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Introduction To The
Philosophy of The Human
Person: Quarter 1 - Module
2 Methods of
Philosophizing
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Quarter 1 - Module 2
Methods of Philosophizing

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Table of Contents

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What This Module is About ................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .............................................................................................................................. i

How to Learn from this Module ........................................................................................................... ii

Icons of this Module ............................................................................................................................... ii

What I Know ........................................................................................................................................... iii

Lesson 1:

What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 1

What’s New: Truth vs Opinion Activity ......................................................... 1

What Is It: What is Truth and Its Theories ................................................... 2

What’s More: Supply Me Activity .................................................................. 4

What Is It Evaluating Opinion ........................................................................ 4

What’s More: Don’t Judge Me Activity .......................................................... 5

What I Have Learned: ................................................................................... 5

What I Can Do: .............................................................................................. 6

Lesson 2:

What’s In ........................................................................................................ 7

What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 7

What’s New: Blind Spot Activity ................................................................. 8

What Is It: Methods of Philosophizing ........................................................ 9

What’s More: oops, Something Fishy Activity ............................................ 12

What I Have Learned: (Example: Ethics…………………………………….. 13

What I Can Do: Online Research … .......................................................... 13

Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………. 14

Assessment: (Post-Test)…………………………………………………………………………15

Key to Answers / Grading Criteria and Rubrics ........................................................................... 16

References ............................................................................................................................................ 17

What This Module is About

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This module covers the nature of truth and the characteristics of an opinion. It
highlights the importance of distinguishing or contrasting these two. Since statements could

OR
contain fallacies, biases, and assumptions, one must refer to the methods of philosophy to
differentiate truth from opinion. Following methods of philosophy would require one to exude
the qualities of critical thinking skills, coherent reasoning, and logical thinking. Practicing
these methods will pave the way to man’s better understanding of life. Topics in this module

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include the difference between truth from opinion, theories of truth, methods of philosophy,
and fallacies and biases Skip ad
The following are the lessons contained in this module:

Lesson 1: Discerning Truth from Opinion

Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophizing

This module covers the nature of truth and the characteristics of an opinion. It
highlights the importance of distinguishing or contrasting these two. Since statements could
contain fallacies, biases, and assumptions, one must refer to the methods of philosophy to
differentiate truth from opinion. Following methods of philosophy would require one to exude
the qualities of critical thinking skills, coherent reasoning, and logical thinking. Practicing
What I Need to Know?
these methods will pave the way to man’s better understanding of life. Topics in this module
include the difference between truth from opinion, theories of truth, methods of philosophy,
and fallacies and biases
1. Distinguish opinion from truth PPT11/12-Ic-2.1
2. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
PPT11/12-Id 3. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the
The following are the lessons contained in this module:
methods of philosophizing PPT11/12-Ic-2.1

Lesson 1: Discerning Truth from Opinion

Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophizing

1. Distinguish opinion from truth PPT11/12-Ic-2.1

What that
2. Realize I Need to Know?
the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
PPT11/12-Id 3. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the
methods of philosophizing PPT11/12-Ic-2.1

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:

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i

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:

How to Learn from this Module

• Take your time to read the lessons carefully.

• Follow the directions and instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.

• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

ii

What I Know?

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Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the correct answer from among the given choices.

ORc. opinion
1. What do you call the statements that are observed to be real or truthful?
a. claim
b. truth d. view

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2. What are tendencies or influences that affect the views of people?
a. fallacy c. bias
10
7
b. opinion d. truth
3. What is an argument based on faulty reasoning?
a. opinion c. fallacy
b. Truth d. bias
4. What are statements that express convictions that are not easily explained
by facts?
a.Choice.
Multiple bias Select the letter of the correct
c. opinion
answer from among the given choices.
c.truth d. view
1.
5. What
Whichdothyou callho
eory the
ldsstatements
the notionthat
thare
at observe
propositdioto
nsbear
real
e trorue
truthful?
when they
correspond
a. claim to reality or the world? c. opinion
a. coherence
b. truth theory c.
d. pragmatic
view theory
2. b. correspondenc
What are tendenciese theory d. logic
or influences that affect the views of people?
6. a.
What is the first thing to consider when evaluating
fallacy c. bias an opinion is to know the
origin
b. of the material?
opinion d. truth
3. a. reliability
What is an argument based on faultyc.reasoning?
source
b. purpose
a. opinion d. assumption.
c. fallacy
7. b.
Which best
Truth describes the Socratic Method? d. bias
4. a.
Whatinductive reasoningthat express convictions
are statements c. logic
that are not easily explained
b. deductive reasoning
by facts? d. critical thinking
8. a.
Wha t is the study of correct thinki
bias c.ng which focuses on the analysis of
opinion
arguments?
c.truth d. view
5. a.
Whcritical
ich theothinking
ry holds the notion th c.at
existentialis
propositiomns are true when they
b. logic
correspond to reality or the world? d. phenomenology
9. a.
What methodtheory
coherence of philosophy espouses the idea theory
c. pragmatic that reality is made up of
eventsperc
b. eived andunderstood
correspondenc e theory by the human consciousness.
d. logic
6. a. existentialism
What c. postmodernism
is the first thing to consider when evaluating an opinion is to know the
b. phenomenology
origin of the material? d. logic
10. a.
Wha t philosophical movement focuse
reliability s on the relativity of truth or truth
c. source
having
b. multiple views.
purpose d. assumption.
7. a. phenomenology
Which c. existentialism
best describes the Socratic Method?
b. logic
a. inductive reasoning d. postmodernism
c. logic
b. deductive reasoning d. critical thinking
8. What is the study of correct thinking which focuses on the analysis of
arguments?
a. critical thinking c. existentialism
II Writeb.T if the statement is a truth and O if
logic d.itphenomenology
is an opinion.
__________
9. What 1. method
ABS-CBN of isphilosophy
more entertaining
espousesthantheGMA.
idea that reality is made up of
__________ 2. Water
eventsperc is aandunderstood
eived universal solvent.
by the human consciousness.
__________ 3. The human heart pumps oxygen and nutrient-rich blood.
a. existentialism c. postmodernism
b. phenomenology d. logic
10. What philosophical movement focuses on the relativity of truth or truth
having multiple views.
a. phenomenology c. existentialism
b. logic d. postmodernism

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II Write T if the statement is a truth and O if it is an opinion.

__________ 1. ABS-CBN is more entertaining than GMA.
__________ 2. Water is a universal solvent.
__________ 3. The human heart pumps oxygen and nutrient-rich blood.

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__________ 4. Rodrigo R. Duterte is 16 th President of the Philippines.
__________ 5. I’d rather have a cat as a pet than a dog.

OR

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th

__________ 4. Rodrigo R. Duterte is 16 President of the Philippines.

__________ 5. I’d rather have a cat as a pet than a dog.

iii

iii
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Lesson
Discerning Truth From Opinion

1
What I Need to Know?

Welcome to the first lesson of this module. At the end of this lesson, the learners will
be able to:

1. Distinguish opinion from truth.

2. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth.
3. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of
philosophizing.
4. Discuss the importance of methods of philosophy.

What’s New?

Activity 1. Fact or Opinion?

Which of the following statements is TRUE? Which is an OPINION?

___________1. King John of England signed the Magna Carta in 1215.

___________2. Christmas is the best holiday of the year.
___________3. My favorite type of music is jazz.
___________4. The sun is the center of the solar system.
___________5. The universe was created by God.
___________6. Asia is the largest continent in the world.
___________7. Mas has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
___________8. Chocolate cake tastes good.
___________9.The movie was boring
___________10. Fruits have vitamins and mineral.

Guide Questions

1. What makes this a challenging activity?

2. Was it easy to distinguish truth from opinion? Why? Why not?
3. Which statements did you find easy? Which ones were contentious?
4. How did you find the activity?

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What Is It?

In today’s digital world, information is everywhere. From the moment we wake up, we are
confronted with different kinds of news coming from various sources. Information may
primarily come from social media sources or even from our friends, family, and our very own
community. Along with the rise of social media, there is also an unprecedented influx of
information in our world today. The challenge is for us to effectively filter and sort news and
stories that are truthful from mere opinion or hearsays.

One must be analytical and logical in his approach to all kinds of information and even real-
life situations. To do this, one must possess critical thinking skills, coherent reasoning, and
logical thinking when philosophizing.

What is Truth?

The question “what is truth?” does not have any simple answer. Just like philosophy, the
word truth also has no generally accepted definition. However, the conventional way of
defining truth is the quality or state of being in conformity with fact and reality.

Theories of Truth

Since philosophers could not agree about the exact definition of the truth, theories of truth
are helpful to evaluate truth from opinion. Here are some popular approaches to the truth:

Correspondence Theory of Truth - The theory is based on the belief that a proposition is
true when it conforms to some fact or state of affairs (Caraan 2016, 30). It emphasizes the
notion that concepts are true when they correspond to reality or the world.

Example

Snow is white.

Coherence Theory of Truth – This theory is the belief that a proposition is true to the extent
that it agrees with other true concepts (Caraan 2016, 30). This view supposes that ideas
constitute an inter-related system; each element coheres with another justified beliefs.

Example
The sum of half of six and ten is thirteen.

½ (6) + 10 = 13
3+10 = 13
13 = 13

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Pragmatic Theory of Truth - This theory is the belief that a proposition is true when acting
upon it yields satisfactory practical results (Caraan 2016, 31). It holds that an idea is true; it
is useful to believe.

Example

Earning a lot of money is of paramount importance to everyone.

Activity 2. Supply Me

Write three (3) examples for every theory of truth.

THEORIES OF TRUTH

Correspondence Theory Coherence Theory Pragmatic theory

1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

Scoring Rubric

CATEGORY 5 3 1
Content 3 correct 2 correct 1correct
examples are examples are example is given
given per given per per category
category category
Readability of Text All texts are Some texts are Most of the texts
readable and readable and are not readable
legibly written not legibly and not legibly
written written
Spelling and No errors in 2-3 errors in More than 5
Grammar grammar and grammar and errors in
spelling spelling grammar and
spelling

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What is an Opinion?

Generally, an opinion is a judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is considered to be

subjective. It could refer to thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and estimates with no evidence or
reasoned judgment to support it. For Dr. Rhonda Dubec (2019), an opinion is what a person
believes or thinks about something or any subject. It is a view that represents the outlook of
an individual, which may or may not be based on the fact.

Dr. Rhonda Dubec (2019) continues that opinion is defined as the personal view or judgment
about a subject that is not substantiated by the facts. In other words, an opinion cannot be
proved true or false. It is what a person thinks or feels about something or someone. An
opinion is highly influenced by a person’s feelings, thoughts, perspective, desires, attitude,
experiences, understanding, beliefs, values, etc., which cannot be tested by concrete
evidence.

Distinguishing Truth from Opinion

It is very essential to distinguish truth from opinion because apart from the fact the latter has
no objectives grounds, opinions could also mislead us. They have the potential to influence
public view just to conform to a specific agenda. Their main goal is to achieve a desired
outcome rather than to promote what is the truth.

Whether a statement is a fact or an opinion depends on its validity. The following are some
differences between truth and opinion:

1. Truth is a statement that can be verified or proved with the help of evidence or
empirical data while opinion is an expression of judgment or belief on any particular
subject.
2. Truth heavily relies on facts, while opinion depends on assumption and perception.
3. Generally, truth is an objective reality and has universality in its nature, while opinion
is a purely subjective reality. It involves the expression of personal feelings or views.
4. Truths are useful to make information or make an argument, while opinions are used
for persuasion.

What’s More?

Activity 3 Supply Me

To every truth presented in Column A, provide an opinion about it in Column B.

A B
Truth Opinion
Rabbits are mammals.
The sun rises in the east.
There are 26 letters in the English alphabet.
The Polar bear needs fat to stay warm.
The earth has only one moon.

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