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.N CONTENTS
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UNIT
Loyola
1
EC 11th ◊ Computer Science
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
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Loyola EC 11th ◊ Computer Science

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Loyola EC 11th ◊ Computer Science

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Loyola EC 11th ◊ Computer Science

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c) Storage capacity :
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Loyola EC 11th ◊ Computer Science

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9

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Loyola EC 11th ◊ Computer Science

eet t eet t
lalai .iNArithmetic and Logic Unit:
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internal memory of CPU. Merits/ Demerits :
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memory. reliable
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that is, the content is available even after APPLE were developed
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10

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Loyola EC 11th ◊ Computer Science

eet t eet t
lalai .iN l
➢ Can recognise Images and Graphics a
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➢ Computers size was drastically reduced.
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processed to interpret the image.
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11

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Loyola EC 11th ◊ Computer Science

eet t eet t
lalai .iN is _______.
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6. The period of Third generation computers 14. Computer is the combination of ______.
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(c) 1964-1974 (d) 1940-1957

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11. In _____ generation Robotics was
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13. Expansion of ANN is ____________
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12

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Loyola EC 11th ◊ Computer Science

eet t eet t
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29. LED expansion is ______.
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(b) Arithmetic Logical Unit

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of computers.
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13

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Loyola EC 11th ◊ Computer Science

N ee t t N ee t t
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Year: 1940-1956w Year: 1971-1980 w
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a aa
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➢ Parallel, Processing
generation
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➢ Super conductors

wwww
➢ Punched cards were used
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t t
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l a
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language was used.
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6. Write short notes on Sixtha
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Third Generation
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➢ Computers were smaller, faster and more
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➢ High-Level Languages were used P
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➢ Natural Language Processing
ww ww
wwww
Example: IBM 360 series, Honeywell 6000
series wwww
Development of Voice Recognition
➢ 
Software

14

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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
7. Give notes on Keyboard.
.N
Keyboard:
l a
l i
a .iN
.N 13. Write notes on VGA.
l a i
a .iN
.N
➢ The screen monitor works with the VGA
l
assaa ➢ 
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
The data and instructions are given as
input to the computer by typing on the a a
dd s
a aa
s
(Video Graphics Array).
➢ The video graphics card helps the keyboard
a
keyboard
ww P
.. P P
..P
to communicate with the screen.
ww
wwww
➢ Keyboard (wired 1 wireless, virtual) is the
most common input device used today.
wwww
➢ It acts as an interface between the computer
and display monitor.
➢  Usually, the recent motherboard
➢ The individual keys for letters, numbers
incorporates built-in video card.
and special characters are collectively
et
e t
known as character keys. e e t t
14. Write the two main categories of Printer.

lalai.iN
.N
➢ This keyboard-layout is derived from the
l a
l ai
.iN
.N
Printers are divided into two main
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa s aa s aa
categories:
keyboard of original typewriter.
aa s a a s

et
8. Expand VLSI,ULSI
PP aa dd ➢ Impact Printers
P P aa dd
w w .Integrated
➢ VLSI - Very Large Scale . Circuits.
➢ Non Impact printers
ww. . printers.
wwScale Integration. ➢ Non-Impact w wwwdo not use striking

.N
15. Write notes on Non-Impact
ww
➢ ULSI - Ultra Large
printers
9. Write notes on NLP. mechanism for printing.

ai
➢ Natural Language Processing is the ability ➢  Non-Impact use electrostatic and laser
eet t
of a computer program to understand
eet t technology.

l a
l i
a .iN
.N human language. al l a
l i
a .iN
.N ➢ 
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Quality and speed of these printers is

assaa aa aa
better than Impact printers.
➢ 
a s
Natural Language Processing is a
a s a s
a s
Example : Laser printers and Inkjet
as
P Paadd
component of artificial intelligence.
P Paadd printers.
w
w ..
10. Write notes on CPU.
ww..
wwww
➢ CPU is the major component which
wwww
16. Differentiate keyer and keyboard.
ad

➢ Keyer is a device for signaling by hand, by

interprets and executes software way of pressing one or more switches.
instructions. ➢ Modem keyers have. a large number of
➢  CPU controls the operation of all other
t t
.P

ee t ee t switches but not as many as a full size

l a
l i
a .iN
.N and output units.
l a
l i
a.iN
components such as memory unit, input
.N keyboard.
l a
l i
a.iN
.N
➢ Typically, this number is between 4 and 50.
assaa aa aa
w

a s
a s
11. Write a note on Digital Camera.
dd a
dd s
a s
➢ Keyer differs from a keyboard, which has

P Paa
➢ Digital Camera captures images / videos
.. P
.. Paa
“no board”, but the keys are arranged in a
w

w
w
directly in the digital form. wwcluster.

wwww wwww
➢ It uses a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) 17. Write any two pointing device.
w

electronic chip. ➢ Mouse

➢ When light falls on the chip through the ➢ Light pen

e t t t t
lens, it converts light rays into digital 18. Define Pixels.
e ee
l a
l i
a .iN
.N format.
lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
Pictures on a monitor are formed with
i
picture elements called PIXELS.
assaa ➢ CRT- Cathode Ray Tube
aadd s
a aa
s
12. Name the types of Monitors.
a add
a aassaa
19. Expand BIOS ,POST
P
..P
➢ LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
ww P
.. P
➢ BIOS -Basic Input / Output System
ww
➢ POST-Power on Self Test.
wwww
➢ LED - Light Emitting Diodes
wwww
15

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eet t e et t
lalai .iN
20. Expand ANN, OCR
.N
➢ ANN- Artificial Neural networks
l a
l ai .iN
27. Write notes on Assembly language.
.N
An assembly language is a low-level
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa ➢ OCR -Optical Character Recognition
21. Give notes on Voice Inputaa dda as saa
28. 
programming language.
a add
Write notes on Integrated circuits.
aassaa
w w
Voice Input Systems:
P
.. PSystems:
➢ 
ww P
IC is short for Integrated P
. . Circuit or
➢ Microphone ww wwas a voice Input device. Integrated Chip.
serves ww ww
➢ It captures the voice data and sends it to ➢  The IC is a package containing many
the Computer. circuits, pathways, transistors, and
➢ Using the microphone along with speech other electronic components all working
et
e t eet t together to perform a particular function

lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
recognition software can offer a completely
.N
new approach to input information into
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
or a series of functions.

assaa the Computer.

aasaa
s 29. 
assaa
Write notes on Nano-technology.
a

et
PPaadd
22. Write notes on light pen. 
add
a
Nano-technology is an engineering,
P P
ww..
➢ light pen is used to draw directly on to the w
w ..
science, and technology that develops

wwww wwww

.N
machines or works with one atom or one
screen.
molecule that is 100 nanometers or smaller.
➢ light pen is hard to use and not accurate.
30. 
Write notes on Touch Screen.

ai
23. Write notes on Vacuum tubes .
➢  A touch screen is a display device that
➢ 
eet t
Vacuum tubes contain electrodes for
eet t allows the user to interact with a computer

l a
l i
a .iN
.N al l a
l i
a .iN
.N
controlling electron flow and were used in
l a
l i
a
by using the finger. .iN
.N
assaa aa aa
early computers as a switch or an amplifier. ➢ 
a s
a s s s
It can be quite useful as an alternative
a a
as
more power.
P Paadd
➢ Vacuum tubes are big in size and consumed
P P add
to a mouse or keyboard for navigating a
a
w
w .. ww..
graphical user interface (GUI).

wwww wwww
24. Write notes on Transistor. ➢ Touch screens are used on a wide variety
ad

➢  The transistor (“transfer resistance”) is of devices such as computer and laptop,

made up of semiconductors. monitors, smart phones, tablets, cash
➢  It is a component used to control the registers, and information kiosks.
t t
.P

e t e
amount of current or voltage or used for
e e t ➢  Some touch screens uses a grid of infrared

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
amplification! modulation or switching of
l a
l a.iN
.N
beams to sense the presence of a finger
i
instead of utilizing touch-sensitive input.

assaa aa aa
an electronic signal.
w

a
dd s
a s 31.  a
dd s
a s
Write notes on High-level language.
P
.. Pa
25. Write notes on Punched cards.
a 
P Paa
A high-level language is a computer
..
w

Punch cards also known as Hollerith

w
w ww
programming language that isn’t limited
wwww
cards are paper cards containing several
wwww by the computer, designed for a specific
w

punched or perforated holes that were

job and is easier to understand.
punched by hand or machine to represent
data. 32. 
Write notes on fifth generation computers.

eet t
26. Write notes on Machine language. eet t ➢ Super Large Scale Integrated chips

l a
l i
a .iN
.N la i
a.iN
.N ➢ Parallel Processing
➢ Machine language is a collection of binary ➢ Superconductors
l l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa interprets.
aadd s
a aa
s
add
a assaa
digits or bits that the computer reads and ➢ Computers very small in size
a a
➢ Acts more faster
w P
..P ww P
.. P
➢ In first generation, machined language ➢ Usage of High-level languages
w
was used.
wwww wwww
➢ Can recognize Images and Graphs

16

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e et t eet t
lalai .iN
➢ Introduction of Artificial Intelligence Software
.N l a i
a .iN
.N
➢ Able to solve high complex problems including decision making and logical reasoning.
l l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa 33. ➢ Hardware are the physical a a a as
Write notes on Hardware and software. saa
dd of a computer like motherboard, memory
components aa aas saa
dddevices,
ww P
monitor, keyboard etc.. . P w w ..P
P
➢ Software is theww ww
w w set of programs or instructions.
ww
➢ Both hardware and software together make the computer system function.
34. 
Differentiate Impact Printers and Non-Impact Printers.

N eet t N e et t
lalai.i N Impact Printers
.
i N
. Impact Printers print with striking laoflaiNon-Impact
. Non-Impact Printers
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa mechanism for printing. aa
Printers do not use striking
hammers or pins on ribbon. aass aa ss

et
P a
Impact Printers can print
P adondmulti-part Non-Impact Printers cannotPPaprint
add on
ww ..
(using carbon papers) multipart ww ..
wwwwusing mechanical pressure Non-Impact Printers
wwwwuse electrostatic or

.N
Impact Printers
laser technology.

ai
Low Quality and less speed Quality and speed of these printers are

eet t t t
better than Impact printers.
e e
l a
l i
a .iN
.NExample : Dot Matrix
al
printers
Line matrix printers
,
l a
l ai .iN
.N
Example : Laser printers, Inkjet printers
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa 35. Differentiate Dot Matrix Printer a as saa a s
a aa
s
as
P P a add and Laser Printer.
P
Paadd
ww
Dot Matrix. .Printer Laser Printer . .
wwmechanism
ww w w ww w w
ad

Dot Matrix Printers print with striking Laser Printers do not use striking
of hammers or pins on ribbon. for printing.
Dot Matrix Printers can print on multi- Laser Printers cannot print on multi-part .
t t
.P

ee t
part (using carbon papers)
ee t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N Dot Matrix Printers use mechanical
l a
l i
a.iN
.N l a
l a.iN
.N
Laser Printers use electrostatic or laser
i
assaa aa aa
pressure technology.
w

Low Quality and less speed

ddaass a s
a s
Quality and speed of Laser Printer is better
dd
P P a a
. . and cold booting? P aa
than Dot Matrix Printer
.. P
w

w w ww
36. 
wwww
Differentiate warm booting
wwww
w

Cold Booting:
➢ When the system starts from initial state i.e. it is switched on, we call it cold booting or Hard
Booting.
eet t eet t
➢ When the user presses the Power button, the instructions are read from the ROM to initiate

l a
l i
a .iN
.Nthe booting process.
lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa s aa s aa
Warm Booting:
a
dd a s ddaa s
➢ When the system restarts or when Reset button is pressed, we call it Warm Booting or Soft
Booting. P
..Paa P
.. Paa
ww ww
wwww wwww
➢ The system does not start from initial state and so all diagnostic tests need not be carried out
in this case.

17

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eet t eet t
lalai .iN l a i
a .iN
damage as the data might not have been
l l a
l i
a .iN
➢ There are chances of data loss and system ➢ It has (a) Arithmetic Logic Unit (b) Basic
.N .N .N
Flow Control (c) Integrated memory.

assaa stored properly.

aa a
dd s
a aa
s
37. Write notes on fingerprint scanner and aa a s
a aa
s
➢ The concept of Analytical engine led to the
dd
ww
retinal scanner. P
.. P ww P
development of modem computers.
..P
➢ So Charles Babbage is called as “Father of
wwww
Fingerprint Scanner:
➢ Finger print Scanner is a fingerprint wwww
Computer”.
recognition device used for computer 41. What are the types of Booting?
security, equipped with the fingerprint
➢ Cold Booting
t t
recognition feature that uses biometric
ee e et t
lalai.iN
.Ntechnology.
l a
l ai .iN N notes on BIOS.
➢ Warm Booting
.Write l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa ➢ An Operating system (OS) is aaabasic aa
➢ Fingerprint Reader / Scanner is a very safe
42. 
aass
and convenient device for security instead s s

et
aadd
of using passwords, which is vulnerable to
P
P P Paadtodwork.
w ..
fraud and is hard to remember.
w software that makes the
w w . . on, there is
computer
onww Scanner. witswRAM.

.N
➢  When a computer is switched
w
38. Write notes w Retinal
Retinal Scanner: no information
ww
in
Retinal Scanner performs a retinal scan ➢ At the same time, in ROM, the pre-written

ai
which is a biometric technique that uses
e et t
unique patterns on a person’s retinal blood eet
program called POST (Power on Self Test)
t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
vessels. al l a
l i
a .iN
.N
will be executed first.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa 39.  aa aa
➢ This program checks if the devices
Write notes on Scanner.
aas s a s
a s
as
➢ Scanners are used to enter the d dd
like RAM, keyboard,etc.,are connected
P Paa d
information
P Paa
➢ Scanners workw w w . . machine.
directly into the computer’s memory.
ww..
properly and ready to operate.

wwwany type of printed

like a Xerox
wwww
➢ If these devices are ready, then the BIOS
ad

➢ Scanners convert (Basic Input Output System) gets executed.

or written information including ➢ This process is called Booting.
photographs into a digital format, which
➢ Thereafter, a program called “Bootstrap
t t
.P

N e t
can be manipulated by the computer.
e
Write notes on Analytical Engine. Why i.N
ee t
Loader” transfers OS from hard disk into
l a
l i
a i .NCharles
.40.  l a
l a i .N
main memory.
l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa ➢ Computer”? aa aa
Babbage is called as “Father of
w

a
dd byass a s
a s
➢ Now the OS gets loaded (Windows/
dd
Analytical engine was a a aa
P
.. P developed
P
Linux,etc.,) and will get executed.
.. P
w

Charles Babbage inw w

w
1837.
wwwwIII. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)
wwww w
w

1. Explain Impact Printers, Non-Impact printers with an Example.

Impact Printers:
eet t eet t
➢ Impact Printers print with striking of hammers or pins on ribbon.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a.iN
.N l a i
a .iN
.N
➢ These printers can print on multi-part (using carbon papers) by using mechanical pressure.
l
assaa Dot matrix printer:
aadd s
a aa
s
Example: Dot Matrix printers and Line matrix printers .
a add
a aassaa
w P
..P ww P
.. P
➢ A Dot matrix printer that prints using a fixed number of pins or wires.
w
wwww wwww
➢ Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod, also called a “wire” or “pin”, which works by the
power of a tiny electromagnet or solenoid, either directly or through a set of small levers.

18

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.N
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Loyola EC 11th ◊ Computer Science

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
➢ 
.N l a
l i
a .iN
It generally prints one line of text at a
.N
time. The printing speed of these printers
➢ 
l a
l i
a .iN
One of the chief characteristics of laser
.N
printer is their resolution - how many Dots

assaa Second). aa a
dd s
a aa
s
varies from 30 to 1550 CPS (Character Per
➢  aa a
dd s
a aa
s
per inch (DPI).
The available resolution range around
ww P
.. P
➢ A Dot matrix printer that prints using a
ww P
..P
1200 dpi. Approximately it can print 100
wwww
fixed number of pins or wires.
➢ Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod,
wwww pages per minute(PPM).
Inkjet Printers:
also called a “wire” or “pin”, which works ➢ Inkjet Printers use colour cartridges which
combined Magenta, Yellow and Cyan inks
et
by the power of a tiny electromagnet or
e t eet t to create color tones.
lalai.iN
.Nsmall levers. l l a .iN
.N
solenoid, either directly or through a set of
a i ➢ 
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
A black cartridge is also used for

assaa ➢ 
aasaa
s
It generally prints one line of text at a ssaa
monochrome output. Inkjet printers work
aa

et
aadd
time. The printing speed of these printers
PP add
a
by spraying ionised ink at a sheet of paper.
P P
ww..
varies from 30 to 1550 CPS (Character Per w ..
➢ The speed of Inkjet printers generally
w
wwww wwww

.N
Second). ranges from 1-20 PPM (Page Per Minute).
Line matrix printers : ➢ They use the technology offering ink by
heating it so that it explodes towards the

ai
➢ Line matrix printers use a fixed print head
paper in bubbles or by using piezoelectricity
eet t
for printing.
eet t in which tiny electric currents controlled
l a
l i
a .iN
.N al l a
l a .iN
.N
➢ Basically, it prints a page-wide line of dots.
i l a i
a .iN
.N
by electronic circuits are used inside the
l
assaa aa aa
But it builds up a line of text by printing
a s
a s ss
printer to spread ink in jet speed.
aa
as
lines of dots.
P Paadd
➢ Line printers are capable of printing much a add
➢ An Inkjet printer can spread millions of
P P
w
w ..
more than 1000 Lines Per Minute, resulting w ..
dots of ink at the paper every single second.
w
wwww www
2. Explain inputw
ad

in thousands of pages per hour. and output devices.

➢ These printers also use mechanical Scanner:
pressure to print on multi-part (using ➢ Scanners are used to enter the information
t t
.P

ee t
carbon papers).
ee t directly into the computer’s memory.

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Non-Impact Printers:
l a
l i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
➢ This device works like a Xerox machine.

assaa aa aa
➢ Non-Impact Printers do not use striking The scanner converts any type of
w

a
dd s
a s
mechanism for printing. They use a
dd s
a s
printed or written information including
P
.. Paa
electrostatic or laser technology. P aa
photographs into a digital format, which
.. P
w

w
w wwcan be manipulated by the computer.
wwww wwww
➢ Quality and speed of these printers are
Fingerprint Scanners:
w

better than Impact printers. For example,

Laser printers and Inkjet printers are non- ➢ Fingerprint Scanner is a fingerprint
impact printers. recognition device used for computer

eet t
Laser Printers:
eet t security, equipped with the fingerprint

l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a.iN
.N
➢ Laser printers mostly work with similar
technology.l a
l a .iN
.N
recognition feature that uses biometric
i
assaa aa aa
technology used by photocopiers.
a
dd s
a s
➢ It makes a laser beam scan back and forth ddaass
➢ Fingerprint Reader / Scanner is a very safe

P
..Paa
across a drum inside the printer, building P aa
and convenient device for security instead
.. P
ww ww of using passwords, which is vulnerable to
wwww
up a pattern. It can produce very good
quality of graphic images. wwww fraud and is hard to remember.

19

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.N
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eet t eet t
lalai .iNRetinal Scanner:
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
➢ Retinal Scanner performs a retinal scan which is a biometric technique that uses unique

assaa Monitor: aa a s
a aa
s
patterns on a person’s retinal blood vessels.
dd aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
..P
➢ Monitor is the most commonly used output device to display the information.
wwww wwww
➢ It looks like a TV. Pictures on a monitor are formed with picture elements called PIXELS.
➢ Monitors may either be Monochrome which display text or images in Black and White or can
be color, which display results in multiple colors.
t t t t
➢ There are many types of monitors available such as CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Liquid
ee ee
lalai.iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
Crystal Display) and LED (Light Emitting Diodes).
i l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa aa
➢ The monitor works with the VGA (Video Graphics Array) card.
aass as
as

et
➢ The video graphics card helps the keyboard to communicate with the screen.
PPaadd P Padd
a
➢ It acts as an interface between the computer and display monitor.
ww.. w
w ..
➢ Usually the recent motherboards incorporate built-in video card.
wwww wwww

.N
Plotter:
➢ Plotter is an output device that is used to produce graphical output on papers.

ai
➢ It uses single colour or multi colour pens to draw pictures.

eet t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N al l a
l i
a .iN
.N
************************ l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa a as saa a s
a aa
s
as
P Paadd P Paadd
w
w .. ww..
wwww wwww
ad

t t
.P

ee t ee t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa aa
w

a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w

w
w ww
wwww wwww
w

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
add
a aassaa
ww P
..P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
20

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.N
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