CONTENTS

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES PAGE

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 2
1- GERUNDS .......................................................................................................... 2
1-1 GERUND AS SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE .................................... 2
1-2 GERUND"AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT ....................................... 3
1-3 GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT ...................................................... 4
1-4 GERUND AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION ......................... 6
1-5 EXPRESSIONS + GERUND ............................................................ 15
1-6 THE PERFECT GERUND ................................................................ 17
1-7 THE PASSIVE GERUND ................................................................. 18

2-INFINITIVES ........................................................................................... 19

2-1 INFINITIVES AS SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE ............................. 20

2-2 INFINITIVES AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT ..................................... 22
2-3 INFINITIVES AS DIRECT OBJECT .................................................. 23
2-4 GERUND OR INFINITIVE ................................................................... 28
2-5 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS ............................................ 32
2-6 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES ................................... 33
2-7 PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND PAST INFINITIVE ................................ 35
2-8 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE : IN ORDER TO ....................................... 37
2-9 INFINITIVE WITH "TOO" AND "ENOUGH" .................................... 38
2-10 VERBS OF PERCEPTION ................................................................ 40
2-11 INFINITIVE WITHOUT "TO" AFTER "LET" AND "HELP" ............ 42
2-12 CERTAIN VERBS + NOUN/PRONOUN + INFINITIVE ................... 42
2-13 INFINITIVE AFTER QUESTION WORDS ......................................... 43
2-14 CAUSATIVES ...................................................................................... 44

EXAMPLES FROM ÖYS ..................................................................................... 46

TEST YOURSELF 1 .............................................................................................. 47
TEST YOURSELF 2 .............................................................................................. 50
TEST YOURSELF 3 .............................................................................................. 53
TEST YOUR VOCABULARY .............................................................................. 61

GERUNDS and INFINITIVES

INTRODUCTION

1
Bir gerund ya da infinitive, cümlede isim gibi işlev gören fiildir. İsimlerin kullanıldığı özne, nesne
vb. durumunda kullanılır. Gerund *, bir fiil köküne "-ing" takısının eklenmesiyle elde edilir:
swimming, reading, playing football, having to get up early, etc.

Swimming is my favourite sport.

I like reading contemporary books.
Having to get up early won't bother me at all.

Infinitive ise fiilin başına to getirerek ya da fiili yalın haliyle kullanarak elde edilir: to learn English,
to climb the mountain, to be able to speak English fluently, etc.

It isn't so difficult to learn English.

To climb to the top of the mountain won't be easy.
To be able to speak English fluently is desired by every learner.
I will let you go soon.
The film made everybody cry.

1- GERUNDS

1-1 GERUND AS SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE

Gerund, bir cümlenin ya da bir yan cümlenin öznesi olarak kullanılır. Bu özne tek bir sözcükten
(simple gerund: swimming, reading, etc.) ya da bir sözcük grubundan (gerund phrase: listening to the
news, having the necessary qualifications, etc.) oluşabilir.
Reading is essential to broaden one's horizons.
Cooking is my mother's favourite work.
Teasing animals is cruel.
Having to work hard all the time can strain one's nerves.
Eating too much makes people fat.
I think that eating a balanced diet will help you to slim healthily.
After some time she realized that living in a foreign country was rather
distressing.
Bir cümlenin öznesi gerund ise, yüklemi tekil bir fiilden oluşur (is, was, does etc.). Ancak, iki gerund
and ile bağlanıyorsa, o öznenin içinde birden fazla öğe bulunduğu için, yüklem çoğul bir fiilden
oluşur (are, were, do, etc.).
Being interested in books is a good quality.
Giving severe punishments to children is unfair.
Swimming and running are my favourite sports.
Ironing and washing the dishes are the most boring jobs for me.
* Gerund ile present participle arasındaki ayrana dikkat ediniz.
Gerund "-ing" takısı ile bir fiil kökünden elde edilmiş isimdir.
Swimming can help you to slim.
Present participle ise fiilin, sürerlilik bildiren tense'lerle çekimlenirken "-ing" takısı almasıdır.
The children are swimming in the sea.
İki gerund but ya da or ile bağlanıyorsa, yine tekil fiil alır.
Living in the same house but not sharing the household duties shows her
irresponsibility.
Walking but not running is advisable to those who are suffering from heart
diseases.
Reading a book for a while or listening to slow music gives relaxation after a
hard day's work.

Gerund'ı olumsuz yapmak için başına not getirilir.

Not being aware of the facts can't be regarded as an excuse.

2
 His not wanting to come with us surprised us all.
The government’s not taking strict measures against the increasing interest
rates will destroy our economy.

EXERCISE 1 : Complete each of the following sentences with a simple gerund or gerund
phrase as subject of the sentence.
Example: Story telling is an ancient tradition.
Cycling is more environmentally friendly than driving a car.

1- ................................... was the most exciting thing we did on our last holiday.
2- ................................... is the worst thing about living with my parents.
3- .................................... is the worst thing about travelling on a coach.
4- ................................... loudly is not permitted in the library.
5- ................................... too much tea and coffee can keep you awake.
6- ................................... can strain your eyes.
7- ................................... and ............................... are difficult in a foreign language.
8- ................................... uphill is difficult for grandmother now.
9- ................................... might be difficult considering my low wages.
10- ................................... helped them find a compromise.

1-2 GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

Bir gerund be fiilinden sonra gelerek özneyi tanımlayan bir sözcük olabilir.
My biggest problem at work now is having to deal with too many people every
day.
Their favourite pastime is watching television.
What he is most interested in is driving at high speed.
Her biggest dream is having a more affectionate mother.
The quality needed in this job is being polite all the time.

EXERCISE 2 : a) Answer the following questions with a gerund or gerund phrase

as subject complement.

Example: What are the things you like to do most while travelling?
The things I like to do most while travelling are reading and sleeping.

1- What are the hardest things about driving a car?

The hardest things about driving a car are ............................. and ........................... .
2- What do you consider your most important responsibilities for the future of our planet?
My most important responsibilities for the future of our planet are ............................. and
............................. .
3- Suppose that you were the head of a new charity to help old people. What would your main
priorities be?
My main priorities would be ............................. and ................................. .
4- What do you think is the hardest part of nursing?
I think the hardest part of nursing is .............................................. .
5- What is the worst side of living in your city?
The worst side of living in my city is ............................................ .

3
 b) Complete the following sentences with a gerund or gerund phrase as subject
complement.

6- My greatest achievement so far in life has been .......................................

7- The most likely thing to annoy me while I am sitting on a bus or train is
.......................................
8- The greatest challenge for Turkey today is ...................... .
9- The characteristic I most admire in a politician is ............ .
10- The most important thing in life is .................................... .

1-3 GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT

Bazı fiiller, kendilerinden sonra gelen fiili gerund biçiminde alırlar. Gerund bu cümlelerde nesne
olarak işlev görür.

I'm afraid I have to delay going on holiday.

I enjoy walking by the sea very much.
You can go out when you've finished doing your homework.

Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:

admit delay involve recollect (remember)

anticipate deny keep recommend
appreciate detest mean remember
avoid discuss mention resent
can't help dislike mind resist
can't stand enjoy miss risk
complete excuse * postpone stop
consider finish practise suggest
contemplate forgive quit tolerate
defer imagine recall (remember) understand *
Examples :
He admitted stealing his mother's silver tray but denied selling it for drugs.
I appreciate being with friends.
He avoided looking at me while I was criticising him.
I can't help feeling sorry when I see small children in the street begging for money.
I excused her taking my dress without my permission.
I miss our gathering round my grandmother and listening to her war tales.
They had to postpone giving a party because of the car accident their son had.
In order to improve your English, you should practise speaking it whenever possible.
You have to quit eating too much if you want to slim.
I don't recall meeting you before.
I resented not receiving an invitation to the party.
Though she is on a strict diet, she sometimes can't resist eating dessert.
You risk losing all your money in that business.
I suggest going for a walk instead of playing cards here.
My parents won't tolerate lying.
The Possessive + Gerund

4
Bir gerund'ın önünde iyelik sıfatı (possessive adjective : my, your, his, our, Ali's, my father's, my
sisters', etc.) kullanılır. Ancak günlük dilde possessive yerine object pronoun da kullanılır (me, you,
him, Ali, my father, my sisters, etc.).
Formal : I will never forgive Jack's scolding me in public.
I will never forgive his scolding me in public.
Informal : I will never forgive Jack scolding me in public.
I will never forgive him scolding me in public.
Bir gerund'm önünde possessive kullanıldığı zaman, genellikle anlamda bir değişme olur.
I admit being guilty.
Suçlu olduğumu kabul ediyorum.
(Suçlu olan ve kabul eden: ben)
I admit his being guilty.
Onun suçlu olduğunu kabul ediyorum.
(Kabul eden: ben, suçlu olan: o)
I dislike interrupting people working very hard.
Yoğun bir şekilde çalışan insanların işini bölmekten hoşlanmıyorum.
I dislike your interrupting people working very hard.
Yoğun bir şekilde çalışan insanların işini bölmenden hoşlanmıyorum.
* Bu fiiller gerund'dan önce iyelik sıfatı kullanmayı gerektirirler,
I will excuse his coming late.
I don't understand your leaving so early.
1-4 GERUND AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION

Bir preposition'dan sonra isim gelir. Bu nedenle bir preposition'dan sonra gelen fiil gerund
biçimindedir.
I'm interested in music.
I'm interested in listening to music.
She is afraid of the dark.
She is afraid of going out in the dark.
I object to his proposal.
I object to doing the job as he proposed.
I'm looking forward to my holiday.
I'm looking forward to having my holiday soon.

Son iki örnekte, to dan sonra gerund kullanımına dikkat ediniz. Bu örneklerde to, infinitive'in bir
bölümü değil, preposition'dur. Bu nedenle kendinden sonra gerund gelir.
1- I want a book on pollution.
I want to read a book on pollution.
2- I object to your offer.
be accustomed to I'm accustomed to Turkish coffee.
I'm accustomed to drinking Turkish coffee.
be used to I'm not used to heavy clothes.
I'm not used to wearing heavy clothes.
look forward to I look forward to your letter.
I look forward to receiving a letter from you.
be opposed to I'm opposed to excessive cosmetics spending.
I'm opposed to spending excessively on cosmetics.
object to/have an objection to I have an objection to the plan.
I have an objection to carrying out the plan in this way.
prefer something to doing something I prefer tennis to basketball.
I prefer playing tennis to playing basketball.
in addition to In addition to jeans, she bought lots of things.
In addition to buying jeans, she bought lots of things.
5
 I object to having the meeting at such a late hoar.
Yukarıdaki örneklerden birincisinde, "want"ın kendine ait bir preposition'ı yoktur. Bu nedenle
kendinden sonra direk nesne alır (want a newspaper, want a job, etc.) Ancak "want"tan sonra fiile
geçerken to ile geçilir, yani to + infinitive gelir, (want to buy, want to sleep, etc.)
İkinci örnekte ise to "object" fiiline bağlı bir preposition'dır. Bu nedenle, "object"den sonra bir
nesneye geçerken de to kullanılır. Fiil ise gerund biçiminde gelir.

Preposition'ı to olan yaygın yapılar şunlardır:

Preposition + Gerund yapısını üç bölümde inceleyebiliriz.

a) Verb + Preposition + Gerund
b) Adjective -r Preposition + Gerund
c) Nouıı + Preposition + Gerund

a) Verb + Preposition + Gerund

Bir preposition ile birlikte kullanılan fiilleri iki gruba ayırabiliriz.
1- Verb + Preposition + Gerund

abstain from He now has to abstain from drinking alcohol.

apologise for I apologised for being late.
^adjust to You will have to adjust to eating English meals when you
go there.
approve/disapprove Do you approve of her staying out so late?
f
argue about Last night, we argued about her staying out so late.
believe in I really believe in working hard for World Peace.
care about Do you care about being well-dressed?
care for I don't care for going to that film.
comment on I don't want to comment on his solving the problem.
complain about He always complains about having too much work.
concentrate on You have to concentrate on improving your vocabulary.
consist of Being a good student consists of studying regularly.
deal with I want to deal with redecorating the house first.
decide against Seeing the cold weather, we decided against going on a day out.
depend on (upon) To pass the exam depends on your studying hard.
dream of He has always dreamed of being a famous actor someday.
feel like I feel like having a short trip.
forget about She is trying to forget about being deceived by him.
insist on Do you still insist on wearing that funny tie?
look forward to What are you looking forward to doing most?
object to Why do you always object to my wearing jeans?
participate in I want to participate in formulating the budget.
plan on What do you plan on doing this weekend?
refer to In his speech, the chairman referred to expanding the firm into the
Middle East.
take advantage of We should take advantage of living in a big city.
6
talk about Last night, we talked about economizing to keep up with the
increasing prices.
think about/of She is thinking about spending a year in England to
improve her English.
succeed in Are you sure you'll succeed in persuading your father?
worn' about Don't worry about my working so hard

2- Verb + Object + Preposition + Gerund

accuse someone of They accused the mail of robbing the bank.

apologise to someone She apologised to me for being late.
f
arrest someone for They arrested the guard for helping the robbers.
blame someone for I blamed her for making me late.
charge someone with Thev will charge him with falsifying the accounts.
complain to someone 1 complained to the owner about hassling us for the rent.
b
congratulate someone I congratulated him on being the top student.
deter someone from The storm deterred the climbers from going on their climb.
devote oneself to She devoted herself to bringing up her children.
discourage someone Someone discouraged her from going in for the beauty
fforgive someone for I can't forgive him for lying to me.
involve someone in They didn't involve their father in fighting their rivals.
keep someone from By speaking too
loudly they kept me from studying.
prevent someone from What prevented him from leaving on holiday?
punish someone for You shouldn't punish the child for stealing the candy.
stop someone from Her cold attitude
stopped me from making friends with her.
suspect someone of They suspected him of betraying his partners.
thank someone for I want to thank them for helping me to find
accommodation.
warn someone We warned the children against going too near the lake.
b / i We warned the children about playing too near the lake.

Bu fuller passive durumda çok sık kullanılırlar.

They accused the man of robbing the bank.
The man was accused of robbing the bank.
The doctor warned me against smoking so heavily.
I was warned against smoking so heavily.
They discouraged her from going abroad for her education.
She was discouraged from going abroad for her education.
The customers blame me for delaying their orders.
I am blamed by the customers for delaying their orders.
They suspected the man at the corner of being a thief.
The man at the corner was suspected of being a thief.
The dense fog deterred me from driving my car to work.
I was deterred by the dense fog from driving my car to work.
7
 Everybody in the firm congratulated the manager on his being promoted to
accounts director.
The manager was congratulated by everybody in the firm on his being promoted
to accounts director.
She devoted herself to providing even possible advantage for her children.
She was devoted to providing even' possible advantage for her children.
EXERCISE 3 : Complete the following sentences with an appropriate preposition
and the gerund of the given verb.
1- I don't know why you don't forget ............ (study) ........................ theatre studies at
university as you won't get a very good job with a degree in an arts subject.
2- I tried to discourage her ............ (take) ........................ the job as I knew she would be bored
at the cigarette factory.
3- My friend's mother punished her ............ (dye) ........................ her hair bright red without
permission.
4- I decided ............ (vote) ......................... for him because of his policy on taxation.
5- We complained to the airline ............. (charge) ........................ us too much for the excess
weight.
6- We hadn't planned ............ (move) ........................ to California, but we loved it so much
there that we bought a house.
7- I would like the accounts assistant to get involved ............ (monitor) ........................
expenditure.
8- The young salesman blamed the manager ............ (provide) ........................ too little support.
9- My sister cares ............ (look) ........................ after our planet and gets annoyed when she
reads about large companies destroying the environment.
10- The police tried to prevent the demonstrators ............ (destroy) ........................ the gardens at
Westminster.
11- Calais, which is an amateur football club, succeeded ............ (reach) ........................ the
finals of the French Football Cup.
12- The International Cricket Committee accused the South African captain ............ (accept)
........................ money from an Indian gambling gang.
13- Several headmasters disapprove ............ children (swap) ........................ Pokemon cards in
school and have banned them.
14- The director congratulated the actress Glenda Jackson ............ (portray)........................
Queen Elizabeth I masterfully.
15- She is devoted ............ (look) ........................ after her garden, and thus, it always looks
fabulous.
16- The Prime Minister warned voters .............. (support) ........................ Ken Livingstone for
London Mayor as he thought he would be disastrous for London.
17- Esin is thinking ............ (take) ........................ a job as a childminder in America for one year
in order to improve her English.
18- Some people are so worried about the possibility of an earthquake in Istanbul that they feel
............ (move) ........................ to another town or city.
19- The radio station received lots of phone calls which commented ............ the rioters' (destroy)
........................ the national monuments.
20- The company accepted that their packaging was incorrect and thanked the customer ............
(bring) ........................ the matter to their attention.
21- I apologised ............ (forget) ........................ the milk and popped to the local shop for some.
22- We talked ............ (economise) ........................ in order to save some money for a new car.
23- At work at the moment, we are adjusting ............ (use) ........................ a new computer
system, so everything is taking a little longer than usual.
24- A mechanical breakdown prevented us ............ (finish) ........................ the order on time.
25- In their last statement, the chairman referred ............ (close) ........................ the factory
altogether.
26- He is very rich, but he doesn't believe ............ (give) ........................ money to charity.
27- Jenny never forgave her brother ............ (damage) ........................ her new car.
28- The)' can't take advantage ............ (have) ........................ a holiday home in the mountains as
often as they would like.
29- The level of business you gain depends ............ your (make) ........................ plenty of
appointments with prospective customers.
30- When Vicki was young, she used to dream ............ (marry) ........................ Cliff Richard, but
that was before Rob asked her to the graduation dance.

b) Adjective + Preposition + Gerund

8
Pek çok sıfat bir preposition ile birlikte kullanılır ve bu preposition'dan sonra bir isim ya da gerund
gelir. Sıfatlarla cümle kurarken yaygın olarak kullanabileceğimiz fiiller şunlardır: be, seem, appear,
remain, look, become, get, feel.
Your younger son seems very good at drawing.
Are you interested in taking photographs?
Though I tried to comfort her, she remained concerned about not hearing from
her son.
You are certainly capable of doing much better work.
After the resignation of the manager’s secretary, Mrs Brown became responsible
for carrying out her duties.
Bu şeklide yaygın olarak kullanılan sıfatlar şunlardır:
accustomed to different from feel guilty for/about sorry about
afraid of essential to/for be guilty of successful in
angry at excellent in/at incapable of suitable for
appropriate for excited about interested in sure of (about)
ashamed of exposed to jealous of surprised at
aware of famous for keen on terrified of
bored with fed up with lazy about tired of (from)
capable of fond of opposed to used to (accustomed to)
concerned about generous about proud of worried about
content with good at responsible for happy about
delighted at grateful to sb. for similar to
NOTES:
Tired of, bir şeyden bıkmak, sıkılmak anlamına gelir. (=bored with, fed up with) Tired from, bir
işten dolayı yorulmak anlamındadır.
I'm tired of waiting for the bus to come. Let's take a taxi.
I think I'm getting old. I'm beginning to feel tired from working so hard.
Good at kullanımına benzer şekilde bad at, hopeless at, brilliant at, quick at, slow at gibi yapılar da
kullanabiliriz.
She is quite quick at writing compositions in English but rather slow at
speaking.
You can rely on that carpenter. He is brilliant at doing his job.
Be/get used to doing (be/get accustomed to doing) ile geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı ifade ettiğimiz
"used to do" kalıbı arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.
I'm used to drinking coffee as soon as I get up in the morning.
(Sabah kalkar kalkmaz kahve içmeye alışkınım.)
The job seemed rather difficult to me at first, but later I got used to working
there.
(Önceleri iş bana oldukça zor geldi ama daha sonra orada çalışmaya alıştım.)
You will have to get used to doing your chores on your own when you leave
your family.
(Ailenizden ayrılınca işlerinizi kendi başınıza yapmaya alışmak zorunda
kalacaksınız.)
She has been used to living alone since her husband's death.
My mother used to do my chores for me when I lived with them, but after I left
my family, I had to do them by myself.
(Ailemle birlikte otururken işlerimi annem yapardı.)
I used to smoke more when I was at university, but now I smoke less.
(Üniversitedeyken daha çok sigara içerdim ama...)
She used to be quite slim before she got married.
(Evlenmeden önce oldukça zayıftı.)

EXERCISE 4 : Complete the following sentences with an appropriate preposition and the
gerund of the given verb.
9
 1- While I was living in Istanbul, I had to get accustomed ............ (stand) ....................... on
crowded buses.
2- I don't mind washing up, but I'm quite lazy ............ (put) ....................... things back in the
cupboard.
3- I'm not sure ............ (study) ....................... accounting any more. It's so boring.
4- Jemma was not content............ (come) ....................... second in the school race and ran to
her mother in tears.
5- She is really generous ............ (give) ....................... advice to her colleagues, although she
doesn't have much time to spare.
6- The manager's incompetence is responsible ............ (lose) ....................... the company lots of
business.
7- I wish I didn't have to go to work now as I'm still tired ............ (cycle) .......................along
the coast yesterday.
8- I always take my mobile phone with me when I drive long distances as I'm afraid ............
(have) ....................... a breakdown a long way from home.
9- He was angry ............ their (describe) ....................... the hotel in the brochure as 'a stone's
throw away' from the sea. After all, how far can one throw a stone?
10- Do you think the novel The Great Gatsby' is appropriate ............ (include) ....................... on
a reading list for fifteen-year-old students?
11- A spirit level is essential ............ (assure) ....................... that the shelves are straight.
12- He felt guilty ............ (have) .......... to ask his father for money again.
13- She was surprised ............ (get) ....................... the promotion as she had expected the other
sales assistant to get it.
14- Although in Nicaragua she had been a doctor, she wasn't ashamed ............ (work)
....................... in a factory in Germany.
15- I'm opposed ............ your (go) ....................... out because you will be exposed ............ (get)
....................... teased by the other children, who are older than you.
16- I find it hard to believe that he is incapable ............ (use) ....................... a computer. After
all, he's at university, isn't he?
17- We felt sorry ............ (lose) ....................... a respected colleague, but we knew that he was
ideally suited to his new job.
18- I didn't think Real Madrid were capable ............ (beat) ....................... Barcelona.
19- We are fed up ............ (make) ....................... just enough money to live on without having
any extra to enjoy ourselves with.
20- Although they had been friends for four years, Jason was jealous ............ Malcolm (get)
....................... accepted at the School of Economics in London, and so he didn't answer his
letters.
21- Are you happy ............ (move) ....................... to Aberdeen?
22- We were delighted ............ (receive) ....................... a visit from our old friends from Turkey.
23- When the children find out about the tickets, they are going to be really excited ............ (go)
....................... to the tennis championship.
24- Wightwick Manor is a lovely old country house to visit, especially if you are interested
............ (see) ....................... some original work by William Morris.
25- A Citroen 2CV is great ............ (drive) ....................... around town in, but not really suitable
............ (travel) ....................... long distances.
26- Students usually enjoy university life once they have got used ............ (live).......................
away from home.
27- The young journalist was grateful ............ the Editor of "The Independent' newspaper
............ (give) ....................... him a job, which he knew he would enjoy.
28- My cousin told me that their trip across the Channel on the hovercraft was similar ............
(travel) ....................... on a bus.
29- I bought a new suit because I was concerned ............ (not, look) ....................... my best at the
interview.
30- Although he is good ............ (make) ....................... appointments by telephone, he is terrified
............. (meet) ....................... the customers face to face.

Noun + Preposition + Gerund

Bazı isimler kendilerinden sonra bir preposition + gerund yapısıyla kullanılırlar. Bazıları da hem
kendinden önce hem de kendinden sonra preposition alabilirler. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan
yapılar şunlardır:

on account of ..... yüzünden

in case of ..... durumunda
* difficulty in ..... sıkıntı çekmek
in addition to ..... ilaveten, yanı sıra
* in charge of ..... ile yükümlü

10
 * in danger of ..... tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya
in exchange for ..... karşılık olarak
excuse for ..... mazereti olmak
in favour of ..... lehinde olmak, taraftar olmak
for fear of ..... korkusuyla
* in the habit of ..... alışkanlığında olmak
in return for ..... karşılık olarak
instead of .....yerine
interest in ..... ilgisi olmak
in the course of ..... sırasında, esnasında
in the middle of ..... ortasında
need for ..... olan gereksinim
reason for ..... nedeni
for the sake of ......hatırı için, ..... uğruna
in spite of ..... rağmen
* technique for ..... nın tekniği
the point of ..... nın gereği, ..... nın anlamı (yok)
* on the point of ..... yapmak üzere olmak

NOTES:

Bu yapılan kullanırken, gerund'un başında possessive adjective (my, your, his, etc.) yaygın olarak
kullanılır. (Başında yıldız bulunan yapılarla possessive kullanılmaz.)

I'm not in favour of your going abroad for education.

In exchange for your taking the time to help me, I want to do something for you.

I have a great interest in his singing.

The point of, bir şeyi yapmanın gereği, anlamı demektir ve daha çok olumsuz biçimde kullanılır
(bir gereği/anlamı yok).
The road is winding. I don't understand the point of your driving so fast.
Bu yapı there is kalıbıyla, "there is no/isn't any point in doing" biçiminde de kullanılır.
There is no point in waiting for him any more. He won't come.
(Onu daha fazla beklemenin bir anlamı yok.)
On the point of doing, "be about to do" (...yapmak üzere olmak) anlamındadır.
I was on the point of leaving home when the phone rang.
I was about to leave home when the phone rang.
"Have difficulty in", preposition almadan da kullanılır ve yine, kendinden sonra gerund alır.
Difficult'ın önünde no, little, less, much, more, great gibi sözcükler kullanarak, zorluğun derecesini
azaltabilir ya da çoğaltabiliriz. Have difficulty ile aynı anlamda have trouble/have a hard time/have
a difficult time doing something yapılarını da kullanabiliriz.
I had great difficulty (in) finding a flat at a price I could afford.
You will have no difficulty/won't have any difficulty (in) answering the
questions about the prepositions if you learn all of them by heart.
EXAMPLES:
We were late for the concert on account of your taking too much time to get
dressed.

11
 I can only afford to look after myself now, but in case of my parents' needing
any help, I'd go short myself.
Do you think I'll have much difficulty (in) adjusting to British culture?
In addition to working in an office during the day, she is attending English
courses in the evenings.
You are in charge of meeting the customers and making them feel comfortable.
You are in danger of losing all your money.
In exchange for borrowing this book from you, I can lend you one of mine.
Do you have a good excuse for being late?
I'm in favour of taking strict measures against drunken driving.
We went in quietly for fear of waking the others at home.
I'm not in the habit of going to bed very late.
Will you get anything in return for helping them?
Let's watch the film on TV instead of playing cards.
She has a great interest in learning about other cultures.

There was great chaos in the course of the minister's speaking to the public.
When they heard a sound like a bomb exploding, the professor stopped speaking
right in the middle of giving his lecture.
Can you tell me what is the need for your working so hard?
The reason for his not being able to get up early is that he goes to bed too late.
Everybody must do whatever they can for the sake of realizing World Peace.
She has difficulty (in) making ends meet in spite of earning a big salary.
If you want to improve, your writing skills, you should learn the techniques for
writing good paragraphs.
I don't see the point of buying a second car. We share the present one with no
problems.
They were on the point of leaving the office when it started to rain heavily.

EXERCISE 5 : Complete the following sentences with an appropriate preposition

and the gerund of the given verb.
1- It was quite embarrassing. Sonia came into the room when we were in the middle .............
(discuss) ....................... the surprise party for her.
2- What's the point ............. (spend) ....................... a lot of money on advertising when we have
more than enough work for the next three months?
3- They chose our service on account ............. our (offer) ....................... them free delivery.
4- Tie-dye' is a technique ............. (dye) ....................... cloth, which has been developed into
different styles in different cultures.
5- In the case ............. her (have) ....................... to sell her house, she could stay in our guest
room for a while.
6- For the sake ............. (avoid) ....................... any argument, Janice never invites her parents
and her husband's parents to the same function.
12
 7- Are you sure you won't have any difficulty ............. (get) ....................... to the airport on your
own?
8- He believes that there is a need ............ (discuss) ....................... the plans with residents
before going ahead.
9- As well as being responsible for the entire accounts department. Tony is also in charge
............. (acquire) ....................... company vehicles.
10- In the course ............. (learn) ....................... German, I took a course in Hamburg one
summer.
11- You are in danger ............. (lose) ....................... your friends if you don't keep in touch with
them.
12- Let's look at all the alternatives instead ............. (make) ....................... a rash decision.
13- In exchange ............. her (make) ....................... a jacket for me. I did her accounts for her.
14- She made a very unconvincing excuse ............. (not be) ....................... ready on time.
15- We decided against an expensive holiday in Egypt in favour ............. (relax) ....................... at
home.

1-5 EXPRESSIONS + GERUND

It's no use / It's no good ... (... bir yararı yok)
It's no use trying to conceal what you have just done. I saw you.
It's no good trying to persuade my father. He won't allow me to come with you.
There is no point in ... (... bir anlamı yok)
There is no point in running for the train. It must have left by now.
There was no point in waiting for him in front of the cinema after the film had
started, so I went in.
It's worth ... / It's not worth ... (... yapmaya değer / ... yapmaya değmez)
I don't think it's worth mending this pullover. It's already worn-out.
- Have you watched the film "Bodyguard"?
- Yes, it's worth seeing. The music, especially, is wonderful.
This book isn't worth reading. Its plot is nonsense.
I think you should consider their offer. Their offer is worth considering.
A waste of time / money / energy ... (... zaman / para / enerji kaybı)
It's a waste of money buying things more than you need.
It's a waste of time trying to do all this work by yourself. You can ask for help.
Spend / waste (time, money, energy) ... (... yaparak vakit geçirmek / para, enerji harcamak / vaktini,
enerjini, parayı boşa harcamak)
Yesterday, I spent the whole day cleaning the house.
He usually spends hours trying to repair things.
You waste a lot of time watching those ridiculous series on TV.
She wasted a large amount of money buying furniture last year, and now she is
redecorating her house again.
Small nations waste a lot of money buying arms.
Without doing ... (... yapmadan, ... yapmaksızın)
Don't go out without putting on your coat. It's rather cold outside.
I got really surprised when she went past me without greeting me.
She never leaves home without kissing her parents.
By doing ... (... yaparak)
By doing, temel cümledeki eylemi nasıl yaptığımızı açıklar.
13
 She passed the university exam by studying very hard.
(Çok çalışarak sınavı geçti.)
I'm very short of time. I can only catch the bus by running fast.
They are trying to stabilize the economy by increasing taxes, but I'm afraid it
won't work.
Because it can't speak, a baby makes its needs known by crying.

Go + gerund
Pek çok aktivite, özellikle sportif olaylar için go + gerund kullanılır. Bunlardan yaygın olarak
kullanılanlar şunlardır:

go shopping go hiking
go swimming (go for a swim) go hunting
go running (go for a run) go sightseeing
go camping go skating
go fishing go skiing

I went shopping yesterday, so I wasn't at home in the afternoon.

My husband and my son are very fond of catching fish, so they often go fishing
along the Bosphorus.

My favourite sport is running. I often go running along the seashore early in the
morning.
Busy doing something (birşeyi yapmakla meşgul olmak)

The students were busy talking when I entered the classroom.

In this season, the peasants are very busy harvesting their crops.

Don't disturb her. She is busy compiling the information for her graduation
thesis.
Busy'den sonra direk bir isim geliyorsa, isimden önce with kullanılır.

She is busy with her homework.

They are busy with their financial problems these days.

The students were busy with the experiment when the teacher came into the
laboratory.
Have fun / have a good time doing
We had fun telling each other our childhood memories.

My sister in England says in her letter that she is having a good time there
visiting interesting places and meeting people from various cultures.
Sit / stand / lie + expression of place + gerund

After the guests left, I lay in bed reading until I got sleepy.

I stood there, in front of the cinema, waiting in vain for him to come.

After breakfast, father usually sits in his armchair reading the newspaper.

14
EXERCISE 6 : Answer the following questions using by + gerund.
Example: How did he become a millionaire? (He invested in the stock market.)
He became a millionaire by investing in the stock market.
1- How do you find time to relax with three children and a part-time job? (I plan my time
carefully)
.............................................................................................................................................
2- How do you manage to make ends meet with such a small salary? (I don't spend anything on
luxury items.)
.............................................................................................................................................
3- How did they rescue the boy? (They threw him a rope from a helicopter.)
.............................................................................................................................................
4- How does Durham City council intend to ease the traffic congestion in the city? (They'll
charge motorists a £2 entrance fee.)
.............................................................................................................................................
5- How will you find a new job? (I will read the advertisements in professional magazines.)

EXERCISE 7 : Complete the following sentences using without + gerund.

Example: She bought a dress. She didn't try it on.
She bought a dress without trying it on.
1- Unlike my friend, I can't make a dress if I don't follow a pattern.
.............................................................................................................................................
2- My brother rides his bike and he doesn't hold onto the handle bars.
.............................................................................................................................................
3- He lived on the coast all his life. He wasn't, able to swim.
.............................................................................................................................................
4- Polynesians crossed the Pacific Ocean. They didn't have any navigational devices.
.............................................................................................................................................
5- The doctor worked 15 hours. She didn't take a break.
.............................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 8 : Complete the sentences using busy + doing or busy + with + a noun.
1- Our German customers are here, so the manager is busy .......................... them the
production facilities. (show)
2- I'm sorry, the manager is out of the office at the moment. He is busy ...................
(our German guests)
3- Since they bought the old mansion, they have been busy ................ . (the restoration)
4- Since the building work was finished, they have been busy .......................... the inside walls.
(paint)
5- She has chosen to write about Sappho, the ancient Greek poet, and is busy in the library
.......................... for some suitable books. (look)

1-6 THE PERFECT GERUND

Yüklem ile gerund’ı, gerçekleştikleri zaman açısından karşılaştırdığımızda, eğer gerund yüklemden
önce gerçekleşmişse, simple gerund (doing) yerine perfect gerund (having done) kullanabiliriz.
The thief admitted that he had stolen the car.
(Arabayı çalmış olması (had stolen), yüklemden (admitted) daha önce
gerçekleşmiştir.)
The thief admitted stealing / having stolen the car.
At the court, the headmaster denied hitting / having hit the child.
He was accused of embezzling / having embezzled a large sum of money into
his own account.
I appreciated your helping / having helped me.
Perfect gerund kullanımı admit ve deny fiilleri ile yaygındır. Diğer fiillerle simple gerund tercih
edilir.
1-7 THE PASSIVE GERUND
Passive'in temel kuralı be + past participle (be done) olduğu için, kendinden sonra gerund alan fiiller,
bu passive yapıyı being done biçiminde alır.
I have been invited to the party. I appreciate this.
I appreciate being invited to the party.
(Partiye davet edilmek hoşuma gitti.)
15
Bu kullanımlarda yüklemin active, gerund'ın passive olduğuna dikkat ediniz.
She insists on our telling her the truth whatever it is.
She insists on being told the truth whatever it is.
I don't enjoy being asked personal questions.
You can't go to a party without being invited.
Being the son of a very rich man, he is in danger of being kidnapped.
He is justly proud of being elected chairman.
For fear of being attacked, she avoids going out alone after dark.
I resented not being invited to the wedding.
I can't stand being told what to do.
I don't recall being informed about this case before.
Perfect gerund'ın passive biçimi için having been done kullanılır.
The man denied being involved/having been involved in the robbery.
She went to the party without being invited/having been invited.
I don't recall being told/having been told about this case before.
She doesn't seem interested in being given/having been given a reward for her
work.

EXERCISE 9 : Complete the sentences using active gerund (simple or perfect) or passive gerund
(simple or perfect) of the verbs given in parentheses, and supply an appropriate
preposition where needed.
1- I'm rather angry ............ (lie) ...................... to by one of my friends.
2- She was having difficulty ............ (find) ...................... a job in spite ............ (have)
...................... a master's degree in economics.
3- Before his book was published, he couldn't imagine (see) ...................... his name on the
cover of a paperback.
4- I'm incapable ............ (lift) ...................... anything heavy at the moment as I've strained a
muscle.
5- Professor Freeman is not in the habit ............ (advise) ...................... students unless they
make an appointment to see him in advance.
6- They were all given free tickets to the show in return ............ (set) ...................... up the
community hall ready for the performance.
7- I don't think it was fair for her to be transferred to the Izmir branch without (give)
..................... plenty of warning.
8- After running her own business, she found it hard in her new job to get accustomed ............
(tell) ...................... what to do by a manager.
9- The financial director was in favour ............ (hire) ...................... cars for the new sales
representatives instead ............ (purchase) ...................... vehicles for them.
10- In the course ............ (examine) ...................... by the doctor, she was told she would have to
go into hospital immediately.
11- He was on the point ............ (hand) ...................... in his notice when he was offered a
promotion.
12- They moved to the mountains on account ............ his (suffer) ...................... from breathing
difficulties.
13- In addition ............ (be) ...................... popular with her colleagues, she gets on well with the
customers too.
14- Good morning. I'm interested ............ (improve) ...................... my English and I've been
thinking ............ (study) ...................... in the evenings. Do you have any suitable courses?
15- I really appreciate your (take) ...................... the time yesterday to show me the procedure.
16- The referee refused to tolerate (shout) ...................... at by the captain of the team and sent
him off the pitch.
17- We should take more advantage ............ (own) ...................... a video player and buy some
good feature films.
18- As a teacher, she prefers (give) ...................... lessons to (mark) ...................... tests and
homework.
19- The report referred ............ the rebel leader (capture) ...................... in Sierra Leone.
16
 20- I recall (visit) ...................... Ludlow once before, but it was such a long time ago that I don't
remember where we ate dinner.
21- There isn't any need ............ (memorise) ...................... dates as I am far more interested
............ (read) ...................... accurate, descriptive accounts of events in your exam answers.
22- Working for yourself means (find) ...................... your own motivation.
23- I object ............ your (imply) ...................... that I haven't contributed my fair share towards
the project.
24- If they want to make a contribution towards slowing down global warming, the government
should concentrate ............ (encourage) ...................... industry to emit less carbon dioxide
and people to drive cleaner cars.
25- I warned her ............ (argue) ...................... with the manager and now she wonders why she
didn't get the promotion.
26- (work) ...................... for someone else is completely different ............ (run) ......................
your own business.
27- The children were having fun (play) ...................... in the sand and were quite happy ............
(spend) ...................... the entire day on the beach.
28- Every night for ten years, that man has stood on that corner (sell) ...................... newspapers.
29- In the end, the manager admitted (involve) ...................... in the embezzlement case.
30- Our sales manager can't bear customers (change) ...................... their minds at the last
minute.

2- INFINITIVES
Infinitive, fiilin başına "to" ekleyerek ya da fiili yalın haliyle kullanarak elde edilir. Bir infinitive,
aynı gerund gibi, cümlede özne ya da nesne durumunda kullanılabilen isimleşmiş fiildir.
Infinitive tek bir sözcükten oluşabilir (simple infinitive: to succeed, to rest, etc.). ya da bir sözcük
grubundan oluşabilir (infinitive phrase: to talk about economy, to study medicine at university, to
drive dangerously, etc.)
She wants to study languages at university.
To be a student is really a difficult job.
They are planning to move into another house.
Her father doesn't let her go out alone at night.
His poor appearance made us feel sorry for him.
Infinitive’i olumsuz yapmak için başına not getirilir.
It's difficult for a mother not to feel concerned about her children.
I agreed not to invite too many people to the party.
She pretended not to see me.
Yüklemin olumsuz olmasıyla, infinitive'in olumsuz olmasının cümlenin anlamını değiştirdiğine dikkat
ediniz.
I haven't decided yet to go to the cinema with you.
(Sizinle sinemaya gitmeye henüz karar vermedim.)
I have decided not to go to the cinema with you.
(Sizinle sinemaya gitmemeye karar verdim.)
Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde, karar verme eylemi henüz gerçekleşmemiş. Bu yüzden "decide"
fiilinin kendisi olumsuz. İkinci cümlede ise karar verme eylemi gerçekleşmiş. Ancak olumsuz yönde
bir karar verilmiş. Bu nedenle olumsuzluk "go" fiiline aittir (not to go).
She didn't agree to buy a small car.
(Küçük bir araba almayı kabul etmedi.)
She agreed not to buy a small car.
(Küçük bir araba almamayı kabul etti.)

2-1 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE

Simple infinitive ya da infinitive phrase bir cümlenin öznesi olabilir. Ancak İngilizce'de, cümleye
infinitive bir özne ile başlamak pek yaygın değildir. Bunun yerine cümleye "It" ile başlayıp, asıl
özneyi yüklemden sonra kullanmak daha yaygındır.
To save money is impossible these days.
It is impossible to save money these days.
17
 To chat is fun.
It is fun to chat.
To chat with a close friend is fun.
It is fun to chat with a close friend.
Bu cümlelerde "it" amamı etkilemez. Yani her iki. cümlenin de anlamı aynıdır.
To travel by minibus takes a lot of time.
It takes a lot of rime to travel by minibus.
(Minibüsle seyahat etmek çok zaman alıyor.)
To jump out of a plane with a parachute takes courage.
It takes courage to jump out of a plane with a parachute.
To become perfect in a foreign language takes years.
It takes years to become perfect in a foreign language.
Daha önce bir gerund'ın da cümlenin öznesi durumunda olabildiğini görmüştük. Pek çok cümlede,
öznenin gerund ya da infinitive olması arasında bir fark yoktur. Ancak özne genel bir durumu ifade
ediyorsa gerund, özel bir durumu ifade ediyorsa infinitive tercih edilir.
Swimming is my favourite sport.
Reading is very important for children.
Knowing English enables vou to communicate with foreigners.
To swim in that river isn't at all wise.
To read this book in just three days will be difficult.
To learn English will enable you to find a good job.
Cümleye "it" ile başlıyorsak, devamındaki asıl özne gerund değil, infinitive olabilir.
It isn't at all wise to swim in that river.
It is important for children to read.
Cümleye başlarken bir possessive (my, your, his, All's, Jane's, my mother's etc.) kullanıyorsak, özne
olarak gerund kullanılır.
His coming late made us angry.
Her not wanting to come with us is quite surprising.
The employees' complaining too much about the pay rise made the
management think it over.

EXERCISE 10 : Rewrite the following sentences using "it" as the subject of the sentence.
1- To talk problems over with a friend is good.
It ............................................................................................................
2- To make a good wine takes a long time.
It .............................................................................................................
3- To conserve energy is everyone's responsibility.
It............................................................................................................ .
4- To drive from one-side of America to the other would be fantastic.
It ........................................................................................................ .
5- To save for the future takes discipline.
It ............................................................................................................ .
For + Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive
Özne olarak bir infinitive, gerund ya da it ile başlayan cümlelerde, eylemin kimin için zor, kolay vs.
olduğunu belirtmek için for + noun/pronoun kullanılır.
Swimming is easy for me.
To swim is easy for me.
It is easy for me to swim.
Driving in heavy traffic isn't difficult for an experienced driver.
To drive in heavy traffic isn't difficult for an experienced driver.
It isn't difficult for an experienced driver to drive in heavy traffic.
Of + Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive
Özne olarak "if ile başlayan cümlelerde, bazı sıfatlardan sonra of + noun/pronoun yapısı kullanılır.
Bu sıfatlar, eylemi değil de, eylemi yapan kişiyi tanımlayan sıfatlardır: polite, kind, rude, smart,
clever, etc.
18
 It's kind of you to help me.
(Bana yardım ettiğin için çok naziksin.)
It was very rude of him to treat you like that.
(Sana böyle davranması büyük kabalıktı.)
It was careless of me to leave the key in the house.
(Anahtarı evde unutmam büyük dikkatsizlikti.)
Of + noun/pronoun ile for + noun/pronoun arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz. For + noun/ pronoun,
"bu eylemi yapmak bu kişi için zor, kolay, vs." anlamını ifade ediyor. Of + noun/ pronoun ise, "Kişi
bu eylemi yaptığı- için dikkatsiz, düşünceli, kaba, nazik, vs." anlamını ifade ediyor.
It's necessary for you to learn English very well.
(İngilizceyi çok iyi öğrenmek sizin için gerekli.)
It's clever of him to learn both English and computing.
(Onun hem İngilizce hem de bilgisayar öğrenmesi çok akıllıca.)
EXERCISE 11 : Combine the two sentences using for + noun/pronoun + infinitive or
of + noun/pronoun + infinitive and beginning your sentence with "it".
Examples: He bought the children an ice cream. It was generous.
It was generous of him to buy the children an ice cream.
He won't convince her to move to Italy. It will be impossible.
If will be impossible for him to convince her to move to Rain.
1- She rescued him from the lake. She was brave.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- You will have a full medical check-up. It is necessary.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- He left his mobile phone on the passenger seat of his car. It was foolish.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4- The students are going to make their first parachute jump. It will be exciting.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5- They-gave us a lot of clothes for the baby. It was kind.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6- I lay in the sun for an hour without any protection. It was stupid.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7- He didn't give the clerk the afternoon off on the day his baby was born. It was miserly.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8- We won't be going to the Tina Turner concert. It would be too expensive.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9- She uses a computer to correspond with her brother in Australia. It is economical and
convenient.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10- He left his tablets at home. It was forgetful.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11- She complained about the company to the new recruit. It was unprofessional.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12- He didn't inform anyone about where he was going mountain climbing on his own. It wasn't
sensible.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
13- They received death threats. It must have been frightening.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
14- My mother's neighbour offered to take her shopping. It was considerate.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
15- They should run a smaller car. It would be more economical.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2-2 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

Be fiilinden sonra infinitive kullanarak özneyi tanımlayıcı ya da açıklayıcı bir ifade elde edebiliriz.
When I was a child, my ambition was to be an architect.
A government's policy should be to do whatever is needed to improve the
standard of living.
After dinner tonight, my plan is to take a walk along the seashore.
What you need is to get some fresh air.
Daha önce gerund'ın bu kullanımını görmüştük. Ancak, gerund'ı genel ifadeler için tercih etmek
19
gerekir.
Her favourite sport is playing tennis. (general)
Her plan after work today is to play tennis. (specific)
A nationwide pastime is watching television. (general)
What I will do after dinner is to watch television. (specific)
EXERCISE 12: Answer the following questions using infinitive as subject
complement.
Example: What's the board's decision about the wages?
The board's decision about the wages is to increase them bu 25 percent for the
first half of the year.
1- What should a doctor's aim be?
A doctor's aim should be .................................................... .
2- Suppose you were given a million pounds to spend on a charitable cause. What would your
objective be?
My objective would be ........................................................ .
3- What is your plan for tonight?
My plan for tonight is .......................................................... .
4- As far as your career is concerned, what is your worst fear?
My worst fear is ......................................................................
5- If you were Prime Minister, what would your aim be?
My aim would be .................................................................
6- As a father, what should your responsibilities be?
My responsibilities as a father should be ...............................
7- What should a court judge's duty be?
A court judge's duty should be ............................................. .

2-3 INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT

Kendinden sonra infinitive alan fiilleri üç gruba ayırabiliriz.
a) Verb + infinitive
She decided to move to another city.
b) Verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive
She persuaded me to go with her.
c) Either verb + infinitive or verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive
She expected to get home early.
She expected me to get home early.
a) Verb + Infinitive
Kendinden sonra direk infinitive alan fiillerden yaygın olarak kullanılanlar şunlardır:
afford consent hesitate plan seem
agree decide hope prepare struggle
appear demand learn pretend swear
arrange deserve manage proceed tend
care endeavor mean promise threaten
choose (prefer) fail prove volunteer
claim happen offer refuse wait

EXAMPLES:
They couldn't afford to go on holiday last summer.
I don't agree to work with him.
You appear to be pale today. Is there something wrong?
We arranged to meet in front of the cinema.
I don't care to live alone.
She chose to stay home while we went out.
Don't hesitate to contact me if you need any help.
She demanded in a firm voice to talk to me.
She endeavored to finish her homework, but she couldn't.
She hopes to pass the exam with a good grade.
He never seems to succeed.
She sometimes tends to speak too much.
Some of the students volunteered to bring some food from their home for the
picnic.
He couldn't wait to see the manager.
Prove, kendinden sonra bir reflexive pronoun + infinitive alabilir.
The new headmaster proved to be successful.
The new headmaster proved himself to be successful.

20
 I soon proved to be reliable.
I soon proved myself to be reliable.
Prove'dan sonra infinitive kullanmadan, direk sıfat kullanabiliriz.
The new project proved useless.
He soon proved successful.
b) Verb + Noun / Pronoun + Infinitive
Bu gruptaki fiiller, kendilerinden sonra direk infinitive alamazlar. Fiil ile infinitive arasında me, you,
him, them, Jane, our teacher, my parents, etc. gibi indirect object olması gerekir.
advise convince instruct request
allow direct invite require
appoint enable motivate how...how
cause encourage oblige teach
caution forbid order tell
challenge force permit tempt
command hire persuade urge
compel implore remind warn

EXAMPLES:
I advised him to stop smoking.
Her father doesn't allow her to go out at night.
They appointed him to investigate.
The hard work caused me to feel depressed.
He challenged me to swim to the other side of the river. .
They compelled me to tell the truth about her.
Owning a car enables you to travel without difficulty.
Last night, we hired a babysitter to look after our son.
Setting an aim motivates people to work harder.
I reminded him to buy some bread while coming back.
My niece requested me to help her with her English assignment.
Her job requires her to travel a lot.
He told me to be there on time.
His bad companions tempted him to drink heavily.
Bu fiiller passive durumda ise, kendilerinden sonra direk infinitive gelir. Çünkü active cümlenin
nesnesi özne durumuna geçmiştir.
I was advised to stop smoking.
She isn't allowed to go out at night.
I was compelled to tell the truth about her.
He was reminded to buy some bread while coming back.
I was told to be there on time.
He was tempted by his bad companions to drink heavily.
c) Verb + Infinitive or Verb + Noun /Pronoun + Infinitive
Bu gruptaki fiiller hem kendilerinden hemen sonra hem de bir dolaylı nesneden sonra infinitive
alabilirler. Ancak iki cümlenin anlamı farklıdır. Şu iki cümleyi inceleyelim.
I want to study hard. (Çok çalışmak istiyorum.)
I want you to study hard. (Çok çalışmanı istiyorum.)
Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde, her iki evi emi de (want,study) özne yapıyor. İkincisinde ise,
birinci eylemi yani yüklemi (want) özne, nesne durumundaki ikinci eylemi ise (to study) dolaylı nesne
yapıyor.
Bu Gruptaki yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:
ask dare prefer wish
beg expect promise would like
choose need want

NOTES:
Bu fiillerin, "promise" dışında, hepsi dolaylı nesne ile kullanıldığında, yukarıdaki örnekte
gördüğümüz anlam değişikliğine uğrarlar. Ancak promise nesne aldığında da, eylemi yapan kişi
durumunda bir değişme olmaz.
I promised to quit smoking. (Söz veren ve sigarayı bırakacak olan "ben".)

21
 I promised my mother to quit smoking. (Söz veren ve sigarayı bırakacak olan
yine "ben", "promised my mother" sadece sözün kime verildiğini belirtiyor.)
Soruda ya da olumsuz cümlede, dare fiilinden sonra infinitive "to" ile ya da yalın olarak gelebilir.
- Would you dare do/to do a parachute jump?
- No, I wouldn't dare do/to do that.
Ancak, olumsuzluğu daren't biçiminde ifade ediyorsak, infinitive yalın olarak gelir.
I daren't do a parachute jump.
Dare, kendinden sonra dolaylı nesne alıyorsa, to + infinitive kullanılır.
My friend dared me to swim across the Bosphorus.
Do you dare me to talk back to my boss when I believe he is wrong?

EXAMPLES:
I asked to leave the classroom.
I asked the noisy students to leave the classroom.
My little sister begged to come with us. . .
My friends begged me to change my mind.
I chose to investigate the case.
I chose one of my colleagues to investigate the case.
I dared to go out alone in the dark.
I dared my sister to go out alone in the dark.
They expected to arrive home early.
They expected me to arrive home early.
She needs to clean die house.
She needs someone to clean the house.
I prefer to stay at home tonight.
I prefer you to stay at home tonight.
She promised not to be late.
She promised me not to be late. (Anlamda bir değişme yok.)
The client wished to see the manager.
The client wished me to inform the manager about the case.
She would like to study abroad.
Her parents would like her to study abroad.
EXERCISE 13: Complete the following sentences with to do or doing.

9. I couldn't imagine ........ it.

1. He decided to do it.
10. She resisted .............. it.
2. She recalled doing it.
11. Do you fancy ....... it?
3. Did he pretend ........... it?
12. He was not prepared ....... it.
4. He should have trained ........ it.
13. They were warned not ……... it.
5. She won't tolerate …...... it.
14. Will they elect him ........ it?
6. He has kept ………... it.
15. What caused him ........... it?
7. We are waiting ...... it.
16. Why have they delayed ........... it?
8. Do you deny ....... it?
17. He detests ....... it.
22
 18. I miss ........ it. 34. Do you agree ......... it?

19. I forbid you ……... it. 35. Who showed you how ......... it ?

20. We encouraged her ..…......it. 36. I can't stand ....... it.

21. They should have discussed ...........it. 37. What motivated you ........ it?

22. He didn't anticipate ..........it. 38. No one could resist ...... it.

23. Were you tempted .......... it? 39. Can they afford ....... it?

24. Who urged him ........... it? 40. They might postpone ......... it.

25. We all avoid ......... it. 41. I hired him ....... it.

42. She didn't hesitate ....... it.

26. Did you consider .......... it?
43. Please remind him ....... it.
27. Nobody failed .........it.
44. They seemed ...... it.
28. I was struggling .......... it.
45. Did she mention ......... it?
29. He is risking ........... it.
46. He doesn't care ...... it.
30. They had threatened .......... it.
47. He claims ...... it
31. Someone happened ........ it.
48. Who suggested ....... it?
32. Would you dare me ..........it?
49. Do you challenge me ........ it?
33. I wish you would quit ......... it.
50. He cautioned us not ........ it.

EXERCISE 14: Complete the sentences using gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs given in
parentheses.
1- Being in a really bad aircraft accident didn't stop David Coulthard from (compete)
........................ in the Grand Prix.
2- Her friend urged Jasmine (apply) ........................ for the job at the council.
3- I didn't get exactly what I wanted for Maria, but I managed (find) ........................
something suitable for her birthday.
4- Maria and Jenny volunteered (serve) ........................ tea and coffee during the interval of
the school play.
5- The captain ordered his men (aim) ........................ and they waited nervously for the next
order.
6- When we returned from the theatre. I thanked Jenny for (look) ........................ after the
baby and paid her.
7- At our last meeting, he didn't refer to (make) ................... some of the staff redundant.
8- If it should happen (rain) ........................ on Sunday, we can move everything inside.
9- My friends called this afternoon, which kept me from (clean) ........................ the house
properly.
10- We require an information technology specialist (introduce) ........................ a new
computer system.
11- After the war, Hendrick proceeded (undertake) ........................ elaborate woodwork
projects in England.
12- I think I will abstain from (vote) ........................ in the student elections as I don't like
either of the candidates.
13- As he lay in a hospital bed, his wife implored him (give) ........................ up boxing.
14- The chef accused the butcher of (overcharge) ........................ him for the lamb.

23
 15- He isn't really bus)' in a meeting. He is only avoiding (speak) ........................ to that
customer.
16- I can speak German quite well now, but I tend (pronounce) ........................ the 'o'
incorrectly.
17- If you are so unhappy studying accounting, you should consider (change) ........................
to a different department, where you can study something more interesting.
18- Our school has been invited (take part) ........................ in the Queen Mother's birthday
concert.
19- Although she knew that Lizzy enjoyed nothing more than horse-riding, she tried to
discourage her from (spend) ........................ too much time at the stables in case it
interfered with her studies.
20- I don't really care for (picnic) ........................ even in really warm weather.
21- He promised not (go) ........................ to the Sunset Bar again on his way back from work.
22- They arrested Doctor Shipman for (murder) ........................ several of his elderly female
patients.
23- If we are to meet our sales target this month, we should motivate our employees (work)
........................ harder.
24- When he visits, I'm going to take him to the lake because I've heard he's keen on (row)
25- I have arranged (present) ........................ the plan to them on Wednesday afternoon.
26- He really wanted the job and didn't hesitate (accept) ........................ it, although the salary
was not particularly good.
27- When Toby joined the gang of boys, he swore (keep) ........................ their hideout a
secret.
28- After the ridiculous remarks of the guest star. I was compelled (write) ....................... to
the radio station.
29- Diana seems (get) ........................ bored easily. Does she have difficulty in (concentrate)
........................ on her studies?
30- All Louise's aims depend on her (marry) ........................ a very rich man.
2-4 GERUND or INFINITIVE
Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem infinitive alabilirler. Bunların bir bölümünde, gerund
ya da infinitive kullanılması anlam değişikliğine yol açmaz. Bir bölümünde ise anlam değişir.
a) Gerund or infinitive with no or little change in meaning.
advise cannot bear encourage intend need prefer
allow continue forbid like neglect recommend
attempt dislike hate love permit start
begin dread

NOTES:
Bu fiillerden attempt, begin, cannot bear, continue, dislike, dread, hate, intend, like, love, neglect ve
start gerund ya da infinitive aldığında aralarında önemli bir fark yoktur.

I attempted doing/to do the job without getting any help.

Just as I left the office, it began raining/to rain.
I can't bear listening/to listen to that sort of music.
After a brief interval, we continued working/to work.
She dislikes being told/to be told what to do.
I hate washing/to wash the dishes.
They intend moving/to move into a bigger house.
I like walking/to walk.
She loves playing/to play with children.
He neglected informing/to inform us about the case.
I will start studying/to study as soon as the film is over.
Bu fiillerin kendileri sürerlilik bildiren tense'lerle kullanılmışsa, kendilerinden sonra infinitive alırlar.*

It was beginning to rain when I left the office.

She was still continuing to work at the same company despite problems.
Bu fiillerden advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit ve recommend, kendinden sonra indirect object
(him, them, etc.) varsa infinitive, indirect object yoksa gerund alır.
I advise driving more slowly on this slippery road.
I advise you to drive more slowly on this slippery road.

24
 I don't allow chewing gum during the class.
I don't allow my students to chew gum during the class.
1 encourage speaking freely in the class.
I encourage my students to speak freely in the class.
The law forbids travelling without wearing a seat belt.
The law forbids us to travel without wearing a seat belt.
My mother doesn't permit smoking in our house.
My mother doesn’t permit me to smoke in our house.
I recommended staying at an inexpensive hotel.
1 recommended my brother to stay at an inexpensive hotel.

Bu fiillerden sadece attempt, begin, continue ve start sürerlilik bildiren tense'lerle kullanılır.
Diğerleri kullanılmaz.
"Kendisi progressive bir tense ile kullanılmışsa devamında infinitive alır" kuralı da sadece bu fiiller
için geçerlidir. Eğer bir fiil kendinden sonra sadece gerund alabiliyorsa progressive tense'le bile
kullanılsa, gerund değişmez.
I'm considering staying at home tonight.
Bu kural (indirect object'den sonra infinitive gelmesi) sadece bu fiiller için geçerlidir. Kendinden
sonra sadece gerund alan fiiller, nesne olsa bile, yine gerund alır.
I suggested going to an Italian restaurant for a change.
I suggested their going to an Italian restaurant for a change.
I don't understand not wanting to come with us.
I don't understand him/his not wanting to come with us.
Need fiili active cümlede kendinden sonra infinitive alır. Passive cümlede ise passive infinitive
(to be done) ya da gerund (doing) alabilir.
I need to iron my shirt. (active)
My shirt needs to be ironed/needs ironing. (passive)
You need to repair the radio. (active)
The radio needs to be repaired/needs repairing. (passive)
Passive cümlenin öznesi insan ise, genellikle passive infinitive kullanılır.
You need to help her. (active)
She needs to be helped. (passive)
I need to tell them the truth. (active)
They need to be told the truth. (passive)
Prefer fiilinin gerund ya da infinitive alması, bir tercihten diğerine geçerken arada kullandığımız
geçiş sözcüğüne bağlıdır. Eğer arada "to" kullanılıyorsa gerund, "than" ya da "rather than"
kullanılıyorsa infinitive alır.
I prefer walking to running.
I prefer to walk than (to) run.
Eğer sadece tercihi belirtip cümleyi bitiriyorsak, genel anlamdaki tercihlerimiz için "prefer doing",
spesifik tercihlerimiz için "prefer to do" kullanımı daha yaygındır. Spesifik tercihlerimiz için
"would prefer to do" daha yaygın kullanılır.
Do you watch television very often?
No, I prefer reading. (I prefer to read.) (general)
Will you come for a walk with us?
I would prefer to stay at home. (specific)
b) Gerund or infinitive with a change in meaning
forget mean (intend) regret try (make an effort)
remember mean (result in, involve) stop try (experiment)

25
Forget ve remember, geçmişte yaptığımız bir işi daha sonra unutmak, hatırlamak anlamındaysa
gerund alır. Yapmayı planladığımız ya da düşündüğümüz bir işi yapmayı unutmak, hatırlamak
anlamındaysa infinitive alır.
- Do you remember our being stuck in the mud with the car last winter?
- Yes, I also remember very clearly your losing your temper.
- Really? What did I do?
- You kicked the car, and its rear fender dented.
- Oh, I'd completely forgotten doing that.
When I met him. I suddenly remembered lending him a large sum of money the
previous month. When I asked for my money back he said he was sorry he had
completely forgotten borrowing money from me. (Önce ona para verdim. Daha
sonra ona rastlayınca, ona para verdiğimi hatırladım. O ise benden para aldığını
unuttu.)
- Please remember (don't forget) to tell him that I will be waiting at our usual
cafe around 4 o'clock.
- Okay. I promise you. I won't forget (will remember) to give him your
message.
Because I left home in a hurry, I forgot to take my purse with me. (Cüzdanımı
yanıma almayı unuttum.Yani yapmam gereken bir işi yapmadım.)
I usually forget to lock the door, but this morning I remembered to lock it/I
didn't forget to lock it.
(Kapıyı kilitlemeyi hatırladım/unutmadım. Yani yapmam gereken bir işi yaptım.)
Mean, eğer kastetmek, niyet etmek anlamındaysa infinitive alır.
I don't mean to hurt you by criticising so severely, but it's for your own sake.
He had meant to go on a camping holiday this year, but I think his wife didn't
agree.
Mean, anlamına gelmek, demek anlamındaysa gerund alır.
Being a parent means having a lot of responsibilities.
If we can't reach an agreement soon about where to have lunch, I’m afraid it will
mean wasting our lunch break here in the office.
Regret, geçmişte yaptığımız ya da yapmadığımız bir işten dolayı pişmanlık duymak anlamındaysa
gerund alır. Gerund'ın ifade ettiği eylem, pişman olma eyleminden daha önce gerçekleşmiş olduğu için
doing yerine having done kullanabiliriz.
He regrets that he didn't attend university.
He regrets not attending/not having attended university.
She regretted that she hadn't listened to her .mother's advice.
She regretted not listening/not having listened to her mother's advice.
She regrets that she bought an orange car.
She regrets buying/having bought an orange car.
Regret, yapmayı planladığımız bir işi yapamayacağımızı ifade ederken I’m sorry" anlamında
kullanılıyorsa infinitive alır. Bu anlamda regret, tell, say, inform gibi fiillerle birlikte çok sık
kullanılır.
I regret to tell you that I can't come with you.
(I'm sorry to tell you that .................... )
I regret to inform you that you couldn't get a pass grade.
Stop doing, yapmakta olduğumuz bir işi durdurmak anlamında kullanılır.
When I entered the classroom, the students stopped chatting among themselves.
(They had been chatting before I came in.)
When some guests arrived after dinner. I stopped studying.
Stop to do, bir şey yapmak için durmak anlamında kullanılır. Burada "to" amaç bildirdiği için "stop to
do" yerine "stop in order to do" da kullanabiliriz.
When the phone rang, I stopped my work to/in order to answer the phone.
When a loud noise was heard, everybody in the street stopped to/in order to see
what had happened.

26
Bazen bu iki yapıyı bir arada kullanmamız gerekebilir:

Stop doing something to do something else

When the phone rang, I stopped studying to/in order to answer it.

When a student raised his hand, I stopped lecturing to/in order to listen to him.

Try, çabalamak, çalışmak anlamındaysa infinitive alır.

I tried hard to catch the train, but I couldn't.

She tried to persuade her father to let her go to the cinema.

I tried to warn you, but you were too busy to listen to me.

Try, bir yöntemin işe yarayıp yaramayacağını anlamak için denemek anlamında kullanılıyorsa,
geründ alır.
Because it was very hot last night, I couldn't get to sleep.
I tried opening the window, but it didn't work. Then I took a cold shower. It
worked!

- Take a tablet if you have a headache.

- I tried taking one, but it didn't help.
- Then, try having a rest. It may work.

EXERCISE 15: Complete the sentences with the gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs
given in parentheses. In some sentences both are possible.
1- In addition to (drive) ........................ a company car. he owns a sports car, which he mainly
uses at the weekend.
2- A: Do you remember (teach) ........................ at university how to build traditional stone
walls?
B: How could I forget (heave) ........................ those heavy stones about?
3- We don't encourage (quote) ....................... prices over the phone, but we permit salespeople
(give) ......................... a price this way if a customer insists.
4- John Brown intends (break) ........................ the land speed record, but he is experiencing
difficulty (find) ........................ reliable tires.
5- A: Shall we have a coffee here?
B: I prefer (wait) ........................ until we get home.
6- As I get tired from (study) ........................ late at night, I've been trying (get) ........................
up early in the morning instead, and that seems (work) ........................ better.
7- I don't understand his (not, be) ........................ content at work because he's allowed (work)
........................ without much supervision.
8- If I accept this job, it'll mean (move) ........................ up to Aberdeen, won't it?
9- The students' progress needs (monitor) ........................ as we need (be) ........................ sure
these new methods are working.
10- If he continues (not, turn) ........................ up to appointments, we'll have to start (monitor)
........................ his whereabouts.
11- The owners have decided (sell) ........................ the famous red slippers from the film ‘The
Wizard of Oz', which are expected (fetch) ........................ a fortune at auction in New York.
12- We intend (spend) ........................ the day making sales appointments, which will enable us
(meet) ........................ our target this month.
13- Luckily, we managed (survive) ........................ until our business started (make)
........................ money.
14- They stopped (gossip) ... . .................. when they heard the manager approaching the office.
15- Drew stopped (tie) ........................ his laces, which meant he dropped behind, so he sprinted
to catch up with the other joggers.
16- A: The African violet is beginning (wilt) ........................ .

27
 B: Try (move) ........................ it into a sunnier room.
17- It's believed that people who want (know) ........................ why they have to do the things that
they are ordered (do) ........................ usually do not make good soldiers.
18- This is because such people don't do what they are told (do) ........................ without stopping
for a moment (think) ........................ about it — something that is not favoured in military.
19- The manager was angry at the salesman because he had neglected (secure) ........................
the building properly when he left.
20- He tends (leave) ........................ making appointments until the end of the week because he
dislikes (do) ........................ it, so on Friday afternoon, he is busy (telephone) ........................
customers to arrange meetings.
21- Do you think the national lottery encourages (gamble) ........................ in general?
22- She encourages her son (aim) ........................ for university and urges him (study)
........................ regularly.
23- A: I'm trying (find) ........................ a carpenter who is capable of (build) ........................ a
spiral staircase.
B: You could try (ask) ........................ my cousin Jeff as he's an architect and might know
someone suitable.
24- You can choose (pay) ........................ for your furniture on delivery or, if you prefer (pay)
........................ in instalments, you can pay in twelve months.
25- We regret (inform) ........................ you that our largest customer has gone out of business
and we may be forced (reduce) ........................ the work force.
26- She hates (have) ........................ tests in hospital, which unfortunately, she has to do
regularly on account of her (have) ........................ diabetes.
27- When she heard that the other secretary had received a pay rise, she regretted (not, ask)
........................ for one during her annual appraisal.

2-5 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS

Infinitive, bazı isimlerden sonra gelerek, o ismi tanımlayan bir sıfat işlevini üstlenir. Bu şekilde yaygın
olarak kullanılan isimler şunlardır:
ability demand failure request
ambition desire offer right
anxiety determination plan scheme
attempt eagerness promise willingness
decision effort refusal wish
Not every person has the ability to think logically. Some people lack it totally.
His ambition to become the top student in the class made him ill.
My determination to go on walking even in the rain surprised them all.
His eagerness to pass the exam is at its peak these days.

Genellikle önlerinde bir superlative ile birlikte time ve place* gibi isimler de bu yapıyla yaygın olarak
kullanılır.
The best time to go on holiday is Spring.
Tomorrow, I will have a lot of time to deal with you.
My favourite time to walk is early in the morning.
The best place to fish is just under the Bosphorus Bridge.

* Bu şekilde başka pek çok isim kullanılabilir: the best restaurant to eat at, the cheapest hotel to stay at,
the most difficult method to follow, etc.

The fırst, the second, the next, the last, etc. gibi sıra sayıları da infinitive alabilir.
Do you know who the first person to climb Mount Everest was?
The last person to leave home should lock the door.
(Evden en son çıkan kişinin kapıyı kilitlemesi gerekir.)
She is always the last (person) to come.
(Her zaman en son gelen kişi odur.)

2-6 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES

Kişinin duygu ya da tavrını ifade eden sıfatlardan sonra infinitive gelebilir.
I'm sorry to hear that your mother is ill.
I'm glad to see you here.
28
Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan sıfatlar şunlardır:
content disgusted determined reluctant
delighted disturbed motivated certain
glad sad prepared likely
happy sorry ready amazed
pleased upset willing astonished
relieved proud afraid surprised
lucky ashamed carefully shocked
fortunate anxious hesitant stunned
disappointed eager
She is hesitant to accept their job offer.
I'm reluctant to go with them.
I was surprised to see Jane at the party.
She was determined to have a university education.
I was relieved to get the news that they didn't get injured in the accident.
She was disappointed not to pass the exam.
She was ashamed not to be able to pass the exam after so many private lessons.
Bu sıfatların bir bölümünü daha önce adjective + preposition biçiminde görmüştük. Eğer sıfattan
sonra bir preposition kullanılmışsa, preposition'dan sonra gelen yapının gerund olmasına dikkat
ediniz.
She was proud to be the top student in the class.
She was proud of being the top student in the class.
She was ashamed to have made such rude remarks.
She was ashamed of having made such rude remarks.
I was surprised to see him there.
I was surprised at his being there.
Adjective + infinitive, daha çok bir that-clause ya da when-clause'u kısaltarak ifade etmek biçiminde
kullanılır.
She was disgusted when she saw the kitchen in such a mess.
She was disgusted to see the kitchen in such a mess.
(Mutfağı pislik içinde görünce iğrendi.)
She was disappointed that she didn't get the job.
She was disappointed not to get the job.
Bu kısaltmayı yaparken, temel cümle ile yan cümlenin öznesinin aynı olmasına dikkat ediniz. Eğer
özneler aynı değil ise, passive infinitive kullanarak yine aynı anlamı verebiliriz.

She was disappointed that they didn't give her the job.
She was disappointed not to be given the job.

She was happy that they promoted her.

She was happy to be promoted.

EXERCISE 16: Change the following statements as shown in the examples.

Examples: She was relieved when she heard that her son had been rescued.
She was relieved to hear that her son had been rescued.

He was upset that he didn't get invited on the trip.

He was upset not to get invited on the trip.

1- They were astonished when they saw how quickly he recovered.

They were astonished ..................................................................................
2- I was shocked that they spoke to me so rudely.
29
 I was shocked .............................................................................................
3- I am eager that I get settled in quickly.
I am eager ................................................................................................. .
4- He was ashamed when he was asked about his brother's involvement in the scandal.
He was ashamed ........................................................................................
5- It's likely that the factory will close soon.
The factory is likely .................................................................................. .
6- They were sad that they had to say goodbye to a dear friend.
They were sad ...........................................................................................
7- Lucy was disappointed that she didn't get accepted onto the course.
Lucy was disappointed ..............................................................................
8- She was determined that she wouldn't let his sarcastic remarks hurt her.
She was determined..................................................................................
9- It was fortunate that he recovered in time for the final.
He was fortunate .......................................................................................
10- We were proud that we were the best performing department.
We were proud ..........................................................................................

2-7 PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND PAST INFINITIVE

Infinitive'in passive biçimi to be done şeklinde ifade edilir.
I don't want you to order me what to do.
I don't want to be ordered what to do.
I didn't expect she would invite me to her wedding.
I didn't expect to be invited to her wedding.
(Onun düğününe davet edileceğimi ummuyordum.)
Infinitive'in past biçimi to have done, passive past biçimi ise to have been done şeklinde ifade edilir.
Infinitive'in ifade ettiği eylem yüklemden daha önce gerçekleşmişse, past infinitive kullanmamız
gerekir.
Past infinitive özellikle seem, appear, pretend gibi fiillerle; lucky, fortunate, happy, pleased, content,
likely gibi sıfatlarla çok sık kullanılır.
I'm happy that I passed the exam.
I'm happy to have passed the exam.
(I passed the exam sometime before now, and now I'm happy.)
She is fortunate that she received a good education.
She is fortunate to have received a good education.
It seems that you have passed the exam.
You seem to have passed the exam.
It appears that she told a lie.
She appears to have told a lie.
It seems that they were surprised at the news.
They seem to have been surprised at the news.
(Habere şaşırmış gibi görünüyorlar.)
30
To do/to be done ile to have done/to have been done arasındaki farkı görmek için şu cümleleri
inceleyelim:
She is fortunate that she will study abroad.
She is fortunate to study abroad.
(Yurt dışında öğrenim göreceği için şanslı.)
She is fortunate that she studied abroad.
She is fortunate to have studied abroad.
(Yurt dışında öğrenim gördüğü için şanslı.)
She is lucky that she will be sent abroad.
She is lucky to be sent abroad.
She is lucky that she was sent abroad.
She is lucky to have been sent abroad.
It seems that he works very hard all the time.
He seems to work very hard all the time.
H seems that he worked very hard yesterday.
He seems to have worked very hard yesterday.
It's likely that she is at home now.
She is likely to be at home now.
It's likely that she was at home then.
She is likely to have been at home then.
It seems he is given pay rises regularly.
He seems to be given pay rises regularly.
It seems he was given a pay rise last month.
He seems to have been given a pay rise last month.
Seem, appear ve pretend fiillerini present progressive infinitive (to be doing) ve past progressive
infinitive (to have been doing) ile de kullanabiliriz.
It seems that he is working hard these days.
He seems to be working hard these cays.
Let's not talk about it in front of Peter.
He pretends not to be listening to us but in fact he is.
It appears that they are waiting for us.
They appear to be waiting for us
It appears that they have been waiting for us for a long time.
They appear to have been waiting for us for a long time.
Tell, order, ask, request, etc. gibi pek çok fiilden sonra past infinitive kullanılamaz. Çünkü bu tür
fiillerle infinitive, yüklemden sonra gerçekleşecek bir eylemi ifade eder.
I asked my friends not to make so much noise.
I told the children to be careful while crossing the street.
He told me to be there on time.
(Bana vaktinde orada olmamı söyledi.) (Daha sonra yapacağım bir işi söyledi.)

EXERCISE 17: Complete the sentences with simple infinitive (active or passive), past infinitive
(active or passive) or progressive infinitive.

1- Mechanic: I'm suspicious about this car's mileage. Can you take a look?
Sales Manager: Yes, the speedometer appears (rewind) .......................... . Look how the
numbers are out of line.
2- Some people are not prepared (devote) .......................... themselves to their job, and so they
are usually reluctant (work) .......................... overtime when they are asked to.
3- When I consider many people find their work tedious, I think I am lucky (find)
.......................... a job that I enjoy doing.

31
 4- This street was really run-down when I lived near here, but it appears (renovate)
.......................... . It looks quite a pleasant area now.
5- Will you tell me what the problem is? You seem (make) .......................... up excuses ever
since we signed the order.
6- Look! A crowd seems (gather) .......................... outside Mr Whiteford's house. I wonder
what's happening.
7- She was pleased (win) .......................... the prize and shocked because she hadn't expected
her painting (choose) .......................... for the exhibition.
8- The cricket board are considering a life ban for the player who appears (fix) ..........................
matches for several seasons now.
9- He can't stand having dinner with his wife's parents, but he pretends (enjoy) ..........................
himself whenever they come.
10- You were fortunate (not, injure) .......................... as a result of the accident.
2-8 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE: IN ORDER TO

Amaç bildiren bir yapı olarak in order to do yerine sadece to do kullanabiliriz. Olumsuz ifadelerde
"in order not to do" kullanılır.
I will go shopping because I want to buy some vegetables.
I will go shopping to buy/in order to buy some vegetables.
I get up early because I don't want to be late for work.
I get up early in order not to be late for work.
I went to the bookstore because I wanted to buy a book.
I went to the bookstore to buy/in order to buy a book.

To do/in order to do ile for doing'in kullanımı arasındaki aynma dikkat ediniz. Bir insanın bir eylemi
yapmadaki amacını ifade etmek istiyorsak to do/in order to do kullanılır. Bir nesnenin (bir alet,
makina vb.) ne işe yaradığını, ne amaçla kullanıldığını ifade etmek istiyorsak be used for doing ya da
be used to do/in order to do kullanılır. Eğer bir nesnenin ne işe yaradığını ifade ediyor, ancak
cümlede "be used" kullanmıyorsak, sadece "for doing" kullanılır.
You have to use an axe to chop/in order to chop wood.
An axe is used for chopping/to chop wood.
An axe is a tool for chopping wood.
You have to use a spanner to fasten/in order to fasten bolts.
A spanner is used for fastening/to fasten bolts.
A spanner is a tool for fastening bolts.

Ancak, belli bir olayda (specific) bir nesnenin ne amaçla kullanıldığını ifade ederken sadece to do
kullanılır.
Detergent is used for cleaning/to clean dirty things. (general)
A lot of detergent was used to clean the house. (specific)
Wax is used for polishing/to polish surfaces.
A special kind of wax was used to polish the car.

İnsanın bir eylemi yapmadaki amacını ifade ederken fiil değil de isim kullanıyorsak, for + a noun
kullanılır.
I went to the bookstore to buy a book.
I went to the bookstore for a book.
She usually goes to the library to do her homework.
She usually goes to the library for her homework.
He will go to Ankara to attend a conference.
He will go to Ankara for a conference.

32
EXERCISE 18: Complete the sentences with to do, for doing or for + a noun using the words
given in parentheses. In some cases, more than one answer is possible.
1- A: Congratulations on getting such a large order.
B: Thanks. We offered them a special service contract ............................... their
business. (win)
2- Don't you know that your company mobile phone should only be used ...............................
and shouldn't be used ............................... private telephone calls? (essential company calls)
(make)
3- You can use my mobile phone ............................... your parents, if you wish. (call)
4- These mobile phones are not the same as ordinary ones. You can use them
.............................. to the Internet. (connect)
5- Shall I use the Internet ............................... some information on the National Exhibition
Centre? (find)
6- We're planning to go to Tenerife ............................... this summer, (a holiday)
7- Tenerife is a wonderful place for you ............................... if you normally lead a stressful
life. (relax)
8- We have employed an additional salesman ............................... our company in the North.
(expand)
9- You shouldn't spend all the money you earn. You should try to save some ..........
............................... . (the future)
10- The hydrometer is a device ............................... such characteristics of a liquid as its density,
or weight per unit volume. Hydrometers are also used ............................... a liquid's specific
gravity, or the weight of the liquid as compared to an equal volume of water. (determine)
(determine)

2-9 INFINITIVE WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

Too + adjective/adverb ve adjective/adverb + enough yapıları kendilerinden sonra infinitive alır.
This box is too heavy. Nobody can carry it.
This box is too heavy to carry.
(Bu kutu taşınamayacak kadar ağır.)

İkinci cümlenin sonunda yüklemin nesnesi durumunda olan "it" sözünün "too'Tu cümlede
kullanılmadığına dikkat ediniz. Bu cümlede infinitive, passive yapıda bulunmadığı halde, cümlenin
anlamı passive'dir. Bu nedenle iki cümleyi birleştirdiğimizde, yüklemin nesnesi özne durumuna
geçmiştir (This box). Bu cümlede eylemi yapmanın kimin için zor, kolay, vb. olduğunu ifade etmek
için for + noun/pronoun kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda cümleyi Türkçe'ye active olarak çeviririz.

This box is too heavy. I can't carry it.

This box is too heavy for me to carry.
(Bu kutu benim taşıyamayacağım kadar ağır.)

Too + adjective/adverb kalıbı yapı olarak olumlu olmasına rağmen anlamca olumsuzdur.

It's too late to go out.

(Dışarı çıkılamayacak kadar geç oldu.)
She is too young to get married.
(Evlenemeyecek kadar küçük.)
He spoke too quietly to hear.
(Duyulamayacak kadar yavaş konuştu.)
She is too young to understand this situation.
(Bu durumu anlayamayacak kadar küçük.)

Adjective/adverb + enough, olumlu cümlede kullanıldığı zaman, eylemin yapabileceğimiz

ölçülerde olduğunu ifade eder.
This box is light. Anyone can carry it.
This box is light enough to carry.
(Bu kulu taşınabilecek kadar halif.)
This box is light I can carry it.
This box is light enough for me to carry.
(Bu kutu benim taşıyabileceğim kadar hafif.)
33
 This jug isn't big. It can't hold two litres of water.
This jug isn't big enough to hold two litres of water.
(Bu sürahi iki litre su alacak kadar büyük değil.)
The speaker didn't speak clearly. We couldn't understand him.
The speaker didn't speak clearly enough for us to understand.
(Konuşmacı bizim anlayabileceğimiz kadar net konuşmadı.)
Too ile ifade ettiğimiz bir cümleyi, kullanılan sıfatın ya da zarfın zıt anlamlısını kullanarak, olumsuz
bir cümlede enough'la da verebiliriz.
She is too young to get married.
(Evlenemeyecek kadar küçük.)
She isn't old enough to get married.
(Evlenecek kadar büyük değil.)
The car is too small to take five people.
(Araba beş kişiyi alamayacak kadar küçük.)
The car isn't big enough to take five people.
(Araba beş kişiyi alacak kadar büyük değil.)
Enough, bir sıfat ya da zarftan sonra (strong enough, rich enough, etc.) bir isimden önce gelir:*
(enough strength, enough money, etc.)
She is not experienced enough to do this job.
She doesn't have enough experience to do this job.
I'm courageous enough to talk back to him.
I have enough courage to talk back to him.
Yüklemin nesnesinin kendine ait bir preposition'ı varsa, too ya da enough ile kurulmuş cümlenin
sonunda o preposition kullanılır.
This knife is blunt. We can't cut this meat with it.
This knife is too blunt to cut this meat with.
Is this chair strong? Can I stand on it?
Is this chair strong enough for me to stand on?

EXERCISE 19: Combine the two sentences using too or enough.

1- The salary is tempting. I can't refuse the job.

The salary ........................................................................................
2- She doesn't get sufficient food. She won't stay healthy.
She ..................................................................................................
3- The area is difficult to reach. It won't become spoilt by development.
The area ..........................................................................................
4- He is fit. He can play for the national team on Saturday.
He ...........................................................................'....................

* Enough, bir isimden sonra da gelebilir ancak bu kullanım pek yaygın değildir.

5- He is disloyal. I can't tell him any company secrets.

He ...............................................................................................................
6- That shirt is dirty. You can't wear it to school again.
That shirt ....................................................................................................
7- I don't think he has comprehended our service well. He can't visit the customer on his own
yet.
I don't think he ...........................................................................................
8- That jumper isn't thick. You shouldn't go outside in it in this weather.
That jumper ................................................................................................
9- The knitting pattern isn't simple. I can't follow the instructions.
The knitting pattern ....................................................................................
10- The restaurant looks filthy. We can't eat here.
The restaurant ........................................................................................... .

34
EXERCISE 20: Write synonymous sentences for the given ones.

Example: It's too cold to eat outside.

It's not warm enough to eat outside.

1- He's not old enough to be allowed to go out on his own.

He........................................................................................... .
2- The manager explained the procedure too quickly for us to understand.
The manager .........................................................................
3- The government's plan to bring the inflation down is too Utopian to come true.
The government's plan to bring the inflation down ............................................
4- Josie is not strong enough to overcome this trouble without support.
Josie .............................................................................
5- Jeff is too selfish to think of lending us his rucksack.
Jeff ......................................................................................... .

2-10 VERBS OF PERCEPTION

See, hear, watch, feel, etc. gibi duyu fiilleri kendinden sonraki fiili iki şekilde alır: gerund ya da fiilin
yalın hali.

Eğer bir eylemin olusunu baştan sona görmüşsek, izlemişsek, fiilin yalın hali kullanılır. Devam
etmekte olan bir eylemi görmüşsek gerund kullanılır. Şimdi şu iki cümleyi inceleyelim.

Yesterday, I took my son to the park. There, I sat on a park bench and watched
my son play with other children. (Oğlumun oyun oynamasını bastan sona
izledim.)

When I looked out of the window, I saw some children playing in the street.
(Çocukların oynama eylemi devam ediyordu. Ben onları bir an gördüm.
Oynamaya başladıkları zamanı görmedim.)

He unlocked the safe and took some money. I saw this. I saw him unlock the safe
and take some money.
(Kasayı açıp biraz para aldığını gördüm.)

see someone do something

When I entered the room, he was taking some money out of the safe. I saw this.
I saw him taking some money out of the safe.
(Onu, kasadan para alırken gördüm.)

see someone doing something

Bu kullanımlar özellikle see, hear, watch, listen to, feel ve observe fiilleriyle yaygındır. Çoğu zaman,
gerund ya da fiilin yalın halini kullanmak anlamı pek etkilemez.
When I suddenly woke up in the middle of the night, I felt the ground
shake/shaking.
Yesterday, I saw him run/running down the street.
Smell, find ve catch fiilleriyle sadece gerund kullanılır.
When I entered the house, I could smell something burning.
When I got home, I found my son sleeping.
He had given up smoking, but last night, I caught him smoking on the balcony.
Passive cümlede gerund kullanımı aynı kalır. Ancak fiilin yalın hali, passive cümlede to+infinitive
biçimine dönüşür.
Someone saw the missing child walking along the river.
35
 The missing child was seen walking along the river.
They last saw him driving downtown late last night.
He was last seen driving downtown late last night.
Someone saw him leave the building hurriedly.
He was seen to leave the building hurriedly.
They clearly saw him steal the watch.
He was clearly seen to steal the watch.

EXERCISE 21: Supply the correct form of the verbs given in parentheses. In some sentences
more than one answer is possible.

1- When the photographer entered the village, he witnessed frail children (lie) ..........................
on the ground.
2- The teacher didn't actually see the boy (hurt) .......................... the paper plane across the
classroom.
3- Isn't it wonderful to lie on a beach and listen to the waves (lap) .......................... over the
rocks and watch the sun (disappear) .......................... into the horizon?
4- I wondered where granddad had gone and then 1 found him in the garden (play)
.......................... football with the boys.
5- As part of your teacher training, the instructor will observe you (give) .......................... an
actual lesson at a local school.
6- When the villager stepped out to see what the fuss was about, she saw mud (slide)
.......................... towards them like a giant monster.
7- I was afraid the hairdresser had the curling tongs too hot as I could smell my hair (singe)
.......................... by them.
8- The worst thing about having a lift with my uncle is his dreadful driving. While going along,
you can hear the gears (crunch) .......................... and the other drivers (peep)..........................
their horns.
9- He was caught (try) .......................... to cover up his incompetence by falsifying the accounts
when the cleaner heard him (move) .......................... around in the director's office late at
night.
10- One night during our camp, I was woken up when I felt something (crunch) ..........................
up my leg. Luckily, the creature was harmless.

2-11 INFINITIVE WITHOUT "TO" AFTER "LET" AND "HELP"

Let'den sonra infinitive "to" almadan gelir.
I will let you go when you have finished your work.
They didn't let me explain my excuse.
Don't let him start smoking at such an early age.
Will you let your daughter stay out so late?
Help'den sonra infinitive yalın haliyle ya da "to" alarak kullanılır.
Will you please help me lay/to lay the table?
I helped my mother clean/to clean the house.
Talking to a native English speaker will help you improve/to improve your
English.
When I got lost in the country, a villager helped me find/to find my way.

2-12 CERTAIN VERBS + NOUN/PRONOUN + INFINITIVE

Bu gruptaki fiiller, daha çok kendilerinden sonra bir that-clause alırlar. Ancak bu fiilleri
verb+noun/pronoun+infinitive kalıbıyla kullanmak da mümkündür. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak
kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:
acknowledge find believe suppose imagine
guess calculate know assume judge
consider maintain declare discover proclaim

36
 reckon estimate take (presume) fancy prove
see understand think feel show

I believe that he is the best of you all. I consider that he has a lot of money.
I believe him to be the best of you all. I consider him to have a lot of money.

We know that he is an honest man.

We know him to be an honest man.
Örneklerden de anlaşılacağı gibi, bu yapı ile kullanabileceğimiz infinitive genellikle to be ve to have
fiilleridir. Bu fiillerin yanı sıra, "know, like, love, etc." gibi nonprogressive fiiller de kullanılabilir.

Think, estimate ve presume fiillerinin bu biçimde kullanılmaları çok enderdir. Ancak passive
cümlede yaygın olarak kullanılırlar.*
They think that the new secretary is very able. They estimate that the box weighs about 5 kg.
It is thought that the new secretary is very able. It is estimated that the box weighs about 5 kg.
The new secretary is thought to be very able. The box is estimated to weigh about 5 kg.

* Bu konuyu 4. sayımızda Passive konusunu işlerken ayrıntılı olarak görmüştük.

EXERCISE 22: Change the clause into an infinitive phrase as shown in the example.

Examples: We consider that she is the best actress for the role.
We consider her to be the best actress for the role.

It is known that mobile phones are potentially dangerous.

Mobile phones are known to be potentially dangerous.

1- I find that he is a better player than David Beckham.

I find ............................................................................... .
2- The staff at Oxford University consider that it is one of the best universities in the world.
The staff at Oxford University consider ................................
3- Some scientists believe that conditioned reflexes are fundamentally important in human
development, especially in child training
Some scientists believe ..........................................................
4- Because of new evidence, the police declared that the suspect was guilty.
Because of new evidence, the police declared ............................................. .
5- This model of washing machine was recalled because it was shown that it had a serious
design flaw.
This model of washing machine was recalled because it was shown.....................................
6- From his voice on the phone, I imagined that your brother were older.
From his voice on the phone, I imagined .............................................. .
7- Although he spoke perfect English, 1 took it that he was a foreigner because of his accent.
Although he spoke perfect English, I took ...........................
8- The interview panel judged that she had very little work experience.
The interview panel judged ...................................................
9- We found that the service offered by the express parcel service was totally unsatisfactory.
We found ...............................................................................
10- It is assumed that this vineyard has existed since Roman times.
This vineyard is assumed ......................................................

2-13 INFINITIVE AFTER QUESTION WORDS

Soru sözcüğüyle ya da whether ile başlayan noun clause'ları belli koşulları göz önüne alan question
word + infinitive biçiminde kısaltabiliriz.*
37
 She can't decide what she should do.
She can't decide what to do.

Can you tell me where I can buy cheap but fresh fruit?
Can you tell me where to buy cheap but fresh fruit?

I don't know whether I should come with you or stay home.

I don't know whether to come with you or (to) stay home.

* Bu konuyu 6. sayımızda ayrıntılı olarak işlemiştik.

2-14 CAUSATIVES
Türkçe karşılığı ettirgen çatı olan causative, İngilizcede have, get ve make fiilleriyle elde edilir.
Üçü de anlamca birbirine yakın olmalanna rağmen, aralarında küçük farklar vardır.
a) Have: Daha çok kişinin doğal görevi olan bir işi yaptırmak anlamında kullanılır:
tamirciye araba tamir ettirmek, terziye elbise diktirmek vb. gibi.
Yesterday, I had the mechanic repair my car.
I will have the plumber fix the leak tomorrow.
I have had my tailor make a wonderful dress.
(Terzime harika bir elbise diktirdim.)

have somebody do something

Ancak, bu tür cümlelerde genellikle işi yapan kişi değil, işin yapılması önemlidir. Bu durumda, işi
yapan kişiyi belirtmeden direk yapılan işi ifade edebiliriz.
Yesterday, I had my car repaired (by the mechanic.)
I will have the leak fixed tomorrow (by the plumber.)
I have had a wonderful dress made (by my tailor.)
(Harika bir elbise diktirdim.)
have something done (by someone)

b) Get: Birini ikna ederek bir iş yaptırmak anlamını ifade eder.

My mother is a good tailor, but she doesn't sew any more.
I want to get her to make me a dress for my graduation ball.
Yesterday, I got my friend to write a composition for me.
She is rather lazy. She always gets her sister to clean their room.
(Odalarını her zaman kızkardeşine temizletir.)
get somebody to do something
İşi yapan kişiyi belirtmeden, yapılan işi ifade ederken.
kalıbı kullanılır.
get something done (by someone)
Get something done ile have something done arasında bir fark yoktur ve birbirinin yerine
kullanılabilirler.
I want to get a dress made for my graduation ball.
I got a composition written for me (by my friend.)
She always gets their room cleaned by her sister.
c) Make: Birine zorlama ile bir iş yaptırmak anlamını ifade eder.
I made my son do his homework before he went outside to play. (I forced him to
do....)
The film made us laugh a lot. (Film bizi çok güldürdü.)

38
 His broken leg made him stay in bed for a month.
make somebody do something

Make'in passive biçimi, get ve have'in passive biçiminden (get/have something done) farklıdır.
Passive anlam için make'in kendisi passive'e dönüştürülür.
The film made me cry. (active)
I was made to cry by the film. (passive)
His friends made him laugh during the class, (active)
He was made to laugh by his friends during the class. (passive)
be made to do something (by someone)
Make + noun/pronoun kalıbından sonra, fiil kullanmadan direk sıfat da gelebilir. Bu kullanım get ve
have ile mümkün değildir.
His coming late made me feel angry.
His coming late made me angry.
Her strange behaviour makes everybody feel surprised.
Her strange behaviour makes everybody surprised. (surprised burada bir
sıfattır.)
The good news made me feel relieved.
The good news made me relieved. (relieved burada bir sıfattır.)
d) Have fiilini bazı passive cümlelerin ifade ettiği anlamı vermek için de kullanabiliriz.
He had his wallet stolen on the train on his way to Ankara.
(Ankara'ya giderken trende cüzdanını çaldırdı.)
His wallet was stolen on the train on his way to Ankara.
(Ankara'ya giderken trende cüzdanı çalındı.)
Bu iki cümle yapı olarak farklı olmalarına karşın, aynı anlamı ifade etmektedir.
They had their house broken into last week.
Their house was broken into last week.
You might have your hair harmed while getting it permed.
Your hair might be harmed while it is being permed.

EXERCISE 23: Supply the correct form of the verb given in parentheses.
1- I tried to design a poster myself using my computer, but it looked very amateurish.
I think I'll have to get one (design) .................... by a professional graphic designer.
2- Could you get someone from the IT department (check) .................... my computer it seems
to be switching itself off?
3- Presenting my project to the whole sales team made me (feel) .................... very nervous.
4- You ought to get your eyes (examine) .................... if you can't read the small print the
newspapers.
5- It's true that Cher has had her nose (straighten) ..................... but she was already attractive
woman.
6- Why don't you have a baker (make) .................... a cake for the party rather than bake one
yourself?
7- All the staff were made (stay) .................... behind in order to clear up the mess made by the
hooligans.

39
 8- When she goes into Birmingham. I usually have my mum (pick) .................... up some
biscuits from the famous bakery there.
9- If we put something eye-catching on display in the window, it will make passers-by (look)
.................... at our shop.
10- Ouch! I've got my finger (stick) .................... in the drawer. It hurts a lot!

EXAMPLES FROM ÖYS

1- It was his own fault, but I couldn't help
..................... sorry for him. 5- Would you mind .......................... ?
A) feel B) to feel A) that I am reading aloud
C) having felt D) feeling B) what causes you a lot of trouble
E) to have felt C) explaining it once again, please
(ÖYS 1989) D) to bring the books back by tomorrow
E) how much you spent on accommodation
2- The medical authorities warned everyone
.................... the water without first (ÖYS 1993)
..................... it.
A) had drunk/being boiled 6- She didn't mind ........... her hair wet in
B) to drink/having boiled the rain.
C) drank/having had to boil A) get B) to get
D) drinking/having to boil C) in getting D) to have got
E) not to drink/boiling E) getting
(ÖYS 1990)
(ÖYS 1995)
3- Most people talk too much and don't
realize how important .................. is. 7- The child was naturally very upset when
A) have to listen B) to be listened he saw his new ball ........ out to sea.
C) have listened D) listening
A) having carried B) to have carried
E) to be listening
C) being carried D) to be carried
(ÖYS 1991)
E) carrying
4- If you've finished ...................... the (ÖYS 1996)
dictionary, I'd like ................... it.
A) use/to have borrowed
B) to use/borrowing
C) to have used/having borrowed .
D) having used/borrow
E) using/to borrow
(ÖYS 1992)

TEST YOUESELF 1
1- The terrorist group is known ....... an a party.
extensive supply of weapons.
A) playing B) to play
A) to have B) having C) played D) having played
C) having had D) to be having E) being played
E) have had
3- ....... the cottages, we raised enough money
2- Please play something else instead of to renovate the manor house.
Chris Rea. His music is too slow ........ at
A) For selling B) By selling
40
 C) To have sold D) On being sold C) to be D) having been
E) Not being sold E) have been

4- As Sheila is moving house on Monday, 10- There is no point in going ....... when you
she's asked me ....... her ....... up all her haven't got enough money .......anything.
belongings.
A) to shop/on buying
A) helping/packing B) to be shopping/for buying
B) help/having packed C) shop/having bought
C) to help/pack D) shopping/to buy
D) to be helped/to pack E) having shopped/to be buying
E) help/to be packing
11- It will cost too much money ....... a full
5- My son has scribbled with a ballpoint colour leaflet. The advertising agency has
pen on the kitchen wall. In an effort to advised us to have one ....... in black and
remove it, I've tried ....... it, but that white.
didn't work, so I intend ....... the kitchen
A) producing/being produced
at the weekend.
B) produced/to produce
A) to clean/repaint C) to produce/produced
B) having cleaned/repainted D) to be producing/producing
C) to have cleaned/repainting E) having produced/produce
D) cleaning/to repaint
E) clean/being repainted
12- Your willingness ....... new things resulted
6- The rebels in Sierra Leone try ....... the in your ....... this management training.
village people ....... them by cutting off A) learning/to be offered
some of the inhabitants' hands. B) to have learnt/for offering
A) making/obeyed C) learn/to have offered
D) to learn/being offered
B) to have made/to obey E) learnt/having been offered
C) having made/obeying
D) make/to be obeying 13- I don't think it is a good time ....... Linda.
E) to make/obey She'll be busy ....... thirty exam papers
this evening, which won't be easy.
7- When you telephone Lisa ....... her of the
departmental meeting, please make it A) visiting/to mark
clear that we don't blame her ....... the B) to have visited/mark
C) for visiting/to be marked
order.
D) to visit/marking
A) to have informed/to lose E) to be visiting/having marked
B) informing/to have lost
C) having informed/about losing 14- She was furious when she found her
D) to be informed/on losing younger sister ....... on her clothes.
E) to inform/for losing A) try B) being tried
C) to trying D) on trying
8- I will be sorry ....... this company, but I E) trying
was offered an opportunity ....... in a
field which I really enjoy. 15- It is a lovely drawing, but I think it needs
A) leaving/to have worked ....... to look its best.
B) to leave/to work A) to frame B) to be framed
C) having left/about working C) to have framed D) being framed
D) with leaving/for working E) framed
E) to have left/work
16- The new football stadium is said seating
9- I was surprised at the low level of for 100,000 spectators.
service offered by them as I had believed A) to have B) having
them ....... a respected company. C) had D) to have had
E) have
A) be B) being
41
17- I managed ....... the tall bottle of cola D) having looked/do
into the refrigerator ....... the middle E) looked/having done
shelf.
24- Johnny, will you stop ....... your father so
A) fitting/to move many questions? He's busy ...... out his tax
B) to fit/by moving return.
C) being fitted/to be moving
D) by fitting/to have moved A) to have asked/to fill
E) for fitting/moving B) asked/to have filled
C) to be asked/fill
D) to ask/to be filling
18- The rebels are estimated ....... tens of E) asking/filling
thousands of civilians during the civil
war which lasted six years. 25- Veronica is so vain that every time she
A) killed B) to kill passes a mirror, she stops ....... at her
C) to have killed D) killing reflection.
E) being killed A) looking B) looked
C) having looked D) to look
19- Sonia got accustomed to her job at the
E) to have looked
private hospital quickly because, apart
from ....... richer patients, it is quite
similar to ....... for the health authority. 26- The workers would be even willing ........
lower wages if it meant the factory .........
A) to have/work open.
B) have/be worked
C) to have had/worked A) accepting/stayed
D) having/working B) to accept/staying
E) had/having worked C) accept/to have stayed
D) accepted/having stayed
20- I know she isn't here at the moment E) to have accepted/stay
because I saw her ...... the building, but I
don't know if she intends .... later today. 27- My clearest memory of my childhood is of
A) to leave/returning ....... with the street dogs and I also
B) leave/to have returned remember ....... to the beach, which was
C) leaving/to return very close to our house.
D) left/to be returned
E) to be leaving/return A) to play/to have gone
B) play/having gone
21- I was worried about my sister's ....... C) playing/going
divorced from her husband, and for D) played/gone
days, I couldn't help ....... how she'd cope E) having played/to go
with it.
A) get/to wonder 28- ....... when I don't feel well is the worst
B) getting/wondering thing about acting in stage plays.
C) to get/wonder
D) to have got/having wondered A) Perform B) By performing
E) having got/wondered C) Performing D) For performing
E) Performed
22- I was unable to help my friends ....... for
'Help the Aged' because my boss had 29- Innocent people deserve ........ from the
asked me ....... that Saturday. gunmen and thieves in the area.
A) to campaign/work A) to be protected
B) campaigning/worked B) to have protected
C) campaign/to work C) having protected
D) being campaigned/working
E) campaigned/to have worked D) for protecting
E) to protect
23- I started my journey without ....... at the
map, but I soon regretted ....... so, as I 30- Asbestos is thought ....... around the time
drove a long way off the route. of Aristotle, and during Roman times, it
was used ....... fireproof clothing.
A) looking/doing
B) to look/to do A) to have discovered /to making
C) look/to have done
42
 B) being discovered/making 33- He regretted ...... the contract without
C) having been discovered/make ....... the small print on the back of the
D) to discover/to have made form.
E) to have been discovered/to make
A) to sign/to read
31- It was such an unruly class that the B) signing/reading
teacher struggled just ....... order, but C) having signed/read
she endeavoured ....... those students D) sign/to have read
who were willing to learn. E) signed/having read
A) keeping/teach
B) keep/teaching 34- I think Julia dislikes ....... the documents
although she claims ....... it willingly.
C) to have kept/taught
D) to be kept/having taught A) file/having done B) filed/to be doing
E) to keep/to teach C) filing/to do D) to file/doing
E) to be filed/done
32- Some Third World countries spend so
much of their annual budgets ....... 35- The Egyptian Pharaoh Akhnaten, who
interests on loans that there is little left worshipped only the Sun, is thought ........
over with which ....... social problems. the inspiration behind Moses, whose
monotheism provided the basis for
A) paying/to tackle Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
B) pay/to have tackled
C) to pay/tackling A) to have been B) had been
D) paid/having tackled C) having been D) about being
E) to be paying/tackle E) have been

TEST YOUESELF 2
1- There is no point in ....... the washing out C) having bought D) being bought
because it keeps ....... with rain. E) to buy
A) to hang/to shower 5- I don't think I would enjoy ....... a cricket
B) hanging/showering
C) hang/shower match as I don't understand the rules.
D) hung/having showered A) to watch B) being watched
E) having hung/showered C) having watched D) watching
E) watch
2- I dislike spending my time ........, so I
prefer ....... clothes made from synthetic 6- Because they both work at the family's
fabrics. flower shop, they have agreed .......about
A) to iron/to buy flowers at weekends.
B) ironed/bought A) not to talk B) not talking
C) ironing/buying C) haven't talked D) not talk
D) iron/being bought E) don't talk
E) having ironed/buy
7- ....... the old hospital would cost £1
3- Don't you think the assistant deserves million, so the council are considering
....... a day off after working so hard at ....... the building to developers.
the exhibition?
A) Demolishing/selling
A) to give B) giving B) To demolish/to sell
C) to be given D) gave C) Demolished/to have sold
E) having given D) Having demolished /sell
E) Being demolished/having sold
4- In my opinion, it's ridiculous ....... a 8- Being able to think quickly and having an
computer as a present for a three-year- up-to-date knowledge of a language is
old child. essential ....... speakers simultaneously.
A) bought B) buy A) to be translated

43
 B) having translated colour ....... .
C) for translating
D) being translated A) buying/choosing
E) translated B) bought/chosen
C) having bought/choose
9- In order to save money and energy, we D) to have bought/be chosen
are going to have double glazed windows E) to buy/to choose
......... .
A) having installed B) install 17- Wearing high-healed shoes for long
C) to install D) installed periods can result in women ....... too
E) installing much pain from their feet ........ in active
work.
10- In his performance against Brazil, he
proved himself .......... a skilled player. A) to suffer/continuing
A) was B) be B) suffer/having continued
C) having been D) being C) suffering/to continue
E) to be D) suffered/not to continue
E) having suffered/not continuing
11- After the game, the players sat around
....... themselves on their performance. 18- His daughter persuaded him ....... his
A) being congratulated heart operation in a private hospital
B) congratulate instead of waiting for one in a state
C) congratulating hospital as she could see his condition
D) to have congratulated ....... worse daily.
E) congratulated
A) to have/getting
12- The photographs he took of the products B) from having/to get
were too dark ....... on the company's web C) having had/get
site, so he'll have to get some ....... D) to be having/to have got
professionally. E) have/having been getting
A) using/ to be taken
B) to be used/taken 19- I knew the answer, but I didn't press the
C) to use/taking buzzer quickly enough ....... the prize.
D) use/to take
E) being used/take A) winning B) to wan
C) win D) won
13- The director of the play still hasn't E) being won
decided whom ....... in the role of the
hero. 20- Robert didn't work as carefully last year
A) casting B) to cast as he does this year, and the boss had
C) cast D) having cast even threatened ........ him if he didn't
E) being cast improve his work.
14- Why don't you go and ask a chemist ........ A) sacking B) being sacked
something ....... dry skin? C) to be sacked D) to sack
E) to have sacked
A) recommending/soothed
B) having recommended/soothe
C) recommend/having soothed 21- I'd love ....... on my own, but I simply
D) to recommend/to soothe can't afford ....... my own flat.
E) recommended/soothing
A) to live/to have
B) living/having
15- The problem with Simon is that he thinks
C) live/to be having
he can succeed ....... a degree without ....... D) having lived/have
any lectures. E) to have lived/having had
A) gaining/having attended
B) to gain/to have attended 22- The receptionist never minds ....... with
C) on gaining/attended sending out the new catalogues.
D) for gaining/to attend
E) in gaining/attending A) to help B) to have helped
C) to be helping D) have helped
16- We have decided ....... a new Ford Focus, E) helping
but we are not certain about which
23- The manager likes.............. on all pricing
44
 decisions. when someone phoned to say their dog
A) to have consulted had been found.
B) having consulted A) in the habit of
C) to be consulting B) in return for
D) to be consulted C) on the point of
E) having been consulting D) for the sake of
E) in exchange for
24- I am hoping ....... for the school
basketball team next week. 31- ....... a doorman at a hotel consists .......
A) picking B) to be picked greeting guests and taking them to their
C) to pick D) picked rooms.
E) pick A) To be/in
B) To have been/for
25- Your hair needs.................before you go C) Being/of
back to school. D) Having been/about
E) Be/from
A) to cut B) being cut
C) cutting D) having cut
E) to be cutting 32- She should have apologised to him
spilling coffee down his suit.
26- The social worker gave the students a A) about B) with
talk ....... them against ....... drugs. C) of D) for
E) by
A) to warn/taking
B) having warned/to take
33- Sheep have been so changed by breeding
C) warning/taken
D) to have warned/take that their wild ancestors are hard ...... .
E) warn/having taken A) identifying B) being identified
C) to identify D) identify
27- He's not in the habit ....... lies, but he had E) having identified
to make up an excuse ....... the afternoon
off for his job interview. 34- Shopping for fruit and vegetables makes
me ....... hungry.
A) of telling/to take
B) to tell/to have taken A) to feel B) feel
C) for telling/being taken C) felt D) feeling
E) to be feeling
D) being told/taking
E) having told/to be taken
35- We haven't yet decided when ........ a
28- In the Middle Ages, surrounding a castle meeting, so we'll let you ........ as soon as
with a ditch filled with water proved ....... we've fixed a date.
a successful technique ....... its security. A) to hold/know
B) holding/to know
A) being/to be ensured C) held/to be known
B) to have been/ensure D) to have held/knowing
C) having been/of ensuring E) having held/known
D) have been/to ensure
E) to be/for ensuring 36- Tobacco, which we now know so
harmful, was once thought .... medicinal
29- The most effective way ....... the value.
destructiveness of earthquakes is ....... A) being/to be having
buildings and other structures capable of B) is/had had
withstanding strong shaking. C) has been/having had
D) to have been/haling
A) reducing/being constructed E) to be/to have
B) reduced /having constructed
C) to be reduced/constructing 37- His ability ....... well makes him a great
D) to reduce/to construct teacher.
E) reduce/to be constructed
A) being communicated
B) communicated
30- The children were ....... giving up hope C) having communicated
45
 D) to communicate A) having understood/explaining
E) communicating B) understand/to have explained
C) to have understood/to explain
38- We should appreciate ....... in the 20th D) understood/to be explaining
E) understanding/having explained
century, when we have so many
appliances ....... the hardships of our lives. 40- My mother won't allow anyone ........ the
A) to be living/easing living room until she finishes ....... .
B) having lived/being eased
C) living/to ease A) enter/ to vacuum
D) to live/having eased B) to enter/vacuuming
E) live/to be easing C) entering/having vacuumed
D) entered/to be vacuuming
E) having entered/vacuum
39- You don't appear ....... the formula. Do
you want me ....... it once more?

TEST YOUESELF 3
1-40. sorularda, cümlede bırakılan A) without living/being worshipped
boşluğu uygun şekilde tamamlayan B) to be living/having worshipped
kelime ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. C) having lived/to be worshipped
1- That's strange. I saw him ........ his bike D) not to live/to worship
along the river this morning and he didn't E) by not living/worshipped
mention anything about ....... his job.
7- I tried ....... careful ....... his feelings.
A) riding/changing A) being/not hurting
B) having ridden/change B) to be/not to hurt
C) to be riding/to change C) to have been/don't hurt
D) ride/to have changed D) having been/didn't hurt
E) to ride/having changed E) be/not to have hurt
2- I imagine Sally was about ....... when I 8- ....... at the details of the famous sculptor
asked her........a letter for me, as she Rodin's works, we can see his ability ........
looked rather reluctant. feeling through facial expression and
through hands.
A) leaving/to have typed
B) to be leaving/typing A) To look/being conveyed
C) to leave/to type B) By looking/to convey
D) to have left/type C) Having looked/convey
E) having left/typed D) To be looking/conveying
E) Being looked/to be conveying
3- Don't you think we should consider........... 9- Ludlow is considered ....... the most
the chimney ....... before the winter? beautiful mediaeval street in England. Do
A) to be getting/to sweep you fancy ....... there for sightseeing
B) to have got/sweep tonight?
C) having got/sweeping A) having/to go B) had/go
D) to get/being swept C) to have/going D) have/to go
E) getting/swept E) having/go
10- The singer Nick Hucknall has decided
4- In an emergency, even a child can save a ....... a two-year break, but he won't have
life if he or she knows what ...... . any money problems. He has already
A) to do B) doing made enough money ....... a lifetime.
C) being done D) have done A) to take/to last
E) having done B) taking/lasting
C) take/to be lasting
5- Knowledge of nutrition helps you ....... D) taken/to have lasted
proper eating habits ........ a healthy life. E) having taken/lasted
A) to develop/having maintained 11- Remember ....... off the washing machine
B) developing/maintaining before you leave home, will you?
C) developed/maintained A) switching
D) develop/to maintain B) to have switched
E) having developed/maintain C) having switched
D) switch
6- Mankind first used indestructible E) to switch
materials to erect large structures in but
....... their gods from. 12- Both sides seem ....... on to their
46
 determination ....... a peaceful solution, C) go/to have persuaded
don't they? D) going/to persuade
A) to be held/finding E) to be going/persuade
B) to be holding/to find
C) holding/to be finding 20- The actor is believed......... the TV drama
D) having held/found because of an illness.
E) held/having found
A) to have left B) leaving
13- It is sometimes difficult for parents C) to be left D) leave
............. whether ....... their children for E) left
misbehaving.
A) to decide/to punish 21- As trainees, we spent several days .......to
B) deciding/to be punishing
C) being decided/punish presentations and lectures about how .......
D) decided/having punished the product.
E) having decided/punishing A) to listen/selling
B) listen/to be selling
14- A: Did you have difficulty ....... our office? C) listened/to have sold
B: No, it was quite easy ....... here. D) listening/to sell
A) to find /to have got E) having listened/sell
B) having found/getting
C) finding/to get 22- Her lifelong wish ....... the country of her
D) to be finding/get parents came true when she visited the
E) find/having got Ukraine last month.
15- I never seem ....... enough time .......... A) having visited B) visit
everything I want. C) visited D) to visit
E) visiting
A) having/doing
B) to be having/done 23- Before offering you the position, we need
C) have/to be doing
D) to have/to do ....... if you are prepared ....... evenings
E) to have had/do and weekends when it is necessary.
A) knowing/working
16- A talented actress like Tracy shouldn't be B) know/to have worked
wasting her talent ....... in a soap opera. C) to know/to work
A) acting B) to act D) having known/worked
C) act D) acted E) to have known/work
E) to be acted
24- We had arranged ....... after work on
17- Money motivates most people ....... hard, Friday ....... our holiday plans.
even though it may cause them ....... a lot A) to meet/to discuss
of stress. B) meeting/discussing
A) working/undergoing C) to meet/discussing
B) to be working/undergo D) meeting/to discuss
C) to work/to undergo E) meet/having discussed
D) work/to have undergone
E) worked/having undergone 25- The florist was nervous about the
wedding order ....... account ....... the
18- She caught her son and his friend ....... customer being very hard to please.
computer games when they were
A) on/of B) with/on
supposed ....... an assignment for school. C) about/for D) in/with
A) to play/to be prepared E) for/to
B) playing/to be preparing
C) play/having prepared 26- If I were you, I would forget ....... getting
D) to be playing/preparing
E) played/to prepare promoted there and look for more
rewarding job somewhere else.
19- I was against my daughter ........ to a late A) for B) about
night party, but she got the permission in C) of D) in
the end because she really knows how E) with
....... people.
27- If you insist ....... having all this
A) to go/to be persuading
B) gone/persuading paperwork completed, how do you expect
47
 your staff ....... any time with customers? 36- After the murder of the prize-winning
A) of/spending B) on/to spend cameraman, the foreign office has .......
C) about/spent D) for/spend people against going to the region for any
E) to/for spending reason.
A) insisted B) worried
28- The manager wants us to concentrate C) deterred D) warned
....... gaining new business and says that E) stopped
the head office will take care ....... looking
after existing customers. 37- They ....... him in Spain for murdering a
A) in/for B)to/in van driver in England.
C) on/of D) about/with
E) of/from A) forbade B) dealt
C) accused D) suspected
29- We've urged him ....... for the promotion, E) arrested
but he won't as he is afraid of ....... .
38- The airline ....... to me for losing my
A) to apply/being rejected luggage, but I wasn't in the right frame of
B) for applying/rejecting
C) applying/to be rejected mind to forgive them.
D) to have applied/rejected A) thanked B) complained
E) from applying/to reject C) excused D) denied
E) apologised
30- The first woman ....... as a foreign
correspondent in the United States was 39- I was ....... from buying a house in that
Margaret Fuller, who was also a social
reformer, critic and teacher whose words area by the high crime rate.
enriched the lives of many people. A) deterred B) afraid
A) be served B) being served C) advised D) compelled
C) has served D) to serve E) obliged
E) to be serving
40- Because of the protests from the local
31- The minister for defence thanked the residents, the farmers ....... not to
soldiers ....... carrying out their mission participate in growing genetically
successfully. modified crops.
A) with B)of A) appreciated B) failed
C) in D) on C) decided D) considered
E) for E) urged
32- If she hadn't devoted herself .......
teaching her autistic son, she probably 41-50. sorularda, verilen cümleye
would have been a scientist. anlamca en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz.
41- He's devoted his life to photographing the
A) to B) on
C) in D) about misery which war has brought to people's
E) for lives.
A) He was miserable for most of his life
33- In the article, the environmentalists because his job was photographing
warned consumers ....... purchasing people in war zones.
genetically modified produce. B) At times during his career, he was sent to
A) with B) against war zones to concentrate on
C) on D) to photographing people's suffering.
E) of C) Throughout his life, he's been a dedicated
photographer taking pictures of people
who have suffered a lot through war.
34- When I was a child, I would often ....... of D) He devoted his life to helping the people
living in a motor home and travelling who had suffered in war, of whom he
around the world. also took many photographs.
A) feel B) cream E) The subjects of his photographs have
C) imagine D) plan usually been victims of human
E) anticipate catastrophes such as wars.

35- I ....... to having to clear up somebody 42- The French police consider the man to be
else's mess. the suspect for the murder of the English
student.
A) mind B) dislike
C) object D) can't stand A) He was arrested by the French police for
E) complain murdering an English student.
48
 B) The man is suspected by the French E) It is clear that we risk causing the
police of murdering the English student. extinction of twenty-five percent of all
C) An English student was killed, and the bird species by the twenty-third century.
French police suspect that the murderer
was aman. 46- At the present rate of deforestation, the
D) The French police have charged the man last tropical evergreen tree will fall in
with committing a murder with an 2045.
English student.
E) The French police are questioning a man A) We will cut down the last tropical
about the murder of an English student. evergreen tree in 2045 if we continue to
cut them down as quickly as we are now.
43- Italy is believed to have a low rate of B) Unless we stop cutting down tropical
evergreen trees, there will be very few
heart attacks because Italians use mainly left by 2045.
pure olive oil for cooking. C) We are cutting down the rainforest so
A) The fact that Italians predominantly use quickly that, in 2045, there will only be
pure olive oil in food preparation is one tropical evergreen tree left.
assumed to be why Italy has a low D) It is estimated that, unless something is
incidence of heart attacks. done, there will be no tropical forests left
B) It has been discovered that the low by 2045.
incidence of heart attacks in Italy is a E) If we continue chopping down trees at
result of Italians' high consumption of the current rate, there will only be
cooking oil. tropical evergreen trees left by 2045.
C) It's been found that Italians use more
cooking oil, usually olive oil, than most 47- There is no evidence to prove that
people, which accounts for the small genetically modified crops pose a special
number of heart attacks reported in Italy. threat to human health or to our planet.
D) Italians rarely die of heart attacks on A) There isn't enough evidence to support
account of their healthy diet and the the assumption that genetically modified
cooking oil they use. crops harm both the Earth and the health
E) Pure olive oil has been proved to be of its population.
healthier than other oils, which is B) Evidence exists to suggest that
considered to be the reason why Italians genetically modified crops pose a
rarely suffer heart disease. particular threat to our planet and to the
health of its people.
44- In addition to entertaining the public, C) There is a complete lack of evidence to
many zoos are involved in preserving show that genetically modified crops are
endangered species. harmful either to the Earth or to the
health of its inhabitants.
A) Conserving animals is a more important D) Scientists have not yet proved genetically
service zoos provide than entertaining modified crops to be completely safe for
people. human health or the environment.
B) Many zoos which used to concentrate on E) Genetically modified crops are proven to
entertaining their customers are now pose no health risk or threat to the
participating in conservation projects. environment.
C) Instead of entertaining visitors, zoos
should concentrate more on serving the 48- The asymmetric shape of the human
needs of endangered animals.
D) Apart from providing entertainment for heart enables the blood to be pumped
people, many zoos make efforts to more efficiently around the body.
conserve threatened species. A) It is known that the asymmetric shape of
E) In using animals for entertainment the human heart prevents the blood being
purposes, many zoos are actually sent around the body too quickly.
contributing to the risk of extinction for B) How efficiently the blood is sent around
many species. the body of an animal depends on the
particular shape of its heart.
45- A quarter of all bird species in the world C) The human heart's irregular shape
facilitates more efficient sending of the
are acknowledged to have become extinct blood around the body.
during the past two hundred years. D) A human heart is incapable of sending
A) It is estimated that one fourth of all bird the blood around the body quickly
species will become extinct within the because of its uneven shape.
E) Some people have irregular-shaped
next two centuries. hearts, which can have difficulty in
B) It is known that two centuries ago there sending the blood around the body
were twenty-five percent more birds than effectively.
there are today.
C) We are likely to cause the extinction of
one fourth of all bird species during the 49- You should choose a car suitable for
next two hundred years. driving long distances and carrying the
D) It is understood that one fourth of all bird whole family.
species have ceased to exist over the last A) Have you considered buying a car
two centuries. capable of being driven long distances
49
 and with enough space for your family? korumak amacıyla, yalnızca bilim
B) It's advisable for you to select a car adamlarının girebildiği milli parklar
capable of being driven long distances oluşturulmuştur.
and roomy enough to seat your entire E) Vahşi doğayı korumak amacıyla,
family. dünyanın çeşitli yerlerindeki pek çok
C) When choosing a car, you should milli park, resmi olarak sadece bilim
consider such things as whether it will be adamlarını kabul eder.
driven long distances or how many
people it can hold. 53- By not bringing forth any suggestions
D) I'm glad that you're considering buying a throughout the meeting, he tried to make
car which is suitable for driving long it obvious that he was unwilling to take
distances and which can fit your entire part in the project.
family in. A) Toplantı boyunca hiçbir öneri
E) If you plan to drive your entire family a sunmayınca projede yer almak istemediği
long distance, make sure you choose a anlaşıldı.
suitable car for the trip. B) Toplantı boyunca hiç öneri getirmeyerek,
projede yer alma konusunda isteksiz
50- King Charles II survived a narrow escape olduğunu belli etmeye çalıştı.
from Cromwell's men by hiding in an oak C) Projede ver alma konusunda isteksiz
tree. olduğunu belli etmek için toplantı
süresince hiç öneri getirmedi.
A) King Charles II concealed himself in an D) Bu projede yer alma konusunda isteksiz
oak tree, and thus narrowly avoided olduğunu toplantı boyunca tüm önerilere
being caught by Cromwell's men. karşı çıkarak belli etti.
B) Cromwell's men found King Charles II E) Bu projede yer almak islemediği belliydi
sitting in a large oak tree. çünkü toplantı boyunca tüm önerilere
C) King Charles II would have been found if karşı çıktı.
he hadn't hidden himself in a large oak
tree. 54- Fortunately, the driver was able to throw
D) The tree is known as the Royal Oak himself out before the car went over the
because King Charles II reportedly hid barriers and rolled down the slope.
from Cromwell's men in it.
E) The escape that King Charles II made A) Neyse ki sürücü, araba bariyerleri aşıp
from Cromwell's men by hiding in an yamaçtan aşağı doğru yuvarlanmadan
oak tree was one of many narrow escapes önce kendini dışarı atabildi.
he survived. B) Araba bariyerlere çarpıp yamaçtan
aşağıya yuvarlandı ama neyse ki sürücü
51-60. sorularda, verilen İngilizce daha önceden kendini dışarı atmıştı.
cümlenin, Türkçe dengini bulunuz. C) Araba bariyeriere çarpınca kendini dışan
51- My son's favourite subject at school is atabildiği ve yamaçtan aşağıya
history, but he is considering studying yuvarlanmadığı için sürücü çok
medicine or engineering at university. şanslıydı.
A) Oğlum okulda en çok tarih dersini D) İyi ki sürücü, araba bariyerlere çarpınca
seriyorsa da üniversitede tıp ya da kendini dışarı attı çünkü daha sonra araba
mühendislik okumak istiyor. yamaçtan aşağıya yuvarlandı.
B) Oğlumun okulda en başarılı olduğu ders E) Büyük bir şans eseri, arabanın, yamaçtan
tarih ama o, üniversitede tıp ya'da aşağıya yuvarlanmadan önce bariyerlere
mühendislik okumayı tercih ediyor. çarpmasıyla sürücü dışarr fırladı.
C) Tarih, okulda oğlumun en çok beğendiği
ders olmasına rağmen üniversitede 55- The "Sherlock Holmes" stories by Arthur
seçmeyi düşündüğü alan tıp veya Conan Doyle were first serialized in the
mühendislik. Strand magazine before appearing in
D) Oğlumun okulda en çok sevdiği ders
tarih ama o, üniversitede tıp ya da book form.
mühendislik okumayı düşünüyor. A) Kitap biçiminde yayınlanmadan önce
E) Oğlumun okulda en"çok ilgisini çeken dizi halinde ilk kez Strand dergisinde
ders tarihti ama o, üniversite için çıkan "Sherlock Holmes" hikayelerini
tercihlerini tıp ve mühendislik Arthur Conan Doyle yazmıştır.
alanlarında yaptı. B) Arthur Conan Doyle'nin "Sherlock
52- In an effort to preserve the wilderness, Holmes" hikayeleri, ilk kez Strand
many of the national parks in various dergisinde dizi halinde yayınlandıktan
sonra kitaba dönüştürülmüştür.
parts of the world officially admit only C) "Sherlock Holmes" un yazarı Arthur
scientists. Conan Doyle, hikayelerini önce dizi
A) Vahşi doğanın korunması için kurulmuş biçiminde Strand dergisinde yayınlamış,
olan milli parklara, dünyanın bir çok sonra kitap halinde çıkarmıştır.
yerinde resmi olarak sadece bilim D) "Sherlock Holmes" hikayelerini önce
adamları kabul edilmektedir. Strand dergisinde dizi biçiminde
B) Vahşi doğayı korumak için dünyanın yayınlatan Arthur Conan Doyle, daha
çeşitli bölgelerinde, sadece bilim sonra onları bir kitapta toplamıştır.
adamlarının girmesine izin verilen milli E) Arthur Conan Doyle'nin "Sherlock
parklar oluşturulmuştur. Holmes" hikayeleri, kitap biçiminde
C) Dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerindeki milli çıkmadan önce ilk kez Strand dergisinde
parklara sadece, vahşi doğayı korumak dizi halinde yayınlanmıştır.
için çalışan bilim adamları girebiliyor.
D) Dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinde, vahşi doğayı 56- Whether we can move into a larger house
50
 or not depends on my father's finding a D) Sonunda tatile gitmekten vazgeçip
better-paid job. paranın tümünü evin dekorasyonuna
harcamayı tercih ettiler.
A) Babam yüksek maaşlı bir iş bulabilirse E) Evin dekorasyonuna o kadar çok para
hemen daha büyük bir eve taşınacağız. harcayınca sonunda tatile gitmek için hiç
B) Büyük bir eve taşınıp taşınmayacağımız para kalmayacağı belliydi.
babamın yeni işinde alacağı maaş
kesinleşince belli olacak.
C) Daha büyük bir eve taşınıp 60- As he lived on his own for many years, he
taşınamayacağımız babamın daha iyi is now having difficulty getting used to
maaşlı bir iş bulmasına bağlı. having someone else in his house.
D) Babam maaşı daha iyi olan bir iş
bulduğuna göre artık daha büyük bir eve A) Evde bir başkasının varlığına
taşınabiliriz. katlanamadığı için yıllardır tek başına
E) Babamın bu işte alacağı yüksek maaşa yaşıyor.
davanarak daha büyük bir ev bulup B) Senelerce evinde tek başına yaşadığından
taşınmayı düşünüyoruz. şimdi bir başkasının varlığına alışması
çok zor.
57- Sight is a rapidly occurring process C) Bir başkasının varlığına alışmakta
resulting from a continuous interaction zorlandığı için senelerce evinde tek
between the eye, the nervous system and başına yaşamıştı.
the brain. D) Uzun yıllar yalnız yaşamaya alıştığı için
şimdi evinde bir başkasının varlığı
A) Sinir sistemi ve beyin arasındaki hızlı ve zoruna gidiyor.
sürekli etkileşimin sonucunda göz, E) Uzun yıllar yalnız yaşadığı için şimdi
görrne işlemini gerçekleştirir. evinde bir başkasının varlığına alışmakta
B) Görme, gözün, sinir sistemi ve beyin zorlanıyor.
arasındaki sürekli etkileşimin sonucunda
çok hızlı gerçekleştirdiği bir işlemdir. 61-70. sorularda, verilen Türkçe
C) Görme işleminin çok hızlı cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz.
gerçekleşmesinin nedeni, göz, sinir
sistemi ve beyin arasında sürekli bir 61- Meslek seçimi, işin fiziksel
etkileşim olmasıdır.
D) Görme göz, sinir sistemi ve beyin gerekliliklerinin kişinin fiziksel
arasında sürekli bir etkileşim sonucu çok özelliklerine uygunluğu konusunda,
hızlı gerçekleşen bir işlemdir. gerçekçi hir tavırla yapılmalıdır.
E) Görme işlemi, göz, sinir sistemi ve beyin A) If you are choosing an active vocation,
arasındaki etkileşimin sürekliliği bear in mind, realistically, the physical
sayesinde gerçekleşmektedir. fitness required in relation to your own.
B) Choosing a vocation should be done with
58- In my opinion, having your holiday on a realistic- attitude toward its physical
your own is a lot more enjoyable than demands in relation to one's own
joining a package-tour. physical attributes.
C) It's unrealistic to choose a physically
A) Bence, kendi başınıza tatil yapmak bir demanding vocation if you aren't
tura katılmaktan çok daha eğlencelidir. physically strong yourself.
B) Bana göre, bir tura katılmaktansa kendi D) In order to help you decide on a suitable
başınıza tatil yapmanız size daha çok vocation, it's useful to compare its
zevk verecektir. physical demands with your level of
C) Benim düşüncemi sorarsanız, bir tura fitness.
katılmak yerine kendi zevkinize göre tatil E) Only those who realistically, consider
yapınız. themselves physically fit enough to cope
D) Bana göre, tatile turla değil de kendi with the demands of this vocation should
başınıza gitmeniz çok daha eğlenceli choose to follow it.
olabilir.
E) Bence, bir tura katılacağınıza kendi
başınıza tatil yaparak daha çok 62- İskoçların milli kahramanı William
eğlenirsiniz. Wallace, ülkesini İngiltere'nin
boyunduruğundan kurtaramadı ama
59- They spent so much money on the mücadeleyi sürdürmeleri konusunda
decoration of the house that, in the end, başkalarına esin kaynağı oldu.
they had no money left to go on holiday. A) William Wallace, who tried but failed to
A) Evin dekorasyonuna bu kadar çok para free his country from English oppression,
harcamasalardı, tatile gitmek için biraz inspired many others and became a
paraları olurdu. national hero in Scotland.
B) O kadar çok parayı evin dekorasyonuna B) William Wallace, a Scottish hero who
harcamak yerine birazını tatil için was defeated by the English, inspired
ayırabilirlerdi. many of his contemporaries to continue
C) Evin dekorasyonuna o kadar çok para to resist English rule.
harcadılar ki sonunda tatile gitmek için C) The Scots' national hero William Wallace
hiç paraları kalmadı. failed to free his country from the yoke
of England, but he inspired others to
51
 cam' on the struggle. D) If the manager had insisted on higher
D) After the Scots' national hero William standards, the employees' work would
Wallace was defeated, those whom he have produced better results.
had inspired carried on the struggle to E) The manager insisted that his employees
free their country from the yoke of should produce work which met his high
England. standard of excellence.
E) The struggle of the Scottish people to
free themselves from the yoke of
England was inspired by their national 66- Saatimi onarmak için istedikleri fiyat,
hero William Wallace. kabul edilemeyecek kadar yüksekti.

63- Afrika, mineraller ve diğer ham maddeler A) I asked for the price in case the charge
for mending my watch was too high.
bakımından zengin olmasına karşın, çoğu B) The charge they asked for mending my
insan için tarım hayatın ekonomik temeli watch was too high to accept.
olmaya devam etmektedir. C) They overcharged me for mending my
A) Despite attempts to utilise Africa's watch, which, of course, I didn't accept.
wealth of minerals and raw materials, D) I couldn't agree to them mending my
most Africans still earn a living farming watch as they wanted to charge too
the land. much.
B) Agriculture forms the basis of life for E) It cost a lot to have my watch repaired,
most African people although some but I had no alternative but to accept the
African countries have large mineral charges.
deposits and ample supply of raw
materials.
C) Africa is rich in minerals and has no 67- Malikanenin fiyatı ilk anda oldukça
shortage of raw materials, yet its makul görünüyor ama restorasyon
economy has failed to move away from giderlerini düşündüğümüzde hiç de öyle
an agricultural one. değil.
D) Most Africans make a living through
agriculture of some kind because Africa A) The price of the mansion was quite
lacks any abundance of minerals and is reasonable, but at first sight, we found
short of raw materials. the cost of restoration surprisingly high.
E) Even though Africa is rich in minerals B) The cost of the mansion sounds quite
and other raw materials, agriculture reasonable at first, but it isn't so at all
continues to be the economic base of life when we consider the restoration
for most people.
expenses.
C) The mansion sounds quite reasonably
64- Karda mahsur kalan yolcuların tümünü priced, but it may not be so when the
birkaç saat içinde kurtarmayı başardılar. restoration expenses are considered.
A) The rescue operation to free all the D) It's not the cost of the mansion but the
passengers from where they were considerable restoration expenses that
stranded in the snow lasted a few hours. make the mansion unreasonably priced.
B) It took them several hours before they E) The mansion itself doesn't cost that
had rescued all the passengers stranded much, bul the final cost including the
in tlıe snow. considerable restoration expenses is high.
C) In just a few hours, all the passengers
were safe, having been dug out of the 68- Bahçe işiyle ilgilenmek babamın, yoğun
snow by a rescue learn. bir iş gününden sonra en iyi rahatlama
D) They managed to rescue all the yöntemidir.
passengers stranded in the snow in a few
hours. A) My father deals with some of the jobs in
E) It took a few hours for the rescue team to the garden and finds it relaxing after a
reach the spot where all the passengers hard day's work.
were trapped in the snow. B) My father prefers doing the gardening,
which he does in the evening after work,
65- Yöneticinin yüksek standart konusundaki to his stressful job.
C) According to my father, tackling jobs in
ısrarı, çalışanların mükemmel bir iş the garden is a great way to relax after a
çıkarmasıyla sonuçlandı. stressful day at the office.
D) Dealing with the gardening is my father's
A) The manager's insistence on high best way of relaxing after a hard day's
standards resulted in employees work.
producing excellent work. E) The best way of relaxing after a hard
B) The excellent work by the employees day's work is to tackle a job in the
met the high standards which the garden, which my father does ver}' often.
manager insisted on.
C) The manager insisted on high standards 69- Kalp sorunu olanların koşmaları tavsiye
so that the work his employees produced edilmiyor ama düzenli: yürüyüş
would be above average. yapmaları şart.
52
 A) Too much walking or running is not insanlar, en gerekli şeylerin dışında hiçbir
advisable if the person suffers from a şey alamaz oldular.
heart condition.
B) Walking regularly is actually better than A) Some people haven't even been able to
running for those who have heart afford the most essential things since the
problems. recent rise in prices.
C) For the sufferers of heart problems, B) Because of continually rising prices,
getting some exercise by running, or more and more people are unable to buy
even better, walking regularly is anything apart from the most essential
essential. items.
D) Running is not always the best exercise C) Since the recent rise in prices, some
for those who have heart conditions, but people have been unable to buy anything
an acceptable alternative is walking but the most essential things.
regularly. D) Since the last price rise, only some
E) Running is not advisable for those who people have been able to buy anything
have heart problems, but it is essential other than life's essential commodities.
for them to have regular walks. E) It is becoming more and more difficult
to afford everything necessary in life
with prices that are rising all the time.
70- Fiyatlardaki son artışlardan bu yana bazı

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

1- The two sides are so far apart that they
will never agree. The only solution will
have to be a/an ......... . 5- They ........ the train driver for causing the
accident as he had run a red light.
A) harmony B) compromise
C) definition D) confirmation A) forced B) convinced
E) proportion C) approved D) tolerated
E) blamed

2- I didn't ........ my son for skipping school,

but I gave him a stern warning.
6- She placed some ant powder behind the
A) accuse B) suspect refrigerator to try ........ any more ants
from coming into the kitchen.
C) punish D) forgive
E) complain A) to prevent B) to warn
C) to threaten D) to object
E) to dread
3- As he looked across at the police officer,
he wondered why he had ever got ........ in
selling stolen cars.
7- The police eventually ........ in catching the
A) involved B) contributed TV presenter's murderer.
C) accustomed D) charged
A) intended B) attempted
E) blamed
C) succeeded D) planned
E) commented
4- Since Jennifer's operation two days ago,
the nursing staff have been carefully ........
her heart beat and pulse. 8- I ........ of our son riding a motorcycle as I
don't find it very safe.
A) calculating B) estimating
A) object B) disapprove
C) guessing D) monitoring
C) worry D) discourage
E) falsifying
E) warn

53
9- "I very much ........ the closure of Hatley C) content D) fed up
railway station," said the mayor sadly as
E) jealous
he announced the news at the press
conference.

A) proceed B) regret 15- Johnny, do you think your brand new

trousers are ........ for climbing trees in?
C) appreciate D) desire
E) admit A) famous B) appropriate
C) similar D) incapable
E) opposed
10- She enjoyed the wedding, but she ..........
on being left behind at the church, which
she found frustrating.

A) commented B) observed
16- Having a good pair of lungs is ........ for
C) referred D) forgave
playing the trumpet as the instrument
E) complained requires very strong breath.

A) successful B) keen
11- Labels in the shops must now show the
price in kilograms instead of in pounds, C) interested D) essential
so English consumers will have to ........ to E) capable
the new units of weight.

A) adjust B) prefer
17- The children were ........ of having
C) continue D) allow virtually no furniture at all and rarely
E) learn invited their friends to their home.

A) ashamed B) accustomed
12- In our discussion, he ........ to the C) proud D) fond
possibility of changing the name of the E) grateful
company.

A) involved B) planned
18- We've had a lot of bills this month. I'm
C) talked D) apologised ........ about us running out of money
E) referred before pay day.

A) concerned B) excited
13- Whether we place another order ........ on C) incapable D) lazy
how popular your product proves to be E) generous
with our customers.

A) tempts B) advises
19- Some observers consider people who
C) relies D)depends make bungee jumps ......... while others
E) compels think they are simply stupid.

A) generous B) miserly
14- David is quite ........ to work on his own C) shy D) cowardly
farm even though he's got a university E) brave
degree in engineering.

A) upset B) hesitant
54
20- It was ........ of me to board the train A) greedy B) charitable
without checking it was the right one. I
C) foolish D) concerned
wasted hours trying to get back home.
E) honest
A) considerate B) brave
C) foolish D) fortunate
E) responsible
26- Our business didn't make a profit in its
first year, but at least, we ........ to cover
our costs.

A) claimed B) consented
21- The sales assistant considers people ........
who get a penny change and don't put it C) managed D) dreaded
in the Air Ambulance box on the counter. E) wasted
A) generous B) brave
C) cowardly D) miserly 27- If we should ........ to be robbed during
E) honest our holiday, we have adequate insurance.

A) consider B) succeed
22- My washing machine is very ......... It uses C) permit D) happen
lower temperatures and less water so it E) require
saves both energy and water.

A) interesting B) costly
28- After he had insulted my aunt, he ....... to
C) economical D) sensible make some very hurtful remarks to my
E) old-fashioned cousin.

A) agreed B) hoped
23- Juliet's mother was horrified when she C) proved D) forgave
........ her hair bright red. E) proceeded
A) dyed B) combed
C) brushed D) washed 29- The cricketer ........ the manager not to
E) painted agree to transfer him to the Leicestershire
team as he felt loyal to Worcestershire.

A) implored B) prepared
24- As he lives in Üsküdar, his new job in
Kadıköy is much more ....... for him to C) chose D) hoped
travel to. At least, he no longer has to E) refused
commute from one side of the Bosphorus
to the other.

A) essential B) convenient 30- They speak German in Austria, but they

........ the vowels differently than Germans
C) sensible D) delighted do.
E) capable
A) talk B) pronounce
C) gossip D) swear
25- It was ........ of him to let the Red Cross E) offer
use the grounds of his mansion for their
summer fair.
55
 36- I forgot to put the flowers which Diana
bought me into water straightaway, so
31- My manager respects punctuality, so I try they have ........ and don't look as nice as
to ........ being late. they did.

A) manage B) neglect A) wilted B) blossomed

C) miss D) risk C) grown D) regretted

E) avoid E) wrinkled

32- The brother of the victim........ to take 37- I ........ to get more work done in the
revenge from the murderer. mornings than in the afternoons.

A) learnt B) argued A) resist B) indicate

C) requested D) challenged C) motivate D) avoid

E) swore E) tend

33- The Ottoman carpet ........ 1 million 38- ........ is illegal in India and Pakistan, but
pounds at the auction. in practice it is quite common, especially
over cricket games.
A) sold B) fetched
A) Suggesting B) Judging
C) bought D) bumped
C) Gambling D) Calculating
E) appealed
E) Estimating

34- Although he is paralysed from the waist

down, a specially modified car ........ him 39- They .........him to confess by torturing
to travel. him.

A) teaches B) compels A) suggested B) permitted

C) persuades D) enables C) encouraged D) forced

E) requires E) recommended

35- If they had spent as much time discussing 40- During his speech, the director ........ us
the project as they did .......about the that the name of the company was
private lives of members of staff, we changing from 'R G Springer & Co
would have finished the work by now. Alloys Limited' to 'Special Metals'.

A) arranging B) evaluating A) agreed B) requested

C) gossiping D) swearing C) commanded D) informed

E) congratulating E) claimed

56
57