ONLINE TEACHING MODULES – BUILDING SERVICES II SECOND YEAR B.

ARCH – 2020-2021

BUILDING SERVICES II ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021

UNIT-I SECOND YEAR B.ARCH

MODULE NO. 01 Prepared By:

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Ar. Sanika Kulkarni

STES’s SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, PUNE

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WHAT IS WASTE?
Waste are unwanted or unusable materials.

It is often also called trash, garbage, rubbish, or junk.

Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless,

defective and of no use.

Substances or objects which are disposed off or are intended to be disposed

off by the provision of the law.

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TYPES OF WASTE

WASTE

ORGANIC WASTE INORGANIC WASTE

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TYPES OF WASTE

• Organic waste is material that is biodegradable and comes from either a

plant or an animal.
• Most of the time, it is made up of vegetable and fruit debris, paper,
bones, and human waste which quickly disintegrates.

• Inorganic waste is waste consisting of materials that are difficult

biodegradable so that destruction takes a very long time.
Inorganic rubbish comes from non renewable natural resources such as
minerals and petroleum, or from industrial processes.
Some of this material was not found in nature such as plastic and aluminium.

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TYPES OF WASTE

• Solid Waste • Chemical waste

• Liquid waste • Commercial waste

• Gaseous waste • Biomedical waste

• Animal by products

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TYPES OF WASTE

• Solid Waste – it has harmful and unhygienic

constituents and hence careful disposal is
necessary

• methods – dumpling, sanitary landfills, dumping

into the sea, incineration, salvaging, animal
feeding, grinding/pulverizing, composting/
biological digestion

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TYPES OF WASTE

• Dumpling – the collected solid waste is

transported and dumped into low lying areas in
and around city. This is unsatisfactory method as it
breeds rodents, flies, mosquitoes etc.

• Sanitary landfill – same as dumpling but less

nuisance and hazardous. Solid waste is filled up in
trenches and covered with 15cms thick layer of
earth and mechanically compacted.

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TYPES OF WASTE

• Dumping into sea – possible only in case of

coastal areas. Waste transported deep into sea
with the help of barges and dumped.

• Disposal by incineration – it involves burning of

waste in incinerator. The heat generated during
burning can be used for other purposes.

• Salvaging – is saving of waste material for

utilization, it also means recover or save as
salvage. Eg- rag pickers

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TYPES OF WASTE

• Animal feeding – is feeding of food waste which

is heated to 100 degree C for 30 mins to destroy
bacteria, to animals like hogs

• Grinding – garbage is grinded in house and

discharged in sewers.

• Pulverization – dry refuse is crushed into powder, if

the refuse has high % of nitrogen the it can be
used as manure.

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TYPES OF WASTE

• Biological digestion/composting – the process of

decomposition of organic waste is known as
composting. In this organic waste is converted to
humus which is rich in nitrogen and has high
fertilizing properties.

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TYPES OF WASTE

SOURCE

• Household

• Industrial/
commercial

• Construction

• Agricultural

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TYPES OF WASTE

Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as

follows:

• Household waste as municipal waste

• Industrial waste as hazardous waste

• Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious

waste

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MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

• Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as

trash or garbage or rubbish, is a waste type
consisting of everyday items that are discarded by
the public.

• Municipal solid waste consists of –

o Household waste
o Construction and demolition debris
o Sanitation residue
o Waste from streets

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MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

• "Garbage" can also refer specifically to food waste,

as in a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes
collected separately.

• Although the waste may originate from a number of

sources that has nothing to do with a municipality,
the traditional role of municipalities in collecting and
managing these kinds of waste have produced the
particular etymology 'municipal.'

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INDUSTRIAL WASTE

• Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial

activity which includes any material that is rendered
useless during a manufacturing process such as that
of factories, industries, mills, and mining operations.

• Industrial waste is considered hazardous as they may

contain toxic substances.

• It could be highly toxic to humans, animals and

plants.

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INDUSTRIAL WASTE

• It may be hazardous or non-hazardous waste.

Hazardous waste may be toxic, ignitable, corrosive,
reactive, or radioactive.

• Types of industrial waste include dirt and gravel,

masonry and concrete, scrap metal, oil, solvents,
chemicals, scrap lumber, even vegetable matter
from restaurants. Industrial waste may be solid, liquid
or gaseous.

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MEDICAL WASTE

• Bio-medical waste means “any waste which is

generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or animals for
medical treatments”.

• Biomedical waste/hospital waste is any kind of

waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious)
materials.
• It may also include waste associated with the
generation of biomedical waste that visually
appears to be of medical or laboratory origin (e.g.,
packaging, unused bandages, infusion kits, etc.)
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INDUSTRIAL WASTE

• Disposal of this waste is an environmental concern,

as many medical wastes are classified as infectious
or biohazardous and could potentially lead to the
spread of infectious disease.

• The most common danger for humans is the

infection which also affects other living organisms in
the region.

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EFFECTS OF WASTE

• Health hazards –

If wastes are not collected and allowed to

accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.

This may lead to diseases like cholera, diarrhoea,

plague, jaundice or even loss of life.

Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas, and

lakes results in the accumulation of toxic substances in
the food chain through the plants and animals that
feed on it.
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EFFECTS OF WASTE

• Environmental issues –

Some waste will eventually rot, but not all, and in the
process it may smell, or generate methane gas, which is
explosive and contributes to the greenhouse effect.

Garbage can create air pollution due to gasses and

chemicals evaporating from the waste.

Chemicals don’t just run from garbage into the soil. They
can also reach nearby surface water, such as rivers and
lakes. The ecosystems such as fish habitats in the water
get hurt, as do any creatures that drink from the water
source.
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3R’s FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

• The 3R’s to be used for waste management are

• REDUCE
• REUSE
• RECYCLE

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3R’s FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

• REDUCE-

• Reducing is simply creating less waste.

• It means reducing your consumption or buying less.

• Designing items like plastic bottles in ways that use

less material is another way to reduce consumption.

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3R’s FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

• REUSE –

• Rather than throwing out items like clothing or food

jars, consumers can find new uses for them -- and
thereby reduce their consumption of new resources.

• Composting, using jars to store beverages or leftover

food, and trading or selling used DVDs rather than
throwing them out are all examples of ways people
can reuse.

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3R’s FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

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3R’s FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

• RECYCLE –

• To recycle something means that it will be

transformed again into a raw material that can be
shaped into a new item.

• It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal

that can save material and help lower greenhouse
gas emissions.

• Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially

useful materials and reduce the consumption of
fresh raw materials,
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WASTE MANAGEMENT HEIRARCHY

• The hierarchy of waste

management options determines
the priority of treatments and
forms of recovery of the waste.
• The REDUCTION of waste
occupies a place at the top of
the waste management
hierarchy. We must encourage
quantitative and qualitative
reduction of the waste by
promoting the minimization of the
quantity produce, as well as its
hazardous characteristics.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT HEIRARCHY

• REUSE of waste can be achieved by choosing

products, packages and other materials that can be
used several times.
• RECYCLING waste enables it to be used for other
purposes and, therefore, preventing it from being
disposed in landfills, incinerators or by any another
costly process of disposal.
• RECOVER ENERGY - some non recyclable waste is
used to generate energy or produce biofuel.
• For example, as organic materials decay naturally in a landfill
, one of the products released is methane , the primary
component of natural gas. Collecting methane from a landfill
is a relatively simple procedure.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste management –
1.Storage
2.Collection
3.Transport and Handling
4.Recycling
5.Disposal

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STORAGE

• Use containers (buckets,

plastic bins, metal bins, plastic
bags) with or without lids
• Containers without lids can
store the waste only for a day;
not beyond.
• Storage can be done in –
oGalvanized steel dust bins
oSacks
oPublic bins

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COLLECTION

• Removing waste from the

storage at sources/street
sweeping

• House-to-house – waste
collectors visit each individual
house to collect garbage.

• Public bins – this waste is picked

up by the municipality according
to a set schedule.
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REFUSE CHUTE

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REFUSE CHUTE

• High-rise residential towers and hotels need to have a

fast and economical way of collecting and disposing
garbage generated daily.
• It is highly impractical to have the building
management staff collect trash door to door, nor do
they prefer that the residents carry trash in the lifts.
• The simplest solution to this problem is a centralized
collection system that enables users to dispose
garbage at their convenience, at their individual floors
and only manage the trolley room.

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REFUSE CHUTE

• A refuse chute system is

a long vertical space
passing by each floor in a
building.
• A refuse chute is an
inclined channel in which
refuse can be passed
down from the opening of
each floor to the central
refuse room on the
ground floor of a building.

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REFUSE CHUTE

• Chute – it is a vertical shaft rising from gr. Lvl to topmost

floor using impermeable material and smooth finish and
is provided with ventilation at the topmost end with inlet
opening at each floor for receiving refuse from every flat
and ending at gr. Lvl on top of container in collecting
chamber.

• Inlet hopper – it’s a receptacle fitting made of mild

steel, G.I, P.V.C for receiving waste at every floor.

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REFUSE CHUTE

• Collection chamber – it’s a room at ground level at lower

end of chute provided for collecting and disposal.
• Design of refuse chute – the material for construction of
chute need to be impervious and smooth finish. (S.W, A.C,
P.V.C). Diameter not less than 230mm.
• The pipe shaft should be perfectly vertical and without
offsets, bends, kinks. The chute near its topmost end is
provided with inlet to facilitate periodical cleaning.
• Chute should be located in a freely ventilated position. the
topmost end should be carried 2-2.5m above the roof and
with slits or perforations so as to ventilate the foul air inside
the chute.

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REFUSE CHUTE

• The inlet/hopper should be positioned away from

habitable spaces to avoid nuisance of odors.
• The number of refuse chute depends on the convenience
of the users

• Design considerations – inlet hopper should be provided at

a height of 750-800 above floor finish.
• Inlet should be provided with self closing type hopper at
the junction of every inlet. Hopper to have a rubber
seal/gasket to check odor nuisance. It should also have a
handle onto the shutter along with the stopper so as to
firmly close the shutter.

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REFUSE CHUTE
• Design considerations – the
frame and shutter are made out of
M.S and should be thoroughly
painted to prevent from corrosion.

• It is also desirable to provide

ceramic tiles lining on the walls
around the inlet hopper, collection
chamber and sump to help
periodic washing of spilled
garbage.

• Gully trap to be provided for

cleaning purpose.

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TRANSPORT AND HANDLING

• Waste handling and

separation involves activities
associated with waste
management until the waste is
placed in storage containers
for collection.
• Handling also encompasses
the movement of loaded
containers to the point of
collection.
• Waste is transferred from a
smaller collection vehicle to
larger transport equipment
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DISPOSAL

• OBJECTIVES
• Public hygiene and health
• Reuse, recovery and recycle
• Energy generation
• Sustainable development

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TRASH COMPACTOR

• Waste compaction is the

process of compacting waste,
reducing it in size.
• Garbage compactors and
waste collection vehicles
compress waste so that more of it
can be stored in the same
space.
• Waste is compacted again,
more thoroughly, at the landfill to
conserve valuable airspace and
to extend the landfill's life span.
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TRASH COMPACTOR

• A trash compactor is a
tool that allows you to
decrease the impact of
your waste on landfills.
• A trash compactor is
often used by a home or
business to reduce the
volume of trash.

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INCINERATOR

• Incineration is a waste
treatment process that
involves the combustion of
organic substances
contained in waste materials.
• Incineration and other high-
temperature waste treatment
systems are described as
"thermal treatment".
• Incineration of waste
materials converts the waste
into ash, flue gas and heat.
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INCINERATOR

• Incinerator is a container for

burning refuse or a plant
designed for large-scale
refuse combustion.

• Incinerator plants usually

include facilities for unloading
and storing refuse for short
time to permit uniform
charging of the furnaces.

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COMPOSTING

• Compost is organic matter that

has been decomposed in a
process called composting. This
process recycles various organic
materials otherwise regarded as
waste products and produces a
soil conditioner (the compost).
• Compost is rich in nutrients. It is
used, for example, in gardens,
landscaping, horticulture, urban
agriculture and organic
farming.

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VERMICULTURE

• Vermiculture is the culture of

earthworms.
• The goal is to continually
increase the number of worms
in order to obtain a sustainable
harvest.
• Vermiculture technique is
based on the use of some
species of earthworms to
convert organic waste into
vermicompost.

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