Name: Godswill Samuel Oleke

Matric No. : UG/21/1407

Dept: Management

Course Code: BUS 242

ASSIGNMENT
1. (A). Scholarly define the concept of psychology and explain it in your own words.

Answers

Psychology is all about understanding why people think, feel and behave the way they do. It
also looks at how our minds work, how we interact with others, and what influences our
actions. It’s like peeking into the workings of our thoughts and emotions to better understand
ourselves and those around us.

B. List and explain 6 reasons why the study of business psychology is important.

Answer

1. The study of business psychology helps us to understand the behavior of people in the
work place. This also enable people to cope with their bosses and co-workers.
2. It helps managers and employees to build teams in the organization. To build an effective
teams in an organization means that the knowledge of psychology must be put to work.
3. It helps the management to improve the productivity of an organization. This means that
when two or more people agree to pull resources together as a team, it promotes team
effectiveness.
4. It helps in resolving conflicts in an organization. The study of business psychology is
relevant to enable people to know the behavior of management and employees relation to
their areas of interest.
5. It can also assist human resources generalist and specialist to recruit members in an
organization. In other words to get the right people with the right knowledge, skills,
experiences and emotions to choose the most suitable applicant for a job.
 6. It helps us to understand how to motivate others/workers. People often have different
things that motivate them, so with the knowledge of psychology it will enable us to know
whether an individual is motivated or not.

2. (A). Exhaustively discuses the modern approach to the study of psychology

Answer
The modern approach to the study of psychology is a departure from the traditional historical
perspective. Although the traditional/approach is not a waste as it laid the foundation for
contemporary thinking, the dominant modern approaches to psychology include; biological
approach, cognitive approach, behavioral approach, psycho-analytic approach, humanistic
etc.

(B). Explain the following

Answer
(i) Cognitive perspective ==> It is also known as the cognitive approach, is a scientific
approach to studying the mind and behavior. They also study how people learn,
remember and process information.
(ii) behaviorism ==> Observation behavior (1878-1988) the behavior was developed by
John B Watson. The behavioral approach is discarded or abide due to the reaction of
the behavioral environment.
(iii) functionalism ==> Function of the mind (1842-1939) the functionalist such as John
Dewey (1873-1954) James R Angel (1869-1949) functionalism viewed mental
processes as a function of the mind and its interaction with the environment. Through
the functionalism approach, several contributions were made such as emotion,
attitude and memory.
(iv) structuralism ==> Elements of the mind (1982-1920) structuralism was the study of
the most basic elements such as sensations and perceptions that make up our
conscious mental experiences. It is a technique that helps someone to explain how he
feels or thinks about an event, object of phenomenon.
3. (A). Scholarly define Attitude and with a Vivid example explain the component of Attitude.
Answer
Attitude is defined as an evaluative statement either favourable or unfavourable about
objects, people or event. Attitude are the assessment of someone’s statement to determine
whether is positive or negative. An attitude is the determination of someone’s feelings and
how he/she reacts to a situation or something.
Component of attitude
1. cognitive component: the cognitive component is a description of belief in the way
something is some of the major cognitive components are perception, attention, memory,
language, problem solving, and decision making.
2. Affective component: The affective component is the feeling of emotional segment of an
attitude. It refers to the role of emotions and mood in thinking and behaviour. The
affective component includes things like motivation, arousal, and emotion regulation.
3. Behavioural Component: The behaviour of a person refers to those observable actions he
has toward an object of a person It refers to how our behaviour is Influenced by our
thoughts and was emotions the behavioural component Includes things like habit
¡formation, conditioning, and reinforcement. Thys, businessmen must be quick to
understand the needs and aspirations customers (internal or external) and take positive
steps to meet and delight them as this will affect their buying behaviour..

(B). Explain the following

Answer

i. Normative Commitment ==> This is an obligation to remain with the organization for
moral or ethical reasons when an organization has paid you, it will morally or ethically
wrong to avoid work.
ii. Continual Commitment ==> This is the perceived economic value of staying or
remaining with the organization. It refers to the employers feeling to stay with the
company because of their desire to earn a living
iii. Affective Commitment ==> This is an emotional attachment to the organization and
belief in its value. It is one’s feeling of loyalty to an organization because he/she
believes in the organization.
 iv. Cognitive Dissilience ==> Cognitive dissonance is a term that describes the feeling of
discomfort we experience when our thought and actions are inconsistent. Cognitive
dissonance is a powerful force that can influence our decisions and actions.

4. (A). Scholarly define Personality and discuss the factors that determine Personality
Answer
Personality refers to the set of characteristics that make a person unique. Personality can be
defined as the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.
Factors that determine personality
a. Biological/Genetic Factors (Nature): This refers to those genetic characteristics
transferred from the parent to the child. It is argued that personality is a product of
hormones and genes transferred to the children at conception.
b. Environmental Factors (Nurture): Environmental factors refers to those external
conditions that determines an individual’s traits through effective interaction with the
environment.

(B). What is Value and differentiate between Terminal and Instrumental Value

Answer
Values are lasting believes or ideal shared by a culture about what is good or bad. Values are
those things society hold on very high.
Terminal values and Instrumental values are two different types of values that can guide our
behavior. Terminal values are the end goals that we strive for, such as happiness, security,
and achievement.
Instrumental values are the means to achieve those goals, such as honesty, justice, and
responsibility these two types of values can work together to guide our choices and actions

5. (A). Scholarly define emotional intelligence and exhaustively the dimensions of emotional
intelligence
Answer
Emotional Intelligence is the ability of known one's own emotions and the emotions of
others.
 self-awareness: This is the ability of someone to know himself or his emotions. when people
are conscious about the Innate desires and activities, they tend to be conscious and rational.
self-control: This is the ability of an Individual to assess his emotions to enable him take
corrective measures. It is near difficult to regulate one's emotions.
Empathy: This is the ability of a person to put himself in the shoes. of others. It is the ability
of one to feel and think along with the feelings of others.

(B). Define and distinguish between emotions and moods

Answer

Emotions is an intense feeling that is directed at someone or Something.

mood are feelings that are less Intense and Lack a contextual stimulus.
Emotions come quickly than the moods
Our moods are difficult to explain
Emotions are caused by specific event
Moods are caused by general
Emotions are action oriented
Moods are cognitive oriented
Emotions are very brief in nature.

(C). What is the role of emotional intelligence in today’s work menu

Answer

Emotional Intelligence is becoming increasingly Important in the Workplace, as more and

more companies recognize its value studies have shown that emotional Intelligence is
associated with better Job performance, higher sub satisfaction, and greater Leadership
ability. Emotional Intelligent people are better able to manage stress, resolve conflict, and
build relationships with others.
6. (A). Scholarly define Motivation and explain the 2 types of motivation
Answer
motivation are those factors that activate direct and sustain Late red effort towards achieving
a goat motivation as a proponent state that energizes and guides behaviour.
Types of behaviour.
a. Intrinsic motivation.
b. Extrinsic motivation.

Intrinsic motivation: the source of the motivation is within the. Individual is not from outside.

Extrinsic motivation: this simply refers to those factors of forces that influence behaviour of
a person from the work. Environment.

(B). Discuss the theory X and Y and Explain its implications on the Nigeria workers

Answer
Theory x managers take a more cynical view of their employees. assuming that lack
motivation and must be externally rewarded to do tasks.
The theory y managers have a more positive view of their employees, believing the
employees want to work, are self- Motivated, and are creative.

7. (A). What is Learning?

Answer
Learning is defined as any relatively permanent change in behaviour. that occurs as a result
of practice and experience.

(B). Differentiate between reinforcement and Punishment

Answer
Reinforcement involves adding something desirable to Increase the Likelihood of a behavior
occurring again for example, you might get a raise at work for meeting your sales quals,
which would reinforce the behaviour of meeting your goals.
 Punishment on the other hand, involves removing something. desirable to decrease the
Likelihood of a behavior occurring. again. for example, Noy might get your pay docked for
being late to work, which would punish the behavior of being late.
Both reinforcement and Punishment can be used to modify behavior, but reinforcement is
generally considered more effective.

8. (A). What is Perception? And What are the factors affecting perceptions?
Answer
Perception is the process of Interpreting and understanding the world around us. It Involves
our senses, such as sight, hearing smell, taste, and touch perception also Involves how we
process. and Interpret the Information we receive from our senses. The factors that affect
perception are culture, education, experience, Interest and expectation.

(B). Explain the relationship between perceptions and decisions making

Answer
our perceptions Influence the way we make decisions by affecting the Information we take in
and how we Interpret it. i if we have a biased or inaccurate perception of a situation. we are
likely to make a poor decision. By Improving our Perception, we can improve our decision-
making and make better choices.