Notes on the American Occupation ▸ They were then groping their way into imitating American and British

roping their way into imitating American and British models

(1898–1940) which resulted in a stilted, artificial, and unnatural style, lacking vitality and
▸The US established a civil government in 1901. Free public education was spontaneity
introduced.
▸Also, English was the medium of instruction. PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY AND GROWTH (1925- 1941)
▸In 1934, President Roosevelt signed a bill making the Philippines a By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now
commonwealth. confidently and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time
▸On May 14, 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected president. favorites of love and youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing like novels
and drama.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD LITERATURE IN
SPANISH PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY AND GROWTH (1925- 1941)
▸ Cecilio Apostol - wrote "A RIZAL" and is considered the best poem in praise of Poetry.
the hero of bagumbayan. Noteworthy names in this field, they wrote in free verse, in odes and sonnets and
▸ Fernando Ma. Guerero - he collected the best of his poems in a book called in other types. Poetry was original, spontaneous, competently written and later,
Crisalidas, and one of the poems written in this book was "INVOCACION A RIZAL" incorporated social consciousness.
▸ Claro M. Recto - he collected his poems in a book entitled BAJO LOS Short Story (1925-1941)
COCOTEROS. One of his writings dedicated to Rizal is "ANTE EL MARTIR" Poetry and short stories flourished during these times.
Publications.
FILIPINO LITERATURE The Philippine Free Press provided the first incentives to Filipino writers in English
▸Lope K. Santos - "Father of the National language Grammar", he was also called by offering prizes to worthwhile contribution. Other publications followed suit.
"apo" of the tagalog writers. "BANAAG AT SIKAT" was his masterpiece. The Drama. (1925-1941)
▸Jose Corazon de Jesus - known as huseng batute, he was also called the poet of Drama during this period did not reach the heights attained by the novel or the
love in his time. "AG ISANG PUNONG KAHOY", an elegy, is believed to be his short story.
masterpiece.
▸Armando V. Hernandez - was dubbed "Poet of the Laborers", his masterpiece is Literary Works Produced
"ANG PANDAY" ▸The production of literary works in English is the direct result of the American
colonization of the
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH ▸Philippines. The first collection of poetry in English is Filipino Poetry (1924),
In a way, we can say that we can trace the beginnings of Philippine literature in edited by Rodolfo Dato.
English with the coming of the Americans. For this purpose, we can divide this ▸ The short story “Dead Stars” (1925) by Paz Marquez Benitez is considered as
period into three-time frames, namely: the first Filipino modern short story in English.
Si Rodolfo Guevarra Dato
THE PERIOD OF RE- ORIENTATION (1898-1910) sarong Bikolanong edukador asin poeta. Nagsurat siya nin mga rawitdawit orog na
▸ English as a literary vehicle came with the American occupation in August 13, sa Ingles. Tugang siyang matua ni Luis Dato asin nagin siyang Dekano sa
1898, and as they say, a choice bestowed on us by history. Unibersidad kan Nueva Caceres. Siya nagsurat man nin mga artikulo dapit sa
▸ By 1900, English came to be used as a medium of instruction in the public kulturang bikolnon. Saro sa pinakaenot na antolohiya nin mga Ingles na rawitdawit
schools. From the American forces were recruited the first teachers of English. tinipon asin pinag'edit niya, tituladong Filipino Poetry kan taon 1924
▸ By 1908, the primary and intermediate grades were using English. It was also
about this time when UP, the forerunner in the use of English in higher education, ▸A Child of Sorrow (1921) by Zoilo M. Galang is the first Filipino novel in English.
was founded. ▸ The novel His Native Soil (1940) by Juan C. Laya won first prize in the First
Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940.
PERIOD OF IMITATION (1910-1924) ▸ Filipino writers in English during the apprenticeship period (1900– 1930) imitated
▸ By 1919, the UP College Folio published the literary compositions of the first American writing.
Filipino writers in English. They were the pioneers in short story writing. ▸ The poet Fernando Maramag writes in the Romantic tradition in his sonnet
“Moonlight on Manila Bay” (1912).
 The field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote
short stories.
Filipino fictionists copied Sherwood Anderson, William Saroyan, and Ernest
Hemingway.
▸ Jose Garcia Villa used the Anderson pattern. Essays
▸ Manuel Arguilla and N. V. M. Gonzalez were influenced by Anderson and Essays were composed to glorify the Filipinos and at the same time to figuratively
Hemingway. attack the Japanese.
▸ Francisco Arcellana was influenced by Saroyan.
Literary Works Produced
Notes on the Japanese Occupation (1941–1945) -During the occupation, publications were censored by the military. Also,
▸On December 8, 1941, the Japanese attacked Manila. Tagalog was declared an official language (together with Nihonggo).
▸ On January 2, 1942, Japanese occupied Manila. They set up a Council of State -In effect, Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Some Filipino
in the country and started propaganda to remold the Filipinos. writers then turned to writing in Filipino.
▸In October 1943 the Japanese declared the Philippines “independent.” On -The Tagalog short story reached its maturity during the period. The best
September 20, Jose P. Laurel was elected president. works were compiled by the Liwayway magazine editors in Ang Pinakamabuting
▸MacArthur and his Allied forces returned to the country in 1944. They landed on Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943, which came out in 1944.
Leyte on -It is a collection of stories that won a contest sponsored by the Japanese.
▸October 20, and the biggest naval battle in history ensued. The top four stories were “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso G. Reyes, “Uhaw ang
▸The Japanese surrendered formally on September 2, 1945. Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo, “Nayon at Dagat-dagatan” by N. V. M.
Gonzalez, and “Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Pineda.
The Japanese period
Summary
▸ The Philippine literature came into a halt.
The American occupation of the Philippines spurred the writing of Filipinos in
▸ The use of the English language was forbidden, and the use of the Filipino
English. On the other hand, the Japanese occupation censored literary works yet
language was mandated under the Japanese rule.
contributed to the maturity of the Tagalog short story.
▸ For some this was a problem, but to most writers, it was a blessing in disguise.
▸ Almost all newspapers were stopped except for some. Philippine Literature in the Postwar and Contemporary Period
▸ Filipino literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, ▸Postwar and contemporary literature include all literary works written and
short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces. published in the Philippines from 1946
▸After World War II, the Philippines had to deal with the economy and the need for
Drama
rehabilitation and reconstruction of infrastructures. There was political, economic,
The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses
and social confusion, as well as great poverty, and these issues found their way
showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were just made to
into the short stories and novels during that time.
show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to
▸During the postwar period, Filipino writers got their inspiration from American
Tagalog.
teachers and were able to learn their techniques, which also helped in mastering
Newspapers
the English language.
Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature. Writers felt
▸Writers wrote fiction that focused on courageous deeds as well as the sacrifices
suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to seep into their
and suffering in the lives of Filipinos. It was also common for writers to write about
consciousness. While some continued to write, the majority waited for a better
the experiences of the Filipino people under the Spanish and American rule and
climate to publish their works.
the Japanese Occupation.
Poetry
The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion, and the arts.
Fiction ▸The flowering of Philippine literature in the various languages continue especially
with the appearance of new publications after the Martial Law years and the
resurgence of committed literature in the 1960s and the 1970s.
▸With the requirement by the Commission on Higher Education to teach Philippine
Literature in all tertiary schools in the country, the teaching of the vernacular
literature or literatures of the regions was emphasized. ADDITIONAL REVIEWER FOR ENTREP
▸Philippine literature flourished even more during the postwar and contemporary
period. Writers were able to produce short stories, novels, essays, and poems that Career Opportunities for Entrepreneurship Graduates
continue to be read by Filipinos today. 1. Mid-level management
2. Business consultant
Some works written in the postwar and contemporary period are: 3. Sales
▸ May Day Eve by Nick Joaquin, 1947 4. Research and development
▸ Waywaya by F. Sionil Jose, 1983 5. Not-for-profit fundraiser
6. Teacher
▸ We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers by Alejandro Roces, 1948
7.Recruiter
▸ The Return by Edith L. Tiempo
8. Business reporter or blogger
▸ History and Philippine Culture by Horacio de la Costa, 1965
▸ Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana, 1947 Some Myths about Entrepreneurship
1. Entrepreneurs, like leaders, are born, not made.
Nick Joaquin 2. Entrepreneurs are academic and social misfits.
A National Artist for Literature awardee wrote articles under the name of Quijano 3. To be an entrepreneur, one needs money only.
de Manila. His short story "May Day Eve," published in 1947, is about love in a 4. To be an entrepreneur, a great idea is the only ingredient.
patriarchal society. It also made use of magic realism. 5. One wants to be an entrepreneur as having no boss is great fun.
F. Sionil Jose
One of the most widely read Filipino writers in English, wrote the short story DEVELOPING A BUSINESS PLAN (Module 1A &1B)
"Waywaya," which is about pre-Hispanic society and the people’s struggle for
moral order. Feasibility Study
It is the forerunner of the business plan; it is made to determine whether the
Alejandro Roces proposed business is feasible or not in all areas. If the outcome of the feasibility
A Filipino author, essayist, and dramatist, wrote the short story "We Filipinos Are study is positive, then the entrepreneur prepares the business plan.
Mild Drinkers." This story focuses on the drinking habits and culture of Filipinos
and Americans. Test of Possibility
The new business idea should have positive results, so the test of feasibility or
Edith L. Tiempo variability can be conducted. Two major tests are conducted every time a
Her poem "The Return" is a sentimental piece that talks about life in old age. new business ideas are created, namely the test of possibility and the test of
feasibility.
Stevan Javellana
Wrote the first postwar Filipino novel in English, Without Seeing the Dawn. This Introduction
novel narrates what people experienced during World War II under the Japanese Presents the general perspective of the business.
rule in the Philippines.
Executive Summary
It is the next major part of the business plan after the introduction; it
provides a summary of the different major sections of the business plan.

Environmental Analysis
It is a strategic tool that helps determine the external and internal
factors affecting the performance of the business.
Business Description market that exists. The marketing plan details how the proposed business will sell
It presents the nature and form of the business to be undertaken, its product to the target consumers. It may consist of some or all of the following
and may cover two to three pages. important sections.

Organizational Plan
It provides a detailed description of the business in terms of the form
of the business organization, liability of the owner/s, organizational structure, roles
and responsibilities and salary requirements.

Business Plan
It is the road map of the new business and of the entrepreneur. It is a
detailed and integrated written document that describes the various activities
involved in opening and operating the business.

TWO (2) TYPES OF BUSINESS PLAN

1. Comprehensive Plan
A full business plan that provides an in-depth analysis of the critical factors that will
determine a firm’s success or failure, along with all the underlying assumptions.
2. Dehydrated Plan
A short form of business plan that presents only the most important
issues and projections.
Why make a business plan?
DEHYDRATED BUSINESS PLAN FORMAT • Guide throughout the business process
1. Introduction • Convince prospective investors
It is written in paragraph form stating salient details about the business. The • Convey capabilities and competencies of owners/managers
introduction presents the general perspective of the business. It may consist of one • Written for higher level of growth
to two pages. It includes, among others, the following sections • For navigational purposes (entrepreneur)
1.Proposed name of the business • Financing purposes (investors/financiers)
2. Address of the business • Mechanics purposes (managers and staff)
3. Name of the owner or owners • The business plan is valuable to the entrepreneur, potential investors, or even
4. Description of the business new personnel, who are trying to familiarize themselves with the venture, it goals,
5. Location of the business and objectives.
6. Funding requirement and source • It helps determine the viability of the venture in a designated market.
• It provides guidance to the entrepreneur in organizing his or her planning
2. Executive Summary activities.
Although executive summary is commonly the last section to • It serves as an important tool in helping to obtain financing.
be written after all other major parts have been completed, it is the next major part
of Who should write a business plan?
the business plan after the introduction. It points out the overall highlights of the • The business plan should be prepared by the entrepreneur.
business plan as well as a bird’s-eye view of its sections. • The entrepreneur may consult with many other sources in its preparation, such
as lawyers,
3. Marketing Plan accountants, marketing consultants, and engineers.
It describes the user benefits of the product or service and the type of Who reads the business plan?
• The business plan may be read by employees, investors, bankers, venture
capitalists,
suppliers, customers, advisors, and consultants. SALARY REPORT. The Salary report defines what each individual and job role is
• There are three perspectives that should be considered in preparing the plan : paid based
– Entrepreneur’s perspective upon their value to the business and effectiveness in their role.
– Marketing perspective PRODUCTION COST. The production cost report summarizes the production and
– Investor’s perspective cost activity within a department for a reporting period. It is simply a formal
summary of the four steps performed to assign costs to units transferred out and
Organization. An organized body of people with a particular purpose, especially a units in ending work-in-process (WIP) inventory.
business, society, association, etc. INCOME STATEMENT. An income statement is one of the three (along with
balance sheet and statement of cash flows) major financial statements that report
Management. It is the coordination and administration of tasks to achieve a goal. a company’s financial performance over a specific accounting period. Net income
Salary. A fixed regular payment, typically paid on a monthly or biweekly basis but = (Total Revenue + Gains) - Total Expenses + Losses.
often expressed as an annum sum, made by an employer to an employee. APPENDIX. The appendix of a business plan is usually the last section to appear
in the business plan. Although not required, a well-structured appendix can go a
Business Licenses. These are permits issued by government agencies that allow long way toward convincing your reader you’ve got a great business idea, or
individuals or companies to conduct business within the government’s indeed that you have thoroughly thought through your idea.
geographical jurisdiction. It is the authorization to start a business issued by the
local government. MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS PLAN
Business - refers to the organized efforts and activities of individuals to produce
Mayor’s Permit. It is a document issued to any person who shall establish, and sell goods and services for profit.
operate or conduct any business, trade or activity within the city. Such document
will be approved only after submission of requirements, payment of necessary Business Plan - is a detailed and integrated written document that describes the
taxes and fees imposed thereon. various activities involved in opening and operating a new entrepreneurial venture.

Sanitary Permit. The official document issued by the Department of Public Health Entrepreneur – refers to a person who strongly advocates and correctly practices
and Social Services authorizing the establishment to operate its business. the concepts and principles of entrepreneurship in operating and managing the
self-owned entrepreneurial venture.
Organization Plan. The organization plan provides a detailed description of the
business in terms of the following: Entrepreneurship – is the art of observing correct practices in managing and
1. Form of the business organization operating a self-owned, wealth-creating business enterprise by providing goods
2. Liability of the owner or owners and services that are valuable to the customers.
3. Organizational structure
4. Roles and responsibilities Feasibility – the possibility that can be made, done, or achieved, or is reasonable.
5. Salary requirements
Corporation - is a legal entity created by individuals, stockholders, or
Organizational Structure. The organization section sets up the hierarchy of the shareholders, with the purpose of operating for profit.
people involved in your business. It's often set up in a chart form.
Board of Directors. This section provides much of the same information as in the 10 Reasons Why You Need to Prepare a Business Plan for Small Business
ownership and management team sub-section. Name, Expertise, Position (if there 1. To help you with critical decisions
are positions) and Involvement with the company. 2. To iron out the kinks
Support Professionals. This is the place to list any freelancers or contractors 3. To avoid the big mistakes
you're using. 4. To prove the viability of the business
Financial Plan. The fifth major section of dehydrated business plan is the financial 5. To set better objectives and benchmarks
plan. It accumulates and describes all the data expressed in monetary units from 6. To communicate objectives and benchmarks
the other sections of the business plan. A financial plan is simply an overview of 7. To provide a guide for service providers
your current business financials and projections for growth. 8. To secure financing
9. To better understand the broader landscape produce or provide. It may include brief information about the ultimate mission,
10.To reduce risk vision, and objectives of the business.

Two Major Tests to be Conducted every time a New Business Idea is Created Location of the Business. The basic entrepreneurial consideration is to place the
1. Test of Possibility 2. Test of Feasibility proposed business in a strategic location that will assure competitive advantage.
The following factors should be considered when deciding on the location of the
The test of possibility for the new business should have a positive result, so that proposed business:
the test of feasibility or viability will be conducted. 1. Proximity to the target customers
2. Distance from the sources of raw materials, labor, and utilities
The primary objective of the feasibility study is to determine whether the 3. Availability and cost of transportation
proposed business is feasible or not in all areas. If the outcome of the feasibility 4. Peace and order situation
study is positive, then the entrepreneur prepares the business plan. 5. Presence of direct competitors
6. The geographic and climatic conditions
MAJOR PARTS OF THE BUSINESS PLAN
There is no universally accepted standard format or structure of the business plan.
1. Introduction
2. Executive Summary
3. Environmental Analysis
4. Business Description
5. Organizational Plan
6. Production Plan
7. Operation Plan
8. Marketing Plan
9. Financial Plan
10.Appendix

Introduction. The introduction presents the general perspective of the business.

The proposed business name must:
1. Reflect the business identity and image,
2. Promote
the philosophical values and culture that business values the most,
3. Profess the brand identity of the product, and 4. Attract or influence the target
customer

Address of the Business. It is important that the address of the Business is

correctly written because all business correspondence is mailed to the business
address. Raw materials and other manufacturing supplies are also shipped by the
seller to the designated business address.

Name of the Owner. The name of the owner must be properly stated. In a sole
proprietorship, there is only one owner. In case the venture is a partnership, the
names of the partners, including the extent of their liabilities, must be indicated.

Description of the Business. A brief description of the business must include

information about the type of product or service that the business intends to