Question

Answer Notes Marks

number
3 (a) (i) work (done) = force × distance (moved in direction of allow standard symbols and 1
force); rearrangements
e.g. W = F × s
allow d for distance

(ii) substitution; ignore units 3

rearrangement;
evaluation; -1 for POT error

e.g.
41000 = force × 15
force = 41000 / 15
(force =) 2700 (N) allow correct answers to
more significant figures e.g.
2733.3…(N)

(b) (i) diagram showing one input and two outputs; arrows can be in any 3
orientation e.g. both useful
and wasted arrows drawn
horizontally
input and outputs appropriately labelled; allow
input, total, chemical for
initial arrow
useful (output), mechanically
for narrower output
wasted (output), thermal for
wider output
approximately correct scale; wasted output must be
consistently at least twice as
wide as useful output arrow
and they should sum to
approximately the width of
the input
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 (a) substitution into given formula; ignore units 3
rearrangement; allow E = P × t
correct evaluation; -1 for not converting
units or converting units
incorrectly
if no other mark scored
then evidence of 43 200
seen in working scores 1
mark
e.g.
0.27 = energy / 43 200
energy = 0.27 × 43 200
(energy =) 12 000 (J) allow 11 700, 11 660,
11 664 (J)
3.24 (J), 194.4 (J) or
answers rounded from
these values score 2
marks
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 (a) 0 / none / zero (J); 1

(b) substitution into given formula E = V × I × t; allow use of P = E/t and 2

P = VI
correct evaluation to at least 3 s.f.;

e.g.
energy = 7.1 × 3.9 × 0.42
energy = 11.6… (J)

(c) energy transferred to motor electrically from allow electric, 3

battery 12 J; electrical

kinetic energy store of motor 10 J;

thermal store of the surroundings 2 J; condone heat

(d) useful and total energies correctly selected; allow ecf from (c) 3
substitution into efficiency formula;
evaluation; allow lack of 100 i.e.
0.83 if % sign removed
from answer line

e.g.
10 (J) and 12 (J) seen in working
efficiency = 10/12 (×100%)
efficiency = 83 (%) allow 83.3… (%)

Total for Question 7 = 9 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
8 (a) any reference to absorption or reflection (of infra- 2
red/heat);
idea that snow/white objects are poor also scores first mark
absorbers/good reflectors (of infra-red/heat);

(b) any two from: 2

MP1. idea that ground / drain cover is warmer than allow RA
snow;
MP2. idea that drain cover / metal is a good
conductor;
MP3. energy transfers from drain cover to snow; condone heat for
energy
must be correct
direction of energy
transfer

(c) any two from: 2

MP1. idea that warmer air rises; allow RA
allow warm particles
rise
MP2. idea that colder air is nearest the snow; ignore nearest the
ground
MP3. (rate of) energy/heat transfer (from air) to
snow decreases;

Total for Question 8 = 6 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
5 (a) idea that there is a risk of burning from apparatus; allow prevents burns 3
allow metal conducts
heat (well) / metal gets
hot
wood is an insulator; allow wood does not
conduct heat / wood is
a poor conductor
wood will not get (as) hot;

(b) allow ions for atoms

idea that atoms in metal have vibrations; allow (free/delocalised) 3
electrons in metal move
around
idea that vibrations increase in speed/amplitude allow (free/delocalised)
(when metal is heated); electrons move faster
(when metal is heated)
idea that vibrations are passed (along the metal) allow (free/delocalised)
between particles; electrons collide with
other electrons/atoms
(along the metal)

(c) (i) idea that metal is a discrete / categoric variable; allow not continuous, 1
discontinuous variable

(ii) repeat the measurements; allow repeat the 2

experiment
calculate a mean / identify anomalies; allow average for mean

(iii) copper/aluminium/brass are better conductors; ignore student is wrong 2

allow {iron / it} is not
the best conductor
(because) time taken (for tack to fall) is shorter / allow (because) time
quicker; taken (for tack to fall)
is longer / slower

Total for Question 5 = 11 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
12 (a) any five from: 5
MP1. chemical energy (store of student);
MP2. transferred mechanically; allow idea this is due to a lift
force exerted by student
MP3. (to) gravitational energy (store of marble);
MP4. transferred mechanically; must be a clear second
reference
allow idea this is due to
marble’s weight
MP5. (to) kinetic energy (store of marble);
MP6. idea that thermal energy (store of marble) allow heat for thermal
increases;
MP7. idea that thermal energy (store) of marble allow heat for thermal
run / surroundings increases;
MP8. energy transferred to surroundings by allow transferred/lost as sound
radiation;

(b) (i) let marble roll across table for a known distance; allow measure distance 3
travelled across table
measure time taken; reject if linked to measuring
time between A and B
use speed = distance / time;

OR

use of light gate;

connected to datalogger; allow use of device with two
integrated light gates
positioned so that (centre of) marble cuts
beam(s);

(ii) substitution into GPE formula; ignore units 5

allow use of g = 9.8, 9.81
evaluation of GPE; only penalise not converting g
to kg once
substitution into KE formula; ignore units
evaluation of KE; only penalise not converting g
to kg once
subtraction to find energy lost; allow ecf from incorrect GPE
and/or KE

10, 10.0, 9.96…, 9.7… (J) etc.

scores 4 marks
e.g.
GPE = 0.0055 × 10 × 0.21
GPE = 0.01155 (J) allow 0.0113…
KE = 0.5 × 0.0055 × 0.762
KE = 0.0015884 (J)
energy lost = (0.01155 ― 0.0015884 =) allow 0.00996…, 0.0097… (J)
0.010 (J)

Total for Question 12 = 13 marks

Question number Answer Notes Marks
6 (a) any THREE from: 3
MP1. correct reference to convection;
MP2. fan aids convection;
MP3. reference to conduction not being the main method;
MP4. (since) {plastic/air} is a poor conductor/good
insulator;
MP5. white (materials) are poor at emitting /eq; allow idea of
heat reflecting
back / not
absorbing well
from this
interior white
surface

(b) any THREE from: 3

MP1. correct reference to conduction;
MP2. since {metals/aluminium} conducts well;
MP3. reference to convection not being the main method;
MP4. as hot air particles can’t circulate (from inside to
outside);
MP5. black (materials) are good at emitting/eq; allow idea of
heat being
absorbed well
from the
interior black
surface

(c) (i) power = voltage × current; accept ‘P = IV’ 1

accept any
correct
rearrangement

(ii) substitution; 3
evaluation;
watt or W as the unit;

correct answer: 15 watts accept

14.8,14.79 W
e.g. power = voltage × current
power = 5.1 × 2.9
power = 14.8 watts

Total for Question 6 = 10 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 (a) (i) GPE = mass × g × height; allow standard symbols 1
and rearrangements e.g.
h = GPE / m×g
ignore ‘gravity’ for g

(ii) substitution; 3
rearrangement; in either order
evaluation; -1 for POT error due to not
converting g to kg but not
if due to physics error such
as missing g

accept use of g = 9.8(1)

e.g. accept 1sf answer i.e. 0.8
(m)
3.2 = 0.40 × 10 × h
h = 3.2 / 0.40 × 10
(h =) 0.80 (m) 0.815 or 0.816 or 0.82 if g
used is 9.8(1) and then
rounded

(iii) 3.2 (J); this answer only 1

(b) downward arrow labelled “weight”/”W”/”mg”; ignore starting position of 2

arrow
ignore
‘gravity/g/gravitational
field strength’
allow ‘gravitational force’
reject if both gravity force
and weight force shown

vertically downward arrow drawn equal in length to mark independently

lifting force arrow; by eye
reject any other labelled
arrows for second mark

(c) (i) recall of efficiency formula; may be implied from 3

substitution
substitution;
evaluation;

e.g.
efficiency = useful energy output
total energy output
efficiency = 3.2 / 11.0 (×100%)
efficiency = 0.29 or 29% allow 0.29, 0.2909…, 29%,
29.09…%
29 without % is PoT 2
marks

(ii) idea that energy must be conserved; comparison in words e.g 2

total = useful + wasted /eq
demonstration that 7.8 + 3.2 = 11(.0); allow 11(.0) – 3.2 = 7.8
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
9 (a) (i) elastic (potential) / EPE; 1

(ii) mechanically/mechanical (working); 1

(iii) the person/the hand/the fingers; allow chemical (energy 1

of the student)
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
10 (a) (coil rotates) through magnetic field / cutting allow idea of coil 2
field lines; experiencing a changing
flux

voltage is induced; ignore current is

induced
accept p.d. or potential
difference for ‘voltage’
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
12 (a) substitution into given equation, 4
efficiency = useful output energy (x 100%)
total output energy;

rearrangement;

evaluation of total output energy; 11250 (J) seen

-1 POT here

evaluation of wasted energy; i.e. subtracting 1800

(J) from candidate’s
total output energy
or calculating 84% of
total output energy

ecf wrong total output

energy

e.g.

0.16 = 1800/total output

total output = 1800 / 0.16
total output = 11 250 (J)
(wasted energy = 11250 - 1800 =) 9500 (J) allow 9450 (J)

(b) any two from: 2

MP1. wrap beaker in insulation; allow use a plastic

beaker or beaker with
better insulating
properties
MP2. cover top of beaker; allow ‘use a lid’

MP3. fully immerse boiling tube in water; allow use a smaller

boiling tube
MP4. shiny outer layer to the beaker;

MP5. use a thinner (walled) boiling tube

i.e. use a metal boiling
MP6. use a better conducting boiling tube tube

Total for Question 12 = 6 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 (a) any six from: allow marks from 6
suitable diagram
MP1. idea of equal volume of water in each bottle;

MP2. place both bottles an equal distance from the

heater;

MP3. idea of same heater output for both bottles; condone have ‘heater
setting’ the same for
both bottles

MP4. same starting temperature of water in both allow ‘measure initial

bottles; temp of water’

MP5. measure temperature of water in both allow measure time in

bottles after a given time; for a given temperature
change

MP6. repeat investigation (more than once); i.e. the candidate has
shown they understand
that both bottles have
been measured more
than once

MP7. calculate a mean; condone average

MP8. safety guidance to avoid the hazard of e.g. take care to avoid
burn/scald/electrocution; burns from heater,
clean up water spillages
etc.
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 (a) idea that source will not run out / can be ignore ‘recycled’ or ‘re- 1
replaced; used’

condone ‘infinite’
accept ‘replenished’
(b) any four from: condone ‘turns into’, 4
‘becomes’ etc for
‘transfers’

MP1. water has (high) {gravitational potential energy starts as

energy/GPE (store)} ; gravitational (potential
energy)

MP2. water loses GPE / gains {kinetic transfers from GPE to

energy/KE}; KE scores MP1 and MP2

MP3. transfers mechanically (to water or to allow at any correct

turbine or to generator); stage i.e. for water,
turbine or generator
allow KE of water to KE
of turbine
allow KE of turbine to
KE of generator

MP4. energy is transferred electrically (from transfers from KE (of

power station); water or generator) to
electrical (energy)

MP5. energy is wasted by heating/radiation e.g. allow transfer of heat

IR, sound; (energy) to
surroundings/eq
allow transfer of sound
(energy)

(c) (i) any one from: ignore cost factors 1

ignore visual pollution

● idea that energy can be supplied more e.g. allow does not
reliably by HEP; depend on the weather
● idea that HEP produces less
(environmental) noise;
● idea that HEP can respond (quickly) to
demand;

(ii) any one from: ignore cost factors 1

● large area of land needs to be flooded; ignore visual pollution

● location dependent / mountainous area;

● damage to habitats / eq;
(iii) any THREE from: 3
MP1 idea that wind farm cannot store energy;

MP2 idea of wind powering the pump when do not credit simple
(energy) demand is low; reference to wind farm
powering pump
(repeats question)

MP3 idea that (therefore) upper lake acts as an allow idea that upper
energy store (for wind farm output); lake acts like a battery

MP4 (so that) energy released from upper lake or (so that) energy can be
to the HEP when demand is high released from the upper
lake when it’s not
windy

MP5 idea that more electricity/energy is condone less energy or

transferred usefully; less electricity wasted
condone less energy or
less electricity lost

Total for Question 7 = 10 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
8 (a) 288 (K); allow 288.15 (K) 1
allow 288.16 (K)

(b) (i) (energy of molecules) increases; 2

kinetic energy increases; scores both marks

allow KE for kinetic
energy

ided
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 (a) at least one transformer drawn in the space drawing must be clearly 3
between power station and school; recognisable as a
transformer (e.g. two
coils) or correctly
labelled
second similar object drawn in the space between ignore pylons and
power station and school; transmission lines
transformer/object nearest power station labelled allow if transformers
“step-up” and transformer/object nearest school drawn accurately i.e.
labelled “step-down”; more turns on
secondary coil for step-
up etc.

(b) (because) current causes wires/cables to heat up; link between current 3
and heating must be
clear
idea of low/decreased/less current;
reduces energy loss (to the surroundings); allow reduces energy
dissipated/wasted
ignore heat loss

Total for Question 4 = 6 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
6 (a) any one advantage for solar: ignore renewable 4
• produces no noise;
• available in all locations;
• no greenhouse/polluting/harmful gases
produced;

any one disadvantage for solar: ignore statements relating

to cost
• dependent on amount of sun(light); allow doesn’t work at night,
depends on the weather
• requires large area of panels; allow takes up lots of space,
idea that it takes away land
for farming/agriculture etc.

any one advantage for geothermal: ignore renewable

• can be used all day; allow it is reliable, does not
depend on the weather
• requires small amount of space;
• produces very little/no noise;

any one disadvantage for geothermal: ignore statements relating

to cost
• not available in all locations;
• releases some allow other named gases
greenhouse/polluting/harmful gases; e.g. ammonia etc.
• possible pollution of ground water;
(b) (i) two columns/rows with headings of “distance” and ignore additional column for 3
“voltage”; experiment number
units included correctly in both column headings; reject if units included with
data in the body of the table
all data recorded correctly to the same number of
decimal places as originally presented;

e.g.

(ii) any one of: 1

• power/luminosity (of lamp); condone same lamp
• (amount of) background light; ignore amount of light, light
• brightness of lamp; intensity, brightness, same
• light intensity of lamp; solar cell etc.

(iii) any two from: 2

MP1. idea that lamp / solar cell is not 100%
efficient;
MP2. not all light produced by lamp is received by allow light spreads out in all
solar cell; directions
MP3. energy losses {in connecting wires / to allow energy
surroundings / as heat}; wasted/dissipated for
energy losses

Total for Question 6 = 10 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 (a) (i) each tick correctly placed in each row;;;; more than one tick in 4
a row negates the
mark

(ii) petrol generator; 1

(b) any two from: ignore statements 2

relating to cost
MP1. idea of noise pollution; ignore bald ‘pollution’
MP2. idea of visual pollution; ignore bald ‘pollution’
MP3. idea that turbine only generates electricity
when the wind blows;
MP4. difficult for output to match demand; ignore ‘do not
generate much
electricity/energy’
MP5. wind is a dilute source of energy; allow idea that wind
farms take up a lot of
space
MP6. can cause harm to migrating flocks of birds;

Total for Question 1 = 7 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
5 (a) idea that 15% of total energy; allow reverse argument e.g. 2
85% of total energy is wasted
is transferred usefully;

(b) correct efficiency read from graph; 4

substitution into efficiency formula; allow ecf from incorrect
efficiency
rearrangement;
evaluation;

e.g.
90% or 0.9 seen in working
0.9 = 6.0 / total energy input allow working in J or kJ
total energy input = useful energy / efficiency
(total energy input =) 6.7 (kJ)
allow any correctly rounded
value for 4 marks
allow 6.6 or 6.6 recurring (kJ)
for 3 marks
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
12 (a) idea that the temperature outside the box is however described 1
greater than the temperature inside the box;
e.g. “it is hotter outside the
box than inside the box”

(b) any two from:

MP1. air / cardboard is a poor conductor / (good) ignore idea of trapped air 2
insulator;
condone idea of ‘non-
conductor’
MP2. air is a gas (which are poor conductors);
MP3. particles in air are far apart / collide with
each other rarely;
MP4. idea that thicker objects (of the same
material) conduct slower;

(c) idea that air (particles) cannot move around; e.g. air cannot flow or air 2
trapped
lid stops or reduces convection currents forming;

accept idea that box is a solid

and convection is impossible
in solids for 1 mark
(d) white / silver ; 2
(because) these are poor emitters of infrared / accept ‘radiators’ for
radiation; emitters

ignore references to
absorption or reflection

Total for Question 12 = 7 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
5 (a) GPE = mass × gravitational field strength × height; Accept g for 1
gravitational field
strength
allow standard symbols
e.g. m for mass, h for
height
reject ‘gravity’ for g

(b) substitution; allow use of 9.8, 9.81

3
conversion of mass to kg and height to m;

correct evaluation to at least 2 sf; 0.0406 (J) to 3sf

e.g.
GPE = 0.014 × 10 × 0.29
= 0.041 (J)
reject responses that do
not use ‘g’

reject incorrect physics

i.e. 14/29 = 0.48...
which with a POT error
gives 0.048

correct substitution
with POT error scores 2
marks

(c) recall of KE= 1/2 mv2; 3

substitution and rearrangement to v2 as subject;
evaluation;

correct answer: 2.7 (m/s)

e.g. treat answer of 8.53.. ×

KE= 1/2 mv2 10n as a POT error, 1
5.1 × 10-2 = ½ × 0.014 × v2 mark penalty
v2 = 2 × 5.1 × 10-2 ÷ 0.014 = 7.2857….
v = 2.6992….
v = 2.7 (m/s)
(d) idea of conservation of energy; accept idea that 2
without friction KE
(lost) = GPE (gained)

idea that KE lost = GPE gained + WD; i.e. idea that KE lost is
greater than GPE gained

condone ‘friction
reduces KE as wasted
heat’

Total for question 5: 9 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 (a) any FOUR from: accept RA where clear 4
Advantages:
MP1: can respond to changes in demand;

MP2: larger output for installation;

MP3: less space required (for same output);

MP4: not weather dependent; accept idea of

continuity

Disadvantages:
MP5: may require a mountainous region;

MP6: may require a large dam; accept idea of flooding

large areas
MP7: installations are permanent;

ignore cost of
installation
ignore maintenance
ignore global warming
/greenhouse effect
(b) any THREE from: 3

MP1. reduction in GPE store of water;

MP2. mechanical work done on turbine; accept GPE of water

converted to KE
MP3. increase in KE store of turbine;
accept KE of water
MP4. mechanical work done on generator; converted to KE of
turbine

MP5. increase in KE store of generator; accept KE of turbine

converted to KE of
generator

MP6. idea of electrical work done on grid; accept KE of generator

converted to electrical
energy

Total for question 7: 7 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
8 (a) idea that energy can’t be created or both created and destroyed / eq 1
destroyed; need to be seen
ignore lost, removed for destroyed

(b) (i) useful (energy) output ignore ×100(%) 1

efficiency = ;
total (energy) output allow rearrangements
allow total (energy) input for total
(energy) output

(ii) substitution; 4
rearrangement;
evaluation of useful energy output; allow 24.75 (J)
subtraction from total to find wasted energy allow 140.25 (J)
output;
allow alternative method of
determining 85% of energy wasted,
leading to correct final answer
e.g. e.g.
0.15 = Euseful / 165 % wasted = 100 - 15 = 85
Euseful = 0.15 × 165 0.85 = Ewasted / 165
(Euseful =) 25 (J) (Ewasted =) 0.85 × 165
(Ewasted =) 165 – 25 = 140 (J) (Ewasted =) 140 (J)

(iii) diagram to show standard single input with arrows can be in any orientation 3
two output arrows; e.g. both useful and wasted arrows
drawn horizontally
input and output arrows labelled correctly; allow
elastic, input, total for initial arrow
kinetic, useful (output) for
narrower output thermal/heat,
wasted (output) for wider output
but apply ECF from (b)(ii)
scale approximately correct; allow ECF from (b)(ii)
judge by eye – wasted arrow should
be at least 4× wider than useful
arrow and they should sum to
approximately the width of the
input

e.g.
(c) (i) 45 (J); 1

(ii) substitution into 3

work done = force × distance;
rearrangement;
evaluation;

e.g.
45 = force × 7.5
force = 45 / 7.5
(force =) 6.0 (N) allow 6 (N)

Total for Question 8 = 13 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
10 (a) allow alternative method 3
involving changing GPE
lost = KE gained e.g.
substitution into v2 = u2 + 2as; sub into mgh = ½mv2
rearrangement;
evaluation;
allow use of 9.8, 9.81 for
g
e.g.
v2 = 0 + (2 × 10 × 18)
v = √360
(v =) 19 (m/s) allow 18.8, 18.78…,
18.79…,18.97… (m/s)

(b) (i) kinetic energy = ½ × mass × speed2; allow rearrangements 1

and standard symbols
e.g. KE = ½ × m × v2

(ii) substitution; allow ECF from (a) 2

evaluation; allow alternative method
involving changing GPE
lost = KE gain
allow 370 000-372 000
from g = 9.8, 9.81
e.g.
(KE =) 0.5 × 2100 × 192
(KE =) 380 000 (J) allow 400 000, 378 000,
379 000
1 mark only for not
converting tonnes to kg
e.g. KE = 380 (J), 378 (J)

(c) allow answers in terms of 4

types of energy rather
than stores and transfers
idea that energy is transferred from a gravitational allow GPE to KE
(store) to a kinetic (store);

idea that energy is transferred to a thermal (store) allow heat for thermal
of {car / shaft / surroundings};

idea that energy is transferred mechanically; allow energy transferred

due to a named force
e.g. gravity, friction

idea that energy is transferred by radiation / by allow energy transferred

heating; as sound

Total for Question 10 = 10 marks