EXPLORING ROASTED RICE AND BANANA SAP TANNINS AS

INK ALTERNATIVE

A Study Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Department of Philippine

Women’s College of Davao

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Practical Research 2 -
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

AMODAYON, KENNETH ANDREI M.

MAGLUYA, LORENCE CLARK C.

DEGUIÑON, MARK DAVE C.

JARDIO, JOHN RYAN R.

ELLOREG, JOEMAR P.

DECEMBER 2024
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

The growing concern over the environmental impact of traditional

synthetic ink production, which relies heavily on synthetic chemicals, has led to a

demand for more eco-friendly alternatives. Developing inks from natural,

renewable sources reduces the use of harmful substances and offers a safer

option for consumers and the environment. The study conducted by Rizaldi and

Nurfani (2018) investigates the potential of banana sap as an alternative marker.

According to their research, banana sap, a natural exudate obtained from

banana plants, is abundantly grown in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.

This study highlights the environmental benefits of utilizing banana sap, along

with its potential economic advantages and versatility in various applications.

In the context of the growing concern over the environmental impact of

traditional inks based on synthetic chemicals, this has led to an increased interest

in eco-friendly alternatives. Expanding upon the study conducted by Pimentel and

Perez (2020) on the possibility of utilizing banana sap as an ink alternative, this

research project aims to explore the viability of using roasted rice and banana sap

tannins as alternatives to traditional inks.

To address these concerns, it is essential to explore natural materials that

can deliver comparable performance while minimizing environmental impact. One

promising approach involves the use of roasted rice and banana sap tannins,
which are rich in phenolic compounds and could serve as effective replacements

for synthetic inks. The study by Wojciechowska and Kowaluk (2023) emphasizes

the potential of banana peel flour as a cost-effective filler in plywood binders,

leveraging its cellulose and starch content to enhance binder properties and its

phenolic compounds to improve adhesive strength. This indicates that plant-based

waste materials like banana peels and rice have significant potential for

developing eco-friendly alternatives in various applications, including ink

production, due to their bonding and coloration properties.

There is an increasing demand for eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic

inks, often derived from non-renewable resources and containing harmful

chemicals. While various natural sources have been explored as potential ink

ingredients, limited research has focused on combining roasted rice and banana

sap tannins. This research aims to address this gap by evaluating the potential of

these natural materials in ink formulation, particularly concerning their ink

viscosity and dry time.

The goal of this research is to fill the gaps in understanding the use of

roasted rice and banana sap tannins as ink alternatives. While there is a growing

interest in natural inks, few studies have specifically evaluated the ink viscosity

and dry time of inks produced from these materials. Synthetic inks, commonly

made from petrochemical sources, can contain harmful chemicals like volatile

organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals, which pose risks to human health

and the environment (Grounded, 2024). This investigation will evaluate the ink

viscosity and dry time of inks made from roasted rice and banana sap tannins
and their environmental benefits compared to synthetic inks. This research aims

to provide a basis for creating safer ink products that use these natural

resources, offering an alternative to harmful synthetic inks.

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to explore and develop sustainable ink alternatives

using roasted rice and banana sap tannins. Synthetic inks are often derived from

non-renewable resources and contain harmful chemicals, posing significant

environmental and health risks. This study will evaluate the ink viscosity and dry

time of inks made from these natural materials. By investigating these aspects,

the research seeks to determine if roasted rice and banana sap tannins can

provide a viable alternative to traditional inks.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of efficacy of roasted rice and banana sap tannins as an

alternative ink in terms of:

1.1 Ink viscosity

1.2 Dry time

2. Is there a significant difference between synthetic ink and ink formulated with

roasted rice and banana sap tannins in terms of:

2.1 Ink viscosity

2.2 Dry time

Hypothesis

This study is guided by the null hypothesis tested at 0.05 level of

significance.

H0: There is no significant difference in the ink viscosity and dry time between

inks formulated with roasted rice and banana sap tannins and synthetic inks.

Scope and Delimitations

This study focuses on exploring roasted rice and banana sap tannins as

sustainable ink alternatives, specifically evaluating their performance in terms of

ink viscosity and dry time. The research will be limited to these two variables and

will not investigate other characteristics like color intensity, or pH levels. The

study will also be conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, and large-

scale production or commercialization of the ink will not be addressed.

The research will use roasted rice and banana sap tannins exclusively as

the primary materials for ink formulation, excluding other natural or synthetic

additives. Additionally, factors such as long-term durability, resistance to

environmental conditions, and the economic viability of these ink formulations are

beyond the scope of this investigation. The environmental impact of the ink

production process will be briefly discussed but will not include a comprehensive

assessment.
Significance of the study

This study, which investigates roasted rice and banana sap tannins as

sustainable ink alternatives, holds great significant for several groups, including:

Local Farmers. Growing rice and bananas will benefit from this study as it

creates a new market for their crops. By utilizing roasted rice and banana sap

tannins in ink production, farmers can gain additional income from agricultural by-

products that would otherwise be wasted. This could also promote sustainable

farming practices and improve the economic viability of these crops.

Ink Manufacturers. The findings of this research will offer ink

manufacturers a alternative to petroleum-based inks. By utilizing natural, plant-

based materials such as roasted rice and banana sap tannins, manufacturers

can reduce their reliance on synthetic chemicals and harmful substances. This

shift not only benefits the environment but also aligns with the growing consumer

demand for green products. The availability of an eco-friendly ink formulation

may allow manufacturers to expand their product lines to include more

environmentally conscious offerings, tapping into the expanding market of eco-

conscious consumers.

Eco-Conscious Consumers. Consumers who prioritize eco-friendly will

benefit from having a green alternative to conventional inks, which are often

petroleum-based and harmful to the environment. Roasted rice and banana sap

tannins ink offer a biodegradable and non-toxic option, helping consumers

reduce their environmental footprint and make more responsible purchasing

choices.
 Local Entrepreneurs and Artisans. Small businesses and local artisans

may find this study beneficial as it provides an opportunity to adopt eco-friendly

practices in their work whether in art, printing, or crafts, the availability of natural

inks can support sustainable business practices. Entrepreneurs looking to cater

to the growing demand for eco-friendly products will have the opportunity to

integrate these natural ink formulations into their offerings, which can serve as a

unique selling point in an increasingly eco-conscious marketplace.

Students. They will gain valuable insights into eco-friendly practices and

the potential of natural materials through the study’s development of eco-friendly

inks. This exposure can inspire them to explore careers in environmental science

and technologies, fostering a generation that values and seeks innovative

solutions for environmental challenges.

Future Researchers. They will benefit from the foundational knowledge

provided by this study, which can serve as a basis for further exploration into

eco-friendly materials and their applications. The study opens up avenues for

research on the properties, effectiveness, and scalability of natural ink

alternatives, contributing to the advancement of eco-friendly technologies and

materials.

Environmental Organizations. These organizations will find this study

valuable for promoting and advocating sustainable practices in the printing

industry. By supporting the adoption of natural ink alternatives, these

organizations can further their mission of reducing environmental pollution and

advancing solutions across various sectors.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This section discusses previous studies and literature on natural ink

alternatives, focusing on the environmental and practical aspects of the ink

viscosity and dry time, which are key indicators in this study.

The Role of Drying Mechanisms and Innovations in Printing

The drying time of inks is a critical factor in printing, influencing the

transition to post-print processes and product release time. The drying process

occurs through mechanisms such as absorption, evaporation, and oxidation-

polymerization, often in combination depending on the ink’s chemical

composition and substrate properties. Studies emphasize that innovative drying

systems, like LED UV and microwave methods, offer energy efficiency and

reduced environmental impact while maintaining rapid drying times (Saad et al.,

2021). Additionally, research shows that ink penetration, rather than evaporation,

primarily governs drying time, as evidenced by penetration rates being

significantly faster than evaporation in water-based inks. Paper treatments such

as sizing further influence drying by regulating penetration rates, ensuring

optimal drying for full-color printing without compromising print quality.

Advancements in Drying Technologies for Water-Based Inks

Water-based inks, known for their eco-friendliness, face challenges such

as slow drying times, high energy consumption, and low adhesion, which limit

their market adoption. To address these, various drying methods like hot air,

infrared, microwave, and auxiliary drying have been evaluated for their efficiency

in reducing drying time while minimizing energy usage. Comparative studies

highlight how each technique impacts drying speed, providing insights for

optimizing drying processes. These findings offer innovative and energy-saving

solutions to enhance the drying time of water-based inks, making them more

viable for broader industrial applications (Jingxiang et al., 2019).

Ink Viscosity and Its Impact on Inkjet Printing Quality

Ink viscosity plays a pivotal role in the performance of inkjet printing,

directly affecting droplet formation, printing accuracy, and the quality of printed

patterns. A study by Dybowska-Sarapuk et al. (2018) on graphene-based inks

demonstrated that the addition of dispersing agents significantly reduces

viscosity, improving printability by ensuring better dispersion of nanoparticles and

achieving more consistent droplet ejection. Ink with a dispersing agent exhibited

a broader "process window," meaning it could be printed more effectively under a

wider range of conditions compared to ink without a dispersing agent.

Furthermore, the reduced viscosity led to better quality patterns and lower sheet

resistivity, indicating improved conductivity. The results emphasize that

controlling the rheology of inks—through viscosity modulation and dispersion—is

essential for achieving high-quality prints in inkjet technologies.

The Role of Ink Viscosity in Printing Performance

Ink viscosity plays a crucial role in determining the quality of printing

outcomes by influencing ink distribution and spreading. A study on ink-jet printing

on untreated polyester fabrics found that higher viscosity or reduced free water

content in ink formulations improved the sharpness of printed patterns, as

evaluated using three-dimensional microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance.

These adjustments reduced ink diffusion, leading to precise line profiles and

enhanced printing accuracy. The research highlights that viscosity directly

impacts the control of ink behavior during printing, making it a critical parameter

in developing alternative ink solutions (Gao et al., 2020).

The Impact of Ink Viscosity on Bioprinting Performance

Ink viscosity is a critical factor in the extrusion-based bioprinting process,

particularly when producing personalized, complex tissue structures. Wu et al.

(2023) investigated biomaterial inks composed of gelatin, sodium alginate, and

methylcellulose, exploring how varying viscosities affect the printing process.

Their study demonstrated that inks with different rheological properties could be

optimized for printability by adjusting the viscosity, which, in turn, influences the

flow rate and extrusion pressure. The results showed that high-viscosity inks

exhibited slight fluctuations in flow rate, suggesting they may offer better

versatility in the printing process. Additionally, the study established a

relationship between the rheological properties and the accuracy of printed

structures, including filament length and surface quality. This research highlights

the importance of viscosity control in ensuring the successful fabrication of

biomaterial structures for tissue engineering and cell culture applications (Wu et

al., 2023)

Conceptual Framework

This study uses IV-DV Model as its conceptual framework. This study

examines the potential of roasted rice and banana sap tannins as alternatives to
synthetic inks. The independent variable is categorized into two types of ink:

roasted rice and banana sap tannins as an ink alternative and commercial ink.

The dependent variables, the ink viscosity and dry time, are assessed to

evaluate how these natural ingredients compare to commercial inks. The goal is

to determine whether these natural ingredients can provide an eco-friendly ink

with properties comparable to conventional inks.

Types of Ink

 Roasted Rice and Level of efficacy of

Banana Sap Tannins
 Ink viscosity
as Inks Alternative
 Dry time
 Commercial Ink

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined

conceptually and in the context of this research.

Roasted Rice. Conceptually, roasted rice refers to rice grains that have

undergone thermal processing, enhancing their color, flavor, and aromatic

properties. This process also alters the chemical structure of the rice, making it

suitable for various applications, including natural pigments and dyes (Spice

Basket, 2024). Operationally, roasted rice is utilized as a primary component in

the ink formulation in this study, where it contributes to the ink viscosity and dry
time of the ink. The roasted rice is tested for its ability to produce pigments that

affect the ink’s fluidity and consistency. These factors are then evaluated to

determine its effectiveness in creating a alternative to traditional ink.

Banana Sap Tannins. Conceptually, banana sap tannins are

polyphenolic compounds naturally found in the sap of banana plants. These

tannins have astringent, antioxidant, and dyeing properties, making them

valuable for applications in food preservation, textiles, and ink production (Gupta

et al., 2022). Operationally, banana sap tannins are harvested from the sap of

banana plants through a systematic extraction process, ensuring maximum yield

and purity. The extracted tannins are then processed to develop natural ink

formulations. Researchers analyze the ink’s ability through standardized tests to

assess the ink viscosity and dry time of the inks produced.

Tannins. Conceptually, tannins are a class of astringent, polyphenolic

biomolecules found in various plants, including trees, fruits, and vegetables. They

are responsible for the brownish color in many plants and have been used

traditionally in dyeing and ink-making due to their ability to bind to proteins and

other organic materials (Food Bioscience, 2023). Operationally, tannins from

roasted rice and banana sap are extracted and evaluated for their potential use

as the primary pigment and binding agents in ink formulations.

Natural Pigments. Conceptually, natural pigments are colorants derived

from plant, mineral, or animal sources. Unlike synthetic pigments, they are often

biodegradable and non-toxic, making them environmentally friendly alternatives

(Linked In, 2024). Operationally, the study employs pigments extracted from
roasted rice and banana sap tannins to create the base color of the ink. These

natural pigments are assessed for ink viscosity and dry time, and overall

performance in comparison to synthetic pigments used in conventional inks,

allowing the researchers to delve into their ultimate effectiveness as sustainable

colorants.

Ink Viscosity. Conceptually, ink viscosity is a measure of how thick or thin

an ink is. It is measured by determining how fast or slow it flows when pressure is

applied to it. Inks with higher viscosity are thicker and take longer to flow, while

inks with lower viscosity are thinner and flow more quickly (Inx International Ink

Co, 2023). Operationally, ink viscosity will be tested using a viscometer to assess

how the ink made from roasted rice and banana sap tannins behaves under

different conditions when used for writing. The viscosity is an important factor in

determining how well the ink can be applied to paper or other writing surfaces.

Dry Time. Conceptually, dry time refers to the period required for the ink

to dry after being applied to a surface. This process involves the evaporation of

solvents or other drying mechanisms that allow the ink to solidify or become

touch-dry (Mountain of Ink, 2018). Operationally, the dry time of the ink

formulated with roasted rice and banana sap tannins is measured through timing

techniques, evaluating how quickly the ink dries under specific conditions. The

researchers assessed the dry time by measuring the fastest and slowest drying

times, calculating the range, and dividing it into intervals to systematically

categorize the ink’s drying performance.

 Non-Toxic Ink. Conceptually, non-toxic ink refers to ink formulations that

do not contain harmful chemicals, such as heavy metals, volatile organic

compounds (VOCs), or other substances that can pose health risks to humans or

wildlife (Grounded, 2024). Operationally, inks created from roasted rice and

banana sap tannins are classified as non-toxic if they do not contain harmful

substances commonly found in traditional inks. The researchers utilize these

non-toxic inks to assess their effectiveness and environmental benefits. The

safety of these inks is evaluated in terms of their composition and environmental

impact.
 Chapter II

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study employs a true experimental research design, where the

variables are manipulated and quantitative data is collected to test a hypothesis

(Voxco, 2021). The researchers are exploring roasted rice and banana sap

tannins as sustainable ink alternatives by evaluating their ink viscosity and dry

time. The ink formulations using these natural materials will be compared to

conventional synthetic inks under controlled conditions. Random assignment of

samples ensures the reliability of the results, and statistical tests will be used to

determine if there are significant differences in the performance of the natural ink

compared to synthetic alternatives.

Setting

The experiment will take place at one of the researchers’ residence in Prk

25-A People’s Village, Maa, Davao City. This location was chosen for its

convenience, allowing the researchers to efficiently gather data for the study.
 Figure 2. Map of the Research Setting

Subjects

The subjects of this study are the roasted rice and banana sap used to

formulate the ink. The roasted rice is prepared by heating raw rice to a deep

brown color, which is then ground into a fine powder. The banana sap is

collected fresh from banana plants and used immediately to maintain its natural

properties. These materials are tested to evaluate their effectiveness as ink

alternatives. The study focuses on how these natural ingredients perform in

terms of ink viscosity and dry time, comparing their properties to those of

conventional synthetic inks.

Figure 3. Images of Roasted Rice and Banana Sap

Measures

The researchers will obtain data through observation, measurement, and

comparative analysis during the 1 month experiment. To assess the ink viscosity,

the researchers will use a viscometer to measure the flow of both the

experimental ink (made from roasted rice and banana sap tannins) and a
commercial ink in centipoises (cP). The flow times will be recorded, ranging from

1 second to more than 15 cP, and this data will be use to define viscosity scale

for systematic evaluation of flow performance. Dry time will be assessed by

applying the ink to bond paper and measuring the time taken for it to dry. The ink

will be applied to bond paper as it is a commonly used writing material, making it

ideal for assessing the ink’s practical performance in real-world applications.

Table 1

Rating Scale for Ink Viscosity

Scale Verbal Interpretation Description

5 Very High Flow If the test sample can flow within

81.1-100 cP.

4 High Flow If the test sample can flow within

62.1-81 cP.

3 Moderate Flow If the test sample can flow within

43-62 cP.

2 Low Flow If the test sample can flow within

24.1-43 cP.

1 Very Low Flow If the test sample can flow within

5-24 cP.

Note: Adapted from Pacanowsky (2018)

To assess the ink viscosity, the researchers identified the fastest flow time

observed, which was 1 second, and the slowest flow time, which was more than
15 cP. They calculated the total range by subtracting the minimum value from the

maximum (100 CP-5 cP = 95 cp) and divided it by five, the total number of

scales. This resulted in approximately 19 cp per interval. Starting from the fastest

drying time (81 cP), they added 19 cP sequentially to define each category,

resulting in the following scale: 81.1-100 cP (Very High Flow), 62.1-81 cP (High

Flow), 43.1-62 cP (Moderate Flow). 24.1-43 cP (Low Flow), and 5-24 cP (Very

Low Flow). This method ensured a systematic evaluation of flow performance.

Table 2

Rating Scale for Dry Time

Scale Verbal Interpretation Description

5 Very Fast If the test sample can dry within 1-3 seconds.

4 Fast If the test sample can dry within 4-5 seconds.

3 Moderate If the test sample can dry within 6-10

seconds.

2 Slow If the test sample can dry within 11-15

seconds.

1 Very Slow If the test sample can dry for more than 15

seconds.

Note: Adapted from mountainofink.com (2018)

To assess the dry time, the researchers identified the fastest drying time

observed, which is 1 second, and the slowest drying time, which is more than 15

seconds. The researchers calculated the total range by subtracting the minimum
value from the maximum (15 - seconds 1 second = 14 seconds) and divided it by

five, the total number of scales. This resulted in approximately 3 seconds per

interval. Starting from the fastest drying time (1 second), they added 3 seconds

sequentially to define each category, resulting in the following scale: 1-3 seconds

(Very Fast Drying), 3-4 seconds (Fast Drying), 6-10 seconds (Moderate Drying),

11-15 seconds (Slow Drying), and more than 15 seconds (Very Slow Drying).

This method ensured a systematic evaluation of drying performance.

Research Procedure

The research was conducted through the following process:

I. Request of Approval

The researchers requested for permission to conduct the

experiment in one of the researchers’ house located at Prk 25-A

People’s Village, Ma-a, Davao Cityand to observe the test subjects.

The research adviser of this study was informed as well on the

observations made during each experimental trial.

II. Preparation for Experiment

1. Collection of Rice and Banana Sap

The researchers collected raw rice from local sources

and harvested fresh banana sap from banana plants in Prk 20

Sanggilangan, Ma-a. To gather the sap, small incisions were

made on the trunk or stem of the banana plants, allowing the

sap to drip into a clean container. The collected materials were

used immediately to prevent any degradation, as banana sap

thickens and darkens quickly when exposed to air.

2. Roasting and Grinding the Rice

The researchers roasted the raw rice by spreading it

evenly on a heated skillet over medium heat. The rice was

stirred continuously to ensure even roasting, and once it

reached a deep brown color, it was removed from the heat. This

process took approximately 10-15 minutes. After cooling, the

roasted rice was ground into a fine powder using available tools

such as a blender, food processor, or any other device capable

of grinding the rice.

3. Combining Ground Roasted Rice and Banana Sap

The ground roasted rice was mixed with the freshly

collected banana sap in a 1:1 ratio. If the mixture was too thick,

small amounts of water or alcohol were added to achieve the

desired consistency. The mixture was gently heated to aid in the

extraction and blending of pigments. After heating, the mixture

was strained to remove any solid particles.

4. Testing and Adjusting the Ink

The researchers tested the ink by applying it to paper. If

the consistency was too thick or thin, adjustments were made

by adding either more banana sap or water. To improve the

 ink’s adhesion and overall quality, binders like gum arabic or

cornstarch were added in small amounts if necessary.

III. Observing, Comparing, and Testing the ink viscosity and dry time of

Roasted Rice and Banana Sap Tannin Ink.

1. Ink viscosity

The ink viscosity was measured using a viscometer to assess

the flow of both the experimental ink (made from roasted rice and

banana sap tannins) and a commercial ink. The researchers will

identify the fastest flow time observed, which was 1 second, and the

slowest flow time, which was more than 15 cP. They calculated the

total range by subtracting the minimum value from the maximum

(100 cP - 5 cP = 95 cP) and divided it by five, the total number of

scales. This resulted in approximately 19 cP per interval. Starting

from the fastest flow (81 cP), they added 19 cP sequentially to

define each category. This method ensured a systematic evaluation

of flow performance, allowing a direct comparison of the

experimental ink’s viscosity with commercial ink.

2. Dry time

For the dry time, the ink will be applied to bond paper, a

common writing material, and the time taken for it to dry will be

measured. The dry time will be rated on a scale from 1-5, where 5

will represent ink that dried in 1-3 seconds (very fast drying) and 1

represents ink that took more than 15 seconds to dry (very slow
 drying). These measurements allow for a direct comparison of the

experimental ink’s performance against commercial inks.

Schematic Diagram

Figure 3

The Schematic Diagram Showing the Step-by-step Procedures of the Whole

Study.

Collection of Rice and

Banana Sap

Combining the 2 main

ingredients

Observing, comparative analysis,

and testing of the level of efficacy

of the material: Ink Viscosity and

Dry Time

Experimental product will be Commercial product will be

tested in terms of its Ink tested in terms of its Ink

Viscosity and Dry Time Viscosity and Dry Time

Within 1 month of experiment, the researchers will observe the Ink Viscosity

and Dry Time of the ink.

 Collection and interpretation of Data

In figure 3, the process begins with the collection of rice and banana sap,

which are then combined to form the experimental ink. The ink viscosity and dry

time of this ink are assessed through observation, comparative analysis, and

testing. The experimental ink is evaluated alongside a commercial product of

similar characteristics to determine variations in their ink viscosity and dry time.

Over a period of one month, the researchers will monitor and compare the

performance of the inks to collect and interpret the data effectively.

Statistical Treatment

The performance of alternative ink made from roasted rice and banana sap

tannins will be compared to that of conventional synthetic ink using an

independent samples t-test. This statistical analysis will be conducted to

determine whether the experimental ink significantly differed from synthetic ink in

terms of ink viscosity and dry time. By applying the t-test, the researchers

evaluated if the mean performance of the roasted rice and banana sap tannin ink

differed significantly from that of synthetic ink in both categories. If a significant

difference will be found, it could indicate that the alternative ink might serve as a

viable, eco-friendly replacement for synthetic ink.

 A mean will be calculated for the ink viscosity and dry time of both the

experimental and synthetic inks. The mean is the sum of the values divided by

the number of values, offering insight into the central tendency of the ink’s

performance. This measure, commonly known as the "average," allowed the

researchers to determine the overall behavior of the inks in both ink viscosity and

dry time assessments.

The range, defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum

values, will be also calculated to assess the dispersion of ink viscosity and dry

time scores. This will help the researchers gauge the extent of variability in the

ink’s performance across different trials.

To test for statistical significance, an independent samples t-test will be

applied. This test will be use to determine if there is a significant difference

between the means of two groups—in this case, the experimental ink and

synthetic ink. A t-test helps to establish whether the observed differences in ink

viscosity and dry time are likely due to chance or if they reflect a real

performance difference between the inks.

The probability value, or P-value, will be used to interpret the results of the

t-test. The P-value indicates the probability of observing results at least as

extreme as those in the data, assuming the null hypothesis is true. In hypothesis

testing, a P-value less than 0.05 suggest that the results are statistically

significant, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative

hypothesis. A lower P-value provides stronger evidence against the null

hypothesis, indicating a more significant difference between the two inks.

Table 3: Range of P-Value

P-value Decision

p-value> 0.05 The result is not statistically significant; do not reject

the null hypothesis.

p-value< 0.05 Result is statistically significant; reject the null

hypothesis.

The result is highly statistically significant; strongly

p-value< 0.01 reject the null hypothesis.

Note: Adapted from SinograceChem (2023)

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Scaling for Ink Viscosity and Dry Time

The following rating scales will be used to evaluate the Ink Viscosity and Dry

Time of the ink formulations, with a range of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates poor

performance and 5 indicates excellent performance.

Excellent Poin
Very Poor(1) Poor(2) Fair(3) Good(4)
(5) ts

Ink

Viscosity
 Dry Time If the test If the test If the test If the test If the test

sample can sample can sample can dry sample can sample can

dry within 1- dry within 4-5 within 10 dry within dry for more

seconds. seconds. 15 seconds. than 15

3 seconds.
seconds.

Source: https://mountainofink.com/blog/fast-dry-inks