Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

Subject Module: Aircraft Instruments

Subject Code: AMT

I. Module No. 2Title: Pitot-static instruments , Aircraft Flight Instrument

(Small Aircraft)
II. Learning Outcomes

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME (CLO)

CLO 1.
The students would be able MODULE LEARNING OUTCOME
to list terminologies related (MLO)
to aircraft instrument system MLO 1. TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOME (TLO)
used by an aircraft mechanic The students will be able
and technician for cockpit to label the effect of right TLO 1.
inspection and cockpit usage of air pressure Students will be able to describe
maintenance. used on the gyroscopic the methods of compensating
CLO 2. instruments instrument mechanisms for
Demonstrate how the MLO 2. temperature variations and the
operating principles and The students will be able reasons for hermetically sealing
features of aircraft flight to explain that to instruments.
instrument system, including determine flight TLO 2.
the pitot-static, airspeed parameters such as the Discuss importance of knowing
indicator, angle of attack, speed and altitude of the errors associated on aircraft
gyroscope and miscellaneous aircraft, we need to use instruments. Discuss the
flight instrument system for gyroscopic instruments. importance of maintaining
efficient inspection and impact pressure chambers on
maintenance on the aircraft. all aircraft instruments for
CLO 3. aircraft maintenance
Discuss the function and inspections and instrument
operation of engine efficiency.
instrument system including TLO 3.
tachometer, temperature Discuss that the Pitot-Static
indicator, fuel flow, oil system and the aircraft
pressure, fuel pressure, oil Instruments who rely on air
temperature, exhaust nozzle pressure and speed and its
indicator and torque system functionalities for aircraft
for efficient operation and maintenance inspections.
testing for efficiency when
flight.

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 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

III. Table of Contents

Title Page Time Allotment (minutes)
A. Classifying Instruments 2 15
B. Pitot/Static Instruments 4 15
C. Gyroscopic System 6 50
D. Description and Diagram 11 50
E. The Gyroscope System Use 15 50
Activity Lecture 20 40
Activity Laboratory 20 40
Online Quiz No. 1 20 40
References 21 -
Recitation 21 40
Honesty Clause 23 5
Prepared by: Mr

IV. Content Module Discussion:

(NOTE) The presentation on Google sheets or Power-point will be sent or shared

through google classroom or sent on a group chat in Messenger Application.
Confirmation of received presentation will be sent via screenshot sent with the
assignment.

A. Classifying Instruments
There are three basic kinds of instruments classified by the job they
perform: flight instruments, engine instruments, and navigation instruments.
There are also miscellaneous gauges and indicators that provide information
that do not fall into these classifications, especially on large complex aircraft.
Flight control position, cabin environmental systems, electrical power, and
auxiliary power units (APUs), for example, are all monitored and controlled from
the cockpit via the use of instruments systems. All may be regarded as
position/condition instruments since they usually report the position of a certain
moveable component on the aircraft, or the condition of various aircraft
components or systems not included in the first three groups.

The instruments used in controlling the aircraft’s flight attitude are

known as the flight instruments. There are basic flight instruments, such as the
altimeter that displays aircraft altitude; the airspeed indicator; and the magnetic

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

direction indicator, a form of compass. Additionally, an artificial horizon, turn

coordinator, and vertical speed indicator are flight instruments present in most
aircraft. Much variation exists for these instruments, which is explained
throughout this chapter. Over the years, flight instruments have come to be
situated similarly on the instrument panels in most aircraft. This basic T
arrangement for flight instruments is shown in Figure 10-4. The top center
position directly in front of the pilot and copilot is the basic display position for
the artificial horizon even in modern glass cockpits (those with solid-state, flat-

panel screen indicating systems).

Original analog flight instruments are operated by air pressure and the
use of gyroscopes. This avoids the use of electricity, which could put the pilot in
a dangerous situation if the aircraft lost electrical power. Development of
sensing and display techniques, combined with advanced aircraft electrical
systems, has made it possible for reliable primary and secondary instrument
systems that are electrically operated. Nonetheless, often a pneumatic
altimeter, a gyro artificial horizon, and a magnetic direction indicator are
retained somewhere in the instrument panel for redundancy. [Figure 10-5]

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 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

B. Pitot/Static Systems
Pitot pressure, or impact air pressure, is sensed through an open-end
tube pointed directly into the relative wind flowing around the aircraft. The pitot
tube connects to pressure operated flight istruments such as the ASI.
Static Pressure
Other instruments depend upon accurate sampling of the ambient still
air atmospheric pressure to determine the height and speed of movement of the
aircraft through the air, both horizontally and vertically. This pressure, called
static pressure, is sampled at one or more locations outside
the aircraft. The pressure of the static air is sensed at a flush port where
the air is not disturbed. On some aircraft, air is sampled by static ports on the
side of the electrically heated pitot-static head. [Figure 3-1] Other aircraft pick
up the static pressure through flush ports on the side of the fuselage or the
vertical fin. These ports are in locations proven by flight tests to be in
undisturbed air, and they are normally paired, one on either side of the aircraft.
This dual location prevents lateral movement of the aircraft from giving
erroneous static pressure indications. The areas around the static ports may be
heated with electric heater elements to prevent ice forming over the port and
blocking the entry of the static air. Three basic pressure-operated instruments

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

are found in most aircraft instrument panels. These are the sensitive altimeter,
ASI, and vertical speed indicator (VSI). All three receive
pressures sensed by the aircraft pitot-static system. The static ports supply
pressure to the ASI, altimeter, and VSI.

Blockage Considerations
The pitot tube is particularly sensitive to blockage especially by icing.
Even light icing can block the entry hole of the pitot tube where ram air enters
the system. This affects the ASI and is the reason most airplanes are equipped
with a pitot heating system.

Indications of Pitot Tube Blockage

If the pitot tube becomes blocked, the ASI displays inaccurate speeds.
At the altitude where the pitot tube becomes blocked, the ASI remains at the
existing airspeed and doesn’t reflect actual changes in speed. • At altitudes
above where the pitot tube became blocked, the ASI displays a higher-than-
actual airspeed increasing steadily as altitude increases. • At lower altitudes,
the ASI displays a lower-than-actual airspeed decreasing steadily as altitude
decreases.

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 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

C. Gyroscopic Systems
Flight without reference to a visible horizon can be safely accomplished
by the use of gyroscopic instrument systems and the two characteristics of
gyroscopes, which are rigidity and precession. These systems include attitude,
heading, and rate instruments, along with their power sources. These
instruments include a gyroscope (or gyro) that is a small wheel with its weight
concentrated around its periphery. When this wheel is spun at high speed, it
becomes rigid and resists tilting
or turning in any direction other than around its spin axis. Attitude and
heading instruments operate on the principle of rigidity. For these instruments,
the gyro remains rigid in its case and the aircraft rotates about it. Rate
indicators, such as turn indicators and turn coordinators, operate on the
principle of precession. In this case, the gyro processes (or rolls over)
proportionate to the rate the aircraft rotates about one or more of its axes.

Power Sources
Aircraft and instrument manufacturers have designed redundancy in the
flight instruments so that any single failure will not deprive the pilot of the ability
to safely conclude the flight. Gyroscopic instruments are crucial for instrument
flight; therefore, they are powered by separate electrical or
pneumatic sources.
Pneumatic Systems
Pneumatic gyros are driven by a jet of air impinging on buckets cut into
the periphery of the wheel. On many aircraft this stream of air is obtained by
evacuating the instrument case with a vacuum source and allowing filtered air
to flow into the case through a nozzle to spin the wheel.
Venturi Tube Systems
Aircraft that do not have a pneumatic pump to evacuate theinstrument
case can use venturi tubes mounted on the outside of the aircraft, similar to the
system shown in Figure 3-27. Air flowing through the venturi tube speeds up in
the narrowest part and, according to Bernoulli’s principle, the pressure
drops. This location is connected to the instrument case by a piece of
tubing. The two attitude instruments operate on approximately 4" Hg of suction;
the turn-and-slip indicator
needs only 2" Hg, so a pressure-reducing needle valve is used to
decrease the suction. Air flows into the instruments through filters built into the

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

instrument cases. In this system, ice can clog the venturi tube and stop the
instruments when they are most needed.

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 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

Gyroscope
A gyroscope (from Ancient Greek γῦρος gûros, "circle" and σκοπέω
skopéō, "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining orientation and
angular velocity. It is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rotation (spin
axis) is free to assume any orientation by itself. When rotating, the orientation
of this axis is unaffected by tilting or rotation of the mounting, according to the
conservation of angular momentum.

(Here are examples of an angular momentum)

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 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

History
In early times, people discovered the spinning top, a toy with a unique
ability to balance upright while rotating rapidly. Ancient Greek, Chinese and Roman
societies built tops for games and entertainment.

The Maori in New Zealand have used humming tops, with specially-crafted
holes, in mourning ceremonies. In 14th century England, some villages had a large
top constructed for a warming-up exercise in cold weather. Tops were even used
in place of dice, like the die in the contemporary fantasy game Dungeons &
Dragons.

It was not until the late 18th and early 19th centuries that scientists and
sailors began attempting to use spinning tops as a scientific tool.

At that time, sailors relied on sextants for navigation, measuring the angle
between specific stars and the horizon. This method was limited, however, if
choppy seas or fog obscured the true horizon, or clouds obscured the stars.

Serson, an English scientist, noted in the 1740's that the spinning top had a
tendency to remain level, even when the surface on which it rested was tilting. He
suggested that sailors could use it as an artificial horizon on ships. Unfortunately,
when Serson went to sea to test this idea the ship sank and everyone was lost.

A French scientist in the 19th Century, Fleuriais, created a top that was
continuously powered by air jets blowing into mini-buckets on the rim of the wheel
- a process that has been used for thousands of gyros since.

The first modern gyroscope was designed in 1810 by G.C. Bohnenberger. It

was made with a heavy ball instead of a wheel, but since it had no scientific
application, it faded into history.

In the mid-19th century, the spinning top acquired the name, "gyroscope,"
though not through its use as a navigation tool. French scientist Leon Foucault had
experimented with a long, heavy pendulum in an attempt to observe the rotation of
the Earth. The pendulum was set swinging back and forth along the north-south
plane, while the Earth turned beneath it.

Foucault corroborated the observation by using a spinning top in a similar

manner. He placed a wheel, rotating at high-speed, in a supporting ring in such a
way that the axis of the spinning wheel could move independently of the ring. In
fact, the supporting ring moved over the course of a day, as it was connected to the

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

surface of the rotating Earth. The axis of the wheel remained pointed in its original
direction, confirming that the Earth was rotating in a twenty-four hour period.

Foucault named his spinning wheel a "gyroscope", from the Greek words
"gyros" (revolution) and "skopein" (to see); he had seen the revolution of the Earth
with his gyroscope.

Fifty years later (1898) Austrian Ludwig Obry patented a torpedo steering
mechanism based on gyroscopic inertia. It consisted of a little bronze wheel
weighing less than 1.5 pounds that was spun by an air jet (like Fleuriais').

In the early 20th Century, Elmer A. Sperry developed the first automatic
pilot for airplanes using a gyroscope, and installed the first gyrostabilizer to reduce
roll on ships.

While gyroscopes were not initially very successful at navigating ocean

travel, navigation is their predominant use today. They can be found in ships,
missiles, airplanes, the Space Shuttle, and satellites.

(Gyroscope invented by Léon Foucault in 1852. Replica built by Dumoulin-Froment

for the Exposition universelle in 1867. National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts museum,
Paris.)

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

Let us go back to the gyros’s

Gyroscopes based on other operating principles also exist, such as the microchip-
packaged EMS gyroscopes found in electronic devices (sometimes called gyrometers),
solid-state ring asers, fibre optic gyroscopes, and the extremely sensitive quantum
gyroscope. Gyroscopes can be used to construct gyrocompasses, which complement or
replace magnetic compasses (in ships, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles in general), to
assist in stability (bicycles, motorcycles, and ships) or be used as part of an inertial
guidance system.

D. Description and diagram

A gyroscope is an instrument, consisting of a wheel mounted into two or three

gimbals providing pivoted supports, for allowing the wheel to rotate about a single
axis. A set of three gimbals, one mounted on the other with orthogonal pivot axes,
may be used to allow a wheel mounted on the innermost gimbal to have an
orientation remaining independent of the orientation, in space, of its support.

In the case of a gyroscope with two gimbals, the outer gimbal, which is the
gyroscope frame, is mounted so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane
determined by the support. This outer gimbal possesses one degree of rotational
freedom and its axis possesses none. The second gimbal, inner gimbal, is mounted
in the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal) so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane
that is always perpendicular to the pivotal axis of the gyroscope frame (outer
gimbal). This inner gimbal has two degrees of rotational freedom.

The axle of the spinning wheel defines the spin axis. The rotor is constrained
to spin about an axis, which is always perpendicular to the axis of the inner gimbal.
So the rotor possesses three degrees of rotational freedom and its axis possesses
two. The wheel responds to a force applied to the input axis by a reaction force to
the output axis.

The behaviour of a gyroscope can be most easily appreciated by consideration

of the front wheel of a bicycle. If the wheel is leaned away from the vertical so that
the top of the wheel moves to the left, the forward rim of the wheel also turns to
the left. In other words, rotation on one axis of the turning wheel produces rotation
of the third axis.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

Contemporary uses
Heading indicator
The heading indicator or directional gyro has an axis of rotation that is set
horizontally, pointing north. Unlike a magnetic compass, it does not seek north.
When being used in an airliner, for example, it will slowly drift away from north
and will need to be reoriented periodically, using a magnetic compass as a
reference.
Gyrocompass
Unlike a directional gyro or heading indicator, a gyrocompass seeks north.
It detects the rotation of the Earth about its axis and seeks the true north, rather
than the magnetic north. Gyrocompasses usually have built-in damping to
prevent overshoot when re-calibrating from sudden movement.

The best example of a gyroscopic instrument in an aircraft is the attitude

indicator (AI), formerly known as the gyro horizon or artificial horizon, is a flight
instrument that informs the pilot of the aircraft orientation relative to Earth's
horizon, and gives an immediate indication of the smallest orientation change.
The miniature aircraft and horizon bar mimic the relationship of the aircraft
relative to the actual horizon.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

Attitude is always presented to users in the unit degrees (°). However,

inner workings such as sensors, data and calculations may use a mix of degrees
and radians, as scientists and engineers may prefer to work with radians.
E. Use
The essential components of the AI include a symbolic miniature aircraft
mounted so that it appears to be flying relative to the horizon. An adjustment
knob, to account for the pilot's line of vision, moves the aircraft up and down to
align it against the horizon bar. The top half of the instrument is blue to represent
the sky, while the bottom half is brown to represent the ground. The bank index
at the top shows the aircraft angle of bank. Reference lines in the middle indicate
the degree of pitch, up or down, relative to the horizon.

Most Russian-built aircraft have a somewhat different design. The

background display is colored as in a Western instrument, but moves up and down
only to indicate pitch. A symbol representing the aircraft (which is fixed in a
Western instrument) rolls left or right to indicate bank angle.A proposed hybrid
version of the Western and Russian systems that would be more intuitive, never
caught on

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 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

Operation

The heart of the AI is a gyroscope (gyro) that spins at high speed, from either
an electric motor, or through the action of a stream of air pushing on rotor vanes
placed along its periphery. The stream of air is provided by a vacuum system,
driven by a vacuum pump, or a venturi. Air passing through the narrowest portion
of a venturi has lower air pressure through Bernoulli's Principle. The gyro is
mounted in a double gimbal, which allows the aircraft to pitch and roll as the gyro
stays vertically upright. A self-erecting mechanism, actuated by gravity,
counteracts any precession due to bearing friction. It may take a few minutes for
the erecting mechanism to bring the gyros to a vertical upright position after the
aircraft engine is first powered up.
Attitude indicators have mechanisms that keep the instrument level with
respect to the direction of gravity. The instrument may develop small errors, in
pitch or bank during extended periods of acceleration, deceleration, turns, or due
to the earth curving underneath the plane on long trips. To start with, they often
have slightly more weight in the bottom, so that when the aircraft is resting on the
ground they will hang level and therefore they will be level when started. But once
they are started, that pendulous weight in the bottom will not pull them level if they
are out of level, but instead its pull will cause the gyro to precess. In order to let
the gyro very slowly orient itself to the direction of gravity while in operation, the
typical vacuum powered gyro has small pendulums on the rotor casing that
partially cover air holes. When the gyro is out of level with respect to the direction
of gravity, the pendulums will swing in the direction of gravity and either uncover
or cover the holes, such that air is allowed or prevented from jetting out of the
holes, and thereby applying a small force to orient the gyro towards the direction
of gravity. Electric powered gyros may have different mechanisms to achieve a
similar effect
Older AIs were limited in the amount of pitch or roll that they would tolerate.
Exceeding these limits would cause the gyro to tumble as the gyro housing
contacted the gimbals, causing a precession force. Preventing this required a
caging mechanism to lock the gyro if the pitch exceed 60° and the roll exceeded
100°. Modern AIs don't have this limitation and don't require a caging mechanism.

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 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

Other aircraft Instruments that uses gyro’s

Three of the most common flight instruments, the attitude indicator, heading indicator,
and turn needle of the turn-and bank indicator, are controlled by gyroscopes. To
understand how these instruments operate, knowledge of gyroscopic principles and

instrument power systems is required.

A mechanical gyroscope, or gyro, is comprised of a wheel or rotor with

its mass concentrated around its perimeter. The rotor has bearings to enable it
to spin at high speeds.
Different mounting configurations are available for the rotor and axle,
which allow the rotor assembly to rotate about one or two axes perpendicular
to its axis of spin. To suspend the rotor for rotation, the axle is first mounted in
a supporting ring. [Figure 10-93B] If brackets are attached 90° around
the supporting ring from where the spin axle attached, the supporting
ring and rotor can both move freely 360°. When in this configuration, the gyro is
said to be a captive gyro. It can rotate about only one axis that is perpendicular
to the axis of spin. [Figure 10-93C]
The supporting ring can also be mounted inside an outer ring. The
bearing points are the same as the bracket just described, 90° around the
supporting ring from where the spin axle attached. Attachment of a bracket to
this outer ring allows the rotor to rotate in two planes while spinning. Both of
these are perpendicular to the spin axis of the rotor. The plane that the rotor
spins in due to its rotation about its axle is not counted as a plane of rotation. A
gyroscope with this configuration, two rings plus the mounting bracket, is said
to be a free gyro because it is free to rotate about two axes that are both
perpendicular to the rotor’s spin axis. [Figure 10-93D] As a result, the supporting
ring with spinning gyro mounted inside is free to turn 360° inside the
outer ring.

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 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

Unless the rotor of a gyro is spinning, it has no unusual properties; it is simply

a wheel universally mounted. When the rotor is rotated at a high speed, the gyro
exhibits a couple of unique characteristics. The first is called gyroscopic rigidity, or
rigidity in space. This means that the rotor of
a free gyro always points in the same direction no matter which way the base
of the gyro is positioned. [Figure 10-94]

Gyroscopic rigidity depends upon several design factors:

1. Weight—for a given size, a heavy mass is more resistant to disturbing forces than
a light mass.
2. Angular velocity—the higher the rotational speed, the greater the rigidity or
resistance is to deflection.
3. Radius at which the weight is concentrated— maximum effect is obtained from a
mass when its
principal weight is concentrated near the rim, rotating at high speed.
4. Bearing friction—any friction applies a deflecting force to a gyro. Minimum
bearing friction keeps
deflecting forces at a minimum.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

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 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

V. Enrichment/ In-text activity

I. Lecture Activity: Instructions: Write your full name, the subject, your course, year, the
date of submission of the activity, the activity number or the assignment number and the
module topic it follows.

Name: C/Y/S: Date of Submission

Act No./Assign No.: Module No.

Content

Subject code/name: Page No.

A. Give at least 5 sentences of explanation why is that gyroscopic instruments are

important on an aircraft.
B. Attach at least the gyroscopic instruments on an old instrument panel of an
aircraft. Label it with the name of the aircraft.

II. Laboratory Activity: Instructions: With the materials available on your area, make a
simple gyroscopic mechanism using a servo/motor. This will work as your module 2 and
module 3 activity.
Follow some and pick 1 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qd9fdqkOxFo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GeyDf4ooPdo

ONLINE QUIZ no. 1 : Will be given on every second meeting of the week through google
meet and other assessment applications.

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 Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

References:
• Pilot's Handbook in Aeronautical Knowledge
• Avionics Fundamentals by Jeppesen
• Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook Airframe Volume 2, FAA-H 8083-
31(2012)
• Feynman, Richard; Gottlieb, Michael; Leighton, Ralph (2013). Feynman's Tips on
Physics, A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics.
Basic Books.
• "Gyroscope". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015.
Retrieved 4 May 2015.
• https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/media/F
AA-H-8083-15B.pdf
• Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-25B (PDF). U.S. Dept.
of Transportation, FAA. 2016. p. 8-16,8-18,8-19.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRZGdvJQnPU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2thngd9AGI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVsx4XWafXg

Recitation:
Instructions: Review the whole module, each student will be given at least 3 questions
from the module. In order to pass, the student should answer two correct questions.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

Rubrics
Criteria Inadequate Adequate Above Exemplary Score
65%-74% 75%-84% Average 93%-100%
85%-92%
Information Information Accurate Accurate Accurate
Gathering taken from information information information
only one taken from a taken from a taken from
source couple of couple of several
and/or sources but sources in a sources in a
information not systematic systematic
not accurate. systematically. manner. manner.
Materials- Inappropriate Appropriate Appropriate Appropriate
construction materials materials materials materials
were were selected. were were
selected and selected and selected and
contributed there was an creatively
to a product attempt at modified in
that creative ways that
performed modification made them
poorly. to make even better.
them even
better.
Completion Several of All but two of All but one All
the problems the problems of the problems
are not are completed. problems are
completed. are completed.
completed.
Strategy/Procedures Rarely uses Sometimes Typically, Typically,
an effective uses an uses an uses an
strategy to effective effective efficient and
solve strategy to strategy to effective
problems. solve solve the strategy to
problems, but problem(s).. solve the
does not do it problem(s).
consistently.
Grade:

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

Honesty Clause
This honesty clause establishes a fundamental social contract within which
the College community agrees to live. This contract relies on the conviction
that the personal and academic integrity of each individual member
strengthens and improves the quality of life for the entire community. It
recognizes the importance of honesty, trust, fairness, respect, and
responsibility and wishes these principles to be a defining part of Philippine
State College of Aeronautics
The Institute of Engineering and Technology values and fosters an
environment of academic and personal integrity, supporting the ethical
standards of the engineering profession, where we design and build for the
benefit and safety of society and our environment.
I agree that the submission of any academic work shall constitute a
representation on my part both that such work has been done, and its
submission is being made, in compliance with honesty and integrity.
Furthermore, my responsibility includes taking action when I have
witnessed or am aware of another’s act of academic dishonesty.

Students Name and Signature

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