LESSON 1

BASIC CONCEPTS
OF
STATISTICS
and
data management
 STATISTICS
➢ The science that deals with the
collection, organization and
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of all kinds of data
pertinent to the study being
considered, so that meaningful
conclusion can be drawn.
 STATISTICal TERMINOLOGIES
The following are some important terms used in
studying statistics.
1. Population consists of the totality of the
subjects under consideration.
2. Sample is a subset or a small part of a
population from which inferences about the total
population are made. It can be defined as a finite
number of objects selected from the population
under study.
 STATISTICal TERMINOLOGIES
3. Variable is a specific characteristic or property of unit sample of a population which
may be different for each unit sample. Variables can be further categorized as either
quantitative or qualitative.
➢ Quantitative variables are values presented in numerical form to describe an
amount or magnitude. Examples of this kind are height, weight and the dimension
of a table in centimeters.
➢ Qualitative variables are values that result into the qualitative attributes of a
given data. Examples of this would be civil status (single, married, widow), or gender
(male or female).
4. Data are statistical facts, or a set of information or observations under study. Data
can either be classified as qualitative or quantitative.
➢ Qualitative data is a measure of "types" and may be represented in terms of
characteristics, names or symbols.
➢ Quantitative data is a measure of "values" or "counts" and expressed in numerical
values.
TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS IN THE FIELD OF STATISTICS

➢ A. Descriptive statistics is the field of statistics that focuses on

quantitatively description of a collection of data. The descriptive statistics
are not established on the basis of probability. It is usually used to define
the basic characteristics of the data in a study.
For example: Describing a group of people by identifying how many are tall or
short, fat or thin, how many are single or married and others.
➢ B. Inferential Statistics is a form of statistical methods and procedures
which is concerned with the analysis of a subset of data leading to predictions
or inferences about the entire set of data.
For example: In a sample survey conducted, 65% of Filipino Generation Z
prefer to drink milk tea than coffee while only 34% of Filipino Millennials
prefer to drink milk tea than coffee.
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

▪ Measurement – is the process of assigning value to a variable.

▪ There are four levels of scales of measurement:

ratio
NUMERICAL
interval
ordinal
CATEGORICAL
Nominal
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal Scale Example
➢ Data that consists of names, labels,
or categories only. ➢ Gender
➢ The data cannot be arranged in an
ordering scheme.
➢ Numbers or symbols are used to ✓ M – Male
classify an object or person to
identify the group they belong. ✓ F - Female
Examples:
✓ Gender (Male and Female)
✓ Nationality (Filipino, American,
Japanese)
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Ordinal Scale Example
➢ Data contain the properties of nominal
level.
➢ Level of Satisfaction
➢ The data can be arranged in an ordering
scheme or ranked.
1 – Very Satisfied
➢ The difference between the values of the
data cannot be determined. The interval is 2 – Satisfied
meaningless. 3 – Unsatisfied
Examples: 4 – Very Unsatisfied
✓ Ranks in a contest (1st runner up, 2nd runner
up, etc.)
✓ Military Ranks (General, Colonel, etc.)
✓ Performance ranks (good, better, best)
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Interval Scale Example
➢ Data contain the properties of ordinal
level. ➢ Temperature
➢ Data values can be ranked.
➢ The difference between the values of the
data are of known sizes. 60 ◦c
➢ The interval between the values has
meaning. 20 ◦c
➢ The “zero” does not imply the absence of
characteristics. 10 ◦c
➢ The ratio of data values are meaningless.
-15 ◦c
Examples:

✓ Temperature (Celcius / Farenheit)

✓ Intelligence Quotient (75, 100, 120, and so

on)
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Ratio Scale Example

➢ Data contain the properties of Mass

interval level. ➢

➢ The “zero” indicates the

absence of the characteristics 80 kg
under consideration.
40 kg
➢ The ratio of data values has
meaning. 10 kg
Examples:
0 kg
✓Height in meters.
✓Weight in kilograms or pounds.
 Measurement scales

Measurement Level Named Order Difference True - zero

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio
 COLLECTION OF DATA
Data can be obtained from documentary or field sources.
➢ Documentary sources of statistical data contain statistics,
documents, research or studies, etc. These sources may be taken
from primary or secondary sources. Primary sources reveal original
data such as those gathered by the National Statistics Office
(NSO). A face-to-face interview gives information considered as
primary data. In secondary sources, data gathered come from
sources such as books, magazines, research and other compiled and
computed
➢ Field Sources of statistical data include information coming
from living persons who have sufficient knowledge about social
conditions or had been in intimate contact with the subject over a
considerable period of time.
 The following are the different methods or ways
of collecting data:
➢Direct or Interview Method - the researcher has a personal contact
with the individual interviewed. The researcher gathers the
significant information and facts by questioning and inquiring from
the individual interviewed. More precise and accurate feedbacks and
responses can be obtained from an interviewee if a researcher uses
this method.
➢Indirect or Questionnaire Method – this method is done by sending,
giving or distributing questionnaires to the persons from whom a
researcher would like to get significant information through personal
delivery or by mail. The disadvantage of using this method is that
distributed questionnaires cannot be totally retrieved because some
respondents are not interested to respond and simply ignore it.
Furthermore, inappropriate responses from respondents are happen.
 The following are the different methods or ways
of collecting data:
➢Registration Method - this method of collecting data is one
which utilizes existing records provided by legitimate agencies
and institutions regulated and governed by laws. Examples of
these agencies and institutions are the National Statistics
Office (NSO), Land Transportation Office (LTO), and
Commission on Election (COMELEC) etc.
➢Observation Method - this method is purely based on the
subjective remarks of the observer. It is applicable to data
pertaining to attitude, behavior, and values of individuals.
➢Experimental Method - this method of collecting data is done
by performing or conducting scientific inquiry to know the
effect of a particular variable over the other variable.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

1. Simple Random Sampling – the most common used

techniques where the items are selected for sample at
random. A good example of this sampling are the lottery and
raffle.
2. Systematic Sampling – the samples are selected from a
population at regular intervals or order of occurrence.
3.Cluster Sampling – it is a sampling where the groups or
clusters are randomly selected instead of individuals.
 METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA
Presentation of data refers to the organization of information such as measurements, numbers,
names, observations; etc in a certain way. It can either be in textual, graphical, or tabular
manner, depending on the purpose of presentation and the nature of the data to be presented.
Generally, there are three ways of presenting a summary of data. These are:
1. Textual Presentation - this is the technique in a paragraph form. In this technique,
it does not necessary mean that the presentation consists of words only but figures can also be
used as part of the presentation.
2. Tabular Presentation - this is another way in presenting data. In this technique, the
data are summarized using tables. A table commonly used is on the Frequency and Percentage
Distribution. It is a table showing the frequency and percentage sharing of nominal data.
 METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

3. Graphical Presentation – a graph is a pictorial presentation of a set of

data. These are the different types of graph:
➢ Line Graph – it shows relationship ➢ Bar Graph – it is a graphical technique
in which each value in the data is
between two or more sets of quantities. represented by rectangular bars.
 METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

3. Graphical Presentation – a graph is a pictorial presentation of a set of

data. These are the different types of graph:

➢ Pictograph – this is a graphical technique ➢ Pie Graph – this is the type of graphical
that expresses its meaning through its presentation in which a circle is divided into
pictorial resemblance to a physical object. several partitions with each partition
characterizing the categories of the data.
 SAMPLE SIZE

The Slovin’s Formula is used to determine the sample size from the
given population.
The formula is:

𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2

Where:
n – sample size
N – population
e – margin of error
 EXAMPLE

Mario plans to conduct a survey at a particular school with a population of

8,000. How many respondents are needed if the desired margin of error is 10%.
𝑵
𝑁 = 8000 𝒏=
𝑒 = 10 % 𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟏
𝑛 =? 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒏= 𝒏=
𝟏 + (𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟎. 𝟏)𝟐 𝟖𝟏
𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒏= 𝒏 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟕𝟔
𝟏 + (𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏)
𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒏 = 𝟗𝟖
𝒏=
𝟏 + 𝟖𝟎