Lecture 7 Asst. Prof. Dr.

Manhal Abdul-Rahman

FLUID CONTROL & SOFT TISSUE MANAGEMENT

Moisture control
FLUID SOURCES OF THE ORAL CAVITY
 Saliva (pair of parotid &submandibular and sublingual glands). Saliva
flow rate 0.26 +/- 0.16 ml/min and that of saliva while chewing
different foods was 3.6 +/- 0.8 ml/min.
 Inflamed gingival tissues/ Iatrogenic soft tissue damage (Gingival
bleeding during tooth preparation)
 Water / dental materials (Rotary instruments, triplex syringe,
etchants, irrigant solutions). Average a high speed rotatory cutting
instrument is 30 mL per minute.
 Gingival crevicular fluid (sulcular fluid). Gingival crevicular fluid 0.05
to 0.20 µL per minute.
WHY SHOULD ISOLATE THE OPERATIVE SITE?
 To obtain a dry clean operating field
 For easy access and visibility
 To improve the properties of dental materials
 To protect the patient and the operator
 To improve the operating efficiency
How is moisture control important?
1. Patient related factors
 Provides comfort.
 Protects from swallowing or aspirating foreign bodies.
2. Task/technique being performed
 Dental materials are moisture sensitive, success of adhesion and
physical properties relies on a dry field.
3. Operator related factors
 Infection control to minimize aerosol production
 Increased accessibility to operative site
 Improves visibility of the working field
 Less fogging of the dental mirror.
 Prevents contamination.
Depending on the location of the preparations in the dental arch, a number of
techniques can create fluid control & the necessary dry field of operation.
1) Mechanical method
a) Rubber dam
When all margins are supra-gingival, moisture control with a rubber dam is
probably the most effective method. In most instances, however, a rubber dam
cannot be used, so a Multiple Isolation Techniques should be performed to achieve
optimal saliva control. Advantages of rubber dam are Isolation of 1 or more teeth,
eliminates saliva from the operating field and retracts the soft tissues.

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b) Cotton roll
Absorbent cotton rolls must be placed at the source of the saliva, the muco-buccal
fold or in the sublingual area, In the maxillary arch, placing a single cotton roll in
the vestibule immediately buccal. If a maxillary roll does not stay in position but
slips down, it can be retained with a finger or the mouth mirror. When a
mandibular impression is made, placement of additional cotton rolls to block off
the sublingual and submandibular salivary ducts is usually necessary. A horseshoe
shape cotton in the maxillary and mandibular muco-buccal folds may be also
effective.
c) Cotton roll holder
Holds cotton rolls in place, have two advantages over cotton roll alone,
Cheek and tongue are slightly retracted and Enhances visibility.
d) Absorbing cards
Another method for controlling saliva flow. These cards are pressed-paper wafers
that may be covered with a reflective foil on one side. The paper side is placed
against the dried buccal tissue and adheres to it. In addition, two cotton rolls
should be placed in the maxillary and mandibular vestibules to control saliva and
displace the cheek laterally. The tongue can cause problems when work is being
done in the mandibular arch. Saliva evacuators may help eliminate excess flow.

e) Saliva evacuators
If lingually placed cotton rolls repeatedly become dislodged (or in conjunction with
a conventional saliva evacuator, fail to control moisture adequately), a flange-type
evacuator (e.g., the Svedopter [E. C. Moore Company] or the Speejector [Pulpdent
Corporation]) should be considered. To avoid the risk of soft tissue trauma, this
device must be placed carefully. A cotton roll placed between the blade and the
mylohyoid ridge of the alveolar process minimizes intraoral discomfort for the
patient and avoids potential injury of the soft tissues A disposable saliva ejector
designed to displace the tongue may also be effective

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2) Chemical method
a) Local anesthesia
In addition to the pain control normally needed during tissue displacement, local
anesthesia may help considerably with saliva control during impression making.
Nerve impulses from the periodontal ligament form part of the mechanism that
regulates saliva flow; when these are blocked by the anesthetic, saliva production
is considerably reduced.
b) Medications
When saliva control is difficult a medication with anti-sialagogic action (drugs that
inhibit parasympathetic innervation, this will inhibit action of myo-epithelial cells of
salivary gland thereby reduce secretions) may be considered. Dry mouth is a side
effect of certain anticholinergics. This group of drugs includes atropine1 tablet of
0.4mg per day, Methantheline bromide (banthine):50 mg 1 hour before
procedure dicyclomine, and Propantheline bromide (pro-banthine): 15 mg 1 hour
before procedure. Anticholinergics should be prescribed with caution in older
adults and should not be administered to any patient with heart disease. They are
also contraindicated in individuals with glaucoma because they can cause
permanent blindness Clonidine hydrochloride: 0.2 mg 1 hour before procedure,
an antihypertensive drug, has successfully reduced salivary output. It is
considered safer than anticholinergics and has no specified contraindications.
However, it should be used cautiously in hypertensive patients. Clonidine
hydrochloride (antihypertensive)

Gingival Retraction

A procedure by which the finishing line is temporarily exposed by enlarging the gingival sulcus to
create a space both laterally and vertically between the gingival margin and the gingival
termination so that the printing material penetrates in sufficient quantity to obtain good
impression which involves the details of the end margin of the preparation that is located
subgingivally (the exact copy of the preparation).

Gingival Sulcus (Crevice)

A shallow groove around the tooth bounded on one side by the surface of the tooth and on the
other by the epithelial lining of the free margin of the gingiva. It is “V” shaped with its base at the
most coronal level of the epithelial attachment to the tooth root.

Biological Width
Biologic width is defined as the dimension of the soft tissue, which is attached to the portion of
the tooth coronal to the crest of alveolar bone. There is a definite proportion between the sulcus
depth, the epithelial attachment, the connective tissue attachment and the alveolar crest. The
total width of junctional epithelium (range between 0.71 to 1.35mm, mean 0.97mm) and
supraalveolar connective tissue attachment (rang 1.06 - 1.08mm, mean 1.07mm) forms the
biologic width is 0.97 + 1.07 = 2.04 mm. They established the mean sulcular depth as 0.69.

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What is its function? (Its importance in restorative dentistry)
The significance of biologic width is that, it acts as a barrier and prevents penetration of
microorganisms into the periodontium. Maintenance of biologic width is essential to preserve the
periodontal health and to remove any irritation that may damage the periodontium. It is said that
a minimum of 3mm space between the restoration margin and the alveolar bone is required to
permit adequate healing and to maintain a healthy periodontium. This 3 mm consists of 1mm of
supraalveolar connective tissue, 1mm of junctional epithelium and 1mm of sulcular depth. This
allows for adequate biologic width (2.04mm) even when the margins are placed 0.5mm within the
sulcus.
How to preserve?
The location, fit and finish of restorative margins are critical factors in the maintenance of
periodontal health. So, a huge consideration and care should have performed during isolation and
retraction (even with digital impression techniques) besides tooth preparation to the biological
width to ensure the healthy standards and maintenance the normal values of the periodontium.
Objectives of gingival retraction
1. Create an access for the impression material to the area of the preparation that is
located subgingivally.
2. To provide enough thickness of the impression material at the area of the finishing line
to prevent distortion of the impression.
3. Providing the best possible condition for the impression material, fluid control.
4. Reduce fluid a mount in the sulcus that might cause void in the impression.
Gingival retraction techniques
11)) Mechanical (plain retraction cord, retraction crown, copper band or tube , anatomic
compression caps, Matrices and wedges, Rubber dam )
22)) Chemo mechanical (combination of mechanical and chemical)
aa)) Impregnated retraction cord, with one of the following:
 aluminum sulfate
 epinephrine
 ferric sulfate
 zinc chloride
 aluminum chloride
bb)) Displacement polymer & paste (cordless technique)

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 33)) Radical or surgical means or technique (electro surgery, Laser).
11)) Mechanical
It might be done by either of the followings:
 Retraction cord
 Retraction Crown
 Copper band or tube
 Anatomic compression caps
 Matrices and wedges
 Rubber dam
Generally, in this technique, we apply pressure on the gingiva through gingival sulcus. This
mechanical pressure, after certain period of time, physically push the gingiva away from the
finishing line. It might be done by the construction of temporary crown with slightly long margin
leaving it for 24 hours, or by using rubber clamp, or by using plan retraction cord( free of
medicament )….etc. The most common way by using retraction cord.
Retraction cord is a special cord made of cotton comes either with or without medicament
(vasoconstrictor). Cord without a vasoconstrictor is used to obtain a mechanical gingival
retraction.it come in different size

Classification of retraction cords

1. According to chemical treatment
 Plain cord without any medicament.
 Impregnated cord (impregnated with hemostatic agent).
2. According to configuration
 Twisted
 Knitted
 Braided

Twisted and braided cords can’t offer ease of packability and tissue displacement like
knitted ones.

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Advantages of knitted cord over other types
1) Afford greater inter-thread space than braided cord.
2) Form an interlocking chain of thousands of tiny loops, making it
 Easy to pack below the gingival margin
 Stays put when packed into place.
3) Compresses upon packing, then expands for tissue displacement.
3. According to thickness (diameter)
According to its size, we have different thickness of retraction cord (color-coded thickness):
 Black - 000
 Yellow – 00
Both are recommended for anterior teeth with minimal crevicular space.
Also can be used as a primary cord for the double cord technique.
 Purple - 0
 Blue – 1
Both are recommended for bicuspids. Also #0 is used as the primary cord for the
double cord technique, while #1 cord is recommended to be used as the secondary
cord
 Green - 2
 Red – 3
Both sizes are used for molars where tissue friability permits.

Some textbook divide retraction cord into three main size:

 SMALL- involve (#000 &# 00) to be used in anterior teeth, where thin firmly tissue is
present
 MEDIUM- involve (#0, #1 & #2) to be used where greater bulk is encountered e.g. posterior
teeth
 LARGE- involve size (#3) should be used with caution as can produce soft tissue trauma.
Cord packing instruments
Cord packers are dental instruments used to pack gingival retraction cord into the sulcus.
Most cord packing instruments have a slightly rounded tip with serration to hold the cord
while it is positioned intra-sulcularly.
Fischer packer is a cord packing instrument. Furthermore, plastic instrument (Ash No. 6)
can be used for cord packing.
The cord packers with round, non-serrated working ends are used for atraumatic cord
placement; serrated cord packers should only be used with braided cord.

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Fischer packing instrument
These specially designed packers ease the packing of Ultrapak® knitted cord. Their thin edges and
fine serrations sink into the cord, preventing it from slipping off and reducing the risk of cutting the
gingival attachment. It available in two form
 45° to handle: with heads at 45° to the handle with three packing sides. Circular packing of
the prep can be completed without the need to flip the instrument end to end. Use the
small packer on lower anterior and upper lateral incisors.
 90° and parallel to handle: Same size and three-sided heads as the 45º to handle packer,
except one of the heads is in line with the shank and the other is at a right angle to the
shank.

22)) Chemo mechanical

Usually in this technique, we use retraction cord that contain a vasoconstrictor (adrenaline or
AL.sulfat). Cords are soaked in the Hemostatic solution before placement or Some cords are
already impregnated with hemostatic solution eliminating this step (adrenaline 8%, aluminium
sulfate, or Aluminium chloride 5-10%).
Whether plain or impregnated cord, the cord pack into the gingival sulcus between the tooth and
the gingival tissue, using a plastic instrument (fischer packing instrument or Ash no.6) , the cord
will physically push the gingiva away from the finishing line and the combination of the chemical
action and pressure packing will cause transit gingival ischemia, this will lead to shrinkage of
gingival tissue and control fluid seepage from gingival sulcus, we put the retraction cord inside the
gingival sulcus all around the tooth for 10 minutes , the area of our work should be kept dry during
this period ,then, the cord can be removed leaving the gingival tissue in an expanding state and
this, will provide space to inject the impression material around the tooth at the area of finishing
line by the use of impression syringe.
Step-by-Step Procedure
1- Isolate the prepared teeth with cotton rolls, place saliva evacuators and any other aids as
required, and dry the field with air. Do not excessively desiccate the tooth because this
may lead to postoperative sensitivity.
2- Cut a length of cord sufficient to encircle the tooth.
3- Dip the cord in astringent solution and squeeze out the excess with a gauze square. An
impregnated cord can be placed dry but should be slightly moistened in situ immediately
before removal from the sulcus, to prevent the thin sulcular epithelium from sticking to it
and tearing when it is removed. A convenient way to limit the amount of moisture added is
to apply water held between the tips of a dental forceps by opening it.
4- Twist non-braided cords tightly for easier placement.

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 5- Loop the cord around the tooth, and gently push it into the sulcus with a suitable
instrument.

These notes should be considered during cord placement procedure

1- Starting point: It is easiest to start inter-proximally, because more sulcular depth available
than facial or lingual.
2- Instrument angulation: The instrument should be angled slightly toward the tooth so that
the cord is pushed directly into the sulcus, also be angled slightly toward any cord
previously packed; otherwise, it might be displaced. A second instrument holding the cord
may aid in subsequent placement.
3- Placement and pressure: Gentle and Firm Pressure applied to the cord, it should place
apical to the margins of preparation.
4- Over packing and repeated use of displacement cord should be Avoided it could cause
tearing of the gingival attachment, which leads to irreversible recession.

Double (dual) Cord Technique

With a deeper subgingival preparation, after removing the cord, the sulcus ‘closes’ not allowing the
ingress of the impression material in the subgingival area, so in such a case you might need to use
2 or double cords.

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When 2 cords are need, it requires that about 1 mm of intact tooth structure remains between the
top of the initial cord and the preparation margin. The first cord is thin, left during impression
taking, while the second cord is thick. In this technique, a thin cord is placed without overlap at the
bottom of the gingival crevice. A second cord is placed on top to achieve lateral tissue
displacement. The latter is removed immediately before impression making, whereas the initial
cord is left in place to help minimize seepage during Impression, be careful not to exert excessive
pressure on the tissues, which can damage the epithelial attachment (Biological Width).

This technique is indicated when we have:

1. Impression of multiple prepared teeth
2. Impression for compromised tissue health
3. Excess gingival fluid exudates.

Advantages
1) The first cord remains in place within the sulcus thus reducing the tendency of the gingival
cuff to recoil and displace partially set impression material.
2) Helps to control gingival hemorrhage and exudate.
3) Overcomes the problem of the impression tearing because of inadequate bulk, an
especially important consideration with hydrocolloids, which have low tear strength.

Remember: Never pack a dry cord

 Dry cord adheres to the cervicular epithelium and may tear the epithelium upon its
removal and may elicit a wound healing reaction.
 Dry cord is harder to pack into the sulcus, leads to more bleeding upon cord removal and
an unacceptable impression, and makes it more likely that a less than ideal gingival
response will follow.

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 Gingival retraction pastes (Cordless technique)
In most cases, gingival retraction cord is the most effective method for retracting tissue to the
depth of the sulcus. Unfortunately, gingival retraction cord may injure the gingival sulcular
epithelium and the gingival bleeding is difficult to control when packing a cord into the sulcus
making impression difficult or impossible. Using a retraction cord requires proper tissue
manipulation and is technique sensitive. For this reason, a new class of gingival retraction
materials has been introduced in the form of retraction paste like Expasyl (Aluminum chloride
15%) and Magic Foam Cord (Polyvinylsiloxane, addition type silicone elastomer).
Expasyl retraction paste
It is an AlCl3-containing paste (Aluminum chloride 15%) is injected into the dried sulcus with a
special delivery gun. Advantages of this system include good hemostasis with less discomfort than
with traditional cord. However, less tissue displacement is achieved than with cord. Improved
displacement may be achieved if the paste is directed into the sulcus by applying pressure with a
hollow cotton roll.
Magic Foam Cord (Coltène/Whaledent)
Magic foam is a polydimethylsiloxane with a tin catalyst. The resulting release of gas resulted in a
fourfold(x4) volumetric expansion. When the paste was applied into the sulcus, reaction between
base and catalyst take place with gas release that resulted in volumetric expansion of the material
that cause an apically directed flow that enlarged the gingival sulcus and allowed impression
making, a hollow cotton roll is used to apply pressure to the expanding foam to directed expansion
apically.
Other cordless retraction materials, e.g., Racegel (Septodont) Traxodent (Premier); GingiTrac
(Centrix) provide for excellent hemostasis and some gingival retraction.
Whatever is the material, after isolation of the area, the material is injected inside the gingival
sulcus starting from the deepest area at interproximal area, leave the material for 5 to 10 minutes
then clean the area and inspect the result.
The advantage of cordless retraction technique is providing a non-traumatic, non-invasive tissue
management and excellent hemostasis in the gingival sulcus for fixed prosthodontic impressions.

33)) Surgical technique (radical or surgical means)

Some methods that use the surgical approaches to improve the visualization of the preparation
margins of the tooth are not true retraction techniques. This is because they actually remove some
part or all of the overlying gingival tissue in order to expose the finish line of the preparation
and/or control hemorrhage. These techniques are more invasive and should only be used in cases
where there is adequate amounts of attached gingiva. These methods include the following:
 ROTARY GINGIVAL CURETTAGE (GINGETTAGE)
It is a toughing technique involves preparation of the tooth sub-gingivally while simultaneously
curetting the inner lining of the gingival sulcus (a portion of the epithelium within the sulcus is
removed to expose the finish line). It should be done only on the healthy gingival tissue
CRIETERIA TO BE FULLFILLED FOR GINGETTAGE
 There should be no bleeding on probing
 The depth of the sulcus should be minimum of 3 mm
DISADVANTAGES OF GINGETTAGE
 Instrument has poor tactile sense so this technique is very sensitive
 It can potentially damage the periodontium
TECHNIQUE OF GINGETTAGE
 It is usually done simultaneously along with finish line preparation.
 Portion of sulcular epithelium is removed using a torpedo diamond bur.
 To improve tactile sense hand piece is run very slowly.
 Abundant water should be sprayed during the procedure.
 A retraction cord is impregnated with AlCl3 can be used to control bleeding

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 Electro-surgical method
In this technique, an electro-surgical unit could be used to remove the gingival tissue from the area
of the finishing line with the advantage of controlling the post-surgical hemorrhage. However,
electrosurgery is contraindicated when there is gingival inflammation or periodontal disease. In
this case, gingivectomy could be performed. There is the potential for gingival tissue recession
after treatment.
Indications:
 For minor tissue removal before taking impression, toughing the inner epithelium lining of
gingival sulcus, improving access for the subgingival margin.
 Control post-surgical hemorrhage.
Contra-indications:
 Thin attached gingivae (lower anterior, upper canines)
 Electronic medical devices Cardiac Piece Makers
 Metallic restoration & Instruments
 Soft issue Laser
Soft tissue lasers have been introduced into dentistry and can provide an excellent adjunct for
tissue management before impression making for gingival retraction, Nd- YAG lasers are used.
Advantages of Laser:
1. Certain laser dentistry procedures do not require anesthesia.
2. Laser procedures minimize bleeding because the high-energy light beam aids in the
clotting (coagulation) of exposed blood vessels, thus inhibiting blood loss.
3. Precise recontouring of gingiva.
4. No gingival recession and no discomfort to the patient.
5. Bacterial infections are minimized because the high-energy beam sterilizes the area
being worked on.
6. Damage to surrounding tissue is minimized.
7. Wounds heal faster and tissues can be regenerated.

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