DISSERTATION

VIII SEMESTER BBA LLB (Specialization in Corporate Laws)

Anti-Doping Laws: A Focus on E-

Doping Analysis

Chitraksh Mahajan

(500071415, R730218113)

Submitted under the guidance of: Ms.Sakshee Sharma

Introduction

Doping is the prohibited use of performance-enhancing

substances by athletes. Doping is a term frequently used
by organisations that regulate athletic competitions. Most
international sports organisations, including the Interna-
tional Olympic Committee, consider the use of perfor-
mance-enhancing substances unethical and therefore pro-
hibit their use. Moreover, athletes (or athletic pro-
grammes) who take explicit measures to avoid detection
exacerbate the violation of ethical standards by engaging
in overt deception and dishonesty.
Doping in sports can be traced back to the inception of
sport itself. From the ancient use of substances in chariot
racing to more recent controversies in baseball and cy-
cling, athletes' perspectives have differed greatly from one
country to the next over time. In recent decades, the gen-
eral trend among authorities and sporting organisations
has been to rigorously regulate the use of drugs in sports.
The primary reasons for the ban are the health risks of
performance-enhancing drugs, the opportunity equality
for athletes, and the exemplary influence of drug-free
sport on the general public. According to anti-doping au-
thorities, the use of performance-enhancing substances vi-
olates the "spirit of sport."
Doping is regarded as a moral and ethical transgression. It
is a worldwide issue. Doping is the misuse of certain sub-
stances and methods to enhance athletic performance and
stamina, as the body can transport more oxygen to mus-
cles when consuming such substances. However, there are
numerous adverse effects associated with the consumption
of such substances, as they have a direct impact on human
health, causing infections, allergies, cardiovascular dis-
eases, stroke, pulmonary embolism, high blood pressure,
acne, impotence in men, and changes in the menstrual cy-
cle of women. Consequently, doping can have a direct ef-
fect on athletic competitions. Anti-Doping laws are en-
acted at both the national and international level, but
these laws are in constant conflict with one another be-
cause they have no cohesion. The International Sports
Federation is attempting to combat the problem of doping
by organising awareness programmes and providing effec-
tive medical treatment. However, despite these efforts, lit-
tle progress has been made because athletes are adopting
strong and unnoticeable doping techniques. These new in-
novative techniques of taking drugs are posing a challenge
to the war on doping because it is becoming increasingly
difficult for experts to detect these substances and drugs.
To facilitate equitable competition, it is the responsibility
of authorities to be aware of these updated substances and
drugs and to ensure their prevention. This research paper
aimed to apply the Doctrinal research method to doping
analysis, provide a critical review of the literature on this
topic, and focus on the problem of doping, its impact, the
actual application of doping to enhance performance and
whether it is appropriate or not, all legislative and judicial
approaches regarding doping, Indian laws dealing with
doping, case laws on doping and State obligations, and ju-
dicial trends.
In the past few years, the eSports market has expanded at
a rapid rate to become a half billion dollar industry. Ex-
treme levels of competition exist between participants, and
small advantages can be the difference between victory
and defeat. Therefore, cheating is a strong temptation for
many participants.
Some of these athletes engage in "eDoping." This is not
the traditional medication to enhance physical and mental
capacity, but rather the manipulation of the tournament
machines.
eDoping is the manipulation of software or hardware to
provide a participant with an unfair advantage in a game.
In recent years, not only has game software been modified,
but so have keyboard and mouse settings, allowing a suc-
cession of actions to be performed with a single click.
There are, however, pharmacological activities that do not
necessitate any modification. For example, "stream snip-
ing" requires players to watch a live broadcast of the
match they are presently competing in to gain insight into
their opponent. As if this were insufficient, eSports are
also susceptible to cyberattacks. There have even been dis-
tributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in which a net-
work or a particular player is so overloaded with player
activity that it is compelled to slow down or shut down.
And due to the constant advancement of technology, it is a
never-ending battle that requires dedication on all fronts.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
It is common knowledge that doping is pervasive and a major deterrent to
the conduct of fair and just athletic competitions around the globe. Use of
performance enhancing drugs to gain a competitive advantage is commonly
viewed as a modern problem, but performance enhancing substances date
back to the ancient Greek Olympics in the 3rd century BC. Ancient Greek
Olympic athletes competed not only for glory but also for large cash prizes,
similar to modern-day professional athletes.
WADA was founded in 1999 as an initiative of the International Olympic
Committee to promote, coordinate, and monitor the battle against all forms
of doping in sport. WADA is responsible for enforcing the world anti-dop-
ing code, which is adopted by more than 600 sports organisations, includ-
ing international sports federations, national anti-doping organisations, the
International Olympic Committee, and the international Paralympic com-
mittee. However, despite anti-doping laws on the books and stringent test-
ing, high-profile athletes from a variety of sports, including cycling, foot-
ball, track and field, mixed martial arts, baseball, and swimming have been
caug WADA defined Gene Doping in 2008 as the non-therapeutic use of
cells that change genetic elements or modulate gene expression with the po-
tential to enhance performance. Gene doping is still in its experimental
stages, and the science of gene doping is fraught with unpredictability.
However, if gene doping ever becomes a viable therapy, athletes will be the
first to alter their DNA to become bigger, faster, and stronger.
The National Anti-doping Bill, which was introduced in the Lok Sabha in
December 2021, is a preventative measure and not a criminal statute.
There is a need for more stringent laws that require athletes and support
staff to confront consequences for their actions.

HYPOTHESIS
In the current situation, everyone is attempting to acquire an advantage by
any means possible. Not only in sports, but in life as a whole, few individu-
als will refuse an opportunity to gain an unjust advantage for their own
benefit. As doping constitutes cheating, this unjust advantage in sports can
lead to a variety of disputes between countries and athletes. For an athlete
to contend at a high level, years of effort and sacrifice are necessary. The
athlete's hopes, ambitions, and sense of self-worth are dashed when he or
she loses to an enhanced athlete who does not face any consequences.
Therefore, the hypothesis for the purpose of this study is that lack of or in-
sufficient awareness among athletes and the absence of stringent doping
laws are the primary reasons why athletes commit doping violations.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Why are doping offences increasing daily?
What laws currently regulate drug, and what else needs to be done?
The proliferation of e-doping in e-sports

LITERATURE REVIEW
➢ “Scientific, Philosophical and legal considerations of doping in
sports” by Massimo Nergo, Natale Marzullo and Giuseppe D Antona1
CONSIDERATION IS GIVEN TO THE SUBJECT OF WHETHER
OR NOT AN ATHLETE SHOULD BE PERMITTED TO DO
WHATEVER HE DESIRES TO IMPROVE HIS PERFORMANCE.
DOPING AFFECTS NOT ONLY HEALTH, BUT ALSO THE ETHICS
OF SPORTS, AND IT IS EMPHASISED THAT THIS
CONTRADICTION AND PARADOX SHOULD BE GIVEN
PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEMPLATION. IN SPORTS,
CONSIDERATION MUST BE GIVEN NOT ONLY TO THE USE OF
DRUGS, BUT ALSO TO DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS THAT CAN
1 Nergo, M., Marzullo, N., & D'Antona, G. (2018). Scientific, philosophical and legal considerations of doping in
sports. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 13(1), 81-93.
 ENHANCE BOTH PHYSICAL AND MENTAL PERFORMANCE.
WHEN ADDRESSING THE ISSUE OF DOPING, SCIENTIFIC,
LEGAL, AND PHILOSOPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE
TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. DOPING SHOULD BE VIEWED NOT
ONLY AS A SUBSTANCE THAT CAN NEGATIVELY IMPACT
HEALTH, BUT ALSO AS A COMPLEX ISSUE INVOLVING
SCIENTIFIC, LEGAL, AND PHILOSOPHICAL FACTORS.

➢ “Sports motivation and doping in adolescent athletes” by Jiri Murak,

Pavel Slepicka and Irena Slepickova2
EXAMINING DOPING FROM A MOTIVATIONAL STANDPOINT, THE
FOLLOWING QUESTION WAS POSED: WHAT ARE THE DOPING
INTENTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENT OBJECTIVES OF ADOLESCENTS IN
ATHLETIC COMPETITIONS? THEY ADMINISTERED A
QUESTIONNAIRE TO 1,035 ADOLESCENTS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
SPORTS COMPETITIONS IN ORDER TO EVALUATE MOTIVATION,
OBJECTIVES, MORAL ATTITUDES, AND DOPING BEHAVIOUR.
ACCORDING TO THE FINDINGS OF THE STUDY, ANTI-DOPING
POLICIES SHOULD BE FORMULATED AFTER A PSYCHOLOGICAL
ANALYSIS OF SPORTS MOTIVATION IS CONDUCTED.

2 Murak, J., Slepicka, P., & Slepickova, I. (2017). Sports motivation and doping in adolescent athletes. Journal of
Human Sport and Exercise, 12(2), 459-466.
 ➢ “Development of doping in sports: Overview and Analysis” by
Francesca Della and Gaetano Raiola3
DOPING IS PREVALENT NOT ONLY AMONG ELITE ATHLETES BUT
ALSO AMONG AMATEUR ATHLETES, IT IS EMPHASISED.
EVERYONE HAS A DESIRE TO SUCCEED, AND IN ORDER TO
ENHANCE THEIR PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, THEY ENGAGE IN
THESE ILLEGAL, DANGEROUS, AND UNHEALTHY PRACTISES.
ATHLETES SHOULD BE MADE AWARE OF THE HARMFUL
EFFECTS THESE SUBSTANCES CAN HAVE ON THEIR BODIES AND
HEALTH, ACCORDING TO ONE OF THE PROPOSED SOLUTIONS.
THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH SHOULD EMPLOY PREVENTATIVE
MEASURES, AND LABORATORIES SHOULD MAKE EVERY EFFORT
TO IDENTIFY NEW SUBSTANCES.

➢ “A comparative study of the application of strict liability principle of

sports: Critiquing anti-doping policies examining illicit crowd chant-
ing and match” by Shivankar Sharma and Pranav Meenon4
IT IS STATED THAT SPORTS PROMOTE COMPETITION, SPORTS-
MANSHIP, AND TEAMWORK, AND THAT THEY ARE AN
INTEGRAL PART OF OUR EXISTENCE. A LARGE QUANTITY OF
MONEY IS INVESTED IN SPORTS TODAY, MAKING VICTORY
CRUCIAL. THIS PAPER RAISES THE QUESTION OF HOW THE USE
OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED
FROM A LEGAL STANDPOINT. WHAT HAVE INTERNATIONAL
AND NATIONAL ORGANISATIONS DONE SO FAR TO ADDRESS

3 Della Corte, F., & Raiola, G. (2019). Development of doping in sports: Overview and analysis. Journal of Hu-
man Sport and Exercise, 14(1), 1-9.
4 Sharma, S., & Meenon, P. (2019). A comparative study of the application of strict liability principle in sports:
Critiquing anti-doping policies examining illicit crowd chanting and match-fixing. Journal of Legal, Ethical and
Regulatory Issues, 22(1), 1-9.
 THIS ISSUE? IT IS EMPHASISED THAT STRICT LIABILITY
PRINCIPLES ARE APPLIED IN CASES OF DOPING AND MATCH-
FIXING, AND THAT VICARIOUS LIABILITY IS APPLIED TO THE
ENTIRE TEAM. THE SOLUTIONS PROPOSED IN THIS PAPER ARE
THAT RIGOROUS LIABILITY SHOULD BE EXAMINED PROPERLY
AND PRECISELY, AND NO ATHLETE SHOULD FACE
CONSEQUENCES AS A RESULT; THEREFORE, THERE SHOULD BE
A PROPER BALANCE OF POWER BETWEEN ATHLETES AND
WADA, AND PROPER VIGILANCE SHOULD BE MAINTAINED IN
SPORTS.

HISTORY OF DOPING
Contrary to popular belief, the use of performance-enhancing drugs to gain an advantage
in competition dates back to the ancient Greek Olympics in the third century BC. Greek
olympic athletes5 were professionals who competed not only for honour but also for siz-
able cash prizes, much like modern-day professional athletes. These monetary prizes
served as incentives for the greek athletes to experiment with a variety of performance-
enhancing drugs. At the time of the Roman Empire, it was legal for athletes to use perfor-
mance-enhancing drugs. Rome's populace was enthralled by sporting events held in the
magnificent Coliseum 6, which can hold up to 50,000 spectators. People paid to watch
chariot races, animal fights, and gladiator battles, with gamblers placing bets on the out-
come.
19th and early 20th century, when modern medicine emerged, many endurance athletes in
swimming, cycling, and long-distance running used special doping recipes to gain a com-
petitive advantage. These recipes included brandy, caffeine, cocaine, and heroin to reduce
fatigue, improve mental focus, suppress hunger, and lessen the pain of physical exertion.
Until the mid-1920s, the Sports Federation deemed the use of these doping recipes ac-
5 A brief history of doping, FIFA.com, May 3 2007 https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.fifa.com/who-we-
are/news/amp/brief-history-doping-514062.
6 Mark Cartwright, Roman Games, Chariot Races & Spectacle, World History Encyclopaedia (December 4,
2013, 10:18 AM), https://www.ancient.eu/article/roman-games-chariot-races-spectale.
 ceptable. However, after a few prominent athletes nearly perished during competition, the
government moved to restrict drugs. By 1928 the governing body for track and field
called the International Association of Athletes Federation 7 became the first sports Asso-
ciation to prohibit the use of performance enhancing drugs.
In 1919, a Japanese chemist synthesised methamphetamine as a more potent and easier-
to-manufacture version of earlier methamphetamine drugs derived from the Chinese plant
Mao hung. At moderate doses, methamphetamine elevates mood, increases mental focus,
reduces appetite, increases energy, and induces weight loss. At higher doses, the drug can
cause psychosis, seizures, muscle loss, and naturally violent behaviour. The American,
German, British and Japanese militaries thought it would be a good idea to give metham-
phetamine tablets to their soldiers during World War II, the crossover of metham-
phetamine from the military to athletic competition occurred in the 1950s when Italian
and Dutch cyclists began using the drug as a substitute for cocaine to overcome fatigue in
grooming multi stage races unfortunately the first casualty of methamphetamine abuse
during competition came in the 1960s with the death of Tommy Simpson 8 a British Cy-
cling champion who was leader of the British National team during the 1967, Tour de
France Simpson collapsed and died on the 13th stage of the race, the autopsy revealed
that Simpson had methamphetamine in alcoholic stimulants in his system the official
cause of death was heart failure due to exhaustion. Anabolic steroids are naturally occur-
ring antigens, such as testosterone, that increase muscle mass and induce masculine sex
characteristics in both men and women. Anabolic steroids, despite their shady reputation
in the world of sports, play an important role in healthcare, with physicians routinely pre-
scribing them for conditions such as cancer.

Testosterone was first isolated and synthesised from cholesterol in 1935 by a German
chemist named Leopold Ruzicka, who was later awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for
his work on sex hormones. During World War II, it was rumoured that the Nazis experi-
mented with testosterone injections in an attempt to create an army of aggressive and
fearless supersoldiers to combat the allies. Early in the 1950s, athletes discovered the ex-
traordinary performance-enhancing effects of anabolic steroids, and for the first time
since World War II, several synthetic derivatives became available. Soviet Union was
suspected of being the first country to experiment with steroids by giving them to their
athletes in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki 9. In an effort to prove the superiority of
the communist system, the Soviets and East Germans administered anabolic steroids to
their athletes as part of a coordinated doping programme, allowing them to dominate
Olympic events such as track and field, weightlifting, wrestling, and swimming. As a
physician for the American weightlifting team, John Ziegler travelled to Vienna in 1954
in quest of explanations for the extraordinary athletic performance of the Soviet team.
Doctor Ziegler shared a few drinks with the Soviet team doctor in a local pub, and when
7 Møller, V., & Kanitscheider, B. (2011). Performance-enhancing substances: History and impact on athletic
performance. In P. H. Seitz, K. B. Kauer & L. P. C. Verstappen (Eds.), Equine sports medicine and science: 5. The
athletic horse (pp. 471-480). Saunders Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-3429-9.00032-5
8 Petroczi, A., & Nepusz, T. (2011). Methodological considerations regarding doping surveys. Substance abuse
treatment, prevention, and policy, 6(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-6-15
9 Yesalis, C. E., & Bahrke, M. S. (2000). History of doping in sport. In M. S. Bahrke & C. E. Yesalis (Eds.), Perfor-
mance-enhancing substances in sport and exercise (pp. 3-18). Human Kinetics.
 he inquired as to what he was giving his athletes, the Soviet doctor casually admitted to
administering testosterone. Doctor Ziegler10 hurried home to America and began experi-
menting with testosterone injections on himself and other members of the US weight lift-
ing team they all gained more muscle mass and strength in less time than any previous
training programme but unfortunately the injections also came with unwanted side effects
determined to find a synthetic anabolic solution with less side effects and testosterone.
Doctor Ziegler collaborated with the Swiss pharmaceutical company Ciba Pharmaceuti-
cals to develop Methandrostenolone, which was later renamed Dianabol. Dianabol's per-
formance enhancing effects were so impressive that once it became commercially avail-
able in the United States in 1958, word spread like wildfire among US Olympic teams
and professional athletes. However, Doctor Ziegler eventually gave up experimenting
with Dianabol after he became disillusioned by the drug's side effects. Doctor Ziegler ex-
pressed his contrition for introducing steroids to American athletes by stating, "I wish to
God I'd never done it; I'd like to rewrite that entire chapter.” The International Olympics
Committee implemented their first drug testing programme 11 at the 1968 Winter
Olympics in Grenoble France as well as the Summer Olympics in Mexico in the same
year but because reliable testing for the presence of anabolic steroids had yet to be devel -
oped these drugs were not placed on the banned substance list, the use of anabolic
steroids amongst athletes continued unabated. The 70s and 80s even after the drugs were
officially banned from competition by the International Olympic Committee in 1975 once
valid testing for anabolic steroids was developed it then became a game of cat and mouse
between the IOC lab testers and athletes using performance enhancing drugs. The biggest
Olympic doping scandal to bring anabolic steroids out into the spotlight was Canadian
sprinter Ben Johnson testing positive for a drug called Stanozolol 12 at the 1988 Summer
Olympics in Seoul South Korea.Two days later, Johnson was disqualified for testing posi-
tive for a banned substance and stripped of his gold medal in world record. In response to
the Ben Johnson scandal, the United States Congress classified anabolic steroids as a
schedule three controlled substance in 1990. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
was founded in 1999 as an initiative of the International Olympic Committee to promote,
coordinate, and oversee the struggle against all forms of doping in sports. WADA is re-
sponsible for enforcing the world anti-doping code, which is adopted by more than 600
sports organisations, including international sports federations, national anti-doping or-
ganisations, the International Olympic Committee, and the international Paralympic com-
mittee. WADA define Gene Doping back in 2008 13 as the non-therapeutic use of cells that
change genetic elements or modulation of gene expression having the capacity to enhance
performance although gene doping is still in the experimental stages and the science of
gene doping is fraught with unpredictable results but if gene doping ever does become a

10 Wilson, J. D. (2008). Androgens. In L. J. De Groot (Ed.), Endocrinology (5th ed., pp. 3057-3070). Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373972-5.00277-3
11 Franke, W. W., & Berendonk, B. (1997). Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: A secret pro-
gram of the German Democratic Republic government. Clinical Chemistry, 43(7), 1262-1279.
https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.7.1262
12 "Ben Johnson Stripped of Gold Medal." The New York Times, September 28, 1988, accessed April 15, 2023,
https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/28/sports/ben-johnson-stripped-of-gold-medal.html.
13 WADA. (2008). The World Anti-Doping Code: The 2008 Prohibited List International Standard. Retrieved
from https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/wada_2008_ist_prohibited_list_en.pdf
 viable therapy, athletes will be the first in line to alter their DNA to become bigger faster
and stronger.

TYPES OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS

Although performance-enhancing drugs are prohibited in athletics, athletes continue to
use them.

When anabolic steroids are consumed, the body breaks them down into smaller molecules
that can enter cells and bind to androgen receptors. This normally binds to testosterone,
but anabolic steroids can also bind to it.

Once the androgen receptor is activated, the body begins to produce more proteins during
the anabolism process. As a result, skeletal muscle cells begin to replicate and muscles
begin to develop and become stronger.
Anabolic steroids help athletes train harder and recover faster by shortening catabolism,
the process by which proteins are broken down into amino acids. However, not all effects
of anabolic acids are positive; they can cause acne, high blood pressure, and baldness in
both men and women, they can cause men's testicles to shrink, decrease sperm count, and
increase the risk of prostate cancer, and women who use anabolic steroids can develop fa-
cial hair, a deeper voice, and their periods may become irregular

Creatine is produced by the body in order to liberate energy from muscles. It can produce
strength and stamina; weightlifters and sprinters take these supplements.Creatine causes
stomach and muscle discomfort, as well as weight gain.

Athletes use stimulants to increase blood pressure, stimulate the brain, and increase the
pulse rate; this increases endurance power, reduces appetite, and alleviates fatigue. Caf-
feine is a common stimulant that is consumed in large volumes by athletes in their energy
drinks. This increases their alertness and aggression.
Stimulants cause cardiac diseases, dehydration, insomnia, addictions, and weight loss.
Diuretics are preferred by athletes because they cause the body to lose water, thereby re-
ducing weight. Diuretic side effects include dehydration, dizziness, cramps, and occasion-
ally mortality.
Erythropoietin is used to enhance endurance because it increases oxygen flow to muscles
by increasing red blood cell production in the body. In the 1990s, 18 cyclists died due to
erythropoietin. Heart assaults and pulmonary artery occlusion are erythropoietin's nega-
tive effects.

Human Growth Hormone increases sprinting capacity by up to 4 percent and also stimu-
lates muscle growth.Human growth hormone is associated with joint pain, muscle weak-
ness, diabetes, hypertension, and eye difficulties.

Blood doping: The purpose of blood doping is to increase the number of oxygen-carrying
red blood cells in the blood. This is typically accomplished through blood transfusions or
injections of erythropoietin, a molecule that stimulates the production of more red blood
cells. The basic idea behind blood doping is that the more oxygen that can reach the
body's muscles, the greater the endurance. The side effects of blood doping include heart
disease, as it becomes more difficult for the heart to pump

Gene doping is the manipulation of cells or genes to enhance athletic performance.

WADA added gene-altering techniques to its list of banned substances in 2003, but gene
doping is not as prevalent as blood doping because it is both costly and risky. Gene dop-
ing causes an increase in blood viscosity, hypertension, aberrant vision, and headaches.

Agencies that regulate anti-doping regulations

Doping control is a crucial component of anti-doping programmes designed to promote
and safeguard the integrity of sports and the health of athletes.

World Anti-Doping Organisation

The World Anti-Doping Agency is a Canadian-based foundation founded by the Interna-
tional Olympic Committee to promote, coordinate, and oversee the battle against doping
in sports.
WADA's responsibilities include research, education, the creation of anti-doping tech-
niques, and monitoring the anti-doping code.
The goals of the Council of Europe anti-doping convention and the United States anti-
doping agencies are closely related to those of WADA.

WADA's List of Prohibited Substances for 2021

Peptide hormones, growth factors, and related substances and analogues.

Beta-2 Agonists.
Modulators of Hormones and Metabolic Function.
Diuretics and concealing substances.

Wada Anti-Doping Policies

Adequate testing for doping.

Wada publishes an annual list of banned substances.
There must be follow-up testing to ensure that no athlete is exempt from doping.
Nighttime testing was also implemented to combat doping.

The International Convention against doping in sport is a multilateral UNESCO treaty

whereby states agree to implement national measures to prevent and eradicate doping in
sports.
The convention was adopted at the 2005 UNESCO general conference in Paris on Octo-
ber 19]

National Anti-Doping Agency

The National Anti-substance Agency is responsible for promoting, coordinating, and
overseeing the country's substance control programme in sports.
Its vision is a doping-free India
NADA's functions include the implementation of anti-doping rules, the adoption and im-
plementation of anti-doping policies, and the promotion of anti-doping education re-
search.
NADA is responsible for administering competition exams.

NADA anti-doping regulations

Anti-doping regulations impose a strict obligation on athletes to remain informed about
substances that enter their bodies; however, a number of Indian athletes are uneducated
and unaware of the substances that constitute doping.
In addition, in training camps, athletes are required to eat whatever is provided to them,
so if their coaches or trainers give them such substances, they consume them.

Doping Control System

A doping control officer plays a crucial role in protecting the rights of athletes throughout
the five-phase doping control procedure.
Candidate selection
Communication to athletes
Sample collection
Sample evaluation
Result management

In-competition and out-of-competition testing is conducted. For in-competition selection,

there are a number of options, including random selection based on finishing position or
selection for a specific purpose. For out-of-competition testing, a sport participant may be
tested anywhere and without prior notification. Athletes can be tested for doping both
during and outside of competition.

Varieties of assessment
There are two categories of tests administered for doping.
Urine analysis
Blood examination

Urine analysis
The sample must be collected under the supervision of a coach or physician, as well as in
the presence of an official of the same gender, and it must be divided and sealed by the
athlete. The officials are responsible for providing the code. Following sampling, the ath-
lete will complete a medical declaration.
If samples prove positive, the athlete is notified. Samples are sent to registered labware.
The athlete or his authorised representative may be present during the unsealing and test-
ing of samples.

Blood examination
Blood tests are used to detect EPO or synthetic oxygen carriers.
Two samples are collected and sealed in the presence of an official and the athlete. The
procedure for both tests is identical.
The testing period for an athlete competing in an event begins 12 hours prior to the event.
In competitive testing, international and national standards are applied.
The International Olympic Committee conducts testing for the Olympic Games, the Inter-
national Federation conducts testing for the Vault World Championships, and the Na-
tional anti-doping organisation conducts testing at the national level.

Extracurricular assessment.
It is the testing of an athlete outside of competition, but associated with his or her partici-
pation in the event, and it is initiated and directed by both international and national anti-
doping organisations. WADA may conduct random tests anywhere and at any time, with
or without prior notice.

Accountability of the Athlete

An athlete is subject to random drug testing and is responsible for ensuring that no viola-
tions of WADA-created policies occur on their behalf.
Be informed of and adhere to all anti-doping policies
To be available for sample collection when requested.
There must be accountability for the use of any prohibited substance or method.
Inform medical personnel of any prohibited treatments or medications that may constitute
doping.
Immediately report to the doping control station for testing, unless otherwise instructed.
To maintain sample control until it is sealed.

Violation of Anti-Doping Regulations

Ten violations of anti-doping rules applicable to athletes, team management, and officials.

Detection of a prohibited substance in an athlete's sample.

Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method by an athlete.

Doping is committed by refusing or neglecting to submit to a drug test after notification.

Where regarding failures.

Manipulation of the sample.

Using or possessing prohibited substances or methods.

illegal trafficking of any prohibited substance or method.

Administration, assistance, or facilitation of any banned substance to an athlete.

Complicity

Prohibited Association associating with a person such as a coach after our physiotherapist
has been convicted of a doping violation will result in a two-year suspension.

Major instances
In 2005, Jose Canseco published a book about the rise of baseball in which he named a
number of current and former baseball players, including himself, who had used steroids
during their careers. Canseco was one of the first players to openly discuss his struggles
with steroid use, and his book is now regarded as the impetus for the subsequent major
steroid scandal that shook the baseball world.
Justin Gatlin tested positive for a prohibited substance; the American sprinter's two-year
suspension for testing positive for amphetamines in 2001 was reduced to one year follow-
ing an appeal. In 2006, he tested positive for testosterone, resulting in an eight-year sus -
pension that was reduced to four years after an appeal. In 2017, he was again discovered
doping and is now permanently banned from all athletic competitions.

The 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, established Marion Jones as one of the
most accomplished female athletes. However, CJ Hunter, a fellow Olympian, admitted
that he'd seen Jones's then-wife injecting herself with steroids prior to competing in the
Sydney games. Jones initially denied the allegations and claimed that she was completely
innocent, but in 2007 she admitted that she had used performance enhancing drugs[28]
and that her medals were revoked.

Ben Johnson, a Canadian sprinter, was poised to win gold at the 1988 Summer Olympics
in Seoul. He was coming off a record-setting performance at the 1987 World Champi-
onships in athletics and had won two bronze medals at the previous Olympic Games. No
one was surprised when he won the 100-meter dash in a ridiculous time of 9.79 seconds;
however, Johnson had been doping. After a few days, it was disclosed that Johnson had
tested positive for steroids, and his medals were subsequently taken away.

Maria Sharapova had taken meldonium prior to the 2016 tournament. As a result, the In-
ternational Tennis Federation initially suspended Sharapova for two years, but later re-
duced the suspension to fifteen months.

In the 2000s, Alex Rodriguez won three American League Most Valuable Player awards
while playing for the Rangers and Yankees, as well as a World Series title in 2009. How-
ever, like many of his contemporaries, Rodriguez was hiding a secret that would forever
tarnish his reputation. In 2009, the shortstop admitted to using performance-enhancing
drugs, but that was only the beginning of a rod's doping saga.

Lance Armstrong was the envy of the sports world; he won the Tour de France seven
times in a row and was a survivor of a fatal testicular cancer; however, he is now synony-
mous with doping. The infamous former cyclist had long been accused of taking steroids
with doping allegations dating back to his first Tour de France victory in 1999; however,
it wasn't until a 2013 interview that Armstrong finally admitted his guilt.

In 2017, Yusuf Pathan tested positive for terbutaline in Delhi, resulting in a five-month
suspension from the BCCI.

Before the 2016 Olympics, Narsingh Yadav tested positive for methandienone use. De-
spite the fact that he claimed it was a plot against him, he was banished for four years.

Ranjith Mahesh wary, a triple, was prohibited for four years by the Athletics Federation
of India following a positive urine test for ephedrine.

Prithvi Shaw Case Analysis

Cricket player Prithvi Shaw was suspended for a substance violation. In 2018, Prithvi
Shaw made his test debut against West Indies and achieved his maiden century to become
India's youngest batsman to score a century in his test debut. Prithvi Shaw disclosed that
he has consumed a cough syrup, which he stated is prohibited by WADA and is forbidden
for eight months.
The drug's name is terbutaline, and it is present in a small number of cough syrups. It has
properties that can increase anaerobic respiration, which makes a person less fatigued, as
well as help an athlete develop muscle. Terbutaline is one of the WADA-prohibited sub-
stances because it increases muscle strength and is commonly used to treat respiratory
problems; however, an athlete may take it if he or she can provide evidence of its thera-
peutic use. Shaw was offered an exemption certificate in advance, but he declined.

Conflict of Interest at BCCI is highlighted in the case

In a letter to BCCI CEO Rahul Johri, the sports ministry claimed that the board's anti-
doping programme is inappropriate and thus creates a conflict of interest because BCCI
has no authority from the government or WADA to conduct doping tests. Article 5.2 of
the WADA code states that only an anti-doping organisation with testing authority may
collect samples from athletes. Therefore, the BCCI is neither an anti-doping organisation
with testing authority under WADA nor is it able to obtain such a status.
Shaw, despite his arguments and acknowledgment of violating anti-doping policies, faced
an eight-month suspension, ruling him out of India's upcoming cricket series against
Bangladesh and South Africa.

Russia Doping Case Analysis

On November 14, 2015, the world anti-doping agency WADA discovers evidence of
state-sponsored doping. Russia was still sending 389 athletes to Rio, and the fate of the
track and field team was uncertain. International Olympic Committee upholds the ban;
the IOC has raised the bar for Russian athletes; those who have been suspended for dop-
ing in the past cannot compete. If Russian athletes have not been suspended for doping in
the past, they are permitted to compete in Rio. WADA publishes the McLaren reports rec-
ommending a blanket prohibition on July 18, 2016. The IOC determines not to ban the
entire Russian team on July 24, 2016, based on a fundamental rule of the Olympic charter
designed to protect clean athletes. By the end of the week, 22 rowers, five canoeists, and
seven swimmers are banned, bringing the total number to 288 on July 25, 2016; 16 more
athletes are prohibited, bringing the total number of athletes going to Rio to 271, which is
less than 70 percent of its original size. In 2017, the IOC barred the Russian Olympic
Committee from participating in the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Games; however, pure
Russian athletes were permitted to compete. WADA lifted the prohibition against Russia
in 2018, but access to their doping-tainted laboratory in Moscow was denied. In 2019,
Russia provided WADA with laboratory data. Russia was prohibited for four years, pre-
venting it from competing in the rescheduled Tokyo Olympics in 2020, the football
World Cup in Qatar in 2022, and the Winter Olympics in China in 2022. The Court of Ar-
bitration for Sport upheld the reduced suspension from four years to only two.