C,
μ0 I
B2 = 4π ( r / 2 )
π

18 / 30
 μ0 2πI
= ⋅ , acting along a positive X-axis
4π r
→
μ 0 2πI
or B 2 = 4π
, r
î
For the straight part lying parallel to Y-axis, we have
π r
ϕ= , ϕ = 0,
2 2
a= 2
∴ The magnetic field at point C due to this part is

( )
μ0 I π
B3 = 4π
⋅
(r/2)
sin 2 + sin0
μ 0 2I
= 4π
, r
, acting along a positive X-axis
→
μ0 2I
or B 3 = 4π
⋅
r
î
Total magnetic field at point C,
→ → → →
B = B1 + B2 + B3
μ0 2I μ0 2πI μ0 2I
= − 4π r
⋅ ĵ + 4π
⋅
r
î + 4π
⋅
r
î
→
μ 0 2I
or B = 4π
⋅
r
[(π + 1)î − ĵ]

44. i. As per Fleming's left hand rule, the magnetic field acts perpendicular to the plane of paper and is directed inwards.

| |
→ →
ii. As the beam remains undeflected in region I, F e =∣ F m
qE= qvB ∴ E = vB
iii. In region II, the magnetic force provides the centripetal force.
mv 2
∴
r
= qvB

⇒ r=
mv
qB
=
mE
qB 2 [ ∵ v=
E
B ]
mv mE r
Let B'=nB, be the new magnetic field in region II. If r' is the radius of the new circular path, then r ′ = = =
qB ′ qnB 2 n
Hence, the radius of the circular path would decrease by a factor n.
→ → →
45. F = q( v × B) = q(vĵ × Bk̂)
= qvBĵ × k̂ = qvBî
Thus the force F acts on the charge q along the +ve x-direction.
i. For undeflected proton beam,
qvB = qE
E 100kVm − 1 100 × 10 3Vm − 1
v= = =
B 50mT 50 × 10 − 3 T

= 2 × 106 ms-1
ii. Current carried by proton beam,
I = 0.8 mA = 8 × 10-4 A
Number of protons striking the screen per second,
I 8 × 10 − 4
n= = = 5 × 1015s-1
e 1.6 × 10 − 19

mp = 1.675 × 10-27 kg
Force with which a proton beam strikes a target on the screen,
dp
F= dt
= mp nv

= 1.675 × 10-27 × 5 × 1015 × 2 × 106 N

= 1.675 × 10-5 N
46. As the two conductors have different lengths, the longer conductor may be considered to be of infinite length. Therefore, the
magnetic field produced by it at a distance of 3 cm (0.03 m) is given by

19 / 30
 μ 0I 2 4π × 10 − 7 × 3
B= = T = 2 × 10 − 5 T
2πr 2π × 0.03
Force on the short conductor due to this magnetic field will be
F = I1 l2 B = 4 × 5 × 10-2 × 2 × 10-5 N

= 4 × 10-6 N
According to Newton's third law, the longer conductor will also experience a force of reaction equal to 4.0 × 10-6 N. As the
currents are in the same direction, the force is attractive.
47. Here l = 0.45 m, m = 60 g = 0.06 kg,
I = 5.0 A, g = 9.8 ms-2
a. Tension in the supporting wires will be zero when the weight of the rod is balanced by the upward force B of the magnetic
field.
i.e., IIB= mg
mg 0.06 × 9.8
∴ B= Il
= 5 × 0.45
T = 0.26 T

According to Fleming's left hand rule, the magnetic field should be applied normally into the plane of paper so as to exert an
upward magnetic force on the rod.
b. If the direction of current is reversed, the magnetic force will act in the downward direction. Hence the total tension in the
wires will be
T = 2 × the weight of the rod
= 2 × 0.06 × 9.8 N = 1.176 N
1
48. Here V g = n
V or V = nVg
Required Resistance,
V nV g
R′ = Ig
− Rg = Ig
− R g = nR g − R g

Combined resistance of the galvanometer and the series resistor,

RV = R' + Rg = nRg
49. Torque on a current loop, τ = NIBAsinθ
If the circular coil has N turns, each of radius r, then L = 2πrN
L
∴ r= 2πN
Area of the coil,
πL 2 L2
A = πr 2 = =
4π 2N 2 4πN 2
L2 L 2IBsin θ
Hence τ = NIB ⋅ ⋅ sinθ =
4πN 2 4πN
Clearly, torque will be maximum when sin 0 is maximum and N is minimum i.e., sinθ = 1 and N = 1.
L 2IB
Then τ max = 4π
50. Given:
Magnetic field strength, B = 6.5 G = 6.5 × 10-4T
Initial velocity of electron = 4.8 × 106 ms-1
Angle between the initial velocity of electron and magnetic field, θ = 900

20 / 30
 Force on the electron,
Fe = e × V × B × sinθ ...(1)
Where,
e = charge on electron
V = velocity of electron
B = Magnetic field strength
θ = angle between direction of velocity and magnetic field
By putting the values in equation (1), we get
⇒ Fe = 1.6 × 10-19 C × 4.8 × 106 ms-1 × 6.5 × 10-4T × sin 90

⇒ Fe = 4.99 × 10-16N
Force acting on an electron is always perpendicular to direction of motion and towards center of the circular path and hence its
path will be a circle. This force serves as the centripetal force, which explains the circular trajectory of the electron.
mv 2
Centripetal force Fc = r
...(2)
By equating equation (1) and equation (2) we get,
m × v2
⇒
r
= 4.99 × 10 − 16N

(
9.1 × 10 − 31kg × 4.8 × 10 6ms − 1 ) 2

⇒r=
4.99 × 10 − 16N
r = 4.2 cm.
Hence the radius of the path of electron shot into the magnetic field is 4.2 cm.
51. Magnetic field at point P due to the conductor along x-axis is

[ ]
μ 0I π
B1 = 4πb
sinα + sin 2

=
μ 0I

4πb [ √
a

a2 + b2
+1
]
Magnetic field at point P due to the conductor along y-axis is

[ ]
μ 0I π
B2 = 4πa
sinβ + sin 2

=
μ 0I

4πa [ √
b

a2 + b2
+1
]
According to right-hand thumb rule, both B1 and B2, act normally into the plane of paper. Hence the resultant magnetic field at
point P is

21 / 30
 B = B1 + B2

=
μ 0I
4π [ √
1

a2 + b2 ( ) ( )]
a
b
+
b
a
+
1
a
+
1
b

=
μ 0I
4π [ √a 2 + b 2
ab
+
a+b
ab ]
[√ ]
μ 0I
= a 2 + b 2 + (a + b)
4πab

52. The magnitude F of the force between two straight parallel current-carrying conductors kept at a distance d apart in the air We
know that F is an attractive (- ve) force when the currents l1 and I2 are 'like' currents, i.e., when the product l1l2 is positive or when
they are flowing in the same direction.
Similarly, F is a repulsive (+ve) force when the currents l1 and I2 are 'unlike' currents, i.e., when the product l1l2 is negative or
when they are flowing in the opposite direction.
1
Now F ∝ (l1l2), when d is kept constant and F ∝
d
when l1l2 is kept constant.
The required graphs, therefore, have the forms shown below.

53. At the required point, the resultant magnetic field will be zero when the fields due to the two wires have equal magnitude and
opposite directions. Such point should lie either to the left of P or to the right of Q. But the wire Q has a smaller Current, the point
should lie closer to and to the right of Q. Let this point be R at distance x from Q, as shown in the question figure.
Field due to current I1 at point R,
μ 0I 1
B1 = 2π ( r + x )
,
normally into the plane of paper.
Field due to current l2 at point R,
μ 0I 2
B2 = 2πx
,
normally out of the plane of plane
But B1 = B2
I1 I2
∴
r+x
= x
I 2r
or x = I1 − I2
2A × 6 cm
= 5 A−2 A
= 4 cm

54. i. The magnitude of the magnetic field at or near the centre of the solenoid is given by
B = μ 0nI
→
where n is the number of turns per unit length. This expression for B can also be used if the solenoid has more than one layer
of windings because the radius of the wire does not enter this equation. Therefore,
No. of turns per layer × No. of layers
n= Length of the solenoid
350 × 4
= = 2800 m-1
0.50

Now I = 6.0 A, μ 0 = 4π × 10-7 TmA-1, n = 2800 m-1

∴ B = 4π × 10-7 × 2800 × 6T
= 2.1 × 10-2 T

22 / 30
 →
This value of B is for both on and off the axis, since for an infinitely long solenoid, the internal field near the centre is uniform
over the entire cross-section.
ii. Magnetic field at the ends of the solenoid is
μ 0nI
Bend = 2
= 1.05 × 10-2 T
iii. The outside field near the centre of a long solenoid is negligible compared to the internal field.
55. Electron revolving in circular orbit is a source of current in that orbit due to which this orbit behave as current carrying loop.
We know that, Current in this orbit is given as:
⇒ I = e / T = ev / 2πr

where, time period

⇒ T = 2πr / v,

r = radius of orbit and

v = velocity of electron in that orbit
The magnetic moment of revolving electron due to the current,
ev
M = IA = 2πr
× πr 2
evr
⇒ M= 2
If electron revolves in anti-clockwise sense, the current will be in clockwise sense. Hence, according to right-hand rule, the
direction of magnetic moment will be perpendicular to the plane of orbit and directed inwards to the plane.
So,
∴ M = evrm / 2m = eL / 2m

where,
mvr = L= angular momentum orbital of electron and m is the mass of electron.
∴ M = − e(L / 2m)
Negative sign indicates µ and L are in mutually opposite directions.
From Bohr's postulates,
nh
L = mvr = ,
2π
where n = 1, 2, 3, ....
e nh
⇒ M= 2m
⋅
2π
= nμ B
where, {tex} \mu_B=\frac{eh}{4\mathrm{πm}}{/tex} is known as Bohr magneton.
Bohr magneton is defined as the magnetic moment of first orbit of H atom.

56. The relation μ l = −

( )
e
2m
l is in accordance with result expected from classical physics.

→
It can be derived as follows: The magnetic moment vectors μS and μL associated with the intrinsic spin angular momentum Sand
→
orbital angular momentum l respectively,
Magnetic moment associated with the orbital motion of the electron is
μ l = current × area of the orbit
= lA
−e
= T
⋅ πr 2
and, the angular momentum of the orbiting electron is given by
l = mvr
2πr
=m⋅ T
⋅ r
2πmr 2
= T
μl
Here, r is the radius of the circular orbit which the electron of mass m and charge (-e) completes in time T.
l
− eπr 2 −e
= =
2πmr 2 2m
As the charge of the electron is negative (-e) it is easily seen that magnetic moment, μ l and angular momentum, l are antiparallel,
both normal to the plane of the orbit.

23 / 30
 e
Therefore, is twice the classically expected value which is μ s / s = m
.
This latter result (verified experimentally) is an outstanding consequence of the modem quantum theory.
57. i. Mass of iron bar = volume × density
= 5 cm3 × 7.8 gcm-3 = 39 g
Number of atoms in 56 g of iron = 6.02 × 1023
6.02 × 10 23 × 39
∴ Number of atoms in 39 g of iron = 56
= 4.19 × 1023

Magnetic moment of each atom = 1.8 × 10-23 Am2

Magnetic moment of the iron bar in the state of magnetic saturation is
m = 1.8 × 10-23 × 4.19 × 1023 = 7.54 Am2
ii. Here θ = 90o, B = 15,000 G = 15000 × 10-4 T
∴ Required torque, τ = mB sin θ

= 7.54 × 15000 × 10-4 × sin 90o = 11.3 Nm

58. Classification of magnetic materials: On the basis of their behaviour in external magnetic fields, Faraday classified the various
substances into three categories:
i. Diamagnetic substances: Diamagnetic substances are those which develop feeble magnetisation in the opposite direction of
the magnetising field. Such substances are feebly repelled by magnets and tend to move from stronger to weaker parts of a
magnetic field. Examples. Bismuth, copper, lead, zinc, tin, gold, silicon, nitrogen (at STP), water, sodium chloride, etc.
ii. Paramagnetic substances: Paramagnetic substances are those which develop feeble magnetisation in the direction of the
magnetising field. Such substances are feebly attracted by magnets and tend to move from weaker to stronger parts of a
magnetic field. Examples. Manganese, aluminium, chromium, platinum, sodium, copper chloride, oxygen (it STP), etc.
iii. Ferromagnetic substances: Ferromagnetic substances are those which develop strong magnetisation in the direction of the
magnetising field. They are strongly attracted by magnets and tend to move from weaker to stronger parts of a magnetic field.
Examples. Iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium and alloys like alnico.
Iron is a ferromagnetic substance. As temperature increases, its magnetisation decreases due to the randomisation of its domains.
59. As shown in figure, the point P lies on the axial line of magnet a and on the equatorial line of magnet b.

μ0 2m
∴ Ba = Baxial = ⋅ (along the axis of a)
4π ( d / 2 )3
μ0 m
Bb = Bequa = ⋅ (parallel to the axis of b)
4π ( d / 2 )3
The resultant field at P is
μ 0m
2 2
B=
√ Ba + Bb =
4π ( d / 2 ) 3
⋅
√1 2 + 2 2
2√5μ 0m
=
πd 3
If field B makes angle θ with Ba, then
Bb 1
tan θ = Ba
= 2
= 0.5 or θ = 26.57o

60. Paramagnetic substances: Paramagnetic substances are those which develop feeble magnetisation in the direction of the
magnetising field. Such substances are feebly attracted by magnets and tend to move from weaker to stronger parts of a magnetic
field.
Origin of paramagnetism: According to Langevin, the atoms or molecules of a paramagnetic material possess a permanent
magnetic moment either due to the presence of some unpaired electron or due to the non-cancellation of the spins of two electrons
because of some special reason. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the atomic dipoles are randomly oriented due to their
ceaseless random motion, as shown in figure (a). There is no net magnetisation.

24 / 30
 → →
When a strong enough field B 0, is applied and the temperature is low enough, the field B 0 tends to align the atomic dipoles in its
→
own direction, producing a weak magnetic moment in the direction of B 0. The material tends to move from a weak field region to
a strong field region. This is paramagnetism.
At very high magnetic fields or at very low temperatures, the magnetisation approaches its maximum value when all the atomic
dipole moments get aligned. This is called the saturation magnetisation value Ms.

61. a.

b. rn ∝ n2
1
Vn ∝
n
2πr n
Tn = vn
∝ n3
T2 8
T3
= 27

Hence, the required ratio is 8:7

62. The trajectory, traced by the α-particles in the Coulomb field of target nucleus, has the form shown below.

The size of the nucleus was estimated by observing the distance (d) of closest approach, of the α-particles. This distance is given
by:
1 ( Ze ) ( 2e )
4πε 0
⋅
d
=K

where K = kinetic energy of the α-particles when they are far away from the target nuclei.
63. The energy of an electron in nth orbit is given by
13.6
En = − eV
n2

i. For 3 rd excite state, n = 4

13.6 13.6
∴ E4 = − = − = − 0.85eV
42 16

ii. Required energy to jump electron to the ground state from the 3 rd excited state
E = E4 - E1

= −
13.6
42
− −
( ) 13.6
12

= - 0.85 + 13.6 = 12.75 eV

∴ Wavelength of the photon emitted as

25 / 30
 λ=
hc
E (As, E =
hc
λ )
6.63 × 10 − 34 × 3 × 10 8
⇒ λ=
12.75 × 1.6 × 10 − 19
19.878 × 10 − 7
= 20.4
= 0.974 × 10 − 7
o
= 974A

64. a.

b.
1
λ longest
=R

36
{ } 1
2
nf
− 2
nC
1
= R 36
5

λ max = 5R
36
= m
5 × 1.1 × 10 7

= 6.5 × 10-7m

1
λ Smallest

R
=R
{ } 1
22
−
1
∞2

= 4
4 4
λ mm = = m
R 1.1 × 10 7

= 3.6 × 10-7m
65. Number of a-particles scattered at an angle θ ,
1 K
N ∝ i.e; N =
sin 4 (θ/2) sin 4 (θ/2)
where K is a proportionality constant
N 90 ∘
sin 4 ( 60 / 2 )
∘

∴
N 60
=
∘

sin 4 ( 90 / 2 )
∘

or N 90 =

100
∘
sin 4 30 ∘
sin 4 45 ∘
× N 60 = ∘
[ ] 1/2
1 / √2
4
× 100

= 4
= particles min-1.

26 / 30
66. a. The quantised electron orbits and energy state are due to wave nature of the electron and only resonant standing waves can
persist. Ace. De Broglie Apotheosis.
2πr = nλ
nh
= mv

mvr = ()
nh
2π

b. Lyman series
transition from n = 4 to n = 1 will have shortest wavelength.
67. The Rutherford nuclear model of the atom describes the atom as an electrically neutral sphere consisting of a very small, massive
and positively charged nucleus at the centre surrounded by the revolving electrons in their respective dynamically stable orbits.
The electrostatic force of attraction F, between the revolving electrons and the nucleus provides the requisite centripetal force (Fc)
to keep them in their orbits. Thus, for a dynamically stable orbit in a hydrogen atom
Fc = Fe
mv 2 1 e2
= ⋅ [ Z = 1]
r 4πε 0 r2
Thus, the relation between the orbit radius and the electron velocity is
e2
r=
4πε 0mv 2
The kinetic energy (K) and electrostatic potential energy (U) of the electron in hydrogen atom are
1 e2
K= 2
mv 2 = 8πε 0r
e2
and U = − 4πε 0r
(The negative sign in U signifies that the electrostatic force is attractive in nature.)
Thus, the total mechanical energy E of the electron in a hydrogen atom is
e2 e2 e2
E=K+U= 8πε 0r
− 4πε 0r
= − 8πε 0r
The total energy of the electron is negative. This implies the fact that the electron is bound to the nucleus. If E were positive, an
electron will not follow a dosed orbit around the nucleus and it would leave the atom.
68. Energy of incident photon = E2 - E1 = -3.4 - (13.6) = 10.2 eV
K.E. of photo electron = eV0=5 eV
By conservation of energy,
Energy of incident photon = K.E. of photo electron + Work function
10.2 eV = 5 eV + W0
​​​​​​ ∴ W0 = 5.2 eV
69. Let e, m and v be respectively the charge, mass and velocityof the electron and r the radius of the orbit.
The positive charge on the nucleus is Ze, where Z is the atomic number (in case of hydrogen atom, Z = 1). As, the centripetal
force is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction, we have
mv 2 1 ( Ze ) × e Ze 2
r
= 4πε 0
⋅
2 or mv 2 = 4πε 0r
............(i)
r
From the first postulate of Bohr's atomic model, the angular momentum of the electron is
h
mvr = n 2π .............(ii)
where, n (= 1, 2, 3, ....) is principal quantum number.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
h 2ε 0
r = n2 ...........(iii)
πmZe 2
This is the equation for the radii of the permitted orbits.
Bohr's Radius: The radius of the first orbit (n = 1) of hydrogen atom (Z = 1 ) will be
h 2ε 0
r=
πme 2

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 o
This is called Bohr's radius and its value is 0.53 A
o o
Since r n ∝ n 2, the radius of the second orbit of hydrogen atom will be (4 × 0.53)A and that of the third orbit (9 × 0.53)A and can

be extended for other orbits according to formula.

70. a. Orbital Period of an electron in the hydrogen atom
2πr n
T= ... (eqn 1)
vn
From Bohr's postulates
nh
mv nr n =
2π
n 2 h 2ε 0
We have r n =
πme 2

and velocity of the electron in nth orbital

e2
Vn = 2ε 0nh
On substituting the values of rn and vn in equation (1) we have
4n 2 h 2ε 0
T=
me 4
b. Rydberg's formula for wavelengths of the spectral lines

1
λ
=R
( ) 1
n12
−
1
n22

H α belongs to the Balmer series.

71. i. The alpha decay of 238
92 U. The energy released in this process is given by:-

Q = (MU – MTh – MHe) c2

Q = (238.05079 – 234.04363 – 4.00260)u × c2

= (0.00456 u) c2
= (0.00456 u) (931.5 MeV/u)
= 4.25 MeV
ii. The kinetic energy of the α-particle

Eα ≈ ( ) A−4
A
Q=
238 − 4
238
× 4.25MeV

= 4.18 MeV
iii. If 238 238
92 U spontaneously emits a proton, the decay process would be 92 U →
237
91 Pa + 11 H
The Q for this process to happen is
= (MU – MPa – MH) c2

= (238.05079 – 237.05121 – 1.00783) u × c2

= (– 0.00825 u) c2
= – (0.00825 u)(931.5 MeV/u)
= – 7.68 MeV
Thus, the Q of the process is negative and therefore it cannot proceed spontaneously. We will have to supply an energy of 7.68
MeV to a 238
92 U nucleus to make it emit a proton.

28 / 30
72. The plot of the binding energy per nucleon versus the mass number A for

a large number of nuclei

The nuclear force is short-ranged represents the consistency of binding energy in the range 30 < A < 170.
A heavy nucleus has lower binding energy per nucleon compared to a lighter one. Suppose a nucleus width A = 240 breaks into
two nuclei of A = 120, nucleons get more tightly bounded. This implies that energy would be released in fission.
For two ling very light nuclei (A ≤ 10) joining to form a heavier nucleus. The binding energy per nucleon of heavier nucleus >
binding energy per nucleon of lighter nuclei. This implies that energy is released during fission.
73. a. In 1932 James Chadwick studied the emission of neutral radiations when beryllium nuclei were bombarded with alpha
particles. He studied the bombardment of alpha particles and a penetrating radiation out of the beryllium and when this
radiation was incident on wax it was emitting out protons by detector on the other side. If the radiations were gamma rays or
photons then to make protons emit from wax required huge energy which is not possible at the time with the photons. Also
according to conservation of energy and momentum he concluded the radiations to be of neutral charge but mass as very much
similar as proton and named as neutron.
b. Neutons and protons together are called as nucleons as they reside inside the nucleus. They have approximately same mass. If
two nuclei have different number of protons and neutrons, but total number of nucleons are same i.e. mass number is same
they can have same radius. As radius of the nucleus r r ∝ A y 3 Where A is the mass number.
74. Let us consider the cases before and after β -decay
Before β-decay; if the neutron was at rest. Hence, En = mnc2, pn = 0
After β-decay; pn = pp + pe
or. 0 = pp + pe ⇒ |pp| = |pe| = p.......(1)
1
2 2
Also, energy of proton Ep = (m p c 4 + p p c 2) 2
1 1

(
energy of electron Ee = m e c 4 + p p c 2
2 2
) ( 2 2 2
= me c4 + pe c2 ) 2 from (1) st we get ,

Now applying conservation of energy,

1 1

( 2
mpc4 + ) =(
p 2c 2 2
2
me c4 + )
p 2c 2 2 = m nc 2

mpc2 = 936 MeV, mnc2 = 938 MeV and mec2 = 0.51 MeV

since, the energy difference between n and p is small, pc will be small, pc < < < mpc2, while pc may be greater than mec2
p 2c 2
⇒ m pc 2 + = mnc2 − pc
2m 2p c 4

To first order pc = mnc2 - mpc2 = 938 MeV - 936 MeV = 2 MeV

This gives the momentum of proton or neutron. Then,
1

Ep =( 2
mpc4 + )
p 2c 2 2 = √9362 + 22 = 936 MeV
1

E = (m c +p c )
2 4
e e
2 2 2 = √(0.51) 2 + 22 = 2.06 MeV
75. a. Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion

It is the process of disintegration of a heavy nuclei into smaller It is the process of combining two lighter nuclei to
daughter nuclei of comparable masses with a release of huge amount of form a heavy nuclei with the release of huge
energy. energy.

It can be possible in nuclear reactors. It can be possible on the surface of sun.

Example 21 H + 21 H → 32 He + 10 n + heat

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 1
Example 235
92 U →
142
56 Ba + 91
36 kr + 3 0 n + heat

It is a controllable process. It is uncontrollable process.

b. 2H + 2H → 3 He + 1n + 3.27 M ev
1 1 2 0

when 2 atoms of deuterium ( 21 H ) combine energy released = 3.27 M ev

= 3.27 × 106 × 1.6 × 10-19J
= 5.232 × 10-15J
So, No. of atoms in 2g of deuterium = 6.022 × 1023 atoms
6.022 × 10 23 × 100
No. of atoms in 100g of deuterium = 2

= 3.011 × 1025
atoms
So total energy released by fusion of 100g of deuterium
= 3.011 × 1025 × 5.232 × 10-15 J
= 15.75 × 1010 J
Power of bulb = 500 W
Energy consumed by bulb in 1 second = 500 × 1
500 J
15.75 × 10 10
So, time required to consume released energy = 500

= 0.0315 × 1010 sec

= 9.989 years

30 / 30