SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

What is one technology or invention you think has involved in persistent social interaction, or a large
changed the world the most? Why? social group sharing the same geographical or
social territory, typically subject to the same
• 1. The internet has changed the world the most political authority and dominant cultural
because it connects people everywhere, making it expectations (Science Daily).
easy to share information, learn new things, work, ➢ Society is simply the way people interact
and communicate instantly. It has transformed with each other, including how we work
how we live, work, and interact, bringing the world together to understand the world and
closer together. create new things.
• 2. The cellphone has also changed the world a lot ➢ It’s like a big group of people living in the
because it allows us to stay connected with same place, following the same rules,
anyone, anywhere, at any time. Beyond just making and sharing common beliefs and values.
calls, it lets us send messages, access the internet, o Ex: a community where
take pictures, and even work on the go, making life everyone goes to school, works,
more convenient and efficient. and helps each other is a
What is Science, Technology and Society? society.

This cycle shows how science, technology, and society are

• Science and Technology and Society is an
interconnected, each influencing the others:
interdisciplinary course designed to examine
the ways that science and technology shape, 1. Science → Technology (Informs): Science
and are shaped by, our society, politics, and provides the knowledge and principles that form
culture. It explores the conditions under which the foundation for creating new technologies.
production, distribution and utilization of scientific ➢ Ibig sabihin, yung mga bagay na
knowledge and technological systems occur; and natutunan natin sa science, tulad ng mga
the effects of these processes upon the entire eksperimento at kung paano gumagana
society. ang mga bagay, yun ang ginagamit para
➢ Science, Technology, and Society is a makagawa ng mga gadgets o kahit anong
course that looks at how science and bagong technology na pwede nating
technology influence society, politics, gamitin sa buhay natin.
and culture, and how society, in turn, o Ex: understanding electricity
affects them. (science) led to the invention of
➢ It also explores how scientific knowledge light bulbs (technology).
and technology are created, shared, and 2. Technology → Society (Makes life easier):
used, and their impact on everyone. Technology improves society by making tasks
easier, solving problems, or increasing efficiency.
SCIENCE
➢ Ang teknolohiya ay nakakatulong sa
• is an evolving body of knowledge that is based on society dahil pinadadali nito ang mga
theoretical expositions and experimental and gawain, tumutulong sa paglutas ng mga
empirical activities that generates universal truths. problema, at nagpapabilis ng mga
➢ It's a growing collection of knowledge proseso.
built on ideas and experiments that help o Ex: smartphones help us
us discover facts that are true about communicate and access
how things work. information quickly.
➢ knowledge gained through observation 3. Society → Science (Demands more): Society's
and experimentation needs and problems drive scientific research.
o Ex: the law of gravity, which tells ➢ Ang problema sa society ang nagiging
us that what goes up must come dahilan kung bakit patuloy ang
down, is a universal truth based pagsasaliksik.
on years of scientific study and o Ex: the demand for renewable
experiments. energy has led scientists to
study solar and wind power.
TECHNOLOGY 4. Science → Society (Seeks to improve): Science
aims to improve human life by addressing societal
• on the other hand is the application of science
problems or answering big questions.
and creation of systems, processes and objects
➢ Ang science ang nagiging way para mas
designed to help humans in their daily activities.
mapagaan ang buhay ng mga tao, so nag-
➢ It's about using science to create tools,
aaral sila ng mga paraan para
systems, and processes that make our
masulosyonan ang problema sa Lipunan
everyday lives easier.
katulad ng mga sakit, kalusugan or sa
o Ex: smartphones use science
pang kalikasan.
and technology to help us
o Ex: medical research (science)
communicate, find information,
improves health and well-being
and manage tasks more
in society.
efficiently.
5. Society → Technology (Benefits from): Society
SOCIETY directly benefits from the advancements in
technology because these tools and innovations
• is the sum total of our interactions as humans, make life more comfortable, efficient, and
including the interactions that we engage in to productive.
understand the nature of things and to create
things. It is also defined as a group of individuals
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
➢ Ang society is malaki ang pakinabang sa and stay in touch
technology since marami nang inventions with others.
na napapadali sa buhay natin.
o Ex: Medical devices like MRI
machines help detect diseases
early, benefiting people's THE ROLES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
health; The internet and
smartphones allow society to 1. Effects on economic development
stay connected globally; Cars, ➢ Science and technology help improve
trains, and airplanes make industries, create jobs, and make
travel faster and more products more efficiently, which boosts
accessible. the economy.
6. Technology → Science (Demands more): As o Ex: the invention of
technology advances, it poses new challenges or smartphones has created new
questions that push science to investigate further. businesses, jobs, and made
➢ Ibigsabihin lang nito is kapag may mga communication faster and
bagong tech innovation na lumalabas is cheaper, helping the economy
nagkakaroon ng issues na kailangan grow.
pagtuunan ng science, like curious tayo 2. Key drivers to development, because
kung anong magiging epekto nito and technological and scientific revolutions
kung paano siya mapapabuti. underpin economic advances, improvements in
o Ex: advances in space health systems, education and infrastructure.
exploration technology push ➢ Science and technology are key drivers of
scientists to understand more development because they help improve
about the universe, like figuring things like the economy, healthcare,
out if Mars could be livable for education, and infrastructure.
humans in the future. o Ex: new medical technology has
helped save lives, and better
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HAVE BOTH A POSITVVE communication tools have
AND NEGATIVE IMPACT ON SOCIETY, ESPECIALLY IN THE made education more
FOLLOWING AREAS: accessible.
3. The technological revolutions of the 21st
POSITIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE
century are emerging from entirely new sectors,
IMPACT
COMMUNITY LIFE Technology allows It can also lead to based on micro- processors, tele-
people to stay people communications, bio-technology and nano-
connected with spending more technology. Products are transforming business
loved ones time practices across the economy, as well as the
through social online and less lives of all who have access to their effects. The
media, video time
most remarkable breakthroughs will come from
calls, and interacting face-
messaging apps, to-face, the interaction of insights and applications
making long- which can make arising when these technologies converge.
distance communities feel ➢ Science and technology are changing the
relationships less world through new inventions like
easier. connected. smartphones, medical breakthroughs,
HEALTH Medical Some medical and tiny machines that can help in many
technology, like advancements,
areas. These changes are making
vaccines like
and diagnostic overuse of businesses run better and improving
tools, has helped antibiotics, can people's lives.
cure diseases and lead to drug o Ex: combining technology like
improve resistance the internet and medicine could
people's health, and new health lead to new treatments for
saving millions problems.
diseases.
of lives.
WORK Technology has It can also lead to 4. Have the power to better the lives of poor people
made work job loss, in developing countries.
more efficient with as machines and ➢ Science and technology can improve life
tools like software for poor people in developing countries by
computers and replace human providing better access to things like
automation, workers in clean water, affordable healthcare, and
allowing people to certain
education.
do more in industries.
less time. o Ex: solar-powered lights can
COMMUNICATION The internet and This can also lead help families without electricity
smartphones to study at night or run small
have information businesses.
revolutionized overload or 5. Differentiators between countries that are able
how we spreading false
to tackle poverty effectively by growing and
communicate, information
making it faster quickly, developing their economies, and those that are
and easier to which can cause not.
access confusion and ➢ Science and technology help countries
information harm. improve their economies and reduce
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
poverty by creating jobs, improving • This invention changed how people communicated
healthcare, and increasing productivity. across generations. Papyrus was used for writing
o Ex: countries that use until about 1100 AD.
technology to improve farming • Papyrus is no longer commonly used as paper
can grow more food, sell it, and today. Modern paper is made from wood pulp, but
boost their economy, while papyrus is still sometimes used for artistic or
countries without such historical purposes. Some people use it to create
advances may struggle to scrolls, art, or replicas of ancient texts, but it's not
develop. a practical material for everyday writing or printing
6. Engine of growth. anymore.
➢ Science and technology drive progress by
creating new inventions and improving THE ADVENT OF SCIENCE (600 BC TO 500 AD)
existing ones, which help businesses
• The ANCIENT GREEKS were some of the first true
grow and make life easier.
scientists.
o Ex: the invention of the
➢ They gathered facts and used them to
smartphone revolutionized
understand the world around them.
communication and created
• Around the 6th century BC, early philosophers like
new industries, boosting
THALES AND PYTHAGORAS started exploring
economic growth.
these ideas,
7. Interventions for cognitive enhancement,
• and by 385 BC, Plato opened the Academy.
proton cancer therapy and genetic engineering.
➢ His student, Aristotle, then began the
➢ Science and technology help improve our
“scientific revolution” by developing new
lives in many ways.
methods for studying nature.
o Ex: cognitive enhancement
• This period produced substantial advances in
techniques like brain training
scientific knowledge, especially in anatomy,
apps can boost memory, proton
zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography,
cancer therapy targets tumors
mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the
more precisely, and genetic
importance of certain scientific problems,
engineering allows us to modify
especially those related to the problem of change
plants and animals for better
and its cause; and a recognition of the
health or food production.
methodological importance of applying
These advances can make
mathematics to natural phenomena and of
treatments more effective and
undertaking empirical research.
improve quality of life.
➢ In this period, marami ng nadiskobretulad
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE WORLD ng katawan ng tao (anatomy), hayop
(zoology), halaman (botany), bato at
FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO 600 BC mineral (mineralogy), mundo at lugar
(geography), math, at mga bituin at
BC stands for "Before Christ," and it refers to the years before
planeta (astronomy).
the birth of Jesus Christ.
➢ Nagsimula rin silang magtanong ng
AD stands for "Anno Domini," which is Latin for "In the Year malalalim na tanong tulad ng:
of Our Lord," and it refers to the years after the birth of Jesus Bakit may mga nagbabago sa mundo?
Christ. Ano kaya ang dahilan ng mga
pagbabagong ‘to?
So, BC counts backwards from year 1, and AD counts ➢ Then narealize nila na super useful ng
forward starting from year 1. MATH sa mundo.
➢ NATURAL PHENOMENA are events and
• Around 3,000 years BC, ancient Egyptians already
processes that happen in nature.
had advanced medical practices.
➢ EMPIRICAL RESEARCH is a way of
• They used trial and error, if a remedy worked, they
learning about the world by gathering data
kept using it; if not, they learned and tried
through observation or experiments.
something else. While this method seems basic, it
Instead of just relying on theories or ideas,
often led to surprisingly effective results.
it focuses on real, practical evidence to
• The EGYPTIAN MEDICINE was considered
support or disprove something.
advanced as compared with other ancient nations
because of one of the early inventions of Egyptian SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ANCIENT CHINA
civilization – the papyrus.
➢ The PAPYRUS is an ancient form of • Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made
paper, made from the papyrus plant, a major discoveries in fields like science, medicine,
reed which grows in the marshy areas and technology.
around the Nile river. • They invented the compass, gunpowder,
• Around 3,000 years before Christ, the Egyptians papermaking, and printing (FOUR GREAT
invented a form of paper by using thin slices of the INNOVATIONS that changed the world).
papyrus plant. ➢ Gunpowder helped end the power of
➢ They laid them crosswise on top of each knights, the compass opened up global
other, moistened and then pressed and trade and led to colonization, and the
dried these slices to create a surface printing press spread new ideas, like
people could write on, making it easier to those of Protestantism and science,
share and store information. shaping how people thought and changed
the world.
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
➢ These inventions were so advanced that The Enlightenment, or "Age of Reason," emphasized logic
Europe didn’t know about them until and science over superstition and blind faith. This period led
about 1000 years later, at the end of the to major inventions, discoveries, and social changes,
Middle Ages. including revolutions.
• PROTESTANTISM is a branch of Christianity that
Key figures:
began in the 16th century as a movement to reform
(pagbabago) the Roman Catholic Church. • Galileo Galilei: Made advancements in physics,
➢ It was started by Martin Luther and astronomy, and the scientific method.
others who disagreed with certain church
practices, like selling indulgences. • Johannes Kepler: Discovered the laws of planetary
Protestantism emphasizes personal motion, showing that planets orbit the Sun in
faith, the authority of the Bible, and elliptical paths.
salvation by grace through faith.
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Developed calculus
MIDDLE AGES: ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE and contributed to binary code, which became the
basis of modern computers.
This period began during the rule of ABBASID CALIPH
HARUN AL-RASHID (786–809) with the establishment of the • Isaac Newton: Published Principia Mathematica
House of Wisdom in Baghdad. Scholars from different (1686), explaining how the universe follows
cultures gathered to translate ancient knowledge into Arabic, mathematical laws.
leading to advancements in science.
• John Locke: Wrote An Essay Concerning Human
ISLAMIC SCIENCE focused on solving real-world problems,
Understanding (1689), explaining how human
such as:
knowledge is shaped by experience.
• Astronomy helped determine prayer directions.

• Botany improved farming. MODERN AGES: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760–1840

AD)
• Geography helped create accurate maps.
The Industrial Revolution brought major technological,
• Mathematics flourished, with scholars like Al- social, and cultural changes.
Khwarizmi and Avicenna making advances in
algebra, trigonometry, and geometry, introducing Key innovations:
Arabic numerals.
• New materials like iron and steel.

• New energy sources, including coal, steam

TRANSITION PERIOD: MIDDLE AGES TO MODERN ERA engines, electricity, and oil.

The Renaissance (1300–1600 AD) • Major advancements in transportation and

The Renaissance, or "rebirth," marked a revival of art, communication, such as steam locomotives,
science, and learning. People began shifting from traditional steamships, automobiles, airplanes, the telegraph,
religious beliefs to more logical and scientific ways of and radio.
thinking. This era changed the way people worked and lived, leading
Key developments: to increased production and efficiency.

• Major discoveries in geography, astronomy,

chemistry, and other sciences that’s why they call 20TH CENTURY SCIENCE: PHYSICS AND INFORMATION
it “Golden Age of Science” AGE

• MARIE BOAS HALL called the early part of this The 20th century saw revolutionary advancements in
period (1450–1630) the "Scientific Renaissance," science across multiple fields.
which paved the way for the Scientific Revolution.
Key breakthroughs:
• PETER DEAR divided this period into two phases:
• Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity
1. Scientific Renaissance (15th–16th (E=mc²), changing our understanding of space,
centuries): Rediscovering ancient time, and energy.
knowledge.
• Crick and Watson (1953): Discovered the structure
2. Scientific Revolution (17th century): of DNA, explaining how genetic information is
Moving from rediscovery to innovation. passed down.

• The biggest technological advancement was the • Physics advanced our understanding of matter,
invention of the printing press by Johannes energy, and information, shaping modern
Gutenberg and his partners, which spread technology.
knowledge quickly across Europe.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE FOURTH

MODERN AGES: THE ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD (1715– INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1789 AD)
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
The Fourth Industrial Revolution merges physical, digital, growth, managing electricity, and improving the
and biological worlds. It includes: abaca industry.

• Artificial Intelligence (AI), which enables Science and Technology since Independence
computers to think like humans.
• In 1946, after World War II, the Bureau of Science
• The Internet of Things (IoT), connecting smart was replaced by the Institute of Science, which
devices to the internet. became part of the Office of the President. Its
purpose was to develop science and technology
• Robotics, 3D printing, genetic engineering, and in the country.
quantum computing.
• In 1950, a U.S. Economic Survey report revealed
These advancements continue to transform the way we live that the Philippines had many problems in science
and work, making technology more integrated into everyday and technology, like lack of basic information,
life. support, and budget.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF S&T IN The Science Act of 1958

THE PHILIPPINES • In 1958, the Philippine Congress passed the
Pre-Spanish Era Science Act to establish the National Science
Development Board, which would provide
• Before the Spaniards arrived, the history of the support and promote scientific research in
Philippines was not fully written, but we can learn science and technology.
about how early Filipinos lived through the tools
Development of Schools and Training
and artifacts they left behind.
• Along with these changes, state-funded manual
• They were skilled in weaving, boat-making,
and trade schools were built, which later became
mining, and farming. A great example of their skills
state universities and colleges. These schools
is the Banaue Rice Terraces.
produced craftsmen, tradesmen, and
• They also used herbal medicine to treat illnesses technicians who helped advance the country in
and had a counting system, weighing scales, and a technology.
calendar.
Marcos Era / Science and Technology in the 1960s to
Spanish Colonial Era 1990s

• When the Spaniards arrived, they built schools • In 1968, President Marcos selected a place in
where they taught people how to read, write, and Bicutan, Taguig to be the site of the Philippine
play music. They also introduced better farming Science Community, which would be the center of
techniques. scientific research and technology development
in the country.
• They established universities, including the
University of Santo Tomas, the oldest university in • In 1969, the government funded private
Asia. This was the beginning of formal education in universities to conduct research and establish
the Philippines. science courses. They also organized seminars
and offered scholarships for science students and
American Period teachers.

• When the Americans arrived, education and • In the 1970s, research focused on creating
technology developed quickly. products and processes that would benefit the
whole society, leading to the creation of research
• Public education was expanded from elementary
institutes like the Philippine Coconut Research
to college, so more Filipinos learned science and
Institute (PCRI) and Philippine Textile Research
math.
Institute (PTRI).
• They built colleges for agriculture and medicine, Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
as well as the Bureau of Science, which
conducted research on tropical diseases like • The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
leprosy, tuberculosis, and malaria. (PAEC) was also established, focusing on the use
of atomic energy for economic development.
• The Philippine Journal of Science was also President Marcos sent scientists abroad to study
created to share scientific knowledge. nuclear science and provided training for
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD AND BEYOND scientists and technicians in the country.

PAGASA and National Academy of Science and

• During the Commonwealth period, science and
Technology
technology were really given importance in the
country. New government agencies were • In 1972, PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric,
established, such as the National Economic Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Council, National Power Corporation, National Administration) was established to protect the
Development Company, and National Abaca and environment and use science for the safety of the
Other Fibers Corporation. These helped in the people through Presidential Decree No. 78.
economic growth, like planning the economic
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
• In 1976, the National Academy of Science and • Weather sensors and danger maps are made to
Technology was established to bring together top help understand where floods can happen and
scientists and experts in science and technology, warn people early.
who would help develop the country with their
knowledge. • The Intelligent Operation Center Platform in
Davao helps government agencies monitor and
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) manage real-time events using technology.

• In 1986, the National Science and Technology Research Facilities and Initiatives
Authority was replaced by the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST) to give science • The Genome Center studies genes to improve
and technology more importance in the health, crime solving, and crop growth.
government.
• The DOST has drug research labs and
• The DOST works on improving innovation, nanotechnology centers to help with medicine
research, and technology to help the country grow and electronics.
and solve problems.
• Radiation processing centers change materials
DOST's Role for use in industry, agriculture, medicine, and the
environment.
• The DOST leads and organizes all science and
technology projects in the country and creates • The Die and Mold Solutions Center helps the local
plans and rules to help with national progress. tool-making industry by producing tools and
molds that were previously imported.
Fidel Ramos Era
Technological Terms
• Under President Fidel Ramos, there were more
science and technology experts working in the • Nanotechnology is working with very tiny materials
country. to create products or solve problems.

• The Science and Technology Agenda for National • Crosslinking is a process of making materials
Development (STAND) was created to focus on key stronger by connecting molecules together.
areas like export products, domestic needs,
➢ Polymers are long chains of molecules,
supporting industries, and the coconut industry.
like plastics or rubber. Crosslinking these
chains can make them stronger and more
heat-resistant, which is useful in various
materials and products.
➢ Monomers are the building blocks of
polymers. When you chemically link
monomers together, you create
polymers. Crosslinking monomers or
polymers helps improve the material's
strength, elasticity, and resistance to
heat and chemicals.

FILIPINO INVENTORS AND THEIR INVENTIONS

Science and Technology Under Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo MOON BUGGY

• During President Arroyo’s term, many laws and • Invented in 1968 BY EDUARDO SAN JUAN.
projects were made to use technology for
economic growth. • He was the project leader for NASA in developing
the buggy.
• The term "Filipinnovation" was introduced to
make the Philippines a center for new ideas and • The project was underfunded and not fully
technology in Asia. appreciated, bitranslate mo yan sa ut it became a
success in engineering.
Current Initiatives
• The moon buggy helped astronauts explore the
• The DOST works with schools and research
Moon more effectively.
centers to create advanced labs that help improve
research and give support to small businesses to • Unfortunately, Eduardo San Juan’s contribution is
grow. often overlooked and not widely recognized.

• The Diwata-1 microsatellite was launched in 2016 ERYTHROMYCIN

to help with agriculture, weather, and
environmental protection. • Na-discover ni Dr. Abelardo Aguilar noong 1949.

Technological Developments • Nagpadala siya ng sample sa pharmaceutical

company na Eli Lilly.
• Project NOAH helps the government predict
natural disasters like floods and storms, using • Kinuha ng Eli Lilly ang idea, pinarehistro, at
advanced tools like Lidar. successful na binebenta ito nang hindi binigyan ng
credit si Aguilar.
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
• Na-discover ni Aguilar ang antibiotic mula sa fungi • Ano ang Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)?
na tinatawag na Aspergillus species noong 1949.
o Ang drug dependency sa mga sanggol ay
➢ A MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTIC is a type of nangyayari kapag ang isang baby ay
medicine used to fight bacterial ipinanganak na may addiction sa droga
infections. It works by stopping bacteria dahil gumamit ang ina nito habang buntis.
from growing rather than killing them
KARAOKE
immediately.
➢ Tinawag ang gamot na "Ilosone" bilang
• Si Roberto del Rosario ang nag-imbento ng
tribute sa Iloilo, kung saan ito na-discover
karaoke noong 1975.
ni Aguilar.
• Ang unang version na ginawa niya ay tinawag na
• Ang Erythromycin ang naging unang successful "Sing Along System," na isang device kung saan
na macrolide antibiotic sa U.S. pwedeng kumanta ang mga tao kasama ng music
tracks at makikita ang lyrics sa screen.
• Hindi nakatanggap kahit isang piso si Dr. Aguilar • Bagamat marami pa siyang na-imbentong musical
mula sa invention niya, kahit na nakapagligtas ito devices, ang karaoke ang pinaka-tumatak at
ng millions of lives. magiging legacy niya.

VIDEO PHONE FLORESCENT

• Inimbento ni GREGORIO ZARA NOONG 1955. • Si Agapito Flores ang dahilan kung bakit mas
naging maliwanag ang mundo.
• Ito ang naging predecessor ng camera sa mobile • Isang Filipino inventor siya na kilala sa pag-imbento
phones natin. ng fluorescent light tube, na isa sa mga
COMPUTER MICROCHIPS pinakaginagamit na lighting device sa buong
mundo.
• Maraming types ng microchips ang naimbento ni • Ang kanyang imbensyon ang nagbigay daan para
DIOSDADO BANATAO, simula sa world’s first 16- mas maging efficient at matipid ang pag-gamit ng
bit chip noong 1972 habang nagtatrabaho siya sa ilaw sa mga bahay, opisina, at iba't ibang lugar.
Commodore.
INCUBATOR
• Ang invention na ito ang naging daan para ma-
• Ang medical incubator ay na-imbento ni Fe del
develop ang GUI (yung nagpo-produce ng graphics
Mundo noong 1941.
sa page).
• Siya ang unang Asian na estudyante sa Harvard
• Bakit important ito? Kung walang GUI, puro ones at School of Medicine. Dahil sa kanyang imbensyon,
zeroes lang ang nakikita mo ngayon sa screen mo. maraming buhay ng mga bagong silang na bata ang
naligtas.
ISOLATED RICE BREEDS • Ang genius ni Fe del Mundo ay nakatulong sa
pagpapabuti ng kalusugan at kaligtasan ng mga
• Noong 1966, si Dr. Rodolfo Aquino ang nag-isolate
premature babies, kaya’t malaki ang naging impact
ng siyam na specific na uri ng bigas para sa
ng kanyang imbensyon sa larangan ng medisina.
International Rice Research Institute.
FEMININE
• Ang kanyang mga discoveries ang tumulong para
maiwasan ang famine sa malaking bahagi ng Asya. • Si Dr. Virgilio Malang ay isa sa mga kilalang Filipino
inventors. Isa sa kanyang mga sikat na imbensyon
• Dahil dito, ang Thailand at Vietnam ay naging mga ang Feminine Hygiene products tulad ng Lactacyd
nangungunang rice producers sa buong mundo at Femina, na isang external vaginal cleanser.
(isang posisyon na dating hawak ng Pilipinas). • Kasama sa mga produkto niya ang gynecological
douches, genital wash, wipes, at powder. Ang
• Ano ang famine?
imbensyon niyang ito ang isa sa mga unang
o Ang famine ay matinding kakulangan ng advancements sa feminine hygiene mula nang
pagkain na nagdudulot ng gutom, maimbento ang sabon.
malnutrisyon, at kamatayan sa isang • Noong December 2002, nanalo siya ng gold medal
lugar. sa Seoul International Fair sa South Korea para sa
kanyang imbensyon ng Psidium Guajava
o Karaniwang nangyayari ito dahil sa
Effervescing Gynecological.
tagtuyot, digmaan, pagbagsak ng
ekonomiya, o hindi maayos na QUINK INK
distribusyon ng pagkain.
• Ang Quink Ink ay isang innovative ink na naimbento
DRUG DETECTION ni Francisco Quisumbing. Noong panahon na
iyon, ang ink na ito ay napaka-advance dahil ito ay
• Na-develop ni Dr. Enrique Ostrea ang paraan ng mabilis matuyo, water-resistant, hindi nagka-clog
pag-detect ng drug use sa mga buntis sa sa pen opening, hindi nag-boblot, at hindi
pamamagitan ng pagsusuri ng bakas ng droga sa kumukupas.
dumi ng sanggol. • Na-develop din ito para magamit sa mga Parker
Pens. Dahil sa mga features na ito, it’s considered
• Ang method na ito ay ginagamit ng mga doktor sa
as one of the best-selling inks for fountain pens ng
buong mundo para ma-diagnose ang drug
millennium!
dependency sa mga sanggol.
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
• Paradigm Shift: Isang malaking pagbabago sa kung
paano nakikita at nauunawaan ng mga scientists
PARADIGM SHIFT
ang isang topic.
Ano ang Paradigm?
o Halimbawa: Pagbabago mula sa
paniniwala na flat ang Earth papunta sa
• Paradigm: Isang framework o set ng mga rules at
pagkaalam na round ang Earth.
ideas na tinatanggap ng mga tao sa isang partikular
na larangan (e.g., science). Ito ay nagsisilbing
guidebook para sa mga scientists sa pag-aaral ng
mga topics. Kuhan ng Paradigm Shift

• Halimbawa ng Paradigm: • Kuhn's Theory: Nagbigay siya ng isang game-

changer na pananaw tungkol sa progress ng
o Theory of Evolution: Nagbibigay ng science, na minsan, hindi ito gradual.
framework para maunawaan kung paano
nagbabago ang mga species sa paglipas o Update: Ang mga theories ni Kuhn ay
ng panahon at tinutulungan ang mga nagbago at na-update, kaya naging
scientists sa research tungkol sa bahagi sila ng isang mas malaking
genetics, natural selection, at fossil paradigm shift sa social sciences.
records.

Kaugnay ng Paradigm sa Filosopiya ni Plato at Aristotle

Kuhn Cycle at Paradigm Shift
1. Aristotle:
• Thomas Kuhn: Philosopher na nag-suggest na ang
o Naniniwala siya na ang knowledge ay
paradigm ay nagiging basehan ng mga practices na
nabubuo mula sa mga existing ideas.
nagpapa-define sa isang scientific discipline sa
isang certain time. o Parang scientific method na nag-gather
ng data step by step.

2. Plato:
Kuhn Cycle (Paano Nagbabago ang Scientific Ideas)
o Naniniwala siya na ang knowledge ay
1. Normal Science
dapat nakatuon sa future outcomes o
o Ang mga scientists ay nagtatrabaho gamit end results.
ang existing theory na nagpapaliwanag
o Mas malapit sa big ideas o mga
ng mga bagay.
breakthroughs sa science.
o Example: Lumang recipe na pare-pareho
ang ginagamit ng lahat.
Halimbawa ng Paradigm sa Pag-imbento ng Phone:
2. Model Drift
• Aristotle's Approach:
o May mga maliliit na problema na
nagsisimulang lumitaw na hindi kayang o Step by step improvement.
sagutin ng old theory.
o Magsisimula sa existing phone
3. Model Crisis technology at paunti-unting i-improve.

o Ang mga problema ay lumalala at • Plato's Approach:

nahihirapan ang mga scientists na ayusin
ito. o Big ideas o imagining the future.

o Example: Natutuklasan na ang lumang o Magsisimula sa pag-i-imagine ng future

recipe ay hindi na gumagana. phone at gagawa ng mga hakbang para
makarating dito.
4. Model Revolution

o May bagong ideya na nagpapaliwanag ng

mga bagay na mas maayos, kahit ito ay
iba sa dating paraan.

o Mga scientists ay sumusubok ng bagong

approach.

5. Paradigm Shift

o Ang bagong ideya ay nagiging accepted at

pinapalitan ang luma.

o Ang lahat ng scientists ay sumusunod na

sa bagong "recipe" dahil mas epektibo ito.

Paradigm Shift